CA2017974C - Dynamic graphical analysis of network data - Google Patents

Abstract

A computer is provided with the facility to display in map form, directed data associated with respective nodes. The operation of the mapping facility is initiated in response to the user entering an appropriate command. Specifically, responsive to the command, the computer displays a plurality of symbols representing respective ones of the nodes such that those symbols which exchange data are connected to one another by a displayed link formed from two half-line segments each indicative of the direction and level of data associated with its respective symbol. In addition, a plurality of tools are displayed for controlling the parameters used in the display of the symbols and links. For example, the user is provided with the capability to change the length of the half-line segments, and is provided with the capability to erase from the display those segments representing data values which are not within a range of data thresholds established by the user operating a threshold tool.

Description

2C~17974 DYNAMIC GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
OF NETWORK DATA

Field of the Invention The invention relates to dynamic graphic arr~n~emrnt~ and more 5 particularly relates to an arrangement which displays directed data between pairs of nodes in a network map.
Ba~ ,. ou..d of the Invention A displayed map is often employed to depict a plurality of nodes inle.co~ ec~ed via respective links representing a particular rel~tion~hip between 10 ~ ec~ive pairs of the nodes. For example, the nodes may represent switches in a telephone network with the links representing the level and direction of the data between respective pairs of the switches. (In certain network systems, data is often referred to as "traffic".) In another example, the nodes may represent fin~nci~lentities (e.g., banks) with the links representing the level and direction of the flow of 15 money from one financial entity to another.
Displayed maps are thus useful in depicting and analyzing the level and direction of the flow of traffic among a plurality of nodes. However, such maps lose their usefulness when the number of displayed links is large, as would be the case in large nelwc,lks. In such instances, the displayed links become extremely dense, or 20 cluttered, thereby making it virtually impossible to ascertain underlying patterns in the traffic. Accordingly, the informative value of a map displaying an appreciable number of nodes and links is limited as a result of such cluKer.
Su~ of the ~vention The limit~tinn inherent in a map displaying a large ne~wolL comprising 25 an appreciable number of nodes and links is obviated by displaying, in accordance with the invention, a number of tools which the user may operate to control the p~ etel~ that are used in displaying such links. Specifically, the user may dyn~mic~lly reduce in real time such displayed clutter by controlling the length of the displayed links interconnecting the network nodes. For example, the length of a 30 link may be controlled by displaying the link as two half-line segments and reducing each half-line seglllellt by a sçlecte~l ratio. The user may further reduce clutter by dyn~mir~lly erasing from the display those links whose level of data flow falls outside of a selected range of link statistics. Accordingly, the user may rapidly adjust the length of displayed links and range of link statistics until the map reveals 35 useful underlying patterns in the links that remain on the display.

Brief Descr;ption of the Dra~in~
These and other objects and features, together with the operation and utilization of the present invention will be more ap~ nt f-rom the illustrative embodiment shown in conjunction with the drawings in which:
S FIG. 1 is a broad block diagram of a comput~r arrangement in which the present invention is illustratively implemented;
FIGS. 2 through 15 show various stages of a first type of directed data as , mapped on the screen of the col~uler of FIG. 1 in accordance with the principles of the invention;
FIGS. 16 through 18 show various stages of second type of directed data as mapped on the saeen of the co,llputer of FIG. 1 in accordance with the principles o. the invention;
FIG. t 9 shows the manner in which FIGS. ~o through 2 7 should be arranged; and FIGS. 20 through 2~ are flow charts of the program which implements the invention in the computer of FIG. 1.
20 Detailed Description Computer 10 depicted in FIG. 1 operates under a pre~etermined operating system--illustratively the UN~ operating system. Coll~put~r 10, which may be, for example, the IRIS workstation available from Silicon Graphics, Inc. of Mountain View, California, includes a saeen 11, keyboard 13 and mouse 14 as well25 as other inte~nal components not explicitly shown in the FIG., such as a hard disk drive. The keyboard and mouse, more particularly, provide a mech~ni~m for the user to input informa~on and instructions to the computcr. For exarnple, the user mayinvoke a particular task iclentifi~ on the screen by operating mouse 14 in a conventional manner to cause screen cursor 40 to point at that task. The user may 30 then invoke the task by operating a respective one of the mouse keys, or buttons, 14a through 14c, as will be discussed below.
~ssoci~t~A with compute,. 10 iS a co~ tion link 20 which allows co~lputcr 10 to co.. -.~ni~te with central data management system 30. Central data management system is of the type which, from time to time, polls a plurality of 35 network nodes, one by one, to collect specific data relating to their operation. In contemplation of the invention, such network no~es could be, for example, airline *Trade mark Z~17974 terminals, in which the collected data could relate to p~Csçnger counts, averagedelays, etc.; banks, in which the collectP,d data could relate to financial ~nc~ ;nn~;
telephone switching centers, in which the collPcted data could relate to t~olephonP, calls; and so on. Such data could also be long term data relating to, for example, S population and migration patterns. After such data has been collected, co~ .u~cr 10 may obtain from colll~ulel 30 via line 20 a copy of the collçcte~l data for display on screen 1 1.
Of the above-mPntionP~ sources of directed data, we have found that telephone switching centers collect a considerable amount of directed data relating to 10 the telephone calls that such centers process throughout the day. Accordingly, the following will discuss the invention in the context of a particular telephone network--illustratively the AT&T public switched network. As is well known, the AT&T n~,~wolk comprises a plurality of netwolk nodes, or switching centers. Eachsuch switching center is arranged to acc--m~ te statististics associated with the 15 telephone calls that it processes. The statistics include, for example, (a) the number of calls that are blocked, or overflowed ("toc"); and (b) the average holding times of telephone calls ("hold"). The switching centers acc-lm~ te the statistics on a five minute interval basis, and then supply the statistics to central data m~n~gernent system 30, thereby making a copy of the st~ti~tics available to colll~uter 10 for 20 display on screen 11, as will now be discussed.
In particular, the data that compuler 10 collects from data management system 30 is identified by the day of the year that the switching centers accum~ te-l the data, and is stored in similarly named du~,~lolies cont~ine~l in the memory of coll~ t~,r 10. After compuler 10 is turned on and has ~,lrolllled some initial tasks, 25 incl~ ing the "booting" of the ope.~lillg system from the colllpuL~r 10 hard disk unit, collll,ut~l 10 displays the well-known Unix system prompt. To access data which has been accllmlll~tt~d on a specific date, the user enters via keyboard 13 a co.. ~n-l to access a particular data dil~cloly, that is, the user enters "cd" followed by the corresponding date. In the present illustrative example, it is assumed that the user 30 desires to analyze particular data accumlll~ted on November 18. Accordingly, the user enters via keyboard 13 the following cornm~nd-cd Novemberl8 On the next Unix system prompt, the user enters via keyboard 13 theletter "S" to initiate l~locessing of the well-known S language soflw~. (In a 35 ~ d embodiment of the invention, the S language is used for intern~l d~t~b~e m:ln~gement. The S language is disclosed in the text titled The New S Language, Z~1'79'7~

authored by R. A. Becker, J. M. Ch~mhers and A. R. Wilks, and published by Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole, P~ific Grove, California (1988).) In the present illustrative example of the invention, it is also ~C~
that the user desires a map displaying the data relating to the number of calls blocked 5 (toc) for a particular hour, for example, the 13th hour, of the selected day. It is to be understood, of course, that the following discussion pertains equally well to the other categories of st~ti~ti~s. as will be shown below. Accordingly, to select data, or statistics, relating to the number of calls that were blocked for the 13th hour of the selected date, the user next enters via keyboard 13 the following co......
pairmap(toc(l3)) Co~ ulcr 10 responsive to the latter colll,lland unloads from its IllGllWly the pertinent data and displays the data in the form of a map, as shown in FIG. 2.
In displaying map 600 on screen 11, collll)uler 10 displays an outline of the U. S. (as well as portions of Canada and Mexico) and then displays within that 15 outline the various network nodes positioned at their respective locations within the U.S., in which each node is represented by a symbol having a somewhat diamond shape. Collll)u~el 10 also displays on screen 11 lines l~ipresenting the links, or con-.--...-ication paths, interconnecting respective pairs of the nodes experiencing overflow. As an aspect of the invention, the line between a pair of nodes, such as 20 line 603 between nodes 601 and 602, is actually formed from a number of segments--illustratively two half-line segments--in which each segment is displayed a particular color to leplesellt the number, or level, of the calls that are sent by one node to the other node of a respec~i~e pair of nodes and which are blocked at the other node. That is, the colored half-line segments l~ipl~sent the direction and level 25 of data relating to blocked calls accum~ ted by respective ones of the network nodes during the 13th hour of the selected date, as will be pointed out below.
Co,.lpule. 10, in accord with the invention, also displays on screen 11 a number of tools which the user may operate to control the parameters which collll)uler 10 employs to map the desired data on screen 11. In particular, the user 30 may operate slider bar 606 of tool 605 (hereinafter size tool 605) to adjust the length of each half-line segment. That is, the user may shorten each of the displayed half-line segments by pointing mouse cursor 40 to the slider bar 606, depl-,s~ing button 14a, and sliding the cursor downward in the con~e .lion~l manner from LONG to SHORT. Co~ 10, responsive thereto shortens each of the half-line segments 35 commensurate with the position of slider bar 606 on size tool 605. (Hereinafter the term "points to" and the variants of that term will be taken to mean the action of Z~1797~

moving mouse screen cursor 40 to an object or symbol displayed on screen 11, andis meant to include other terms that are understood by the art and which define similar functions. For example, it inchldes moving a screen cursor to the loc~tion if displayed text or to an entry in a menu of displayed entries (items) and operating, for 5 example, an enter key; "touching" a touch sensitive panel overlaying screen 11; or even identifying particular displayed text or a menu of entries using te~nin~l buttons, for example, cGmpuL~r keyboard buttons.) The user may also establish a data threshold by operating slider bar tool 610 (hereinafter threshold tool 610). That is, the user may erase from screen 1110 those line segments representing data values which are below a desired threshold, or which are not within a range of thresholds set by the user operating tool 610. It is seen from the FIG. 2 that tool 610 ranges from--illustratively 0--to--illustratively 53348--, meaning that all half-line se~nent~, or links, representing data valuesb~ ~n O and 53348 (the ~;ni~ and maximum data values) are displayed on 15 screen 11, as based on the values of the lower and upper thresholds of tool 610. If the user desires to set a lower threshold, then he/she may do so by pointing to slider bar line 611 and moving it to the right by "dragging" mouse cursor 40 in that direction in the conve..tion~l manner. As the user moves slider bar 611, co--ll,uLer 10 displays above that bar the current value of the lower threshold and dyn~mic ally erases from 20 screen 11 those half-line segments whose respective data values are below the value of the lower threshold.
Similarly, the user may establish an upper threshold by pointing to slider bar 612 and moving it to the left using mouse cursor 40 in the convel-lional manner.
When the user does so, collll)uLe. 10 displays on screen 11 the value of the upper 25 threshold, as will be shown below.
As mentioned above, each half-line segment is displayed in a particular color to ~c~lcsent its respective data value. In our arr~ngement a half-line segment is displayed as one of--illustratively five--colors matching the color legend 651 through 655 making up threshold tool 610. Although it is not readily app~nt from30 FIG. 2, the five colors 651 through 655 of the legend are--illustratively gray, cyan, green, yellow and red.
Thus, if the color of a half-line segment is, for example, green, then its ~c~l~ec~ive data value is within the range of data values of 13,338 through 26,675. If, on the other hand, the color of a half-segment happens to be yellow, then its 35 ..,s~Live data value is within the range of data values of 26,675 through 40,012, and so on.

z,~L71~7~

Displayed in the lower right-hand corner of map 600 are six additional tools that the user may employ to analyze map 600. Specific~lly, the "Normal" tool 615 is used to display those half-line segments whose ~soci~te~ data values coll~s~ond with the current threshold (or range of thresholds) established using5 tool 610. The "Extend" tool 620 is used in the in~t~nce where one of two half-line segments making up a link has been erased from the screen as a result of the user o~ra~ g threshold tool 610 and the user desires to ascertain which one of the nodes that the rem~ining half-line segment extends to. The user solves this problem bypointing to Extend tool 620, as will be shown below.
When the user points to "Invert" tool 630, comput~l 10 deactivates all of the displayed nodes and erases from screen 11 their ~oci~ted half-line segments, as will be shown below. The user may the-e,~lel reactivate the nodes by pointing to"Reset" tool 625. The user may magnify a particular area of the displayed map bypointing to "Zoom" tool 635. Specifically, the user may magnify an area of the map 15 by (a) pointing to Zoom tool 635 and operating mouse button 14a; (b) then pointing to one corner of the area to be m~gnifi~l, for example, the upper left-hand corner and depressing button 14a; (c) then moving the mouse cursor diagonally to the opposite corner (for example, the lower right-hand corner) and lelças;ng button 14a.
Thereafter, the user may restore the m~gnifi~l area to its original displayed size by 20 pointing to "Unzoom" tool 640 and operating button 14a.
The user is also provided with several other tools not explicitly shown in the FIG. For example, the user may deactivate one or more nodes and their associated links by operating mouse button 14b while pointing to the nodes, one at a time. The deactivated nodes are displayed in a particular color, for example, cyan.
25 Thereafter, the user may reactivate a deactivated node by pointing to its cyan colored symbol and operating mouse button 14a. Alternatively, the user may reactivate all nodes having an inactive status by Ol)Clatiilg tool 625, as will be shown below.Another tool not explicitly shown in the FIG. allows the user to display the identity of a node. The user does this by m~rking the node as being a so-called 30 current node, that is, by moving mouse cursor 40 to a point which is within the vicinity of a node. When mouse cursor 40 is so positioned, then complllcr 10 displays on screen 11 the identity of the current node. CO~ UIe~ 10 continues todisplay such identity as long as mouse cursor 40 remains positioned within the vicinity of the current node. In our arrangement, it is also possible to display the 35 data values expressing the rel~tion~hip between two nodes, i.e., between a so-called anchor node and a current node. A node is made the anchor node by positioning ZZ~17~7~

mouse cursor 40 within the vicinity of the node that is to be so marked and operating mouse button 14c. Co~ )uler 10 responsive to that action displays the identity of the anchor node as well as the level of data exchanged between the anchor and current nodes.
S With the foregoing in mind, we will now discuss how the user may employ the various tools described above to reduce, or remove, the clutter presented in map 600 as a result of the high density of the displayed links indicative of the high number of blocked calls that occulTed bel~n pairs of the n etw{llL nodes during the priorly selected hour and date.
To begin with, the user may employ size tool 605 in the manner discussed above to adjust the length of each half-line segment by a selected ratio as a means of reducing some of the clutter resulting from the displaying of a large number of links, as shown in FIG. 3. It seen from the FIG. that the user has moved slider bar 606 downward some distance "a" through the range of values presented by 15 tool 605, thereby causing the length of the half-line segments to be reduced by a co~ lellsurate amount. It can also seen from the FIG. that as a result of shortening the length of the half-line segments, or links, the clutter presented thereby has been reduced somewhat, but not markedly. At this point, the user may further advance slider bar 606 downward, thereby further shortening the length of the half-line 20 segments, or links, as shown in FIG. 4.
It is seen from FIG. 4 that the user has moved slider bar 606 downward some distance "b", thereby shol leiling the half-line segll-el.ls to less than 50 percent of their original lengths. As a result thereof, the user has comi-lerably elimin~ted the clutter in the Western half of the U.S. More importantly though, while a visual 25 in~pection of the FIG. does not reveal the underlying patterns contributing to the density of the half-line segment~, it, nevertheless, reveals that the cause for the clutter, or congestion, may possibly be due to a problem occurring in the Northeast region of the U.S.
To confirm that suspicion, the user may further shorten the half-line 30 segments, as shown in FIG. 5. A visual inspection of the FIG. virtually conr~ s the user's suspicion that a problem exists in the Northeast. (It is seen from FIG. 5, that as a display expedient, a portion of the Northeast, namely New Jersey, southern New York and eastern Pennsylvania are shown detached from the U. S. m~inl~n-l ) It is noted that if the user continues to operate tool 605 so as to position slider bar 606 at 35 the bottom of the scale, then the half-line segments will be shortened to a point where their le~eclive lengths will be zero, as shown in FIG. 6.

2~79 ~.t~

Having identified the possible location of the problem, the user may then go on to employ one or more of the other arole.--f ntione~ tools to further reduce the clutter in the Northeast region of the map to reveal which of the nodes in that region is e~crerifen~ing the highest level of congestion. The one tool which proves to S be the most effective in reducing clutter in a displayed map is threshold tool 610.
Th~l~;fol~, the user operating that tool in the manner ~ cussed above may cause the tool to rapidly ~ c.~e the full range of thresholds to obtain a quick overview of which of the nodes, or node, is experiencing the various levels of overflow. The user may quickly traverse through the range of thresholds of tool 610 by continuously10 operating mouse button 14a and pointing to slider bar 611 and "dragging" it to the right using cursor 40 in the conventional manner. As the user moves slider bar 611 from left to right, co-llpuler 10 dyn~mk~lly updates the map display in real time to show only those half-line segments whose l~,i,pe~;~ive data values meet the current threshold values that are being displayed on screen 11, as shown in FIG. 7.
It is seen from FIG. 7, that slider bar 606 of tool 605 has been l~,tull-cd to its original position, thereby restoring the full length of each displayed half-line segments. Also, the user has moved slider bar 611 to the right to a point establishing a lower threshold value of 254.365. As a result of establishing that threshold, colll~uter 10 has erased from screen 11 those half-line segments whose data values 20 are below the current value of the lower threshold, thereby elimin~fing a considerable amount of the displayed clutter and thereby revealing the node pairs experiencing the highest level of blocked calls.
At this point, the user may further reduce the remn~nt~ of the clutter by further moving slider bar 611 to the right over the range of thresholds, as shown in 25 FIG. 8. It is seen from FIG. 8 that the rçmn~nt~ of the clutter are further reduced and that at least one of the displayed links, such as link 650 and the links collectively desigr ~t~ 651,lt;s~e~;lively, are half links, meaning that the data values of the half-line segments associated with segments 650 and 651 are below the lower thresholdof 3204.78.
It can be appreciated that, although much of the clutter has been elimin~ted from the display, map 600is still not at a point where it reveals which pair of nodes is experien~ing the highest level of overflow. Accordingly, the user may further raise the lower boundary of threshold tool 610, and reveal those nodes, as shown in FIG. 9.

2~17~3~

It is seen from FIG. 9 that the user has increased the lower threshold to a value of 38961.8, thereby causing all but one of the links to be erased from screen 11. As mention~d above, a link, such as link 653, is formed from two half-line segments. One half-line segment starting from node 654 is indicative of the fact that 5 at least 38,961.8 of the calls that node 654 sent to node 655 during the selected hour were blocked at node 655. Similarly, the other half-line segment starting from node 655 is indicative of the fact that at least 38,961.8 of the calls that node 655 sent to node 654 during the selected hour were blocked at node 654.
Thus, by operating threshold tool 610 the user has reduced the clutter in 10 map 600 to a single link, thereby identifying the possible link experiencing the highest level of blocked calls.
To determine whether the overflow from node 654 to node 655 is greater than the overflow from node 655 to node 654, the user may further raise the boundary of the lower threshold by moving slider bar 611 to the right, in the manner 15 discussed above. When the user does so, the lower threshold is raised to a point where one of the two-half line seg,lllenls forming link 653 is erased from screen 11, as shown in nG. 10. It is seen from the FIG. that the user has set the lower threshold to a value of 47389.6, thereby in(li~ting that at least 47,389.6 of the calls sent from node 654 to node 655 were blocked during the selected hour.
To identify nodes 654 and 655, the user has marked node 654 as being the anchor node and has marked node 655 as being the current node. As a result thereof, collll)ut ,r 10 now displays node 655 in the color m~gent~ and displays the current node, node 654, in the color yellow. Colllpulel 10 also displays the identity and st~ti~tics associated with those nodes. It is seen from the FIG. that node 654, 25 marked the anchor node, is located in Newark, New Jersey, and node 655, marked the current node, is located in C~m-len, New Jersey.
An important aspect of the invention is that the numerical statistics to and from the anchor node are displayed on screen 11, thereby providing the user with a graphical method to access the statistics. Accordingly, the screen now shows 30 at 699 that there were 53,348 blocked calls from Newark to C~mdPn and 46,595 from ~m~en to Newark.
As an aspect of the invention, the user may extend link 653 to node 655, in the manner discussed above, even though the half-line segment that was erasedfrom the screen has a data value below the current value of the lower threshold, as 35 shown in FIG. 11. It is seen from FIG. 11, that collll)uter 10 has extended link 653 as directed by the user and now displays "Extend" tool 620 in the color red.

Z~ 3~

As mentioned above, the user is provided with the capability of using mouse cursor 40 as a "brush" to deactivate a displayed node. To p~,lrOl,ll such brushing, the user points to the pertinent node while mouse button 14b is pressed, as shown in FIG. 12. FIG. 12 illustrates map 600 as it was originally brought up onS screen 11 with the exception that the user has deactivated the links associated with the nodes collectively design~ted 657. It is noted that the nodes which have been deactivated are displayed in the color cyan to in~ te their inactive status. To reactivate a deactivated node, the user points to the deactivated node and ope.~s mouse button 14a. The user may globally reactivate all such nodes and their 10 associated links by operating Reset tool 625, as m~ntioned above.
Alternatively, the user may employ the "brush" to activate a node. For example, the user may invert map 600 after it is first brought up on the screen. When the user does so, colllputel 10 places all of the displayed nodes in an inactive(deactivated) status, as shown in FIG. 13. The user may then reactivate a node by 15 "brushing." The user reactivates a node by pointing to the node while operating mouse button 14a. An illustrative example of reactivating one or more nodes is shown in FIG. 14 in connection with node 658.
As mentioned above, the user may magnify a particular area of a displayed map using "Zoom" tool 635 in the manner ~ cussed above. An illustrative 20 example of magnifying a particular area of map 600is shown in FIG. 15. Thereafter, the user may restore map 600 to its original state by pointing to "Unzoom" tool 645 and opel~ g mouse button 14a.
To further illustrate the power of allowing the user to control the pal~lletel~ under which particular data is displayed as a map, it is assumed that the 25 user selects the data statistic dealing with call holding times. It is also assumed that the user has selected the same date and time (hour). When the user enters the al~lu~,liate co.. ~nd in the manner discussed above, then com~ule~ 10 displays the app,upliate map on screen 11, as shown in FIG. 16. Similarly, each of the links illustrated in map 700 is indicative of the average holding time (seconds) of telephone calls exchanged between a respective pair of nodes. Further, each link is formed from two-half line segments to illustrate the direction of the associatedstatistic. It can be appreciated from a visual inspection of the FIG. that the density of the links is quite high. This is due to the fact that the AT&T network is large and, th.,l~fol~, is constantly processing telephone calls.

~D~97~

Notwith~t~nriing the clutter, the user might still be intc.~ ed in unco~eling any underlying pattern(s) in the call holding times. One such pattern, or factor, could involve so-called short holding times, which might possibly be indicative of a netwolk problem. Accordingly, all that the user needs to do to S uncover links indicative of short holding times is to set a desired range of thresholds using threshold tool 610, which is now calibrated in seconds and which is now labeled as "hold" for--holding time. When the user does so, CGlllpUt~ 0 erases from screen 11 those links whose lt;specli-/e data values fall outside of the selected range of thresholds, as shown in FM. 17.
It is seen from the FIG., that the user has moved slider bar 611 to the right to establish a lower threshold of approximately 0.051 seconds and has moved slider bar 612 to the left to establish an upper threshold of approximately 26 seconds.
As a result thereof, only the links and half-line segments whose statistics fall within the established range are displayed on screen 11. It can appreciated from a visual 15 inspection of the FIG. that the pattern of the displayed segments appears to be pointing to node 657. To confirm that node 657 is e~elicncing short holding times, then, all that the user needs to do is to operate "Extend" tool 620 in the manner discussed above. When the user does so, coll~uler 10 extends the half-line segments to the ap~lu~,liate node, even though the data values ~soci~te~l with the extended 20 segments fall outside of the range of thresholds established by the user, as shown in FM. 18. It is seen from FIG. 18 that co.l~llter 10 has extended the half-line segments to node 657. As such, the user may possibly suspect that as a result of a problem associated with nodes 654 and 655, the network is experiencing a large number of short holding times into node 657.
As mention~l above, our invention may be used with virtually any type of statistic that involves links in a network. For example, our invention is a~plul)liate for analyzing airline data, such as, for example, data associated with the number of passengers or average delays of airline flights.
We turn now to a ~isc~sion of the soflware program which implements 30 the invention in co"lpuler 10.
Turning then to FIGS. 20 through 27, which should be arranged as shown in FIG. 19, the program is entered at block 2000 where it proceeds to block 2001. At block 2001, the program uses a plurality of storage elements, one for each node, to record the status of each node, and mark each one of the nodes "active".
35 The program then proceeds to block 2002 where it uses the value of the statistic to c~lçul~te and record in another plurality of storage element~ the color that each half-2~ 17~

line segment will be displayed on screen 11. It is noted that the displayed color ofeach segment is determinçcl by the values of breakpoints (shown in FIG. 2), and the value of the statistic. Further, the display may be achieved with various maps and locations of the nodes, in which a map is drawn by a series of straight line segments 5 displayed on screen 11, and in which each segment is del.,.mined by the x (hon7ont~l) and y (vertical) coordinates of its end points.
At block 2003, the program determines the overall minimllm and maximum values of the afore.nf .,l;onçd coordinates to set the boundary for map 600.
The program then proceeds to block 2004 where it ensures that the map, when drawn 10 on the screen, has the a~ u~,liate aspect ratio. (The map coordinates are ~csnm~cl to be commensurate with each other, meaning that one unit in the x direction shouldoccupy the same length on the display as one unit in the y direction.) At block 2005, the program begins the main loop of the program.
Specifically, if the program finds that buttons 14a and 14b are both operated, then the 15 program exits at block 2006. Otherwise, the program proceeds to block 2007, where it clears the display screen. In an illustrative embodiment of the invention, the display is "double buffered", meaning that two copies of the screen image are m~int:lined A so-called "front" copy is displayed on the screen while a second, or "back", copy is "manipulated" in me.lluly. When the back copy has been completely 20 calculated, the colnl)uter interchanges the front and back copies, making the former back copy visible (block 2097) and making it appear to the user as an in~t~n~neous change in the display.
At block 2008, the program determines whether cursor 40 is pointing at a region of screen 11 that is displaying the map or tools and proceeds to block 2010 25 if it finds that to be the case. Otherwise, it proceeds to block 2050 via block 2009 to avoid ~ rulll~ing the more specific tests of determining the position of cursor 40.
At block 2010, the program dete~ ines whether cursor 40 is in the - rectangular region that is displaying the map and proceeds to block 2012 if it finds that to be the case. Otherwise, the program proceeds to block 2027 via block 2011, 30 thereby avoiding all tests conrem~l with dete~ ining the plu~ ity of the cursor to nodes on the map.
At block 2012, the program compa~s the distance from cursor 40 to all nodes on the map to d~t~,.mine which of the nodes is nearest to cursor 40. The program then proceeds to block 2013.

2~ 37 Blocks 2013 and 2014 l~r~,sent a routine in which the program elimin~tes any previous anchor node if button 14c is found to be opela~ed. At block 2015, the program Glimin~tt-s the previous current node.
If the program finds that the distance from cursor 40 to the nearest node S is greater than some predetelm~ned tolerance (for example, 0.5 inches), then the program proceeds from 2016 to block 2027. Otherwise, the program executes blocks 2017 through 2022, in which the state of each of the buttons 14a, 14b, and 14c is interrogated to ~letermin~ if the nearest node should be marked as the anchor or current node, or is to be made active or inactive.
At blocks 2023 and 2024, the program marks the nearest node as being the current node and displays the identity of that node in the manner shown above.
At block 2025, the program determines if there is an anchor node (which would have been set in some prior execution of step 2018). The prograrn proceeds to block 2026 if it finds that to be the case and displays the current values of the two directional 15 st~tisti~s between the current and anchor nodes.
At block 2027, the program determines if there is an anchor node and, if so, displays the identity of that node, as shown above.
At block 2029, the program detelll~ines if button 14a is operated. If it is, then the user may be trying to manipulate one of the tools. Accordingly, theprogram proceeds to execute blocks 2032 through 2049 to determine what function it should pclrullll . Otherwise, the program proceeds to block 2030 where it checks to see if cursor 40 has been moved out of the displayed rectangular map region. If the program finds the latter to be the case, then it proceeds to block 2031 where it elimin~t~s any previous current node.
At block 2032, the program tests to see if cursor 40 is pointing at tool 605, and if so, proceeds to block 2033 to set a variable flag to in-lirate the fraction of the way that the cursor is vertically positioned up slider 606 (from 0, if the cursor is at the bottom, to 1, if the cursor is at the top).
Blocks 2034 through 2045 .epl.,sent a routine which checks the position of cursor 40 to see if it is pointing at one of the tools 615, 620, 625, 630, 635, or 640.
If the program finds that cursor 40 is pointing to one of those tools, then the program sets a respective flag indicative of that fact. The program thereafter tests the states of the flags to control the drawing of map 600 on screen 11.
Blocks 2046 through 2049 l~ sw~t a routine which deals with tool 610.
That is, if the program finds that cursor 40 is pointing at slider tool 610, then, at block 2047, it determines if cursor 40 is closer to the lower threshold 611 or upper 2~797~

threshold 612 and adjusts the appropliate threshold at blocks 2048 and 2049. Theprogram sets the threshold using linear interpolation bel~n the breakpoints.
At block 2050, the program tests the state of the "zoom" flag that may have been set at block 2043. If the program finds that the flag was set, then the user 5 must (a) position cursor 40 at some point on the map display, (b) depress button 14a, (c) move to another position on map 600, and (d) release button 14a. The programuses the two positions to determine the location of each of the two opposite corners of a rect~n~l~ that that will be m~gnified to fill the region of screen that is occupied by map 600. Once again, the program ensures that the distance occupied by one unit 10 in the x direction is identir~l to that occupied by one unit in the y direction.
At block 2052, the program sets the lower and upper coordinate limits for the map region so that only the selected portion of the map is displayed. (It is noted that on many colllpuler systems, the system graphics soflw~e or hardware will autom~tir~lly clip (~uppless) any graphics that are displayed outside of this specified 15 set of limits). At block 2053, the program turns off the "zoom" flag.
At block 2054, the program determines if the "unzoom" flag is set. (The program sets the "unzoom" flag at block 2045). If the program finds the "unzoom"flag set, then, at blocks 2055 and 2056, the program resets the coordinate limits of the map to their original values as determined at block 2003 and then resets the20 "unzoom" flag.
At block 2057, the program draws the map by drawing a series of connected line segments or filled polygons, clipping any lines or polygons outside of the coordinate limits, and then proceeds to block 2058 where it draws and labels the boxes for the 6 tools 615-640.
At block 2059, the program tests the state of the "extend" flag (which may have been set at either block 2035 or 2037). The program at blocks 2060 or 2061 colors the applupliate tool 615 or 620 red based on the state of the "extend"
flag. The program then proceeds to block 2062 where it checks to see if the "reset"
flag is set (the "reset" flag may have been set at block 2039). If the program finds that the "reset" flag is set, then it proceeds to block 2063 where it colors tool 625 red.
The program then proceeds to block 2064 to mark all nodes active, as was done atblock 2001.
The plu~ at block 2065 tests to see if the "turnoff" flag is set (as would be the case at block 2041). If the program finds that flag set, then it proceeds to block 2066 where it colors tool 630 red. The program then proceeds to block 2067 where it scans through all nodes and marks each node inactive. (The program Z~ 7 pe.rol,ns this latter action only for the first time that the "turnoff" flag is set and will only perform the action once again if the "turnoff" flag is reset).
Blocks 2068 through 2071 represent a routine which tests the "zoom"
and "unzoom" flags and which colors in boxes 635 and 640 if appl~liate.
The program at block 2072 starts a loop through all displayed nodes.
When all of the displayed nodes have been processed, the program proceeds to block 2077.
Specific~lly, at block 2073, the program sets the color based upon the status of the node being processed. At block 2074, the program tests the node status 10 and if it is found to be active, then, at block 2076, the program displays the node as an apl,r~pliately colored diamond outline; otherwise the program displays the node as a filled ~ mond at block 2075.
The program at block 2077 begins a loop through all node pairs. As mentioned above, each node pair corresponds to two half-line segments drawn on 15 screen 11. Blocks 2078 through 2089 of the loop deterrnine whether the half-line segments should be actually displayed. Thereafter, the program proceeds to block2091 when it has processed all node pairs.
As an expediency, the program at block 2078 names the two nodes of the node pair that the program is procesiing as the "from" node and the "to" node, 20 respectively.
The program at blocks 2079 through 2081 ~upp~sses the half-line segments associated with all inactive nodes. In particular, the program at block 2079 de~elmines if the "turnoff' flag is set (invert mode), and if so, does not display the half-line segments if it finds that both the "from" and "to" nodes are inactive and 25 neither node is current ( as tested at block 2081). (This action is shown by returning control of the program to block 2077.) If, on the other hand, the program finds that the "turnoff" flag is not set, then neither half-line segment is displayed if either of the "from" or "to" node is inactive and not current (as tested at block 2080). In the latter case, control of the program is returned to block 2077.
Blocks 2082 through 2089 represent a routine which displays the half-line segments that are brought up on screen 11. ( In the following discussion the half-line segment l~ ,sel1ting the flow of data from the "from" node to the "to" node is identifiçd as segment 1. The ~soci~tçd half-line segment, which represents the opposite flow of data is identified as segment 2.) 2~1797~

Specifiç~lly, at block 2082, the program tests the statistic associated with segment 1 to see if has a value that lies betv~ the lower and upper thresholds established by tool 610. If so, the program proceeds to block 2084 to display segment 1. If not, then segment 1 may still be displayed if the data value for 5 segment 2 lies between the thresholds and the extend flag is on. This is action is ~ele- ...in~d at block 2083. At block 2084, the program sets the color for displaying segment 1 based on the deternlin~irn made at block 2002. At block 2085, segment 1 is displayed from the "from" node a fraction f/2 of the way to the "to" node (where fraction "P' is set at block 2033). Since "f" may vary between 0 and 1, the line may 10 be displayed at most to the midpoint between the "from" and "to" nodes .
The program at blocks 2086 through 2089 con-litionally displays segment 2 as was similarly done for segment 1 at blocks 2082 through 2085.
However, in doing so, the program interch~nges the roles of segments 1 and 2. The program then proceeds to block 2090 after completing the foregoing task.
At block 2090, the program returns to block 2077 to process the next node pair. The program then proceeds to block 2091 when it has completed processing the node pairs.
The program at blocks 2091 through 2094 displays tool 610 on screen 11. In particular, at block 2091, the program displays the colored segments 651 20 through 655, and at block 2092 labels"~ndernç~th the tool, the positions that delimit the ends of the colored bars with the applu~liate values of the displayed statistic.
The program then proceeds to block 2093 where it displays upper slider 612 and labels it with the value of the upper threshold. The program then proceeds to block 2094 to display lower slider 611 and label that slider with the value of the lower 25 threshold, as shown in the above FIGs.
At block 2095, the program displays the outline of size slider tool 605 and labels the endpoints thereof in the manner shown above. At block 2096, the program displays the hori7Ont~l slider line 606 across tool 605 a fraction "f" of the way from bottom to top. The program then proceeds to block 2097 where it makes 30 the current "picture" visible by interch~nging the front and back buffers, as discussed above. The program then proceeds to block 2098 where it returns to block 2005, thereby completing one cycle of the main display loop.
The foregoing is merely illustrative of the principles of our invention.
Those skilled in the art will be able to devise nulllel~)us arrangelllellt~, which, 35 although not explicitly shown or described herein, embody those principles that are within its spirit and scope. For example, in the arrangem~nt illustrated in FIG. 1, 2~ 1'7~

colnputer 10 could be readily arranged to pelrollll the function of data management system 30. In this way, colll~uter 10 would obtain the data directly from the nodes themselves. Alternatively, the user could load the data directly into coll~uler 10, thereby elimin~ting the need for a data m~n~em~nt system. Further, although the 5 invention was ~ sed in the context of using a geographical map, it is clear that any type of layout, or pattern, of the nodes in a directed graph could be used in the practice of the invention. In ~l-lition, the data could be "signed" (e.g., + or -) to illustrate the ch~nges in the data occ~ ng from one period to another. Moreover,the threshold tool could be arranged so that the user could establish more than one, 10 and possibly a large number of threshold ranges. Further, the latter tool may be arranged so that the user may input via the keyboard the ...i.-i...l.... and maximum values of the threshold tool, and, ~ltern~tively~ input the values of the thresholds shem~elves. In addition, our invention could be employed to analyze other types of data, such as, for example, non-directed data, which may or may not be time-lS varying. Further, the scale 612 of tool 610 could be divided into any number ofsegm~nt~, each having a different color. Also, the displayed links, or partial lines, could vary in thi~ ness based on the data values associated with their respective nodes.

Claims (38)

Claims

1. A dynamic graphics arrangement for use in a computer having a display comprising means for displaying on said display a plurality of nodes, said nodes being grouped into respective pairs of nodes based on a predetermined criterion associating the nodes in each pair with one another, at least one of said pairs comprising first and second nodes, means for displaying on said display at least one vector having exterior end points respectively connected to said first and second nodes, said at least one vector being formed from at least two displayed segments indicative of said criterion, said segments being substantially in contact with one another at their interior end points, and means for allowing a user of said arrangement, using any one of a plurality of associated adjustable parameters displayed on said display, to dynamically adjust the lengths of said at least two segments in order to separate said segments from one another in their interior end points and to dynamically increase said separation.

2. A dynamic graphics arrangement for use in a computer having a display comprising means responsive to a request inputted by a user of said computer for displayingon said display a plurality of nodes grouped into at least respective pairs of nodes based on a common, predetermined relationship that the nodes in each of said pairs have with one another, means for displaying on said display a plurality of continuous lines respectively disposed between the nodes forming respective ones of said pairs of nodes, each of said lines being formed from at least two segments, each of said segments being indicative of a level quantifying the common, predetermined relationship that its associated node has with the other one of said nodes forming a respective one of said pairs of nodes, and means for displaying on said display a plurality of adjustable parameters each operative by said user for dynamically adjusting the lengths of individual ones of said line segments in order to separate such line segments from one another at their interior end points.

3. The arrangement set forth in claim 2 wherein one of said displayed parametersis a size tool operative by said user for dynamically controlling the lengths of said displayed segments beginning at their interior end points.

4. The arrangement set forth in claim 2 wherein said common, predetermined relationship is a predetermined class of data, and wherein each of said segments is indicative of the level of said predetermined class of data that its associated node is outputting to the other node in a respective one of said pairs of nodes, wherein one of said displayed parameters is a data threshold tool settable by said user for controlling the display of said segments, and wherein said arrangement further comprises means responsive to said user setting said data threshold tool to a respective range of data thresholds for effectively erasing from said display those line segments representing respective levels of data not within the range established by said user.

5. The arrangement set forth in claim 4 wherein another of said displayed parameters is a tool operative by said user when at least one of the segments forming one of said links has been effectively erased from said display for extending the interior end point of the remaining one of the segments to the node associated with the erased one of the segments.

6. The arrangement set forth in claim 4 wherein each of said nodes has a respective identity and wherein said means for displaying said links includes means operative when said user points to one of said nodes so as to mark that node as being an anchor node for displaying the identity of said anchor node as well as the levels of data associated with said anchor node.

7. The arrangement set forth in claim 6 wherein said means for displaying said links further includes means operative when said user points to another one of said nodes so as to mark that node as being a current node for displaying with the identity of said anchor node the identity of said current node as well as the levels of data indicative of said common, predetermined relationship between said anchor and current nodes.

8. The arrangement set forth in claim 2 further comprising means for displaying on said display a tool operative by said user for controlling the magnification of a particular area of said display.

9. The arrangement set forth in claim 2 further comprising means for displaying on said display a plurality of tools including a tool operative by said user for deactivating one of said displayed nodes when said user points to that node, for displaying on said display a symbol representing said deactivated one of said nodes and for erasing from said display the links associated with that node.

10. The arrangement set forth in claim 8 wherein each of said nodes has a respective identity and wherein said plurality of tools further includes a tool operative by said user for reactivating said deactivated node and for displaying on said display the identity of that node.

11. The arrangement set forth in claim 2 further comprising means for displayingon said display a plurality of tools including a tool operative by said user for deactivating all of said displayed nodes.

12. The arrangement set forth in claim 10 further comprising means responsive touser deactivating said displayed nodes for displaying on said display a plurality of symbols representing respective ones of said deactivated nodes and for effectively erasing from said display said links.

13. The arrangement set forth in claim 11 wherein each of said nodes has a respective identity and wherein said plurality of tools further includes a tool operative by said user for reactivating at least one of said nodes when said user points to its respective displayed symbol and for displaying on said display the identity of said reactivated node and its associated links.

14. A dynamic graphics arrangement for use in a computer having a display comprising means responsive to a request inputted by a user of said computer for displayingon said display a plurality of nodes representing respective sources of data, said sources of data having a spaced-apart relationship with one another, said nodes being grouped into respective pairs of nodes based on a predetermined data criterion associating the nodes in each pair of said nodes with one another and for displaying a plurality of continuous lines respectively disposed between the nodes forming respective ones of said pairs of nodes; each of said lines being formed from half lines quantifying said data criterion associated with their respective nodes, and means for displaying on said display a threshold tool operative by said user forcontrolling the display of individual ones of said lines such that said user may effectively erase from said those of said half lines representing respective data values which are not within a threshold established by said user operating said threshold tool.

15. The arrangement set forth in claim 14 wherein each of said links is formed from two associated segments having interior end points meeting one another and having an exterior end point extending to a respective one of the nodes forming a respective pair of nodes.

16. The arrangement set forth in claim 14 wherein said means for displaying saidtool includes means for displaying another tool operative by said user for changing the length of each of said displayed segments such that each of said two associated segments are separated from one another in accordance with a ratio established by said user operating said other tool.

17. The arrangement set forth in claim 15 wherein said arrangement further comprises means for displaying another tool operative by said user when at least one of the segments forming a respective one of said links has been effectively erased from said display for extending the interior end point of the remaining segment to the node associated with the erased segment.

18. The arrangement set forth in claim 14 wherein said means for displaying saidtool includes means for displaying another tool operative by said user for controlling the magnification of a desired area of said display.

19. The arrangement set forth in claim 14 wherein said means for displaying saidtool includes means for displaying another tool operative by said user for deactivating one of said displayed nodes when said user points to that node, for displaying on said display a predetermined symbol in place of said one of said nodes and for erasing from said display the links associated with that node.

20. The arrangement set forth in claim 19, wherein each of said nodes has a respective identity and wherein said means for displaying said tool further includes means for displaying still another tool operative by said user for reactivating said deactivated one of said nodes when said user points to its deactivated symbol and for displaying the identity of the reactivated one of said nodes as well as said quantified data criterion associated with that node.

21. The arrangement set forth in claim 14 wherein said means for displaying saidtool includes means for displaying another tool operative by said user for deactivating all or said displayed nodes.

22. The arrangement set forth in claim 21 further comprising means responsive tosaid user deactivating said displayed nodes for displaying on said display a plurality of other symbols representing respective ones of said deactivated nodes.

23. The arrangement set forth in claim 22 wherein each of said nodes has a respective identity and wherein said arrangement further comprises means for displaying still another tool operative by said user for reactivating at least one of said deactivated nodes when said user points to its respective displayed deactivated symbol, for displaying on said display the identity of the respective source of data represented by the reactivated node and for displaying the respective one of said links associated with the reactivated node.

24. The arrangement set forth in claim 14 wherein each of said nodes has a respective identity and wherein said means for displaying said links includes means operative when said user points to one of said nodes and marks that node as being an anchor node for at least displaying on said display the identity of said anchor node and said quantified data criterion associated with that node.

25. The arrangement set forth in claim 24 wherein said means for displaying saidlinks further includes means operative when said user points to another one of said nodes so as to mark that node as being a current node for displaying with the identity of said anchor node the identity of said current node as well as said quantified data criterion associated with said anchor and current nodes.

26. A method of mapping on a display associated with a computer data associated with a plurality of nodes, said method comprising the steps of responding to a request inputted by a user of said computer by displaying on said display a plurality of nodes grouped into at least respective pairs of nodes based on a common, predetermined relationship between the nodes in each of said pairs, displaying on said display a plurality of lines disposed between the nodes forming respective ones of said pairs, each of said lines being formed from at least two segments having interior end points substantially in contact with one another, said segments being indicative of a level quantifying the common, predetermined relationship that its associated one of said nodes has with the other one of said nodes forming a respective one of said pairs of nodes, and displaying on said display a number of adjustable parameters each operative by auser of said computer to dynamically separate the interior end points of individual ones of said segments by a distance determined as a function of said user adjusting a selected one of said displayed parameters.

27. The method set forth in claim 26 wherein said step of displaying said parameters includes the step of displaying as one of said displayed parameters a data threshold tool settable by said user for controlling the display of said segments, and wherein said method includes the step of responding to said user setting said data threshold tool to a respective range of data thresholds by effectively erasing from said display those of said displayed segments representing data levels not within said range.

28. The method as set forth in claim 26 wherein one of said displayed parametersis a size tool settable by said user for controlling the display of said segments, and wherein said method includes the step of responding to said user setting said size tool to a respective value by adjusting the length of each of said segments as a function of said value.

29. The method set forth in claim 26 wherein each of said nodes has a respectiveidentity and wherein said step of displaying said links includes the step of responding when said user points to one of said nodes and marks that node as being an anchor node by at least displaying on said display the identity of said anchor node and said level of quantified data associated with that node.

30. The method set forth in claim 29 wherein said step of displaying said links further includes the step of responding when said user points to another of said nodes so as to mark that node as being a current node by displaying with the identity of said anchor node the identity of said current node as well as said level of quantified data indicative of said common predetermined relationship between said anchor and current nodes.

31. A dynamic graphics arrangement for use in a computer having a display comprising means for displaying on said display a plurality of nodes, said nodes being grouped into respective pairs of nodes based on a predetermined criterion associating the nodes in each pair with one another, at least one of said pairs comprising first and second nodes, means for displaying on said display at least one vector disposed between said first and second nodes, said one vector being formed from at least two colinear segments, and means for allowing a user of said arrangement, using any one of a plurality of associated adjustable parameters displayed on said display, to dynamically separate said at least two segments from one another beginning at their interior end points and to dynamically increase such separation.

32. A method of dynamically arranging graphics on a computer having a display comprising the steps of displaying on said display a plurality of nodes, said nodes being grouped into respective pairs of nodes based on a predetermined criterion associating the nodes in each pair with one another, at least one of said pairs comprising first and second nodes, displaying on said display at least one vector disposed between said first and second nodes, said one vector being formed from at least two colinear segments and allowing a user of said arrangement, using any one of a plurality of associated adjustable parameters displayed on said display, to dynamically separate said at least two segments from one another beginning at their interior end points and to dynamically increase such separation.

33. A method of displaying graphics on a computer having a display comprising the steps of displaying on said display a plurality of symbols grouped into pairs of symbols based on a predetermined relationship between the symbols forming a respective pair, displaying a line between the symbols forming each of said pairs of symbols to represent the predetermined relationship between those symbols, and varying the thickness of said line as the predetermined relationship between the symbols of each of said pairs of symbols varies.

34. A method of displaying graphics on a computer having a display comprising the steps of responsive to a request entered by a user for displaying on said display at least two symbols having a predetermined relationship with one another and being respective sources of data, and displaying on said display a line between said at least two symbols and varying the thickness of said line to reflect a corresponding change in said predetermined relationship.

35. The arrangement set forth in claim 14 wherein said displayed threshold tool includes first and second slider bars operative by said user for establishing first and second thresholds defining a range of thresholds such that those of said half lines associated with data values that are not within said range are erased from said display.

36. A dynamic graphics arrangement for use in a computer having a display comprising means for displaying on said display a plurality of symbols representing respective data values, and means for displaying on said display a threshold tool having first and second slider bars operative by a user of said computer for establishing first and second thresholds defining a range of data thresholds to control the display of said symbols.

37. The arrangement of claim 36 wherein said control includes erasing those symbols associated with data values not within said range from said display.

38. A dynamic graphics arrangement for use in a computer having a display comprising means for displaying on said display a plurality of symbols representing respective data values, means for displaying on said display at least one tool operative by a user of said computer to restrict the display to only those of said symbols which meet a data criteria established by said user interacting with said displayed tool, and means, responsive to said user interacting with said displayed tool, for dynamically updating said display so that only those of said symbols representing data values meeting the data criteria currently established as a result of said user interacting with said displayed tool.