CA2020897C - Clothing for reducing fluid resistance - Google Patents
Clothing for reducing fluid resistanceInfo
- Publication number
- CA2020897C CA2020897C CA002020897A CA2020897A CA2020897C CA 2020897 C CA2020897 C CA 2020897C CA 002020897 A CA002020897 A CA 002020897A CA 2020897 A CA2020897 A CA 2020897A CA 2020897 C CA2020897 C CA 2020897C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- patch
- clothing
- water
- airtight
- clothing article
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A41—WEARING APPAREL
- A41D—OUTERWEAR; PROTECTIVE GARMENTS; ACCESSORIES
- A41D13/00—Professional, industrial or sporting protective garments, e.g. surgeons' gowns or garments protecting against blows or punches
- A41D13/0015—Sports garments other than provided for in groups A41D13/0007 - A41D13/088
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A41—WEARING APPAREL
- A41D—OUTERWEAR; PROTECTIVE GARMENTS; ACCESSORIES
- A41D7/00—Bathing gowns; Swim-suits, drawers, or trunks; Beach suits
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A41—WEARING APPAREL
- A41D—OUTERWEAR; PROTECTIVE GARMENTS; ACCESSORIES
- A41D2400/00—Functions or special features of garments
- A41D2400/24—Reducing drag or turbulence in air or water
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T70/00—Maritime or waterways transport
- Y02T70/10—Measures concerning design or construction of watercraft hulls
Abstract
The invention relates to an article of clothing, such as swimwear and cycling wear, for reducing fluid resistance, air resistance and/or water resistance, by covering at least a portion of the article adjacent to neck opening, side cuts and/or back cut of the clothing by means of a patch of a smooth-surfaced, airtight and water-proof sheet made of flexible resin sheet. The invention further contemplates the provision of flow-smoothening ridges and grooves or rows of concave and convex protuberances on the surface of the patch aligned generally parallel to the anticipated direction of flow of the fluid thereover.
Description
20~08q7 CLOTHING FOR REDUCING FLUID RESISTANCE
1. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention involves the area of technology concerned with reducing the resistance of sports clothing to fluids. It relates to clothing possessing favourable fluid resistance properties such as clothing used in speed-based competitive sporting events intended to reduce air resistance, as required, for example, in sports such as cycling and skating, and swimwear intended to reduce resistance to water especially in swimming tournaments.
In events such as cycling, skating, and swimming tournaments where the competitors are racing at speeds at which the final results are measured in units of hundredths of a second, the effects of fluid resistance have a noticeable effect on the finishing times of the competitors. For example, in the case of swimwear, and especially in the case of women's competitive swimwear, it has been proven that the large degree of fluid resistance during swimming has the effect that differences in fluid resistance against water bring about important differences in the final results of an event. For this reason, research has been conducted for several years intohow it might be possible to reduce resistance by means of improvements in the shape and design of swimwear, as well as in the surface state and texture of swimwear materials. In the latter case, that is to say in the field of methods aimed at improving material quality, the technique generally employed to reduce fluid resistance against water has been to make the surface of the swimwear as smooth as possible.
However, women's swimwear in particular has several large openings such as around the neck and at the back and sides; for this reason, water and air inevitably ingress through these openings during swimming. Such intrusion of water C ~".
or air produces vibrations at the edges of these openings. This results in the formation of turbulence which increases propulsive resistance against the water.
There is the further handicap that the water and air which enter these openings become entrapped between the swimwear and the swimmer's body, thus increasing 5 the mass in motion. The combination of these phenomena increase propulsive resistance in the water, making it extremely difficult for swimmers to improve their times when participating in events in which the limits of their physical strength are being tested .
In addition, water does not only penetrate through the above-10 mentioned openings, but also through the cloth of the swimwear in the vicinity ofthese openings. It has thus been proven that the above-mentioned problem cannot be solved merely by attaching the edges of these openings more firmly to the body.
The above-mentioned phenomena occur not only in the case of swimwear but also in exactly the same manner in the case of sportswear worn by 15 competitors in cycling and skating events in which speed is of the essence and in which fluid resistance against air is a matter of importance.
1. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention involves the area of technology concerned with reducing the resistance of sports clothing to fluids. It relates to clothing possessing favourable fluid resistance properties such as clothing used in speed-based competitive sporting events intended to reduce air resistance, as required, for example, in sports such as cycling and skating, and swimwear intended to reduce resistance to water especially in swimming tournaments.
In events such as cycling, skating, and swimming tournaments where the competitors are racing at speeds at which the final results are measured in units of hundredths of a second, the effects of fluid resistance have a noticeable effect on the finishing times of the competitors. For example, in the case of swimwear, and especially in the case of women's competitive swimwear, it has been proven that the large degree of fluid resistance during swimming has the effect that differences in fluid resistance against water bring about important differences in the final results of an event. For this reason, research has been conducted for several years intohow it might be possible to reduce resistance by means of improvements in the shape and design of swimwear, as well as in the surface state and texture of swimwear materials. In the latter case, that is to say in the field of methods aimed at improving material quality, the technique generally employed to reduce fluid resistance against water has been to make the surface of the swimwear as smooth as possible.
However, women's swimwear in particular has several large openings such as around the neck and at the back and sides; for this reason, water and air inevitably ingress through these openings during swimming. Such intrusion of water C ~".
or air produces vibrations at the edges of these openings. This results in the formation of turbulence which increases propulsive resistance against the water.
There is the further handicap that the water and air which enter these openings become entrapped between the swimwear and the swimmer's body, thus increasing 5 the mass in motion. The combination of these phenomena increase propulsive resistance in the water, making it extremely difficult for swimmers to improve their times when participating in events in which the limits of their physical strength are being tested .
In addition, water does not only penetrate through the above-10 mentioned openings, but also through the cloth of the swimwear in the vicinity ofthese openings. It has thus been proven that the above-mentioned problem cannot be solved merely by attaching the edges of these openings more firmly to the body.
The above-mentioned phenomena occur not only in the case of swimwear but also in exactly the same manner in the case of sportswear worn by 15 competitors in cycling and skating events in which speed is of the essence and in which fluid resistance against air is a matter of importance.
2. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention has been made with a view to solving the aforementioned problems. Its purpose is to provide clothing with reduced 20 resistance to air and water. The favourable properties of fluid resistant clothing according to the present invention make it suitable in particular for use in sporting events. This purpose is achieved in the following ways:
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1) By preventing air or water from intruding through openings in the neck, sides, and back of clothing;
2) By preventing air or water from intruding through the material of clothing in areas adjacent to said openings;
The present invention has been made with a view to solving the aforementioned problems. Its purpose is to provide clothing with reduced 20 resistance to air and water. The favourable properties of fluid resistant clothing according to the present invention make it suitable in particular for use in sporting events. This purpose is achieved in the following ways:
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1) By preventing air or water from intruding through openings in the neck, sides, and back of clothing;
2) By preventing air or water from intruding through the material of clothing in areas adjacent to said openings;
3) By preventing vibration at the edges of the clothing caused by fluid stream;
4) By preventing turbulence of the fluid stream on the surface of clothing;
S) By preventing vibration of the wearer's skin next to the clothing.
These objects can be realized by covering the clothing material 10 adjacent at least one of the openings of the neck, sides, and back of the clothing article with patches made of a smooth-surfaced sheet which is airtight and water-proof. The airtight and water-proof sheet is made of flexible resin sheet obtained by painting, attaching, forming, stamping, or mono-forming vinyl chloride, synthetic rubber, polyurethane, or silicon onto the surface of the clothing material.
The patches of airtight and water-proof sheet may also be formed from a group of fragments of airtight and water-proof sheet arranged in rows primarily parallel to the direction of anticipated flow of the air or water when the clothing is worn.
The surface of the patches of airtight and water-proof sheet should 20 preferably be constituted in such a manner that fine ridges and grooves or fine concave and convex rows are arranged in the direction of the air or water flow when the clothing is worn.
Furthermore, the patches of airtight and water-proof sheet should ideally be shaped in accordance with the contours of the wearer's body, to which they should adhere closely. This closely adhering structure should be such that it allows for temporary adhesion but which is readily removable from the wearer's 5 skin.
The upper corners of the patches of airtight and water-proof sheet should be cover-formed in such a manner that they envelop the edges of the openings at the neck, sides and/or back of the clothing for reducing fluid resistance.
By covering the bottom part of the clothing at least in the area of the 10 wearer's upper thighs and by continuing the airtight and water-proof sheet covering the buttocks down to the upper thighs, it becomes possible to cover the surface of the body as it undulates during sporting events.
In addition, the surface of the airtight and water-proof sheet can be used for displaying information such as brand names, etc.
The above mentioned structure has the following effects:
1) By covering the surface of the clothing article in both directions in the vicinity of the openings of the neck, sides, and back, with patches of airtight and water-proof sheet, or airtight and water-proof sheet made up of a plurality of sheet fragments, not only is the flow of air or water through the material positively 20 prevented, but it also prevents the absorption or egress of air or water through the clothing material due to the differences in internal and external pressure bordering on the material of the clothing, and decreases the turbulence of air or water on the surface of the airtight and water-proof sheet.
2) Entry of air or water through the openings is prevented by means of a structure whereby the patches of airtight and water-proof sheet fit closely to the wearer's body, particularly at the edges of the neck, sides and back, and, if necessary, adhere temporarily and removably to the wearer's skin.
3) The patches of airtight and water-proof sheet are cover-formed in such a manner that their upper corners cover the openings at the neck, sides and/or back of the clothing article, thereby preventing vibration at the edges caused by the fluid flow.
4) l~eduction of propulsive resistance is achieved by rectifying the eddying of air and water by means of fine ridges and grooves or fine concave and convex rows.
The sum total of the above-mentioned actions is to bring about a decrease in propulsive resistance during races.
The following are the actions ancillary to the above:
5) Controlling relaxation of the skin by having the patches of airtight and water-proof sheet attach firmly to the wearer's body thus making it possible to reduce the resistance to air or water during a race. Furthermore, the structure prevents the occurrence of turbulence and lessens resistance to air or water at the surface of the body as a consequence of fluid movements as the body undulates during the activity.
S) By preventing vibration of the wearer's skin next to the clothing.
These objects can be realized by covering the clothing material 10 adjacent at least one of the openings of the neck, sides, and back of the clothing article with patches made of a smooth-surfaced sheet which is airtight and water-proof. The airtight and water-proof sheet is made of flexible resin sheet obtained by painting, attaching, forming, stamping, or mono-forming vinyl chloride, synthetic rubber, polyurethane, or silicon onto the surface of the clothing material.
The patches of airtight and water-proof sheet may also be formed from a group of fragments of airtight and water-proof sheet arranged in rows primarily parallel to the direction of anticipated flow of the air or water when the clothing is worn.
The surface of the patches of airtight and water-proof sheet should 20 preferably be constituted in such a manner that fine ridges and grooves or fine concave and convex rows are arranged in the direction of the air or water flow when the clothing is worn.
Furthermore, the patches of airtight and water-proof sheet should ideally be shaped in accordance with the contours of the wearer's body, to which they should adhere closely. This closely adhering structure should be such that it allows for temporary adhesion but which is readily removable from the wearer's 5 skin.
The upper corners of the patches of airtight and water-proof sheet should be cover-formed in such a manner that they envelop the edges of the openings at the neck, sides and/or back of the clothing for reducing fluid resistance.
By covering the bottom part of the clothing at least in the area of the 10 wearer's upper thighs and by continuing the airtight and water-proof sheet covering the buttocks down to the upper thighs, it becomes possible to cover the surface of the body as it undulates during sporting events.
In addition, the surface of the airtight and water-proof sheet can be used for displaying information such as brand names, etc.
The above mentioned structure has the following effects:
1) By covering the surface of the clothing article in both directions in the vicinity of the openings of the neck, sides, and back, with patches of airtight and water-proof sheet, or airtight and water-proof sheet made up of a plurality of sheet fragments, not only is the flow of air or water through the material positively 20 prevented, but it also prevents the absorption or egress of air or water through the clothing material due to the differences in internal and external pressure bordering on the material of the clothing, and decreases the turbulence of air or water on the surface of the airtight and water-proof sheet.
2) Entry of air or water through the openings is prevented by means of a structure whereby the patches of airtight and water-proof sheet fit closely to the wearer's body, particularly at the edges of the neck, sides and back, and, if necessary, adhere temporarily and removably to the wearer's skin.
3) The patches of airtight and water-proof sheet are cover-formed in such a manner that their upper corners cover the openings at the neck, sides and/or back of the clothing article, thereby preventing vibration at the edges caused by the fluid flow.
4) l~eduction of propulsive resistance is achieved by rectifying the eddying of air and water by means of fine ridges and grooves or fine concave and convex rows.
The sum total of the above-mentioned actions is to bring about a decrease in propulsive resistance during races.
The following are the actions ancillary to the above:
5) Controlling relaxation of the skin by having the patches of airtight and water-proof sheet attach firmly to the wearer's body thus making it possible to reduce the resistance to air or water during a race. Furthermore, the structure prevents the occurrence of turbulence and lessens resistance to air or water at the surface of the body as a consequence of fluid movements as the body undulates during the activity.
6) Controlling relaxation of the skin by having the airtight and water-proof sheet attach firmly to the wearer's body improves the wearer's physical strength.
20208~7 As well as lessening propulsive resistance as mentioned before, the clothing also reduces fluid resistance and is therefore highly effective for use in competitive events in which speed is of the essence.
As mentioned before, the following are the effects of the inventive S article of clothing that enable improved finishing times in competitive sporting events:
1) The ingress or egress of air or water through the material due to the differences in internal and external pressure bordering on the material of the clothing article is prevented, and the turbulence of air or water on the surface of 10 airtight and water-proof sheet is decreased.
2) Entry of air or water through the openings of the clothing article is prevented.
3) Vibration at the edges of the clothing article caused by fluid flow is prevented.
4) Reduction of the propulsive resistance of the clothing article is achieved by rectifying the flow of air and water thereover.
5) And decreases resistance during sporting events by causing the material to adhere firmly to the wearer's body, thereby preventing undulations on the surface of the wearer's body.
Additional benefits are as follows:
6) It is possible to achieve a relative increase the physical strength of the wearer of the clothing article as less strength is required to overcome fluid resistance.
20208~7 As well as lessening propulsive resistance as mentioned before, the clothing also reduces fluid resistance and is therefore highly effective for use in competitive events in which speed is of the essence.
As mentioned before, the following are the effects of the inventive S article of clothing that enable improved finishing times in competitive sporting events:
1) The ingress or egress of air or water through the material due to the differences in internal and external pressure bordering on the material of the clothing article is prevented, and the turbulence of air or water on the surface of 10 airtight and water-proof sheet is decreased.
2) Entry of air or water through the openings of the clothing article is prevented.
3) Vibration at the edges of the clothing article caused by fluid flow is prevented.
4) Reduction of the propulsive resistance of the clothing article is achieved by rectifying the flow of air and water thereover.
5) And decreases resistance during sporting events by causing the material to adhere firmly to the wearer's body, thereby preventing undulations on the surface of the wearer's body.
Additional benefits are as follows:
6) It is possible to achieve a relative increase the physical strength of the wearer of the clothing article as less strength is required to overcome fluid resistance.
7) It becomes impossible to see through the material of the clothing article.
It is also possible to arrange the airtight and water-proof sheet in such a manner as to emphasize the correct shape of the wearer's physique; this clothing is thus effective not rnerely as clothing for reducing resistance to fluids in sporting events also as leisure clothing in forms such as fashionable swimming costumes, etc.
The following explanation in which reference is made to the accompanying drawings should clarify the other features and benefits of this invention.
3. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is perspective view of the first example of the swimwear which is the subject of the present invention.
Figure 2 is a sectional view of the side in Figure 1.
Figure 3 is an enlarged sectional view along the lines III - III in Figure 1.
Figure 4 is a perspective view of the sheet showing the second example of the airtight and water-proof sheet patches.
Figure 5 is a perspective view of the sheet showing the third example of an airtight and water-proof sheet patch.
Figure 6 is an enlarged sectional view showing the ridges and grooves on the said sheet.
Figure 7 is an enlarged sectional view showing other examples of ridges and grooves.
Figure 8 is perspective view of the sheet showing the fourth example of an airtight and water-proof sheet patch.
Figure 9 is an enlarged view of a portion f the sheet of Figure 8 showing the convex and concave rows of the said sheet.
Figure 10 is a rear view of the bottom of the swimwear, indicating the fifth example.
Figure 11 is a rear view of the swimwear showing the sixth example.
Figure 12 is an enlarged view along the lines XII - XII in Figure 11.
Figure 13 is a rear view of the bottom of the swimwear showing the seventh example.
Figure 14 is a front view implemented on a part of a swimming cap.
Figure 15 is a front view showing an example of a suit for wear in cycling speed races.
Figure 16 is a rear view in Figure 15.
4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
We should like now to explain some practical examples of a clothing for reducing fluid resistance which is the subject of the present invention withreference to the drawings.
Figures 1 to 3 show the first example of the invention, namely as sw;mwear for women.
The swimwear as shown in Figure 1 is sewn using various types of flexible fibrous materials or sheet materials. Both sides of the neck opening (2), the side cuts (3), and the shoulder straps (4) which extend from the side cuts (3) are 2020897;
joined at the centre of the top edge of the back cut (S) which is opened wide down to the hips.
The bottom portion of the swimwear is designed with two leg openings (6) and a crotch cloth section (7). The neck cut (2), the side cuts (3), and 5 the back cut (5) are each trimmed by sewing edge cloth (8) on to their edges; the shoulder strap (4) is also equipped with the edging cloth (8). As to the surface of the swimwear (1), a chest patch of airtight and water-proof sheet (9) in a form similar to that of an inverted triangle with one border coming into contact with the edging cloth (8) at the centre of the neck opening (2) is attached to the sloping 10 chest surface (arrow A); side patches of airtight and water-proof sheet (10) in a form similar to that of an inverted triangle with one border coming into contact with the edging cloth (8) at the centre of the side cuts (3) are attached to the sloping surfaces at the sides (arrow B); and a back patch of airtight and water-proof sheet (11) in a form similar to that of an inverted triangle with one border coming 15 into contact with the edging cloth (8) at the centre of the back cut (5) is attached to the sloping surface on the lower back (arrow C).
The airtight and water-proof sheet patches (9), (10) and (11) are made by painting, ~ffixing, forming, stamping or mono-forming resin sheet with flexible properties, such as vinyl chloride, synthetic rubber, polyurethane, and silicon, onto 20 the material of the swimwear (1). The inner side is curved so as to fit closely with the contours of the wearer's body. The surface is formed smoothly, and trademarks, names or other such displays (12) can be set on the patches of airtight and water-proof sheet (9) and (11) on the chest or back.
The patches of airtight and water-proof sheet (9), (10) and (11) are structured so as to fit firmly and closely to the body contours of the wearer, complementing the flexibility of the swimwear itself (1).
In consequence of this structure, when swimming with this swimwear, S the chest sloping surface (arrow A) and the lower back sloping surface (arrow C) become such that the patches of airtight and water-proof sheet (9) and (11) assume a sloping shape in respect to the direction of water flow, with the result that the water coming into contact with said sheet patches glides past along the smooth surface. This means that there is no intrusion of water through the swimwear in the 10 said areas (arrows A and C). Furthermore, water is expelled from the bottom section, thus making it possible for the swimwear (1) to fit firmly and closely to the contours of the swimmer's body. Although the side patches of airtight and water-proof sheet (10) which are attached on the sloping surfaces at the sides (arrow B) slope backwards with respect to the direction of water flow, these patches prevent 15 the swimwear from stretching and inhibit vibration at the corresponding edges. In consequence, water coming into contact with said sheet patches glides past along the smooth surface, m~king it possible for the swimwear (1) to fit firmly and closely to the contours of the swimmer's body. Due to the manner in which the airtight and water-proof sheet patches (9),(10),(11) prevent water from intruding and by 20 which they form smooth surfaces, there is no absorption or egress of water caused by differences in internal and external pressure bordering on the material of the swimwear. Therefore, water turbulence on the patches of airtight and water-proof sheet can be lessened, and resistance to propulsion in the water can be reduced.
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Figure 4 shows another example of the above-mentioned patches of airtight and water-proof sheet (9), (10) and (11). Here we see a set of airtight and water-proof sheet patches (25) consisting of separated lengths of airtight and water-proof sheet (24), (24)... arranged in such a manner that the patches are generally aligned in the same direction as the anticipated flow of the fluid.
Figures 5 to 7 show other examples of the above-mentioned patches of airtight and water-proof sheet patches (9), (10) and (11) characterized in the formation of ridges and grooves (14) (height: min. 0.05 mm; pitch: max. 10 mm) situated on the surface of the sheet patches almost parallel to the direction of water movement. The cross section of the ridges and grooves (14) may be shaped in various different ways, as, for instance, in the triangular form shown in Figure 6 or the truncated form shown in Figure 7.
To summarize, the airtight and water-proof sheet which is formed with ridges and grooves (14) almost parallel to the direction of water movement on the surface of the sheet patches, constrains the water to flow generally in the direction of the ridges and grooves (14), eliminating turbulence in other directions and thereby resulting in turbulence rectification and the prevention of further turbulence at the rear.
As shown in Figures 8 and 9, is also possible to arrange the patches of airtight and water-proof sheet (9), (10) and (11) in a series of convex and concave rows (23) (height: min. 0.05 mm; pitch: min. 0.1 mm; distance between rows: max. 10 mm) consisting of a large number of very small bumps (22), (223 set almost parallel to the direction of movement of the water over the surface of the said sheet patches. As in the case of the above-mentioned ridges and grooves (14), these rows of fine convex and concave rows (23) constrain the water to flow past in the direction of the said rows and prevents the occurrence of turbulence in different directions, thereby exerting a rectification effect and further preventing turbulence at the rear.
Figure 10 shows an example of the airtight and water-proof sheet patches for the buttocks on the two buttocks parts (15), (15) of the swimwear (1).
The patches (15), (15) on the swilllw~ar (1) are shaped so as to cover completely the buttocks of the wearer, with the structure being such that the buttocks are tightly compressed by the tensile strength of the airtight and water-proof sheet buttocks patches (15), (15). As in the case of the other previously mentioned airtight and water-proof sheet patches, the airtight and water-proof sheet patches for the buttocks are able to prevent the inflow of water, to inhibit water turbulence on the sheet surface, and, in conjunction with the prevention of waveformation on the surface of the buttocks area as a result of tight fitting, to decrease resistance to propulsion in the water.
In Figures 11 and 12, we see ~willlw~ar in the case of which the trimming structure employing the edging cloth (8) of the neck opening (2) and the back cut (5) of the swimwear has been abandoned, and the edges of the material are formed by means of the upper edges (9a), (15a) of the airtight and water-proof sheet patch for the chest (9) and the airtight and water-proof sheet patches for the buttocks (15), (15), respectively.
The inner surface of the airtight and water-proof sheet patch for the chest (9) is used as the expanded portion (17) covering both breasts of the wearer, C
20~0897 and an adhesive layer (18) is formed on the surface of the expanded portion (17)to which a peelable backing paper (18a) is attached.
This structure results in the formation of upper edges (9a), (15a) continuous with the airtight and water-proof sheet patches (9), (15).
Consequentially, not only it is possible to decrease exterior differences in level, but firm attachment of the edges to the wearer's skin caused by the tensile flexibility of the airtight and water-proof sheet patches (9), (15) is also made possible, thereby forming a structure in which the intrusion of water from the edges is prevented.Furthermore, the structure whereby the peeling paper (18a) is peeled and the adhesive portion is affixed temporarily to the wearer's body makes it possible to prevent in a positive manner the intrusion of water from the edges.
Figure 13 shows an actual example of airtight and water-proof sheet patches on the buttocks area of swimwear (1) with a differently shaped bottom area.
The swimwear (1) in this example is shaped in the manner of trunks adhering closely to the body, being formed so that the bottom section provides covering down to buttocks and groin. The airtight and water-proof sheet patch for buttocks and lower buttocks (16) is formed in such a manner as to cover the buttocks and upper thigh sections of the said bottom section. In the structure employed in this example, the groin is covered by the airtight and water-proof sheet patch (16), with the result that formation of waves on the groin during swimmingand the ensuing turbulence can be prevented.
Figure 14 shows an example of the airtight and water-proof sheet patches (20) which are the subject of this invention attached to a portion of a swimming cap (19), and formed in such a manner that fine ridges and grooves (21)appear on the surface almost parallel to the flow of water during swimming.
Figures 15 and 16 show examples of cycle speed-racing suits (26) where the problem is air resistance. In these examples, the constituent parts are S the airtight and water-proof sheet patches for the shoulders (27) which stretch from both shoulders (26) to the sleeves, the airtight and water-proof sheet patches for the thighs (28) which cover both upper thighs, and the airtight and water-proof sheet patch for the back (29) which follows the line of the backbone. The direction of the fine ridges and grooves (30) of each of the airtight and water-proof sheet patches is determined, as shown by arrows A, in such a manner as to be almost parallel to the direction of the wind flow during use. The structure is thus one in which the airtight and water-proof sheet patches for the shoulders (27) and the airtight and water-proof sheet patches for the thighs (2g) are structured so that the fine ridges and grooves (30) extend in the direction intersecting the arms or legs piercing the sleeves and upper thigh sections.
It goes without saying that the area of the airtight and water-proof sheet shown in each of the above examples can be increased or decreased as necessary, and that the sheet may cover almost the whole area of the swimwear tothe extent that such does not inhibit movement.
The present commentary has been concerned with explaining in detail the most favourable embodiments of this invention. However, it is clear that there are many other possible embodiments which accord with the concepts and scope of the invention. For this reason, any other embodiments apart from those specifiedin the attached claims shall not in any way be bound by these specific embodiments.
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It is also possible to arrange the airtight and water-proof sheet in such a manner as to emphasize the correct shape of the wearer's physique; this clothing is thus effective not rnerely as clothing for reducing resistance to fluids in sporting events also as leisure clothing in forms such as fashionable swimming costumes, etc.
The following explanation in which reference is made to the accompanying drawings should clarify the other features and benefits of this invention.
3. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is perspective view of the first example of the swimwear which is the subject of the present invention.
Figure 2 is a sectional view of the side in Figure 1.
Figure 3 is an enlarged sectional view along the lines III - III in Figure 1.
Figure 4 is a perspective view of the sheet showing the second example of the airtight and water-proof sheet patches.
Figure 5 is a perspective view of the sheet showing the third example of an airtight and water-proof sheet patch.
Figure 6 is an enlarged sectional view showing the ridges and grooves on the said sheet.
Figure 7 is an enlarged sectional view showing other examples of ridges and grooves.
Figure 8 is perspective view of the sheet showing the fourth example of an airtight and water-proof sheet patch.
Figure 9 is an enlarged view of a portion f the sheet of Figure 8 showing the convex and concave rows of the said sheet.
Figure 10 is a rear view of the bottom of the swimwear, indicating the fifth example.
Figure 11 is a rear view of the swimwear showing the sixth example.
Figure 12 is an enlarged view along the lines XII - XII in Figure 11.
Figure 13 is a rear view of the bottom of the swimwear showing the seventh example.
Figure 14 is a front view implemented on a part of a swimming cap.
Figure 15 is a front view showing an example of a suit for wear in cycling speed races.
Figure 16 is a rear view in Figure 15.
4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
We should like now to explain some practical examples of a clothing for reducing fluid resistance which is the subject of the present invention withreference to the drawings.
Figures 1 to 3 show the first example of the invention, namely as sw;mwear for women.
The swimwear as shown in Figure 1 is sewn using various types of flexible fibrous materials or sheet materials. Both sides of the neck opening (2), the side cuts (3), and the shoulder straps (4) which extend from the side cuts (3) are 2020897;
joined at the centre of the top edge of the back cut (S) which is opened wide down to the hips.
The bottom portion of the swimwear is designed with two leg openings (6) and a crotch cloth section (7). The neck cut (2), the side cuts (3), and 5 the back cut (5) are each trimmed by sewing edge cloth (8) on to their edges; the shoulder strap (4) is also equipped with the edging cloth (8). As to the surface of the swimwear (1), a chest patch of airtight and water-proof sheet (9) in a form similar to that of an inverted triangle with one border coming into contact with the edging cloth (8) at the centre of the neck opening (2) is attached to the sloping 10 chest surface (arrow A); side patches of airtight and water-proof sheet (10) in a form similar to that of an inverted triangle with one border coming into contact with the edging cloth (8) at the centre of the side cuts (3) are attached to the sloping surfaces at the sides (arrow B); and a back patch of airtight and water-proof sheet (11) in a form similar to that of an inverted triangle with one border coming 15 into contact with the edging cloth (8) at the centre of the back cut (5) is attached to the sloping surface on the lower back (arrow C).
The airtight and water-proof sheet patches (9), (10) and (11) are made by painting, ~ffixing, forming, stamping or mono-forming resin sheet with flexible properties, such as vinyl chloride, synthetic rubber, polyurethane, and silicon, onto 20 the material of the swimwear (1). The inner side is curved so as to fit closely with the contours of the wearer's body. The surface is formed smoothly, and trademarks, names or other such displays (12) can be set on the patches of airtight and water-proof sheet (9) and (11) on the chest or back.
The patches of airtight and water-proof sheet (9), (10) and (11) are structured so as to fit firmly and closely to the body contours of the wearer, complementing the flexibility of the swimwear itself (1).
In consequence of this structure, when swimming with this swimwear, S the chest sloping surface (arrow A) and the lower back sloping surface (arrow C) become such that the patches of airtight and water-proof sheet (9) and (11) assume a sloping shape in respect to the direction of water flow, with the result that the water coming into contact with said sheet patches glides past along the smooth surface. This means that there is no intrusion of water through the swimwear in the 10 said areas (arrows A and C). Furthermore, water is expelled from the bottom section, thus making it possible for the swimwear (1) to fit firmly and closely to the contours of the swimmer's body. Although the side patches of airtight and water-proof sheet (10) which are attached on the sloping surfaces at the sides (arrow B) slope backwards with respect to the direction of water flow, these patches prevent 15 the swimwear from stretching and inhibit vibration at the corresponding edges. In consequence, water coming into contact with said sheet patches glides past along the smooth surface, m~king it possible for the swimwear (1) to fit firmly and closely to the contours of the swimmer's body. Due to the manner in which the airtight and water-proof sheet patches (9),(10),(11) prevent water from intruding and by 20 which they form smooth surfaces, there is no absorption or egress of water caused by differences in internal and external pressure bordering on the material of the swimwear. Therefore, water turbulence on the patches of airtight and water-proof sheet can be lessened, and resistance to propulsion in the water can be reduced.
C
Figure 4 shows another example of the above-mentioned patches of airtight and water-proof sheet (9), (10) and (11). Here we see a set of airtight and water-proof sheet patches (25) consisting of separated lengths of airtight and water-proof sheet (24), (24)... arranged in such a manner that the patches are generally aligned in the same direction as the anticipated flow of the fluid.
Figures 5 to 7 show other examples of the above-mentioned patches of airtight and water-proof sheet patches (9), (10) and (11) characterized in the formation of ridges and grooves (14) (height: min. 0.05 mm; pitch: max. 10 mm) situated on the surface of the sheet patches almost parallel to the direction of water movement. The cross section of the ridges and grooves (14) may be shaped in various different ways, as, for instance, in the triangular form shown in Figure 6 or the truncated form shown in Figure 7.
To summarize, the airtight and water-proof sheet which is formed with ridges and grooves (14) almost parallel to the direction of water movement on the surface of the sheet patches, constrains the water to flow generally in the direction of the ridges and grooves (14), eliminating turbulence in other directions and thereby resulting in turbulence rectification and the prevention of further turbulence at the rear.
As shown in Figures 8 and 9, is also possible to arrange the patches of airtight and water-proof sheet (9), (10) and (11) in a series of convex and concave rows (23) (height: min. 0.05 mm; pitch: min. 0.1 mm; distance between rows: max. 10 mm) consisting of a large number of very small bumps (22), (223 set almost parallel to the direction of movement of the water over the surface of the said sheet patches. As in the case of the above-mentioned ridges and grooves (14), these rows of fine convex and concave rows (23) constrain the water to flow past in the direction of the said rows and prevents the occurrence of turbulence in different directions, thereby exerting a rectification effect and further preventing turbulence at the rear.
Figure 10 shows an example of the airtight and water-proof sheet patches for the buttocks on the two buttocks parts (15), (15) of the swimwear (1).
The patches (15), (15) on the swilllw~ar (1) are shaped so as to cover completely the buttocks of the wearer, with the structure being such that the buttocks are tightly compressed by the tensile strength of the airtight and water-proof sheet buttocks patches (15), (15). As in the case of the other previously mentioned airtight and water-proof sheet patches, the airtight and water-proof sheet patches for the buttocks are able to prevent the inflow of water, to inhibit water turbulence on the sheet surface, and, in conjunction with the prevention of waveformation on the surface of the buttocks area as a result of tight fitting, to decrease resistance to propulsion in the water.
In Figures 11 and 12, we see ~willlw~ar in the case of which the trimming structure employing the edging cloth (8) of the neck opening (2) and the back cut (5) of the swimwear has been abandoned, and the edges of the material are formed by means of the upper edges (9a), (15a) of the airtight and water-proof sheet patch for the chest (9) and the airtight and water-proof sheet patches for the buttocks (15), (15), respectively.
The inner surface of the airtight and water-proof sheet patch for the chest (9) is used as the expanded portion (17) covering both breasts of the wearer, C
20~0897 and an adhesive layer (18) is formed on the surface of the expanded portion (17)to which a peelable backing paper (18a) is attached.
This structure results in the formation of upper edges (9a), (15a) continuous with the airtight and water-proof sheet patches (9), (15).
Consequentially, not only it is possible to decrease exterior differences in level, but firm attachment of the edges to the wearer's skin caused by the tensile flexibility of the airtight and water-proof sheet patches (9), (15) is also made possible, thereby forming a structure in which the intrusion of water from the edges is prevented.Furthermore, the structure whereby the peeling paper (18a) is peeled and the adhesive portion is affixed temporarily to the wearer's body makes it possible to prevent in a positive manner the intrusion of water from the edges.
Figure 13 shows an actual example of airtight and water-proof sheet patches on the buttocks area of swimwear (1) with a differently shaped bottom area.
The swimwear (1) in this example is shaped in the manner of trunks adhering closely to the body, being formed so that the bottom section provides covering down to buttocks and groin. The airtight and water-proof sheet patch for buttocks and lower buttocks (16) is formed in such a manner as to cover the buttocks and upper thigh sections of the said bottom section. In the structure employed in this example, the groin is covered by the airtight and water-proof sheet patch (16), with the result that formation of waves on the groin during swimmingand the ensuing turbulence can be prevented.
Figure 14 shows an example of the airtight and water-proof sheet patches (20) which are the subject of this invention attached to a portion of a swimming cap (19), and formed in such a manner that fine ridges and grooves (21)appear on the surface almost parallel to the flow of water during swimming.
Figures 15 and 16 show examples of cycle speed-racing suits (26) where the problem is air resistance. In these examples, the constituent parts are S the airtight and water-proof sheet patches for the shoulders (27) which stretch from both shoulders (26) to the sleeves, the airtight and water-proof sheet patches for the thighs (28) which cover both upper thighs, and the airtight and water-proof sheet patch for the back (29) which follows the line of the backbone. The direction of the fine ridges and grooves (30) of each of the airtight and water-proof sheet patches is determined, as shown by arrows A, in such a manner as to be almost parallel to the direction of the wind flow during use. The structure is thus one in which the airtight and water-proof sheet patches for the shoulders (27) and the airtight and water-proof sheet patches for the thighs (2g) are structured so that the fine ridges and grooves (30) extend in the direction intersecting the arms or legs piercing the sleeves and upper thigh sections.
It goes without saying that the area of the airtight and water-proof sheet shown in each of the above examples can be increased or decreased as necessary, and that the sheet may cover almost the whole area of the swimwear tothe extent that such does not inhibit movement.
The present commentary has been concerned with explaining in detail the most favourable embodiments of this invention. However, it is clear that there are many other possible embodiments which accord with the concepts and scope of the invention. For this reason, any other embodiments apart from those specifiedin the attached claims shall not in any way be bound by these specific embodiments.
C
Claims (13)
1. A clothing article of fibrous cloth or sheet cloth comprising:
a neck opening;
side cuts;
a back cut; and at least one patch of a smooth-surfaced, airtight and waterproof material covering a portion of said clothing article, wherein said at least one patch is adjacent to one of said neck opening, side cuts, or back cut to reduce fluid resistance of the clothing article.
a neck opening;
side cuts;
a back cut; and at least one patch of a smooth-surfaced, airtight and waterproof material covering a portion of said clothing article, wherein said at least one patch is adjacent to one of said neck opening, side cuts, or back cut to reduce fluid resistance of the clothing article.
2. A clothing article as recited in claim 1, wherein said at least one patch comprises a group of airtight and waterproof sheet fragments arranged in rows.
3. A clothing article as recited in either one of claims 1 or 2, wherein said at least one patch comprises a flexible sheet of resin material selected from the group consisting of vinyl chloride, synthetic rubber, polyurethane and silicone;
and wherein the sheet is secured to the surface of the clothing.
and wherein the sheet is secured to the surface of the clothing.
4. A clothing article as recited in claim 1, wherein the patch is shaped according to contours of the body of a wearer wearing the clothing, and wherein said at least one patch adheres closely to the body of the wearer.
5. A clothing article as recited in claim 1, wherein a separate patch is provided adjacent to each of two side cuts, the neck cut, and the back cut, and wherein an upper edge of each patch serves, respectively, as an edge of said neck opening, one of said side cuts, and the back cut.
6. A clothing article as recited in claim 1, further comprising edging clothing forming an edge of the neck opening, an edge along the side cuts, and an edge along the back cut, and wherein said at least one patch has an upper edge in contact with the edging cloth.
7. A clothing article as recited in claim 1, wherein a bottom part of the clothing is shaped so as to envelop at least the upper thigh of a wearer; and wherein said at least one patch covers the buttocks of the wearer and continues down to the upper thighs of the wearer.
8. A clothing article as recited in claim 1, wherein said at least one patch has an inner side which can be affixed temporarily to the contours of the wearer.
9. A clothing article as recited in claim 1, wherein the surface of said at least one patch has a surface available for displays such as brand names.
10. A clothing article of fibrous cloth or sheet cloth comprising:
a neck opening;
side cuts;
a back cut; and at least one patch of an airtight and water-proof material covering a portion of said clothing article;
wherein said at least one patch is adjacent to at least one of said neck opening, side cuts, and back cut to reduce fluid resistance of the clothing article, wherein fine ridges and grooves are formed on a surface of said at least one patch and wherein the ridges and grooves are arranged along an axis of direction of flow of fluid past the article.
a neck opening;
side cuts;
a back cut; and at least one patch of an airtight and water-proof material covering a portion of said clothing article;
wherein said at least one patch is adjacent to at least one of said neck opening, side cuts, and back cut to reduce fluid resistance of the clothing article, wherein fine ridges and grooves are formed on a surface of said at least one patch and wherein the ridges and grooves are arranged along an axis of direction of flow of fluid past the article.
11. A clothing article as recited in claim 10, wherein the at least one patch comprises a group of airtight and waterproof sheet fragments arranged in rows.
12. A clothing article of fibrous cloth or sheet cloth comprising:
a neck opening;
side cuts;
a back cut; and at least one patch of an airtight and water-proof material covering a portion of said clothing article;
wherein said at least one patch is adjacent to at least one of said neck opening, side cuts, and back cut to reduce fluid resistance of the clothing article, wherein fine concave and convex rows are formed on a surface of said at least one patch and the direction of the concave and convex rows is arranged in a direction of flow of fluid past the article.
a neck opening;
side cuts;
a back cut; and at least one patch of an airtight and water-proof material covering a portion of said clothing article;
wherein said at least one patch is adjacent to at least one of said neck opening, side cuts, and back cut to reduce fluid resistance of the clothing article, wherein fine concave and convex rows are formed on a surface of said at least one patch and the direction of the concave and convex rows is arranged in a direction of flow of fluid past the article.
13. A clothing article as recited in claim 12, wherein the at least one patch comprises a group of airtight and water-proof sheet fragments arranged in rows.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1-87144 | 1989-07-24 | ||
| JP8714489 | 1989-07-24 | ||
| JP2-47424 | 1990-05-07 | ||
| JP4742490 | 1990-05-07 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2020897A1 CA2020897A1 (en) | 1991-01-25 |
| CA2020897C true CA2020897C (en) | 1995-08-01 |
Family
ID=26387583
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002020897A Expired - Lifetime CA2020897C (en) | 1989-07-24 | 1990-07-11 | Clothing for reducing fluid resistance |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5033116A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0411351B1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU629015B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2020897C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69008453T2 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2051413T3 (en) |
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| JPH0634324Y2 (en) * | 1991-11-15 | 1994-09-07 | 株式会社デサント | Fluid resistance reduced clothing |
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| US5742936A (en) * | 1994-08-18 | 1998-04-28 | Tronc; Nicolas | Tight-fitting garment, notably for sportswear such as diving suits |
| CA2144350A1 (en) * | 1995-03-10 | 1996-09-11 | John Waring | Drag reducing arrangement for athlete |
| US5887280A (en) * | 1995-03-10 | 1999-03-30 | Waring; John | Wearable article for athlete with vortex generators to reduce form drag |
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| US5836016A (en) * | 1996-02-02 | 1998-11-17 | Jacobs; David L. | Method and system for reducing drag on the movement of bluff bodies through a fluid medium and increasing heat transfer |
| WO1997008966A1 (en) * | 1995-09-08 | 1997-03-13 | Jacobs David L | Reducing drag on bodies moving through fluid mediums |
| DE19650439C1 (en) * | 1996-12-05 | 1998-03-12 | Deutsch Zentr Luft & Raumfahrt | Ribbed surface for wall subjected to turbulent airflow |
| US6901873B1 (en) * | 1997-10-09 | 2005-06-07 | Thomas G. Lang | Low-drag hydrodynamic surfaces |
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| NL1013310C1 (en) * | 1999-02-08 | 2000-08-10 | Gierveld Beheer Bv | Cloth for sportswear, its use for the manufacture of sportswear and sportswear. |
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| US1587605A (en) * | 1925-10-23 | 1926-06-08 | Robert H Scroggins | Swimming apparatus |
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-
1990
- 1990-07-10 ES ES90113116T patent/ES2051413T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-07-10 US US07/550,574 patent/US5033116A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-07-10 EP EP90113116A patent/EP0411351B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-07-10 DE DE69008453T patent/DE69008453T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-07-11 CA CA002020897A patent/CA2020897C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-07-23 AU AU59734/90A patent/AU629015B2/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0411351A1 (en) | 1991-02-06 |
| DE69008453D1 (en) | 1994-06-01 |
| AU5973490A (en) | 1991-01-24 |
| EP0411351B1 (en) | 1994-04-27 |
| AU629015B2 (en) | 1992-09-24 |
| ES2051413T3 (en) | 1994-06-16 |
| CA2020897A1 (en) | 1991-01-25 |
| US5033116A (en) | 1991-07-23 |
| DE69008453T2 (en) | 1994-08-18 |
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