CA1330285C - Triple lumen catheter - Google Patents
Triple lumen catheterInfo
- Publication number
- CA1330285C CA1330285C CA000555076A CA555076A CA1330285C CA 1330285 C CA1330285 C CA 1330285C CA 000555076 A CA000555076 A CA 000555076A CA 555076 A CA555076 A CA 555076A CA 1330285 C CA1330285 C CA 1330285C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- catheter
- lumens
- lumen
- distal end
- wall
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
- A61M25/0009—Making of catheters or other medical or surgical tubes
- A61M25/001—Forming the tip of a catheter, e.g. bevelling process, join or taper
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
- A61M1/36—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits
- A61M1/3621—Extra-corporeal blood circuits
- A61M1/3653—Interfaces between patient blood circulation and extra-corporal blood circuit
- A61M1/3659—Cannulae pertaining to extracorporeal circulation
- A61M1/3661—Cannulae pertaining to extracorporeal circulation for haemodialysis
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
- A61M25/0021—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by the form of the tubing
- A61M25/0023—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by the form of the tubing by the form of the lumen, e.g. cross-section, variable diameter
- A61M25/0026—Multi-lumen catheters with stationary elements
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
- A61M25/0021—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by the form of the tubing
- A61M25/0023—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by the form of the tubing by the form of the lumen, e.g. cross-section, variable diameter
- A61M25/0026—Multi-lumen catheters with stationary elements
- A61M25/0028—Multi-lumen catheters with stationary elements characterized by features relating to at least one lumen located at the proximal part of the catheter, e.g. alterations in lumen shape or valves
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
- A61M25/0021—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by the form of the tubing
- A61M25/0023—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by the form of the tubing by the form of the lumen, e.g. cross-section, variable diameter
- A61M25/0026—Multi-lumen catheters with stationary elements
- A61M25/003—Multi-lumen catheters with stationary elements characterized by features relating to least one lumen located at the distal part of the catheter, e.g. filters, plugs or valves
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
- A61M25/0021—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by the form of the tubing
- A61M25/0023—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by the form of the tubing by the form of the lumen, e.g. cross-section, variable diameter
- A61M25/0026—Multi-lumen catheters with stationary elements
- A61M25/003—Multi-lumen catheters with stationary elements characterized by features relating to least one lumen located at the distal part of the catheter, e.g. filters, plugs or valves
- A61M2025/0031—Multi-lumen catheters with stationary elements characterized by features relating to least one lumen located at the distal part of the catheter, e.g. filters, plugs or valves characterized by lumina for withdrawing or delivering, i.e. used for extracorporeal circuit treatment
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
- A61M25/0021—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by the form of the tubing
- A61M25/0023—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by the form of the tubing by the form of the lumen, e.g. cross-section, variable diameter
- A61M25/0026—Multi-lumen catheters with stationary elements
- A61M2025/004—Multi-lumen catheters with stationary elements characterized by lumina being arranged circumferentially
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
- A61M25/0009—Making of catheters or other medical or surgical tubes
- A61M25/0015—Making lateral openings in a catheter tube, e.g. holes, slits, ports, piercings of guidewire ports; Methods for processing the holes, e.g. smoothing the edges
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
- A61M25/0021—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by the form of the tubing
- A61M25/0023—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by the form of the tubing by the form of the lumen, e.g. cross-section, variable diameter
- A61M25/0026—Multi-lumen catheters with stationary elements
- A61M25/0029—Multi-lumen catheters with stationary elements characterized by features relating to least one lumen located at the middle part of the catheter, e.g. slots, flaps, valves, cuffs, apertures, notches, grooves or rapid exchange ports
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A multiple lumen catheter is described having a flexible elongate body extending about a longitudinal axis and having a distal end with a tapered tip, a proximal end, an outer wall and a septum extending between spaced points on the outer wall. The outer wall and the septum define extraction and return lumens extending from the proximal end to the tapered tip where the outer wall and the septum converge to close off the lumens. The outer wall also defines respective extraction and return apertures for fluid communication between the lumens and the tube exterior. A portion of the septum defines a third lumen extending along the longitudinal axis of the body from the proximal end to the distal end and terminating at the tip in an aperture. This third lumen is useful to receive a Seldinger wire for insertion and can be used also for intravenous infusion of liquid medicaments.
Methods of manufacture are also described.
A multiple lumen catheter is described having a flexible elongate body extending about a longitudinal axis and having a distal end with a tapered tip, a proximal end, an outer wall and a septum extending between spaced points on the outer wall. The outer wall and the septum define extraction and return lumens extending from the proximal end to the tapered tip where the outer wall and the septum converge to close off the lumens. The outer wall also defines respective extraction and return apertures for fluid communication between the lumens and the tube exterior. A portion of the septum defines a third lumen extending along the longitudinal axis of the body from the proximal end to the distal end and terminating at the tip in an aperture. This third lumen is useful to receive a Seldinger wire for insertion and can be used also for intravenous infusion of liquid medicaments.
Methods of manufacture are also described.
Description
1~ 3 ~ 2 8 ~
,~
This invention relates to a multiple lumen catheter and more particularly to such a catheter for insertion into a vein of a patient to be used in haemodialysis treatments. The invention also relates to methods for manufacturing the multiple lumen catheter.
Multiple lumen catheters have been available for many years for a variety of medical purposes. It is only in recent years, however, that such catheters have been developed for use in haemodialysis. The general form of multiple lumen catheters goes back to as early as 1882 when Pfarre patented such a catheter in the United States under Serial No. 256,590. This patent teaches a flexible dual lumen catheter which is used primarily for cleaning and drainage of, for example, the bladder, rectum, stomach and ear. In this type of catheterization, the catheter is introduced into an existing body orifice without the use of any puncturing needle or guidewire.
More recently, a catheter was developed and patented by Blake et al under U.S. Patent No. 3,634,924. This 1972 patent teaches a double lumen cardiac balloon catheter which is introduced into a large vein and the balloons inflated to control the flow in the vein. The catheter can in fact be placed by using the balloon as "a sail" to move with the blood into or through the heart to a position where the catheter takes up its intended function. This patent uses two lumens and teaches a method of making a tip which involves the use of a plug and a wire which retains the shape of one of the lumens during formation of the tip in a moulding ~echnique.
Further patents which teach multiple lumen catheters r ~
133028~
for general use include the following U.S. patents: 701,075;
,~
This invention relates to a multiple lumen catheter and more particularly to such a catheter for insertion into a vein of a patient to be used in haemodialysis treatments. The invention also relates to methods for manufacturing the multiple lumen catheter.
Multiple lumen catheters have been available for many years for a variety of medical purposes. It is only in recent years, however, that such catheters have been developed for use in haemodialysis. The general form of multiple lumen catheters goes back to as early as 1882 when Pfarre patented such a catheter in the United States under Serial No. 256,590. This patent teaches a flexible dual lumen catheter which is used primarily for cleaning and drainage of, for example, the bladder, rectum, stomach and ear. In this type of catheterization, the catheter is introduced into an existing body orifice without the use of any puncturing needle or guidewire.
More recently, a catheter was developed and patented by Blake et al under U.S. Patent No. 3,634,924. This 1972 patent teaches a double lumen cardiac balloon catheter which is introduced into a large vein and the balloons inflated to control the flow in the vein. The catheter can in fact be placed by using the balloon as "a sail" to move with the blood into or through the heart to a position where the catheter takes up its intended function. This patent uses two lumens and teaches a method of making a tip which involves the use of a plug and a wire which retains the shape of one of the lumens during formation of the tip in a moulding ~echnique.
Further patents which teach multiple lumen catheters r ~
133028~
for general use include the following U.S. patents: 701,075;
2,175,726: 2,819,718: 4,072,1~6; 4,098,275; 4,134,402; 4,406,656 and 4,180,068.
Vascular catheter access by surgical cut-down techniques has been known to the medical profession for many years and, in fact, can be traced back to the 17th century.
However, it was only with the introduction of the Seldinger technique in 1953 or thereabouts that a new approach could be used to improve vascular access. This technique was taught in an article published by Seldinger resulting from a presentation ~;~ made at the Congress of the Northern Association of Medical Radiolosy at Helsinki in June of 1952. The technique essentially involves the use of a hollow needle to make an initial puncture and then a wire is entered through the needle and positioned in the vessel. The needle is withdrawn and the catheter is entered percutaneously over the wire which is later :~ withdrawn. With this technique it became possible to make less traumatic vascular access and has now become the accepted method of performing access in numerous medical techniques. One of these techniques which has been the subject of much research and development, is haemodialysis.
Haemodialysis can be defined as the temporary removal of blood from a patient for the purpose of extracting or separating toxins therefrom and the return of the cleansed blood to the same patient. Haemodialysis is indicated in patients where renal impairment or failure exists, that is, in cases where the blood is not being properly or sufficiently cleansed, (particularly to remove water) by the kidneys.
In the case of chronic renal impairment or failure, ~' ~
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haemodialysis has to be carried out on a repetitive basis. For example, in end stage kidney disease where transplanation of kidneys is not possible or for medical reasons is contra-indicated, the patient will have to be dialysed about 100 to 150 times per year. This can result in several thousand accesses to the blood stream to enable the active haemodialysis to be performed over the remaining li~e of the patient, Towards the end of 1960, Dr. Stanley Shaldon and colleagues developed, in the Royal Free Hospital in London, England, a technique for haemodialysis by percutaneous catheterization of deep blood vessels, specifically the femoral artery and vein. The technique was described in an article published by Dr. Shaldon and his associates in the October 14th, 1961 edition of The Lancet at Pages 857 to 859. Dr. Shaldon and ~; 15 his associates developed single lumen catheters having tapered tips for entry over a Seldinger wire to be used in . ,:
haemodialysis. Subsequently, Dr. Shaldon and his colleagues :: . .: .
began to insert both inlet and outlet catheters in the femoral vein and this was reported in the British Medical Journal of June 19th, 1963. The purpose of providing both inlet and outlet catheters in the femoral vein was to explore the possibility of a 'self-service~ approach to dialysis. Dr. Shaldon was subsequently successful in doing this and patients were able to operate reasonably normally while carrying implanted catheters which could be connected to haemodialysis equipment periodically.
Some use was made of a flexible dual lumen catheter inserted by surgical cut-down as early as 1959. An example of such a catheter is that of McIntosh and colleagues which is described in the Journal of the American Medical Association of , .~
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February 21, 1959 at pages 137 to 138. In this publication, a dual lumen catheter is made of non-toxic vinyl plastic and described as being inserted by cut-down technique into the saphenous vein to the inferior vena cava.
The advantage of dual lumen catheters in haemodialysis is that only one vein access need be affected to establish continued dialysis of the blood, because one lumen serves as the conduit for blood flowing from the patient to the dialysis unit and the other lumen serves as a conduit for blood returning from the dialysis unit to the patient. This contrasts with prior systems where either two insertions were necessary to place the two catheters as was done by Dr. Shaldon, or a single cathether ~; was used with a complicated dialysis machine which alternately removed blood and returned cleansed blood.
The success of Dr. Shaldon in placing catheters which ;~ will remain in place for periodic haemodialysis caused further work to be done with different sites. Dr. Shaldon used the femoral vein and in about 1977 Dr. Uldall began clinical testing of a subclavian catheter that would remain in place. An article describing this was publisbed by Dr. Uldall and others in ~;~ Dialysis and Transplantation, Volume 8, No. 10, in October ` 1979. Subsequently Dr. Uldall began experimenting with a coaxial dual lumen catheter for subclavian insertion and this resulted in Canadian Patent No. 1,092,927 which issued on ~;~ 25 January 6, 1981. Although this particular form of catheter has not achieved significant success in the market-place, it was the forerunner of dual lumen càtheters implanted in the subclavian ~ vein for periodic haemodialysis.
; The next significant step in the development of a dual ~. .: . - ..
133~2~5 lumen catheter for haemodialysis is U.S. Patent No.1,150,122 to Martin who produced a catheter which achieved some commercial success. The catheter avoided the disadvantages of the Uldall structure.
A subsequent development is shown in U.S. Patent No.
4,451,252 also to Martin. This utilizes the well known dual lumen configuration in which the lumens are arranged side-by-side separated by a diametric septum. The structure shown in this patent provides for a tip making it possible to enter a Seldinger wire through one of the lumens and to use this wire as a guide for inserting the catheter percutaneously.
Patents to this type of structure followed and include European ; Patent Application to Edelman published under No. 0 079 719, U.S. Patents Nos. 4,619,643, 4,583,968, 4,568,329, and U.S.
Design Patent No. 272,651.
There have been a number of problems associated with the manufacture of dual lumen catheters from extrusions in which the lumens are placed side-by-side and separated by a septum. A
notable problem lies in the fact that the end or tip of the catheter has to be formed with a wire in one lumen by deforming the material from one side towards the center of the catheter.
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The wire will retain stored energy as it is displaced sideways to the centre of the tip so that as soon as the tip is removed from the mould, the wire will tend to return to an inline .
position thereby deforming the tip away from the center. Also, `~
because the material ~forming the tip is either obtained by inserting fillers or the like, it is of an asymmetric cross-section so that, on cooling, there will be shrinkage effects again tendlng to deform the tip. Because it is ~ 5 -`- 1 3 3 ~ 2 8 ~ ~
desirable to retain the tip in a concentric relationship with the axis of the catheter, these disadvantages have become noticeable in products made according to some of the -;-aforementioned patents. ~`
One approach to solving the problem of creating a tip -is to be found in U.S. Patent No.4,543,087 to Sommercorn. This ;;
patent teaches the use of a separate moulded tip which is inserted into the end of an extrusion to provide the necessary flow paths. However, although the tip has resulted in significant commercial success, it does have the disadvantage -~
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that the tip must be inserted into the lumens with resulting discontinuity in the flow path of the return lumen because the blood must meet the end of the insert and pass into an opening through the insert which is of smaller cross-section than the lumen itself.
All of the above examples of haemodialysis catheters which are inserted over a Seldinger wire suffer from the disadvantages that they can not be used readily for intravenous injection of liquid medication. A person who is using haemodialysis therapy with a dual lumen catheter will have to receive a needle for intravenous injection when medication of - . ~
this kind is required. It would be desirable that the catheter not only perform the function of haemodialysis, but also provide a facility for intravenous injection without further puncturing `~
of the patient's veins. It is one of the objects of the present invention to provide such a c`atheter.
The present invention is also designed to improve the tip on the catheter so that it will have minimal tendency to `
deform after moulding so that the resulting tip will be ~ ;
symmetrical about the axis of the catheter.
133~28~
The foregoing problems associated with haemodialysis catheters may in some instances be specific to that treatment.
However, the catheter of the present invention, in overcoming the disadvantages of the prior art of renal dialysis catheters, provides a catheter which has utility in other procedures.
Accordingly, although the present description is directed to haemodialysis, such use is exemplary and it will be evident that catheters according to the invention may be used for other procedures.
10In one of its aspects the present invention provides a ~; multiple lumen catheter comprising a flexible elongate body extending about a longitudinal axis having a distal end with a tapered tip, a proximal end, an outer wall and a septum extending between spaced points on the outer wall. The outer wall of the body and the septum define first and second lumens extending from the proximal end of the body to respective first and second apertures in the outer wall of the body. A portion of the septum defines a third lumen which extends along the longitudinal axis of the body from the proximal end to the distal end and terminates in a third aperture at the tapered tip.
In another one if its aspects the present invention provides a multiple lumen catheter comprising a flexible elongate body extending about a longitudinal axis and having a distal end with a tapered tip, a proximal end, an outer wall, and a septum extending between spaced points of the outer wall.
Tne outer wall of the body and the integral septum define first and second lumens extending from the proximal end of the body towards the distal end, the outer wall of the body and the septum converging at the tapered tip to close off the first _ 7 _ r ~
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lumen~ An aperture is provided in the outer wall of the tubular portion to permit fluid communication between the first lumen ; -~
and the exterior of the body and an insert blocks the first ~ .
lumen between the aperture and the converging location at the tapered tip to prevent fluid access to the portion of the first ~-~
lumen adjacent the converging location. -~
In a further aspect the present invention provides a triple lumen catheter comprising a flexible elongate body extending about a longitudinal axis. The body has a distal end :
with a tapered tip, a proximal end, and defines three lumens extending from the proximal end to respective apertures in the : ~:
body, one of the lumens extending for the length of the body ~.;
along the longitudinal axis.
In a still further aspect the present invention ~`~ 15 provides a method of manufacturing a multiple lumen catheter ~: :
with a tapered tip and an end aperture concentric with the main catheter body comprising the steps of providing a flexible elongated body extending about a longitudinal axis having a distal end and a proximal end, an outer wall and an integral :~ 20 septum defining first and second lumens, and a portion of the septum defining a third lumen extending along the longitudinal axis, the lumens extending from the proximal end to the distal end, inserting a straight wire in the third lumen to extend from the distal end of the body, inserting the distal end of the body in a conical tapered mould having a centrally located aperture to receive the wire, softening the distal end of the body in the : mould such that the distal end deforms to a tapered shape, the ` outer wall of the body merging wlth the septum to close the first and second lumens, and forming apertures in the outer wall 8 ~
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~ 3 3 0 ~
between the inserts and the proximal end These and other aspects of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which~
Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a triple lumen ;
catheter according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, inserted into the subclavian vein of a patient;
Fig, 2 is a diagrammatic perspective view of the catheter drawn to a larger scale than that used in Fig. l;
Fig. 3 is an enlarged sectional view of the distal end ;
:
of the catheter of Fig. 1 drawn on line 3-3 of Fig. 2;
Figs. 4 and 5 are enlarged sectional views taken on the lines 4-4, 5-5, of Fig. 3, respectively, and showing complete ;~
sections;
ig. 6 is an end view of the catheter in the direction generally of arrow 6 of Fig. 3 Figs. 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 are diagrammatic perspective views of an end of the catheter showing the various steps in the manufacture of the trident-shaped branching connector and associated parts;
Fig. 12 is a sectional view of the connector after assembly;
Fig. 13 is a view similar to Fig. 3 of the distal end of another embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 14 is a sectional view taken on line 14-14 of Fig.
13;
Fig. 15 is, a sectional view of a further embodiment of ;~
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-~ 13302~J ~ ~
: :
the catheter;
Fig. 16 is a perspective view of a plug or use in ;~-making yet another embodiment of the catheter; and Fig, 17 is a sectional view of still another embodiment `
. 5 of the catheter and using a separate bonded tip.
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The invention will be described in detail with ~
~ ,. .
reference to a preferred embodiment to be used for -;~
haemodialysis. However the drawings and description are exemplary of the invention and unless otherwise stated, are not intended to be limited by its restraints of size and properties dictated by haemodialysis procedures.
~ Reference is made first to Fig. 1 of the drawings which -~
;~ illustrates a triple lumen catheter, indicated generally by reference numeral 20, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and showing by way of example, a patient receiving the catheter in the subclavian vein using a Seldinger ~ "
wire 21. The catheter is to be used for haemodialysis treatment and could of course also be entered in a similar fashion in the 20 femoral vein. - .
The catheter 20 ~i9 secured to a conventional dressing 22 by an attachment fitting 23 having wing tabs 24, and the dressing 22, in turn, is secured to the skin of the patient. As ;~
~` shown, the catheter 20 passes through the dressing 22 and, as can be~ seen~ in broken outline, an elongate and flexible cylindrlcal body ~26, formed of a polyurethane extrusion, is inserted throuqh the skin and into the subclavian vein in the downstream direction. The ~catheter 20 has at its distal end 28 -~
a conical tapered tip 29 which is described in greater detail ;
- 10 - .. ~
. . , :: - :
133~28~
below. The other end of the body 26 is a generally trident-shaped branching connector 30, which protrudes outwardly from and is secured by dressing 22. Cylindrical blood extraction and return tubes 32, 34 and an intravenous (I.V.) S tube 35 are attached to the trident-shaped branching connector 30, a full description o~ which is provided below. Por the moment it is sufficient to state that these tubes are connected to lumens running through the body 26.
Fig. 2 shows the catheter 20 in greatèr detail. The body 26 has at its proximal end the connector 30 for receiving the blood extraction and return tubes 32, 34. These tubes terminate at their outer ends in respective female luer fittings 36, 37 for connection to complementary male luer fittings (not shown) leading to a dialysis machine, and carry closure clamps ~ 15 38 (one of which is shown) to selectively close the tubes.
;; The I.V. tube 35 terminates at its outer end in a luer lock fitting 39 for receiving a syringe or male luer lock connector.
`; The wing tabs 24, sometimes known as suture wings, are formed integrally with a central tubular portion 40 which can :
`~ rotate on the body 26 and is retained in place by a shoulder on -~
the end of the connector 30 and a second shoulder in a -reinforcing portion 42 so that the catheter 20 can be rotated relative to the tabs 24. This rotation is sometimes necessary after insertion of the catheter 20 to re-orientate intake side ~ ~
apertures in the distal end 28 if the apertures happen to be `
occluded by engagement with the wall of the vein. Details of the apertures are provided below.
- 11 - -' :', . ,`
~ ~-- 1 3 3 0 2 ~
As will be described, the reinforcing portion 42 is blended into the body 26 over the length of the portion and assists in strengthening the catheter to minimize the likelihood of kinking. Also, the portion 42 assists in sealing the ~oncture site where the catheter enters the patient.
As will be clescribed in more detail with reference to subsequent views, the tube 35 is aligned with a central lumen to permit the Seldinger wire 21 to pass through the catheter. The wire exi~s at tip 29 which is essentially conical so that the catheter can slide over the wire and into the patient during insertion. The extraction and return tubes 32, 34 are linked at connector 30 with lumens in the body 26 to connect with respective groups of side apertures 44, 45 (some of which can be seen in this view) near the distal end of the catheter 28. As a result, when inserted and in use, blood can be removed and returned in a closed loop with a haemodialysis machine using the tubes 32, 34. Between treatments the tube 35 is available for intravenous infusion of liquid medicaments.
Reference is next made to Figs. 3 to 6 of the drawings which illustrate the distal end 28 including tip 29. The body ~ 26 comprises an outer wall 46 and an integral septum 48 ;~ extending diametrically across the body 26 and defining an extraction lumen 50 and a return lumen 52, both lumens being generally C-shaped in cross-section and extending from the ;~ 25 proximal end towards the distal end. As best seen in Fig. 4, a bulbous middle portion 53 of the septum 48 projects into the lumens 50, 52 and contains the intravenous (I.V.) lumen 54 which extends along the longitudinal axis of the body portion 26 from the proximal end to the distal end. This lumen is an extension 3 3 0 2 ~
of the I.V. tube 35 and is proportioned in this embodiment to receive a 0.038 inch diameter Seldinger wire.
The extraction lumen 50 is blocked short of the tip 29 by a first insert 56 which is formed of polyurethane and bonded in place using a suitable solvent such as cyclohexanone.
Extraction apertures 44 are provided in the outer wall 46 of the cylindrical portion 26, ~ust short of the insert 56, to permit blood to flow from the patient's vein into the extraction lumen 50 and thus through the connector 30 to the extraction tube 32 and the dialysis machine. It should be noted that the apertures 44 are conveniently circular but may be of any suitable shape or size including scaphoid. AlSo, further extraction apertures may be provided around the lumen 50 as required consistent with the ;~ aperture nearest the tip being immediately adjacent the insert 56 to minimize dead spaces.
The return lumen 52 is similarily blocked by a second insert 60 immediately adjacent the last of several return apertures 45. The last aperture is positioned closer to the tip 29 than is the last of the intake apertures 44 in the extraction lumen 50 to minimize the risk of cross flow as returning blood ~ ,.. .. . .
~ ~ finds its way back into the lumen 50. Although some cross-flow ~. : :.. ,,.: -:- ., is not critical, excess cross-flow will extend the time needed for haemodialysis. -`
As can be seen in Figs. 3 and 6, the tip 29 is smoothly rounded at the end 28 of the catheter and tapered gently to ~
facilitate insertion of the catheter 20 into a patient. AS ~ ~-mentioned previously, the catheter is intended to be used with a :
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1~302~ ~
Seldinger wire. In this embodiment khe tapered tip 29 is concentric with the axis with the body 26 and of the lumen 54.
Accordingly, the centrally located lumen 54 extends to the tip 29 and terminates at a circular I.V. aperture 64.
The catheter 20 is made from a length of cylindrical polyurethane extrusion forming the cylindrical body 26. The extrusion is cut to the required length and the ends formed by further operations. The formation of the tapered tip 29 will be described with reference firstly to Fig. 3, followed by a description of the formation of the connector 30.
sefore shaping the tapered tip 29, the inserts 56, 60 are positioned and affixed in the respective lumens 50, 52, as shown in Fig. 3. The inserts are shaped to the cross-section of the lumens and affixed as previously described. A cylindrical wire 66 (shown in chain dotted outline in Fig. 3), of corresponding diameter to that of the guide wire 21 (Fig. 2), is inserted through the I.V. lumen 54 to extend from the distal end of the tubing which is then located in a conical tapered mould 68 (shown in chain-dotted outline). The extrusion is heated by R.F. and as it softens it is pushed into the mould such that the outer wall 46 and the septum 48 merge at the tip 29. The end of the body assumes a conical tapered shape with a radiused end and the material masses in the lumens 50, 52 forming ends 70, 72.
; The I.V. lumen 54 retains its internai shape because it is supported on the wire 66. The now tapered tip is cooled to some extent r~
, i,~
1 3 3 ~ 2 ~ ~
. , and then removed from the mould 68 and allowed to cool further and harden.
The deformation of the tip results in a thickening of the outer wall 46 and septum 48 to provide a concentration of material substantially exceeding the concentration of material in the main catheter body, and this facilitates insertion of the catheter.
Because the wire 66 is not deflected at any time from its normal straight condition during the moulding operation, there is no energy stored in the wire and consequently there is no tendency for the wire to deflect the tip from the desired orientation after removal from the mould 68.
The wire can therefore be left inside the tip during ; cooling. The apertures 44, 45 are then cut or otherwise formed in the outer wall 46 of the body 26. Also, because the extrusion is symmetrical about the wire, the deformed material at the tip will move evenly to both sides of the central septum. The resulting similar masses at ends 70, 72 of the lumens will cool and shrink equally so that the tip will remain concentric about the central or I.V. lumen 54. This will result in a well formed tapered tip.
The method of manufacture of the trident-shaped branching connector 30 and reinforcing portion 42 will next be described with reference to Figs. 7 to 12. The figures are arranged in order of the steps used in the manufacture and it will be seen in Fig. 7 that the extruded body 26 has received a short sleeve 71 of polyurethene and preferably the same colour as that used for the body. The sleeve 71 is a snug fit on the cylindrical body 26 and after positioning on the body, the r~
~-~ 133~28~ ~
assembly is moved into a heated mould 73 which has a frustro-conical interior wall 75 designed to deform the sleeve 71 to create the blended reinforcing portion 42 shown in Fig.
2. If preferred, suitable shaped mandrels can be placed inside the lumens of the body 26 to ensure that these lumens are not deformed while the collar is shaped in the mould 73. The sleeve 71 is heated and the body pushed into the heated mould 73 ~o that material flows to the desired shape.
The upper edge of the sleeve 71 (as drawn) forms a shoulder and is positioned for engagement with the attachment fitting 23 shown in Fig. 2 to locate this fitting longitudinally on the body.
. ~ - .
~ After completing the process illustrated in Fig. 7, the ~ ~ . ...
fitting 23 is slipped over the end of the body 26 and into engagement with the sleeve 71. The fitting is a loose fit so that it can rotate freely on the body 26. The positioning can be seen in Fig. 8 which also shows the completed reinforcing portion 42 and how it blends into the body 26.
............ .................................................................. ... ... ~, Next another sleeve 74 is engaged over the end of the tube 26 and, if the first sleeve has been positioned correctly, `~ ~ ;
the sleeve 74 will be positioned so that its trailing end ~-~; becomes flush with the end of the body 26 as shown in Fig. 9.
The sleeve 74 should not be pushed tightly against the~ ;~
attachment fitting 23 in order to provide clearance of free movement of the fitting. With the sleeve in position, a set of ~;;
deforming mandrels are brought into play as seen in Fig. 9.
There are three mandrels, one for each of the lumens. The two ! '' outer mandrels 76, 78 are mirror images of one another and 13302~ :
positioned about a central mandrel 80. The intent of the mandrels is to form the corresponding lumens to have conical ; outer portions for receiving shaped ends of the tubes 32, 34 and ~:
~:
,: -.~ ..
,'",,,i:
~ ; ~ : ' '., ',.
~ ~,' ,'~ .,.
~ 16 ~ - ~
i :, ,~;
133~2~
~. .
35 (Fig. 2) as will be described with reference to Fig. 12.
The mandrels 76, 78 have respective leading ends 82, 84 which are proportioned simply to provide locatio~ as they enter corresponding lumens 50, 52 and similarly, a leading portion 86 5 on the mandrel 80 is proportioned to engage the central lumen 54. The leading portions 82, 84 and 86 blend into respective conical portions 88, 90 and 92 which are arranged to complement one another so that the cones will flair outwardly to receive the tubes. Of course for simplicity of engagement, each of the mandrels is supported from shanks which are arranged in parallel so that the mandrels can be brought into the extrusion longitudinally and deformation will take place simply because ~ the conical portions are larger than the lumens and the material :~ around the lumens will be forced outwardly under the influence ~ 15 of heat provided by heating the mandrels. The second sleeve 74 ~ ~ .
~- supports the extrusion which is itself insufficient to support this deformation as the size is increased.
It will be seen in Fig. 10, that after the mandrels are engaged, the sleeve and contained portion of the extrusion are expanded and, after completion, the appearance will be as shown n Fig. 11.
~ Reference is next made to Fig. 12 which shows the ; engagement of the tubes 32, 34 anq 35 in the connector 30.
These tubes have their engagement ends deformed to thin the wall and this is done by conical deformations so that the outer surface of the tubes are slightly conical to engage the corresponding interna} cones 94, 96 and 98 shown in Fig. 11 and formed by the use of the mandrels. It will be seen in Fig. 12 that the result in assembly is compact, and provides a ~ ~ , !.~ ~ :
13~0~
, relatively smooth internal surface to minimize the risk of blood damage caused by turbulence as blood flows through the tubes and -~associated lumens 32, 34 and 50, 52. Similarly, the tube 35 is engaged so that there is no interference with the Seldinger wire which will slide freely through this tube and lumen 54.
The tubes are attached in the connector 30 using a suitable solvent in a similar fashion to the attachment of the -plugs 5~, 60 described with reference to Fig. 3.
It is of course possible to make the assembly starting ~
with the trident shaped structure and then add the fitting 23 -from the distal end of the body before ending by adding and ~;
forming sleeve 71.
In use, as mentioned above, the catheter 20 is inserted ;~
such that it points downstream in the patient's vein, that is, - -~
the extraction aperture 44 are upstream of the return apertures 45, which, in turn, are upstream of the I.V. tip aperture 64.
When a treatment is in progress the extraction tubes 32, 34 are connected to a dialysis machine which draws blood through the ~-extraction lumen 50 and returns it through return lumen 52 in a ;~;
similar manner to a conventional dual lumen cannula. Between ~;
;~ blood treatments the lumens may be filled with a heparin `-~
~;~ solution to prevent them from being filled with clotted blood.
. . .
However, if the patient requires medication or is required to ~ ~
.
give blood between treatments, the I.V. lumen 54 may be used.
This avoids the trauma and discomfort of the inserting a further ~
needle or catheter into the patient and does not disturb the ;
heparin lock. ;;
Between uses the third lumen may be filled with a . :
~ - 18 -~33~28~
. ~, relatively small volume of heparin or may be occupied by cylindrical solid and flexible patency obturator, similar to guide wire 21. This obturator prevents the entrance of blood into the lumen and thus eliminates the need ~or heparin in the third lumen. Generally, it will be easier to keep the third lumen free of blood due to its smaller cross-section, regular shape and absence of side holes.
In addition to this advantage the centrally located lumen offers considerable advantages for insertion and removal of the catheter. As there are no sideholes in the lumen, ~Jn ended guide wires may be used without the possibility that the guidewire will exit through a sidehole, rather than the end aperture. In addition, because it is easier to keep the smaller lumen free of clotted blood, it should be possible to use a guidewire to replace a catheter which has clotted blood in the blood lumens without dislodging any blood clots which may have accumulated in the blood lumens. This would be done by first entering the Seldinger wire into the third lumen of the catheter in place in the vein, withdrawing this catheter over the wire leaving the wire in place, and then using the wire to guide a replacement catheter over the guide wire.
The exemplary catheter described with reference to the : .
drawings does not have the proportions of a haemodialysis catheter. As mentioned previously, the description is exemplary and in practice, if the catheter is to be used in the subclavian vein it will have proportions as follows. The central lumen will have a diameter of about 0.04 inches to receive a SeIdinger wire of diameter .038 inches or .036 inches. The walls about the central lumen and forming the septum will be about 0.010 1 3 3 0 2 ~
inches in thickness and will blend into the outer wall which is about 0.013 inches in thickness. The outer diameter of the body 26 will be 0.149 inches and this will give an area available for blood flow in the lumens of about .0048 square inches. The flow rate will be approximately 237 millilitres per minute using accepted pressures to drive the blood through the lumens.
Clearly catheters can be made with a variety of proportions depending upon the use and structures defined by the claims and incorporting the description are within the scope of the invention.
The tip structure shown in Fig. 3 can be made in a number of ways. An alternative is shown in Figs. 13 and 14.
For ease of reference the reference numerals used in relation to these figures correspond to those used above prefixed with the numeral 1. The distal end 128 and tip 129 of a catheter has inserts 156, 160 which extend to fill the unused portions of the extraction and return lumens. The inserts are entered in the lumens 150, 152 and may be affixed therein by a solvent. When the end 128 is heated in the mould 168 the inserts 156, 160 are softened and deformed and the outer wall 146 collapes to merge with the septum 148. The leading ends of the inserts 156, 160, also merge with the septum 148, as represented by the ghost outlines in Figs. 13 and 14. The resulting catheter has an appearance similar to the catheter described above but with a stiffer leading end.
It will be evident that the form of the inserts can vary. For instance the ends originally near the end 128 could be thinned to allow for easier deformation of the extrusion into the shape shown in Fig. 13.
` ` ~ 3 3 0 2 ~
The catheters illustrated and described above feature septums having a bulbous middle portion to accommodate the I.V.
lumen. However, the catheter of the invention is not limited to this particular cross-section and Fig. 15 shows an alternative cross-section. For ease of reference the numerals used in relation to this figure correspond to those used to describe the preferred embodiment prefixed with the numeral 2. The catheter illustrated has a septum 248 with planar sides such that the extraction and return lumens 250, 252 have a D-shaped cross-section. This thicker septum 248 requires the use of more material to form the catheter and also reduces the ratio between the cross-sectional area of the extraction and return lumens and the cross-sectional area of the catheter. However there may be uses above where this cross-section is advantageous, for instance where the outer diameter of the catheter body is less critical then it is when used in a vein for haemodialysis.
Reference is now made to Fig. 16 to describe a moulded plug of polyurethane for use in ma~.ing tips. This plug has end pieces 200,202 shaped to fit snugly in the lumens S0, 52 (Fig.
~; 20 3). The end pieces are attached to respective spacers 204,206 which depend from a hub 208 at respective weakened joints 210,212. The hub has a central opening 214 matching the third lumen 54 so that the wire used in moulding can be used to locate the hub centrally.
The procedure, when using the plug of ~ig. 16, is to first bend the spacers 204,206 about the joints 210,212 so that the end pieces 200,202 come together for insertion in the end of the extruded body 26. The pieces are pushed home with solvent until the hub 208 meets the end of the body. The pieces 200,202 ~ ...:
3 ~ 2 ~
will then automatically be in the required positions controlled by the lengths of the spacers 204,206. Moulding then proceeds as before so that the hub and adjacent parts of the spacers will become integral portions of the tip. A further embodiment is shown in Fig. 17. This structure includes a separate moulded tip 216 preferably of polyurethane, which is engaged in and bonded to the end the extrusion. The tip 216 has an outer conical form and defines a central opening 218 forming a continuation of the third lumen 220. A pair of extensions 222, 224 are shaped to fit in the respective lumens 226, 228 and have lengths to match the positions of the apertures 230, 232 in the side wall of the lumens. The ends of the extensions are preferably shaped to meet the apertures and complement the natural flow patterns so that dead spaces will be minimized if not eliminated.
`~ The structure shown in Fig. 17 can also be partly . .
formed by heating in a mould to blend the joint between the tip and the extrusion. This technique can also be used to part form the assembly to improve the tip if necessary.
The method of shaping the end is described as utilizing radio frequency heatlng devices to soften the plastic material.
This is intended to be illustrative of a softening technique, and other techniques, for example, the use of electrical heating elements, are equally effective.
It will appreciated thàt various other modifications ~: ~
may be made to the catheter, and to the processes for making parts of the catheter as described, without departlng from the scope of the invention. For example, the mate-rial used to form the tube and inserts may be any suitable medical grade - 22 ~
~33~28~
thermoplastic. Also, the positioning of the apertures and the number of apertures is to some extent a matter of choice. Also, the length of the conical tip can be varied to include apertures in the wall of the tip. While such a structure is more complicated to maket the flow pattern would be advantageous.
Although the catheter has been described in use in haemodyalsis in a subclavian vein it would also be appreciated that it can be used in both femoral and jugular veins, and can also be used in other blood treatments including apheresis, haemoperfusion and non-blood related treatments involving nutrition and drug therapies.
::
:
~ .
SUPPLEMENTARY DISCLOSURE -;''', Reference is made to Figs. 18 and 19 which illustrates ,~`
a third method of manufactu~ing the tip. Numerals corresponding to those used in Fig. 3 of the main disclosure will be repeated with the prefix "3".
As seen in Fig. 18, a body 326 receives an extension piece 400 shaped to fit roughly on the end of the body and haviny a projection 402 of the shape needed as a continuation of the central aperture or third lumen. The parts are located relative to one another by a central rod 404 within two halves 406, 408 of a heated dye shaped to correspond to the tip shape shown in Fig. 3. This shape can of course be modified to provide varying ends on the catheter depending upon the desired configuration.
The body 326 receives first and second mandrals 410, ~ ~
412 shaped to fit within the lumens 350, 352 and positioned so ; - `
that material flowing under the influence of the heat will ;;~
engage with the ends of the mandrels in a fashion corresponding to the plugs, 56, 60 shown in Fig. 3. The result will be continuous material from the distal end of the catheter to the -`
ends of the mandrels 410, 412. The shaping can be seen in Fig.
3 but without the spacing between the plugs 56, 60 and the solid end of the catheter.
Under the influence of heat, the material of the body 326 and extension 400 will flow and be shaped by the closing dye halves 406, 408. The necessary quantity of material required to ~ - ;
complete the shape can be agumented by the provision of plugs in -;
- 24 - ~;
r ~
~` 133~2~3 the lumens 350, 352 of a material which will also flow under the influence of heat. However with some care in design, it is possible to complete the tip without the use of these plugs.
l'he structure shown in Fig. 18 has the advantage that the extension 400 can be of any durometer hardness required consistant of course with the material matching that of the body 326. Conse~uently it is possible to create a distal end on the tip having different characteristics from the main body. The very end of the catheter can be quite soft so that when it is inserted, it will have minimal strength and thexefore reduce the risk of damage to the wall of the vein after insertion. Such a tip may well make it possible to leave the catheter in place for longer periods than would be possible with a tip having a stiff end.
Reference is now made to Fig. 19 which illustrates a further embodiment of tip made using the method of Fig. 18. As mentioned, the mould halves can be of different shapes since lumen 350 can be closed further from the tip than lumen 352.
However the shapes chosen to make the structure in Fig. 19 provide a cylindrical central extenslon 414 made from a part similar to that identified as 402 in Fig. 18. There is a transition zone defining a shoulder 416 where the extension 414 '' ~" '': ' blends smoothly into the body 326. In this embodiment, to provide sufficient material to block the lumens 350, 352, plugs 418 and 420 are provided and these flow into the material around them as indicated by the broken outline at the shoulder 416.
With a suitable selection of material it is possible to provide ;,:, -:
the extension 414 with significantly different physical - 1~3~
characteristics from the body, notably it can be made of soft material which will have very little effect on the inner wall surface of the vein. Similarly, the strength at the shoulder can be changed by using inserts of soft material or even providing plugs rather than inserts in the manner described with reference to Fig. 3.
Structures such as shown as Figs. 3, 13, and 19 are exemplary of tips which are tapered. Some are frustro-conical whereas others tend to have a shoulder such as that shown in Fig. 19. However~ functionally they are all tapered since they will dilate tissue as they are moved along a Seldinger wire into position in a patient. For this reason, in the terminology of this application, the word "tapered~ is intended to include any structure at the end which is capable of such dilation to facilitate engagement over a Seldinger wire.
It will be appreciated that various other modifications may be made to the catheter, and to the processes for making parts of the catheter as described, without departing from the scope of the invention, for example, the material used to form the tube and inserts may be any suitable medical grade thermoplastic. Also, the positioning of the apertures and the number of apertures is to some extent a matter of choice. Also, the length of the conical tip can be varied to include apertures in the wall of the tip. While such a structure is more complicated to make, the flow pattern would be advantageous.
Although methods of making catheters has been described in use in haemodialysis in a subclavian vein it would also be appreciated that it can be used in both femoral and jugular - 26 ~
. ': .
~33~8~
veins, and can also be used in other blood treatments including apheresis, haemoperfusion and non-blood related treatments involving nutrition and drug therapies.
''''~' ~" ; ~`', - 27 ~
Vascular catheter access by surgical cut-down techniques has been known to the medical profession for many years and, in fact, can be traced back to the 17th century.
However, it was only with the introduction of the Seldinger technique in 1953 or thereabouts that a new approach could be used to improve vascular access. This technique was taught in an article published by Seldinger resulting from a presentation ~;~ made at the Congress of the Northern Association of Medical Radiolosy at Helsinki in June of 1952. The technique essentially involves the use of a hollow needle to make an initial puncture and then a wire is entered through the needle and positioned in the vessel. The needle is withdrawn and the catheter is entered percutaneously over the wire which is later :~ withdrawn. With this technique it became possible to make less traumatic vascular access and has now become the accepted method of performing access in numerous medical techniques. One of these techniques which has been the subject of much research and development, is haemodialysis.
Haemodialysis can be defined as the temporary removal of blood from a patient for the purpose of extracting or separating toxins therefrom and the return of the cleansed blood to the same patient. Haemodialysis is indicated in patients where renal impairment or failure exists, that is, in cases where the blood is not being properly or sufficiently cleansed, (particularly to remove water) by the kidneys.
In the case of chronic renal impairment or failure, ~' ~
-~ ~3302~
haemodialysis has to be carried out on a repetitive basis. For example, in end stage kidney disease where transplanation of kidneys is not possible or for medical reasons is contra-indicated, the patient will have to be dialysed about 100 to 150 times per year. This can result in several thousand accesses to the blood stream to enable the active haemodialysis to be performed over the remaining li~e of the patient, Towards the end of 1960, Dr. Stanley Shaldon and colleagues developed, in the Royal Free Hospital in London, England, a technique for haemodialysis by percutaneous catheterization of deep blood vessels, specifically the femoral artery and vein. The technique was described in an article published by Dr. Shaldon and his associates in the October 14th, 1961 edition of The Lancet at Pages 857 to 859. Dr. Shaldon and ~; 15 his associates developed single lumen catheters having tapered tips for entry over a Seldinger wire to be used in . ,:
haemodialysis. Subsequently, Dr. Shaldon and his colleagues :: . .: .
began to insert both inlet and outlet catheters in the femoral vein and this was reported in the British Medical Journal of June 19th, 1963. The purpose of providing both inlet and outlet catheters in the femoral vein was to explore the possibility of a 'self-service~ approach to dialysis. Dr. Shaldon was subsequently successful in doing this and patients were able to operate reasonably normally while carrying implanted catheters which could be connected to haemodialysis equipment periodically.
Some use was made of a flexible dual lumen catheter inserted by surgical cut-down as early as 1959. An example of such a catheter is that of McIntosh and colleagues which is described in the Journal of the American Medical Association of , .~
`~" 1 3 ~
February 21, 1959 at pages 137 to 138. In this publication, a dual lumen catheter is made of non-toxic vinyl plastic and described as being inserted by cut-down technique into the saphenous vein to the inferior vena cava.
The advantage of dual lumen catheters in haemodialysis is that only one vein access need be affected to establish continued dialysis of the blood, because one lumen serves as the conduit for blood flowing from the patient to the dialysis unit and the other lumen serves as a conduit for blood returning from the dialysis unit to the patient. This contrasts with prior systems where either two insertions were necessary to place the two catheters as was done by Dr. Shaldon, or a single cathether ~; was used with a complicated dialysis machine which alternately removed blood and returned cleansed blood.
The success of Dr. Shaldon in placing catheters which ;~ will remain in place for periodic haemodialysis caused further work to be done with different sites. Dr. Shaldon used the femoral vein and in about 1977 Dr. Uldall began clinical testing of a subclavian catheter that would remain in place. An article describing this was publisbed by Dr. Uldall and others in ~;~ Dialysis and Transplantation, Volume 8, No. 10, in October ` 1979. Subsequently Dr. Uldall began experimenting with a coaxial dual lumen catheter for subclavian insertion and this resulted in Canadian Patent No. 1,092,927 which issued on ~;~ 25 January 6, 1981. Although this particular form of catheter has not achieved significant success in the market-place, it was the forerunner of dual lumen càtheters implanted in the subclavian ~ vein for periodic haemodialysis.
; The next significant step in the development of a dual ~. .: . - ..
133~2~5 lumen catheter for haemodialysis is U.S. Patent No.1,150,122 to Martin who produced a catheter which achieved some commercial success. The catheter avoided the disadvantages of the Uldall structure.
A subsequent development is shown in U.S. Patent No.
4,451,252 also to Martin. This utilizes the well known dual lumen configuration in which the lumens are arranged side-by-side separated by a diametric septum. The structure shown in this patent provides for a tip making it possible to enter a Seldinger wire through one of the lumens and to use this wire as a guide for inserting the catheter percutaneously.
Patents to this type of structure followed and include European ; Patent Application to Edelman published under No. 0 079 719, U.S. Patents Nos. 4,619,643, 4,583,968, 4,568,329, and U.S.
Design Patent No. 272,651.
There have been a number of problems associated with the manufacture of dual lumen catheters from extrusions in which the lumens are placed side-by-side and separated by a septum. A
notable problem lies in the fact that the end or tip of the catheter has to be formed with a wire in one lumen by deforming the material from one side towards the center of the catheter.
~:~
The wire will retain stored energy as it is displaced sideways to the centre of the tip so that as soon as the tip is removed from the mould, the wire will tend to return to an inline .
position thereby deforming the tip away from the center. Also, `~
because the material ~forming the tip is either obtained by inserting fillers or the like, it is of an asymmetric cross-section so that, on cooling, there will be shrinkage effects again tendlng to deform the tip. Because it is ~ 5 -`- 1 3 3 ~ 2 8 ~ ~
desirable to retain the tip in a concentric relationship with the axis of the catheter, these disadvantages have become noticeable in products made according to some of the -;-aforementioned patents. ~`
One approach to solving the problem of creating a tip -is to be found in U.S. Patent No.4,543,087 to Sommercorn. This ;;
patent teaches the use of a separate moulded tip which is inserted into the end of an extrusion to provide the necessary flow paths. However, although the tip has resulted in significant commercial success, it does have the disadvantage -~
.:. ~: ,.
that the tip must be inserted into the lumens with resulting discontinuity in the flow path of the return lumen because the blood must meet the end of the insert and pass into an opening through the insert which is of smaller cross-section than the lumen itself.
All of the above examples of haemodialysis catheters which are inserted over a Seldinger wire suffer from the disadvantages that they can not be used readily for intravenous injection of liquid medication. A person who is using haemodialysis therapy with a dual lumen catheter will have to receive a needle for intravenous injection when medication of - . ~
this kind is required. It would be desirable that the catheter not only perform the function of haemodialysis, but also provide a facility for intravenous injection without further puncturing `~
of the patient's veins. It is one of the objects of the present invention to provide such a c`atheter.
The present invention is also designed to improve the tip on the catheter so that it will have minimal tendency to `
deform after moulding so that the resulting tip will be ~ ;
symmetrical about the axis of the catheter.
133~28~
The foregoing problems associated with haemodialysis catheters may in some instances be specific to that treatment.
However, the catheter of the present invention, in overcoming the disadvantages of the prior art of renal dialysis catheters, provides a catheter which has utility in other procedures.
Accordingly, although the present description is directed to haemodialysis, such use is exemplary and it will be evident that catheters according to the invention may be used for other procedures.
10In one of its aspects the present invention provides a ~; multiple lumen catheter comprising a flexible elongate body extending about a longitudinal axis having a distal end with a tapered tip, a proximal end, an outer wall and a septum extending between spaced points on the outer wall. The outer wall of the body and the septum define first and second lumens extending from the proximal end of the body to respective first and second apertures in the outer wall of the body. A portion of the septum defines a third lumen which extends along the longitudinal axis of the body from the proximal end to the distal end and terminates in a third aperture at the tapered tip.
In another one if its aspects the present invention provides a multiple lumen catheter comprising a flexible elongate body extending about a longitudinal axis and having a distal end with a tapered tip, a proximal end, an outer wall, and a septum extending between spaced points of the outer wall.
Tne outer wall of the body and the integral septum define first and second lumens extending from the proximal end of the body towards the distal end, the outer wall of the body and the septum converging at the tapered tip to close off the first _ 7 _ r ~
~: , ~ ~33028~
lumen~ An aperture is provided in the outer wall of the tubular portion to permit fluid communication between the first lumen ; -~
and the exterior of the body and an insert blocks the first ~ .
lumen between the aperture and the converging location at the tapered tip to prevent fluid access to the portion of the first ~-~
lumen adjacent the converging location. -~
In a further aspect the present invention provides a triple lumen catheter comprising a flexible elongate body extending about a longitudinal axis. The body has a distal end :
with a tapered tip, a proximal end, and defines three lumens extending from the proximal end to respective apertures in the : ~:
body, one of the lumens extending for the length of the body ~.;
along the longitudinal axis.
In a still further aspect the present invention ~`~ 15 provides a method of manufacturing a multiple lumen catheter ~: :
with a tapered tip and an end aperture concentric with the main catheter body comprising the steps of providing a flexible elongated body extending about a longitudinal axis having a distal end and a proximal end, an outer wall and an integral :~ 20 septum defining first and second lumens, and a portion of the septum defining a third lumen extending along the longitudinal axis, the lumens extending from the proximal end to the distal end, inserting a straight wire in the third lumen to extend from the distal end of the body, inserting the distal end of the body in a conical tapered mould having a centrally located aperture to receive the wire, softening the distal end of the body in the : mould such that the distal end deforms to a tapered shape, the ` outer wall of the body merging wlth the septum to close the first and second lumens, and forming apertures in the outer wall 8 ~
;;,~;, -. :, : -;
~ 3 3 0 ~
between the inserts and the proximal end These and other aspects of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which~
Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a triple lumen ;
catheter according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, inserted into the subclavian vein of a patient;
Fig, 2 is a diagrammatic perspective view of the catheter drawn to a larger scale than that used in Fig. l;
Fig. 3 is an enlarged sectional view of the distal end ;
:
of the catheter of Fig. 1 drawn on line 3-3 of Fig. 2;
Figs. 4 and 5 are enlarged sectional views taken on the lines 4-4, 5-5, of Fig. 3, respectively, and showing complete ;~
sections;
ig. 6 is an end view of the catheter in the direction generally of arrow 6 of Fig. 3 Figs. 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 are diagrammatic perspective views of an end of the catheter showing the various steps in the manufacture of the trident-shaped branching connector and associated parts;
Fig. 12 is a sectional view of the connector after assembly;
Fig. 13 is a view similar to Fig. 3 of the distal end of another embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 14 is a sectional view taken on line 14-14 of Fig.
13;
Fig. 15 is, a sectional view of a further embodiment of ;~
_ g _ r ~ ::
-~ 13302~J ~ ~
: :
the catheter;
Fig. 16 is a perspective view of a plug or use in ;~-making yet another embodiment of the catheter; and Fig, 17 is a sectional view of still another embodiment `
. 5 of the catheter and using a separate bonded tip.
: '" :,' . . ~. .
The invention will be described in detail with ~
~ ,. .
reference to a preferred embodiment to be used for -;~
haemodialysis. However the drawings and description are exemplary of the invention and unless otherwise stated, are not intended to be limited by its restraints of size and properties dictated by haemodialysis procedures.
~ Reference is made first to Fig. 1 of the drawings which -~
;~ illustrates a triple lumen catheter, indicated generally by reference numeral 20, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and showing by way of example, a patient receiving the catheter in the subclavian vein using a Seldinger ~ "
wire 21. The catheter is to be used for haemodialysis treatment and could of course also be entered in a similar fashion in the 20 femoral vein. - .
The catheter 20 ~i9 secured to a conventional dressing 22 by an attachment fitting 23 having wing tabs 24, and the dressing 22, in turn, is secured to the skin of the patient. As ;~
~` shown, the catheter 20 passes through the dressing 22 and, as can be~ seen~ in broken outline, an elongate and flexible cylindrlcal body ~26, formed of a polyurethane extrusion, is inserted throuqh the skin and into the subclavian vein in the downstream direction. The ~catheter 20 has at its distal end 28 -~
a conical tapered tip 29 which is described in greater detail ;
- 10 - .. ~
. . , :: - :
133~28~
below. The other end of the body 26 is a generally trident-shaped branching connector 30, which protrudes outwardly from and is secured by dressing 22. Cylindrical blood extraction and return tubes 32, 34 and an intravenous (I.V.) S tube 35 are attached to the trident-shaped branching connector 30, a full description o~ which is provided below. Por the moment it is sufficient to state that these tubes are connected to lumens running through the body 26.
Fig. 2 shows the catheter 20 in greatèr detail. The body 26 has at its proximal end the connector 30 for receiving the blood extraction and return tubes 32, 34. These tubes terminate at their outer ends in respective female luer fittings 36, 37 for connection to complementary male luer fittings (not shown) leading to a dialysis machine, and carry closure clamps ~ 15 38 (one of which is shown) to selectively close the tubes.
;; The I.V. tube 35 terminates at its outer end in a luer lock fitting 39 for receiving a syringe or male luer lock connector.
`; The wing tabs 24, sometimes known as suture wings, are formed integrally with a central tubular portion 40 which can :
`~ rotate on the body 26 and is retained in place by a shoulder on -~
the end of the connector 30 and a second shoulder in a -reinforcing portion 42 so that the catheter 20 can be rotated relative to the tabs 24. This rotation is sometimes necessary after insertion of the catheter 20 to re-orientate intake side ~ ~
apertures in the distal end 28 if the apertures happen to be `
occluded by engagement with the wall of the vein. Details of the apertures are provided below.
- 11 - -' :', . ,`
~ ~-- 1 3 3 0 2 ~
As will be described, the reinforcing portion 42 is blended into the body 26 over the length of the portion and assists in strengthening the catheter to minimize the likelihood of kinking. Also, the portion 42 assists in sealing the ~oncture site where the catheter enters the patient.
As will be clescribed in more detail with reference to subsequent views, the tube 35 is aligned with a central lumen to permit the Seldinger wire 21 to pass through the catheter. The wire exi~s at tip 29 which is essentially conical so that the catheter can slide over the wire and into the patient during insertion. The extraction and return tubes 32, 34 are linked at connector 30 with lumens in the body 26 to connect with respective groups of side apertures 44, 45 (some of which can be seen in this view) near the distal end of the catheter 28. As a result, when inserted and in use, blood can be removed and returned in a closed loop with a haemodialysis machine using the tubes 32, 34. Between treatments the tube 35 is available for intravenous infusion of liquid medicaments.
Reference is next made to Figs. 3 to 6 of the drawings which illustrate the distal end 28 including tip 29. The body ~ 26 comprises an outer wall 46 and an integral septum 48 ;~ extending diametrically across the body 26 and defining an extraction lumen 50 and a return lumen 52, both lumens being generally C-shaped in cross-section and extending from the ;~ 25 proximal end towards the distal end. As best seen in Fig. 4, a bulbous middle portion 53 of the septum 48 projects into the lumens 50, 52 and contains the intravenous (I.V.) lumen 54 which extends along the longitudinal axis of the body portion 26 from the proximal end to the distal end. This lumen is an extension 3 3 0 2 ~
of the I.V. tube 35 and is proportioned in this embodiment to receive a 0.038 inch diameter Seldinger wire.
The extraction lumen 50 is blocked short of the tip 29 by a first insert 56 which is formed of polyurethane and bonded in place using a suitable solvent such as cyclohexanone.
Extraction apertures 44 are provided in the outer wall 46 of the cylindrical portion 26, ~ust short of the insert 56, to permit blood to flow from the patient's vein into the extraction lumen 50 and thus through the connector 30 to the extraction tube 32 and the dialysis machine. It should be noted that the apertures 44 are conveniently circular but may be of any suitable shape or size including scaphoid. AlSo, further extraction apertures may be provided around the lumen 50 as required consistent with the ;~ aperture nearest the tip being immediately adjacent the insert 56 to minimize dead spaces.
The return lumen 52 is similarily blocked by a second insert 60 immediately adjacent the last of several return apertures 45. The last aperture is positioned closer to the tip 29 than is the last of the intake apertures 44 in the extraction lumen 50 to minimize the risk of cross flow as returning blood ~ ,.. .. . .
~ ~ finds its way back into the lumen 50. Although some cross-flow ~. : :.. ,,.: -:- ., is not critical, excess cross-flow will extend the time needed for haemodialysis. -`
As can be seen in Figs. 3 and 6, the tip 29 is smoothly rounded at the end 28 of the catheter and tapered gently to ~
facilitate insertion of the catheter 20 into a patient. AS ~ ~-mentioned previously, the catheter is intended to be used with a :
,. " :~: ,".
'~ ~
1~302~ ~
Seldinger wire. In this embodiment khe tapered tip 29 is concentric with the axis with the body 26 and of the lumen 54.
Accordingly, the centrally located lumen 54 extends to the tip 29 and terminates at a circular I.V. aperture 64.
The catheter 20 is made from a length of cylindrical polyurethane extrusion forming the cylindrical body 26. The extrusion is cut to the required length and the ends formed by further operations. The formation of the tapered tip 29 will be described with reference firstly to Fig. 3, followed by a description of the formation of the connector 30.
sefore shaping the tapered tip 29, the inserts 56, 60 are positioned and affixed in the respective lumens 50, 52, as shown in Fig. 3. The inserts are shaped to the cross-section of the lumens and affixed as previously described. A cylindrical wire 66 (shown in chain dotted outline in Fig. 3), of corresponding diameter to that of the guide wire 21 (Fig. 2), is inserted through the I.V. lumen 54 to extend from the distal end of the tubing which is then located in a conical tapered mould 68 (shown in chain-dotted outline). The extrusion is heated by R.F. and as it softens it is pushed into the mould such that the outer wall 46 and the septum 48 merge at the tip 29. The end of the body assumes a conical tapered shape with a radiused end and the material masses in the lumens 50, 52 forming ends 70, 72.
; The I.V. lumen 54 retains its internai shape because it is supported on the wire 66. The now tapered tip is cooled to some extent r~
, i,~
1 3 3 ~ 2 ~ ~
. , and then removed from the mould 68 and allowed to cool further and harden.
The deformation of the tip results in a thickening of the outer wall 46 and septum 48 to provide a concentration of material substantially exceeding the concentration of material in the main catheter body, and this facilitates insertion of the catheter.
Because the wire 66 is not deflected at any time from its normal straight condition during the moulding operation, there is no energy stored in the wire and consequently there is no tendency for the wire to deflect the tip from the desired orientation after removal from the mould 68.
The wire can therefore be left inside the tip during ; cooling. The apertures 44, 45 are then cut or otherwise formed in the outer wall 46 of the body 26. Also, because the extrusion is symmetrical about the wire, the deformed material at the tip will move evenly to both sides of the central septum. The resulting similar masses at ends 70, 72 of the lumens will cool and shrink equally so that the tip will remain concentric about the central or I.V. lumen 54. This will result in a well formed tapered tip.
The method of manufacture of the trident-shaped branching connector 30 and reinforcing portion 42 will next be described with reference to Figs. 7 to 12. The figures are arranged in order of the steps used in the manufacture and it will be seen in Fig. 7 that the extruded body 26 has received a short sleeve 71 of polyurethene and preferably the same colour as that used for the body. The sleeve 71 is a snug fit on the cylindrical body 26 and after positioning on the body, the r~
~-~ 133~28~ ~
assembly is moved into a heated mould 73 which has a frustro-conical interior wall 75 designed to deform the sleeve 71 to create the blended reinforcing portion 42 shown in Fig.
2. If preferred, suitable shaped mandrels can be placed inside the lumens of the body 26 to ensure that these lumens are not deformed while the collar is shaped in the mould 73. The sleeve 71 is heated and the body pushed into the heated mould 73 ~o that material flows to the desired shape.
The upper edge of the sleeve 71 (as drawn) forms a shoulder and is positioned for engagement with the attachment fitting 23 shown in Fig. 2 to locate this fitting longitudinally on the body.
. ~ - .
~ After completing the process illustrated in Fig. 7, the ~ ~ . ...
fitting 23 is slipped over the end of the body 26 and into engagement with the sleeve 71. The fitting is a loose fit so that it can rotate freely on the body 26. The positioning can be seen in Fig. 8 which also shows the completed reinforcing portion 42 and how it blends into the body 26.
............ .................................................................. ... ... ~, Next another sleeve 74 is engaged over the end of the tube 26 and, if the first sleeve has been positioned correctly, `~ ~ ;
the sleeve 74 will be positioned so that its trailing end ~-~; becomes flush with the end of the body 26 as shown in Fig. 9.
The sleeve 74 should not be pushed tightly against the~ ;~
attachment fitting 23 in order to provide clearance of free movement of the fitting. With the sleeve in position, a set of ~;;
deforming mandrels are brought into play as seen in Fig. 9.
There are three mandrels, one for each of the lumens. The two ! '' outer mandrels 76, 78 are mirror images of one another and 13302~ :
positioned about a central mandrel 80. The intent of the mandrels is to form the corresponding lumens to have conical ; outer portions for receiving shaped ends of the tubes 32, 34 and ~:
~:
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,'",,,i:
~ ; ~ : ' '., ',.
~ ~,' ,'~ .,.
~ 16 ~ - ~
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133~2~
~. .
35 (Fig. 2) as will be described with reference to Fig. 12.
The mandrels 76, 78 have respective leading ends 82, 84 which are proportioned simply to provide locatio~ as they enter corresponding lumens 50, 52 and similarly, a leading portion 86 5 on the mandrel 80 is proportioned to engage the central lumen 54. The leading portions 82, 84 and 86 blend into respective conical portions 88, 90 and 92 which are arranged to complement one another so that the cones will flair outwardly to receive the tubes. Of course for simplicity of engagement, each of the mandrels is supported from shanks which are arranged in parallel so that the mandrels can be brought into the extrusion longitudinally and deformation will take place simply because ~ the conical portions are larger than the lumens and the material :~ around the lumens will be forced outwardly under the influence ~ 15 of heat provided by heating the mandrels. The second sleeve 74 ~ ~ .
~- supports the extrusion which is itself insufficient to support this deformation as the size is increased.
It will be seen in Fig. 10, that after the mandrels are engaged, the sleeve and contained portion of the extrusion are expanded and, after completion, the appearance will be as shown n Fig. 11.
~ Reference is next made to Fig. 12 which shows the ; engagement of the tubes 32, 34 anq 35 in the connector 30.
These tubes have their engagement ends deformed to thin the wall and this is done by conical deformations so that the outer surface of the tubes are slightly conical to engage the corresponding interna} cones 94, 96 and 98 shown in Fig. 11 and formed by the use of the mandrels. It will be seen in Fig. 12 that the result in assembly is compact, and provides a ~ ~ , !.~ ~ :
13~0~
, relatively smooth internal surface to minimize the risk of blood damage caused by turbulence as blood flows through the tubes and -~associated lumens 32, 34 and 50, 52. Similarly, the tube 35 is engaged so that there is no interference with the Seldinger wire which will slide freely through this tube and lumen 54.
The tubes are attached in the connector 30 using a suitable solvent in a similar fashion to the attachment of the -plugs 5~, 60 described with reference to Fig. 3.
It is of course possible to make the assembly starting ~
with the trident shaped structure and then add the fitting 23 -from the distal end of the body before ending by adding and ~;
forming sleeve 71.
In use, as mentioned above, the catheter 20 is inserted ;~
such that it points downstream in the patient's vein, that is, - -~
the extraction aperture 44 are upstream of the return apertures 45, which, in turn, are upstream of the I.V. tip aperture 64.
When a treatment is in progress the extraction tubes 32, 34 are connected to a dialysis machine which draws blood through the ~-extraction lumen 50 and returns it through return lumen 52 in a ;~;
similar manner to a conventional dual lumen cannula. Between ~;
;~ blood treatments the lumens may be filled with a heparin `-~
~;~ solution to prevent them from being filled with clotted blood.
. . .
However, if the patient requires medication or is required to ~ ~
.
give blood between treatments, the I.V. lumen 54 may be used.
This avoids the trauma and discomfort of the inserting a further ~
needle or catheter into the patient and does not disturb the ;
heparin lock. ;;
Between uses the third lumen may be filled with a . :
~ - 18 -~33~28~
. ~, relatively small volume of heparin or may be occupied by cylindrical solid and flexible patency obturator, similar to guide wire 21. This obturator prevents the entrance of blood into the lumen and thus eliminates the need ~or heparin in the third lumen. Generally, it will be easier to keep the third lumen free of blood due to its smaller cross-section, regular shape and absence of side holes.
In addition to this advantage the centrally located lumen offers considerable advantages for insertion and removal of the catheter. As there are no sideholes in the lumen, ~Jn ended guide wires may be used without the possibility that the guidewire will exit through a sidehole, rather than the end aperture. In addition, because it is easier to keep the smaller lumen free of clotted blood, it should be possible to use a guidewire to replace a catheter which has clotted blood in the blood lumens without dislodging any blood clots which may have accumulated in the blood lumens. This would be done by first entering the Seldinger wire into the third lumen of the catheter in place in the vein, withdrawing this catheter over the wire leaving the wire in place, and then using the wire to guide a replacement catheter over the guide wire.
The exemplary catheter described with reference to the : .
drawings does not have the proportions of a haemodialysis catheter. As mentioned previously, the description is exemplary and in practice, if the catheter is to be used in the subclavian vein it will have proportions as follows. The central lumen will have a diameter of about 0.04 inches to receive a SeIdinger wire of diameter .038 inches or .036 inches. The walls about the central lumen and forming the septum will be about 0.010 1 3 3 0 2 ~
inches in thickness and will blend into the outer wall which is about 0.013 inches in thickness. The outer diameter of the body 26 will be 0.149 inches and this will give an area available for blood flow in the lumens of about .0048 square inches. The flow rate will be approximately 237 millilitres per minute using accepted pressures to drive the blood through the lumens.
Clearly catheters can be made with a variety of proportions depending upon the use and structures defined by the claims and incorporting the description are within the scope of the invention.
The tip structure shown in Fig. 3 can be made in a number of ways. An alternative is shown in Figs. 13 and 14.
For ease of reference the reference numerals used in relation to these figures correspond to those used above prefixed with the numeral 1. The distal end 128 and tip 129 of a catheter has inserts 156, 160 which extend to fill the unused portions of the extraction and return lumens. The inserts are entered in the lumens 150, 152 and may be affixed therein by a solvent. When the end 128 is heated in the mould 168 the inserts 156, 160 are softened and deformed and the outer wall 146 collapes to merge with the septum 148. The leading ends of the inserts 156, 160, also merge with the septum 148, as represented by the ghost outlines in Figs. 13 and 14. The resulting catheter has an appearance similar to the catheter described above but with a stiffer leading end.
It will be evident that the form of the inserts can vary. For instance the ends originally near the end 128 could be thinned to allow for easier deformation of the extrusion into the shape shown in Fig. 13.
` ` ~ 3 3 0 2 ~
The catheters illustrated and described above feature septums having a bulbous middle portion to accommodate the I.V.
lumen. However, the catheter of the invention is not limited to this particular cross-section and Fig. 15 shows an alternative cross-section. For ease of reference the numerals used in relation to this figure correspond to those used to describe the preferred embodiment prefixed with the numeral 2. The catheter illustrated has a septum 248 with planar sides such that the extraction and return lumens 250, 252 have a D-shaped cross-section. This thicker septum 248 requires the use of more material to form the catheter and also reduces the ratio between the cross-sectional area of the extraction and return lumens and the cross-sectional area of the catheter. However there may be uses above where this cross-section is advantageous, for instance where the outer diameter of the catheter body is less critical then it is when used in a vein for haemodialysis.
Reference is now made to Fig. 16 to describe a moulded plug of polyurethane for use in ma~.ing tips. This plug has end pieces 200,202 shaped to fit snugly in the lumens S0, 52 (Fig.
~; 20 3). The end pieces are attached to respective spacers 204,206 which depend from a hub 208 at respective weakened joints 210,212. The hub has a central opening 214 matching the third lumen 54 so that the wire used in moulding can be used to locate the hub centrally.
The procedure, when using the plug of ~ig. 16, is to first bend the spacers 204,206 about the joints 210,212 so that the end pieces 200,202 come together for insertion in the end of the extruded body 26. The pieces are pushed home with solvent until the hub 208 meets the end of the body. The pieces 200,202 ~ ...:
3 ~ 2 ~
will then automatically be in the required positions controlled by the lengths of the spacers 204,206. Moulding then proceeds as before so that the hub and adjacent parts of the spacers will become integral portions of the tip. A further embodiment is shown in Fig. 17. This structure includes a separate moulded tip 216 preferably of polyurethane, which is engaged in and bonded to the end the extrusion. The tip 216 has an outer conical form and defines a central opening 218 forming a continuation of the third lumen 220. A pair of extensions 222, 224 are shaped to fit in the respective lumens 226, 228 and have lengths to match the positions of the apertures 230, 232 in the side wall of the lumens. The ends of the extensions are preferably shaped to meet the apertures and complement the natural flow patterns so that dead spaces will be minimized if not eliminated.
`~ The structure shown in Fig. 17 can also be partly . .
formed by heating in a mould to blend the joint between the tip and the extrusion. This technique can also be used to part form the assembly to improve the tip if necessary.
The method of shaping the end is described as utilizing radio frequency heatlng devices to soften the plastic material.
This is intended to be illustrative of a softening technique, and other techniques, for example, the use of electrical heating elements, are equally effective.
It will appreciated thàt various other modifications ~: ~
may be made to the catheter, and to the processes for making parts of the catheter as described, without departlng from the scope of the invention. For example, the mate-rial used to form the tube and inserts may be any suitable medical grade - 22 ~
~33~28~
thermoplastic. Also, the positioning of the apertures and the number of apertures is to some extent a matter of choice. Also, the length of the conical tip can be varied to include apertures in the wall of the tip. While such a structure is more complicated to maket the flow pattern would be advantageous.
Although the catheter has been described in use in haemodyalsis in a subclavian vein it would also be appreciated that it can be used in both femoral and jugular veins, and can also be used in other blood treatments including apheresis, haemoperfusion and non-blood related treatments involving nutrition and drug therapies.
::
:
~ .
SUPPLEMENTARY DISCLOSURE -;''', Reference is made to Figs. 18 and 19 which illustrates ,~`
a third method of manufactu~ing the tip. Numerals corresponding to those used in Fig. 3 of the main disclosure will be repeated with the prefix "3".
As seen in Fig. 18, a body 326 receives an extension piece 400 shaped to fit roughly on the end of the body and haviny a projection 402 of the shape needed as a continuation of the central aperture or third lumen. The parts are located relative to one another by a central rod 404 within two halves 406, 408 of a heated dye shaped to correspond to the tip shape shown in Fig. 3. This shape can of course be modified to provide varying ends on the catheter depending upon the desired configuration.
The body 326 receives first and second mandrals 410, ~ ~
412 shaped to fit within the lumens 350, 352 and positioned so ; - `
that material flowing under the influence of the heat will ;;~
engage with the ends of the mandrels in a fashion corresponding to the plugs, 56, 60 shown in Fig. 3. The result will be continuous material from the distal end of the catheter to the -`
ends of the mandrels 410, 412. The shaping can be seen in Fig.
3 but without the spacing between the plugs 56, 60 and the solid end of the catheter.
Under the influence of heat, the material of the body 326 and extension 400 will flow and be shaped by the closing dye halves 406, 408. The necessary quantity of material required to ~ - ;
complete the shape can be agumented by the provision of plugs in -;
- 24 - ~;
r ~
~` 133~2~3 the lumens 350, 352 of a material which will also flow under the influence of heat. However with some care in design, it is possible to complete the tip without the use of these plugs.
l'he structure shown in Fig. 18 has the advantage that the extension 400 can be of any durometer hardness required consistant of course with the material matching that of the body 326. Conse~uently it is possible to create a distal end on the tip having different characteristics from the main body. The very end of the catheter can be quite soft so that when it is inserted, it will have minimal strength and thexefore reduce the risk of damage to the wall of the vein after insertion. Such a tip may well make it possible to leave the catheter in place for longer periods than would be possible with a tip having a stiff end.
Reference is now made to Fig. 19 which illustrates a further embodiment of tip made using the method of Fig. 18. As mentioned, the mould halves can be of different shapes since lumen 350 can be closed further from the tip than lumen 352.
However the shapes chosen to make the structure in Fig. 19 provide a cylindrical central extenslon 414 made from a part similar to that identified as 402 in Fig. 18. There is a transition zone defining a shoulder 416 where the extension 414 '' ~" '': ' blends smoothly into the body 326. In this embodiment, to provide sufficient material to block the lumens 350, 352, plugs 418 and 420 are provided and these flow into the material around them as indicated by the broken outline at the shoulder 416.
With a suitable selection of material it is possible to provide ;,:, -:
the extension 414 with significantly different physical - 1~3~
characteristics from the body, notably it can be made of soft material which will have very little effect on the inner wall surface of the vein. Similarly, the strength at the shoulder can be changed by using inserts of soft material or even providing plugs rather than inserts in the manner described with reference to Fig. 3.
Structures such as shown as Figs. 3, 13, and 19 are exemplary of tips which are tapered. Some are frustro-conical whereas others tend to have a shoulder such as that shown in Fig. 19. However~ functionally they are all tapered since they will dilate tissue as they are moved along a Seldinger wire into position in a patient. For this reason, in the terminology of this application, the word "tapered~ is intended to include any structure at the end which is capable of such dilation to facilitate engagement over a Seldinger wire.
It will be appreciated that various other modifications may be made to the catheter, and to the processes for making parts of the catheter as described, without departing from the scope of the invention, for example, the material used to form the tube and inserts may be any suitable medical grade thermoplastic. Also, the positioning of the apertures and the number of apertures is to some extent a matter of choice. Also, the length of the conical tip can be varied to include apertures in the wall of the tip. While such a structure is more complicated to make, the flow pattern would be advantageous.
Although methods of making catheters has been described in use in haemodialysis in a subclavian vein it would also be appreciated that it can be used in both femoral and jugular - 26 ~
. ': .
~33~8~
veins, and can also be used in other blood treatments including apheresis, haemoperfusion and non-blood related treatments involving nutrition and drug therapies.
''''~' ~" ; ~`', - 27 ~
Claims (38)
1. A multiple lumen catheter comprising:
a flexible elongate body extending about a longitudinal axis and having a distal end with a tapered tip, a proximal end, an outer wall, and a septum extending between spaced points on the outer wall the outer wall of the body and the septum defining first and second lumens extending from the proximal end to the tapered tip where the outer wall and the septum converge to close off the lumens, the outer wall further defining respective first and second apertures for fluid communication between the first and second lumens and the body exterior; and a portion of the septum defining a third lumen extending centrally along the body from the proximal end to the distal end and terminating at the distal end of the tapered tip in a third aperture.
a flexible elongate body extending about a longitudinal axis and having a distal end with a tapered tip, a proximal end, an outer wall, and a septum extending between spaced points on the outer wall the outer wall of the body and the septum defining first and second lumens extending from the proximal end to the tapered tip where the outer wall and the septum converge to close off the lumens, the outer wall further defining respective first and second apertures for fluid communication between the first and second lumens and the body exterior; and a portion of the septum defining a third lumen extending centrally along the body from the proximal end to the distal end and terminating at the distal end of the tapered tip in a third aperture.
2. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 1 in which the flexible elongate body is cylindrical.
3. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 2 in which the septum extends between two diametrically opposed points on the outer wall of the body.
4. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 1 in which the tapered tip is conical.
5. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 1 in which the tapered tip includes a concentration of material.
6. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 1 in which the flexible elongate body is formed as an extrusion.
7. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 1 in which the flexible elongate body has a smooth external surface.
8. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 1 in which the first and second lumens are blocked short of the distal end by inserts affixed in the lumens.
9. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 8 in which the inserts combine with the convergence of the outer wall and the septum to fill the spaces between the apertures and the distal end of the catheter.
10. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 8 in which the first lumen is blocked further from the distal end than the second lumen.
11. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 1 in which the first and second apertures have scaphoid margins.
12. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 1 in which the first aperture is located further from the distal end than the second aperture.
13. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 1 in which a plurality of first apertures are provided for fluid communication between the first lumen and the exterior of the body.
14. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 1 in which the second aperture is located adjacent the tapered tip.
15. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 1 in which a plurality of second apertures are provided for fluid communication between the second lumen and the exterior of the body.
16. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 1 in which the third aperture has a circular margin.
17. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 1 in which the first and second lumens are substantially similar in cross-sectional area and the third lumen has a lesser cross-sectional area.
18. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 1 in which the septum has a bulbous middle portion to accomodate the third lumen.
19. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 1 in which the septum has planar side portions and the first and second lumens have D-shaped cross-sections.
20. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 1 in which the body terminates at its proximal end in a generally trident-shaped connector.
21. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 20 in which the proximal ends of the first and second lumens are flared outwardly and terminate in respective first and second circular apertures.
22. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 20 in which a reinforcing sleeve is located around the proximal end of the body.
23. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 20 in which the proximal ends of the first, second and third lumens are coupled to respective first, second and third tubes, the walls adjacent the ends of the first and second tubes inserted into the respective first and second lumens being tapered to provide minimal wall thickness to the ends of the tubes so that the interior of at least the first and second tubes and the first and second lumens form a substantially smooth surface.
24. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 1 in which the proximal end of the body is provided with first and second portions, a collar carrying wing tabs being rotatably located between the retaining portions.
25. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 24 in which each of the retaining portions is formed of a collar bonded to the body.
26. A multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 25 in which the distal end of the collar nearest the distal end of the body has a tapered distal end and merges with the body.
27. A catheter comprising a flexible elongate body extending about a longitudinal axis and having a distal end with a tapered tip, and a proximal end, the body defining three lumens extending from the proximal end to respective apertures in the body, two of the lumens having similar shapes in cross-section and terminating in apertures in the side of the body and the third lumen extending centrally along the axis of the body between the other lumens along the length of the body and ending at the tip, the third lumen being smaller in cross-section then the other two lumens and proportioned to slidably receive a Seldinger wire for insertion.
28. A method of manufacturing a multiple lumen catheter with a tapered tip and an end aperture concentric with the main catheter body comprising the steps of:
providing a flexible elongate body extending about a longitudinal axis having a distal end, a proximal end, an outer wall, a septum extending between spaced points on the outer wall to define first and second lumens, and a portion of the septum defining a third lumen extending along the longitudinal axis, the lumens extending from the proximal end to the distal end;
inserting a straight wire in the third lumen to extend from the distal end of the body;
inserting the distal end of the body in a tapering mould having a centrally located aperture to receive the wire;
softening the distal end of the body in the mould such that the distal end deforms to a tapered shape, the outer wall of the body merging with the septum to close the first and second lumens; and forming openings in the outer wall communicating with the first and second lumens adjacent the distal end.
providing a flexible elongate body extending about a longitudinal axis having a distal end, a proximal end, an outer wall, a septum extending between spaced points on the outer wall to define first and second lumens, and a portion of the septum defining a third lumen extending along the longitudinal axis, the lumens extending from the proximal end to the distal end;
inserting a straight wire in the third lumen to extend from the distal end of the body;
inserting the distal end of the body in a tapering mould having a centrally located aperture to receive the wire;
softening the distal end of the body in the mould such that the distal end deforms to a tapered shape, the outer wall of the body merging with the septum to close the first and second lumens; and forming openings in the outer wall communicating with the first and second lumens adjacent the distal end.
29. A method of manufacturing a multiple lumen catheter as claimed in claim 28 in which inserts are affixed in the first and second lumens, between the openings in the outer wall and the distal end and immediately adjacent the respective openings.
30. A method of manufacturing a catheter as claimed in claim 28 and further comprising the steps of:
providing a first cylindrical sleeve and positioning the sleeve on the outer wall adjacent the proximal end of the outer wall;
positioning a collar having wing tabs extending therefrom over the proximal end of the body and locating said second collar at the proximal end of said first collar;
providing a second cylindrical sleeve and positioning this sleeve on the proximal end of the outer wall so that the proximal end of this sleeve and the proximal end of the body are substantially flush;
providing three mandrels having substantially conical ends adapted to fit into the respective lumens of the catheter;
heating the mandrels to predetermined temperature;
inserting the mandrels into the lumens for a period sufficient to deform the ends of the lumens together with the second sleeve into conical portions so that the end of the catheter becomes substantially trident-shaped; and removing the mandrels after predetermined cooling period so that the trident-shape is permanent.
providing a first cylindrical sleeve and positioning the sleeve on the outer wall adjacent the proximal end of the outer wall;
positioning a collar having wing tabs extending therefrom over the proximal end of the body and locating said second collar at the proximal end of said first collar;
providing a second cylindrical sleeve and positioning this sleeve on the proximal end of the outer wall so that the proximal end of this sleeve and the proximal end of the body are substantially flush;
providing three mandrels having substantially conical ends adapted to fit into the respective lumens of the catheter;
heating the mandrels to predetermined temperature;
inserting the mandrels into the lumens for a period sufficient to deform the ends of the lumens together with the second sleeve into conical portions so that the end of the catheter becomes substantially trident-shaped; and removing the mandrels after predetermined cooling period so that the trident-shape is permanent.
31. A catheter for use in haemodialysis, comprising:
a smooth elongate flexible body of cylindrical shape and having proximal and distal ends, the body having an outer wall and a septum extending between diametrically spaced points on the outer wall to define first and second blood flow lumens and defining centrally within the septum a circular IV lumen about the axis of the body;
a tip at the distal end of the body blending smoothly into the body and converging towards the distal end of the catheter and defining at this end an aperture at the end of the circular lumen;
access means attached to the proximal end of the body providing access to the lumens; and one of the body and tip defining first apertures adjacent the distal end and defining second apertures through the side wall spaced towards the proximal end from the first apertures and communicating with one of the blood flow lumens.
a smooth elongate flexible body of cylindrical shape and having proximal and distal ends, the body having an outer wall and a septum extending between diametrically spaced points on the outer wall to define first and second blood flow lumens and defining centrally within the septum a circular IV lumen about the axis of the body;
a tip at the distal end of the body blending smoothly into the body and converging towards the distal end of the catheter and defining at this end an aperture at the end of the circular lumen;
access means attached to the proximal end of the body providing access to the lumens; and one of the body and tip defining first apertures adjacent the distal end and defining second apertures through the side wall spaced towards the proximal end from the first apertures and communicating with one of the blood flow lumens.
32. A catheter as claimed in claim 31 and further including rotatable attachment means adjacent said access means and including wings for securing the catheter in place.
33. A catheter as claimed inclaim 31 in which the blood lumens are sealed immediately adjacent the respective apertures at the distal extremity of the apertures.
34. A catheter as claimed in claim 31 in which the tip is a separate piece attached to the body and having projections engaged in the blood lumens to the extent of the distal extremities of the respective apertures in the blood lumens.
35. A catheter for use with a Seldinger wire for percutaneous insertion, the catheter comprising:
a smooth elongate body having a central lumen proportioned to receive a selected Seldinger wire and a plurality of other lumens contained within the body about the central lumen, and the body defining a tapered tip at the distal end of the body, the tip terminating at the end of the central lumen and the other lumens terminating short of the end of the central lumen, and the body defining side openings providing communication with the other lumens and access means at the proximal end coupled to the body for communicating with the lumens.
a smooth elongate body having a central lumen proportioned to receive a selected Seldinger wire and a plurality of other lumens contained within the body about the central lumen, and the body defining a tapered tip at the distal end of the body, the tip terminating at the end of the central lumen and the other lumens terminating short of the end of the central lumen, and the body defining side openings providing communication with the other lumens and access means at the proximal end coupled to the body for communicating with the lumens.
36. A catheter as claimed in claim 35 in which the tip is formed adjacent the distal end from a soft material to minimize the possibility of damage to the vein during periods of residence in the vein.
37. A triple lumen catheter for use in treatment of humans by inserting the catheter into a blood vessel over a Seldinger guide wire, and using the catheter to extract blood at a selected location in the blood vessel and to return treated blood downstream of the location after treatment, the catheter comprising:
an elongate body extending about a longitudinal axis from a proximal end to a distal end;
a tip at the distal end of the body;
the body having an outer wall and an integral internal septum combining with the outer wall to define a pair of similar C-shaped lumens extending longitudinally;
the outer wall of the body defining at least one intake aperture and at least one return aperture, the intake aperture being spaced longitudinally from the tip and from the return aperture, and the return aperture being nearer the tip than is the intake lumen sufficient to limit the likelihood that treated blood leaving the return aperture will be inspired into the intake aperture;
one of the C-shaped lumens terminating at the intake aperture to form an intake lumen, and the other of the C-shaped lumens terminating at the return aperture to form a return lumen;
the septum defining a third lumen smaller than the C-shaped lumens and proportioned to slidably receive the guide wire during insertion and to provide a path for medicament after insertion, the third lumen terminating at the longitudinal extremity of the tip so that the third lumen is as long as the catheter;
a connector attached to said proximal end of the body;
a pair of tubes attached to the connector and coupled by the connector to the respective C-shaped lumens to carry blood from the intake lumen and to return treated blood to the return lumen; and ?7 a third smaller tube attached to the connector and coupled by the connector to the third lumen to receive the guide wire during insertion and to provide access for intravenous medicament through the third lumen during use.
an elongate body extending about a longitudinal axis from a proximal end to a distal end;
a tip at the distal end of the body;
the body having an outer wall and an integral internal septum combining with the outer wall to define a pair of similar C-shaped lumens extending longitudinally;
the outer wall of the body defining at least one intake aperture and at least one return aperture, the intake aperture being spaced longitudinally from the tip and from the return aperture, and the return aperture being nearer the tip than is the intake lumen sufficient to limit the likelihood that treated blood leaving the return aperture will be inspired into the intake aperture;
one of the C-shaped lumens terminating at the intake aperture to form an intake lumen, and the other of the C-shaped lumens terminating at the return aperture to form a return lumen;
the septum defining a third lumen smaller than the C-shaped lumens and proportioned to slidably receive the guide wire during insertion and to provide a path for medicament after insertion, the third lumen terminating at the longitudinal extremity of the tip so that the third lumen is as long as the catheter;
a connector attached to said proximal end of the body;
a pair of tubes attached to the connector and coupled by the connector to the respective C-shaped lumens to carry blood from the intake lumen and to return treated blood to the return lumen; and ?7 a third smaller tube attached to the connector and coupled by the connector to the third lumen to receive the guide wire during insertion and to provide access for intravenous medicament through the third lumen during use.
38
Priority Applications (9)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA000555076A CA1330285C (en) | 1987-12-22 | 1987-12-22 | Triple lumen catheter |
EP88312142A EP0322225B1 (en) | 1987-12-22 | 1988-12-21 | Triple lumen catheter |
DE3853058T DE3853058T2 (en) | 1987-12-22 | 1988-12-21 | Three-lumen catheter. |
US07/288,364 US5195962A (en) | 1987-12-22 | 1988-12-22 | Triple lumen catheter |
US07/699,421 US5135599A (en) | 1987-12-22 | 1991-05-13 | Method of making a triple lumen catheter |
US08/205,331 US5472417A (en) | 1987-12-22 | 1994-03-03 | Triple lumen catheter |
US08/481,169 US5797869A (en) | 1987-12-22 | 1995-06-07 | Multiple lumen catheter |
US09/139,705 US6206849B1 (en) | 1987-12-22 | 1998-08-25 | Multiple lumen catheter |
US09/819,458 US7229429B2 (en) | 1987-12-22 | 2001-03-27 | Multiple lumen catheter |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA000555076A CA1330285C (en) | 1987-12-22 | 1987-12-22 | Triple lumen catheter |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA1330285C true CA1330285C (en) | 1994-06-21 |
Family
ID=4137119
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA000555076A Expired - Lifetime CA1330285C (en) | 1987-12-22 | 1987-12-22 | Triple lumen catheter |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (5) | US5195962A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0322225B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA1330285C (en) |
DE (1) | DE3853058T2 (en) |
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US9687269B2 (en) | 2014-10-24 | 2017-06-27 | Theresa Ann Parent | Hemodialysis double lumen needle angio catheter |
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2001
- 2001-03-27 US US09/819,458 patent/US7229429B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9687269B2 (en) | 2014-10-24 | 2017-06-27 | Theresa Ann Parent | Hemodialysis double lumen needle angio catheter |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6206849B1 (en) | 2001-03-27 |
US5472417A (en) | 1995-12-05 |
US5195962A (en) | 1993-03-23 |
EP0322225A3 (en) | 1991-05-02 |
US20010044594A1 (en) | 2001-11-22 |
EP0322225A2 (en) | 1989-06-28 |
DE3853058D1 (en) | 1995-03-23 |
EP0322225B1 (en) | 1995-02-15 |
US7229429B2 (en) | 2007-06-12 |
DE3853058T2 (en) | 1995-07-20 |
US5797869A (en) | 1998-08-25 |
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MKEC | Expiry (correction) |
Effective date: 20121205 |