CA2028680A1 - Hydrocarbon-rich gels as fracturing fluids - Google Patents
Hydrocarbon-rich gels as fracturing fluidsInfo
- Publication number
- CA2028680A1 CA2028680A1 CA002028680A CA2028680A CA2028680A1 CA 2028680 A1 CA2028680 A1 CA 2028680A1 CA 002028680 A CA002028680 A CA 002028680A CA 2028680 A CA2028680 A CA 2028680A CA 2028680 A1 CA2028680 A1 CA 2028680A1
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- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- weight
- hydrocarbon
- surfactant
- rich
- water
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/62—Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
- C09K8/64—Oil-based compositions
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S507/00—Earth boring, well treating, and oil field chemistry
- Y10S507/922—Fracture fluid
Abstract
Abstract The use of hydrocarbon-rich gels as fracturing fluids is disclosed. The gels are composed of 50 to 99.5% by weight of hydrocarbon, 0.01 to 15% by weight of surfactant and 0.49 to 35% by weight of water. The facturing fluids according to the invention are comprised of 40 to 99.9% by weight of a gel and 0.1 to 60% by weight of an auxiliary, such as sand and bentonites.
Description
3 ~
Re~. 3437 Dr. My/siO121 The use of hydrocarbon-rich qels as fracturing fluids Hydraulic fracturing technology is of growing lmportance for the improvement of crude oil and natural gas yields during production from crude oil and natural gas reservoirs.
Fracturing treatments are carried out starting from the production well, the fundamental features of this process being that viscoelastic liquids which may be oil- or water-soluble are injected under high pr~ssure, optionally with the addition of auxiliaries, this bring-ing about fracturing of the oil- or gas-producing formation. During this process, the viscoelastic liquid acting as the carrier for the auxiliary is forced into the resulting cracks and by this means the permeability of the reservoir rock is increased.
After removal of the fracturing fluid the cracks which have been formed are kept open by the auxiliary which remains, this giving a drastic increase in the oil or gas flow to the production well.
Oil-based frac systems must be used if the reservoir rock contains water-sensitive mineral compo-nents such as, for example, clays, which in the presence of water can lead by swelling to reservoir damage, i.e.
reduction in permeability.
: A hydrocarbon-rich gel is understood to mean a system which is composed of polyhedra formed from surfac-tant, these polyhedra being filled with hydrocarbon, and water forming a continuous phase in the narrow inter-stices between the polyhedra. Systems of thi~ type are known and des~ribed in Angew. Chem. lOO 933 (1988) and Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 92 1158 (1988).
Surprisingly, it has now been found that these hydrocarbon-rich gels are eminently suitable as fractur-ing fluids in the tertiary recovery of crude oil and natural gas.
The present invention accordingly provides the use as fracturing fluids of hydrocarbon-rich gels which are composed of 50 to 99.5% by weight of hydrocarbon, - 2 - Ref. 3437 ~
Dr. My/siO121 0.01 to 15% by weight of surfactant and 0.49 to 35% by weight of water.
The hydrocarbon-rich gels are preferably composed of 80 to 99.5~ by weight of hydrocarbon, 0.01 to 5% ~y weight of surfactant and 0.49 to 15~ by weight of water.
The hydrocarbon-rich gels are particularly preferably composed of 85 to 99.3% by weight of hydrocar-bon, 0.01 to 1% by weight of surfactant and 0.69 to 14 by weight of water.
Examples of hydrocarbon components present in the hydrocarbon-rich gels are satura~ed or unsaturated aliphatics or aromatics. Also suitable are hydrocarbon mixtures in anyidesired ratio.
Preferred hydrocarbons are n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane, n-dodecane, n-tetradecane, n-hexadecane, cyclohexane, cyclooctane, benzene, toluehe, ksrosine, gasolinel lead-free gasoline and diesel oil.
The surfactant components present in the ~0 hydrocarbon-rich gels are preferably surfactants having a chain length of the aliphatic (hydrophobic) molecular component of 4 to 20 carbon atoms, it being possible for the hydrophilic head group to be anionic, cationic or else non-ionic.
Particularly preferred surfactants are the compounds of the following structures:
( C 4 F g ~ C H 2 ) 4 N~> ) ~ C 5 F 1 1 C O O H
C6f 13CH2COOH C3F~ 7COONH4 9 1 gCOOH Cgf ~ gCOONH ( CH3 ) 3 a~ 9~3 Cg Fl g COON ( CH3 ) 4Cg F ~ 9 COONH4 Cg F ~ 7 COONH3 ( C2 5 Cg F 1 7 COONH3 CH3 - 3 - Ref. 3437 Dr. My/siO121 3 2 ) l 1\0/CH3 0 /N\ 3r ( H3C--( CH~ ) l 1 ) 2--N--( CH3 ) zar H3 C--( CH2 ) 7 CH3 ( C 1 0 H 2 1 N~ ) C 1 C 1 3 H 2 1 S O 0 N a 1 2 2 3 ~ ( CH 2 ~ --S00 ~) 0 1 ? 2 3 N~ Cl l 2 H 2 3 N~ 3 r HO
Cl 2HZ3N~ >-( CH2 ) 6 S03 C1 ;~H23N ~ CH3 ) 300C
C~2H23N~CH3)2--(CH2)~3 S03 Cl2H23N~cH3l3ar H3C--~ CH;~ ) 1 5~0~CH3 ~3 Cl4H29N~CH3)33r N 3r H3C--~ CH2 ) 7 CH3 (~)~ 9 ~\~ ~So3.
Re~. 3437 Dr. My/siO121 The use of hydrocarbon-rich qels as fracturing fluids Hydraulic fracturing technology is of growing lmportance for the improvement of crude oil and natural gas yields during production from crude oil and natural gas reservoirs.
Fracturing treatments are carried out starting from the production well, the fundamental features of this process being that viscoelastic liquids which may be oil- or water-soluble are injected under high pr~ssure, optionally with the addition of auxiliaries, this bring-ing about fracturing of the oil- or gas-producing formation. During this process, the viscoelastic liquid acting as the carrier for the auxiliary is forced into the resulting cracks and by this means the permeability of the reservoir rock is increased.
After removal of the fracturing fluid the cracks which have been formed are kept open by the auxiliary which remains, this giving a drastic increase in the oil or gas flow to the production well.
Oil-based frac systems must be used if the reservoir rock contains water-sensitive mineral compo-nents such as, for example, clays, which in the presence of water can lead by swelling to reservoir damage, i.e.
reduction in permeability.
: A hydrocarbon-rich gel is understood to mean a system which is composed of polyhedra formed from surfac-tant, these polyhedra being filled with hydrocarbon, and water forming a continuous phase in the narrow inter-stices between the polyhedra. Systems of thi~ type are known and des~ribed in Angew. Chem. lOO 933 (1988) and Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 92 1158 (1988).
Surprisingly, it has now been found that these hydrocarbon-rich gels are eminently suitable as fractur-ing fluids in the tertiary recovery of crude oil and natural gas.
The present invention accordingly provides the use as fracturing fluids of hydrocarbon-rich gels which are composed of 50 to 99.5% by weight of hydrocarbon, - 2 - Ref. 3437 ~
Dr. My/siO121 0.01 to 15% by weight of surfactant and 0.49 to 35% by weight of water.
The hydrocarbon-rich gels are preferably composed of 80 to 99.5~ by weight of hydrocarbon, 0.01 to 5% ~y weight of surfactant and 0.49 to 15~ by weight of water.
The hydrocarbon-rich gels are particularly preferably composed of 85 to 99.3% by weight of hydrocar-bon, 0.01 to 1% by weight of surfactant and 0.69 to 14 by weight of water.
Examples of hydrocarbon components present in the hydrocarbon-rich gels are satura~ed or unsaturated aliphatics or aromatics. Also suitable are hydrocarbon mixtures in anyidesired ratio.
Preferred hydrocarbons are n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane, n-dodecane, n-tetradecane, n-hexadecane, cyclohexane, cyclooctane, benzene, toluehe, ksrosine, gasolinel lead-free gasoline and diesel oil.
The surfactant components present in the ~0 hydrocarbon-rich gels are preferably surfactants having a chain length of the aliphatic (hydrophobic) molecular component of 4 to 20 carbon atoms, it being possible for the hydrophilic head group to be anionic, cationic or else non-ionic.
Particularly preferred surfactants are the compounds of the following structures:
( C 4 F g ~ C H 2 ) 4 N~> ) ~ C 5 F 1 1 C O O H
C6f 13CH2COOH C3F~ 7COONH4 9 1 gCOOH Cgf ~ gCOONH ( CH3 ) 3 a~ 9~3 Cg Fl g COON ( CH3 ) 4Cg F ~ 9 COONH4 Cg F ~ 7 COONH3 ( C2 5 Cg F 1 7 COONH3 CH3 - 3 - Ref. 3437 Dr. My/siO121 3 2 ) l 1\0/CH3 0 /N\ 3r ( H3C--( CH~ ) l 1 ) 2--N--( CH3 ) zar H3 C--( CH2 ) 7 CH3 ( C 1 0 H 2 1 N~ ) C 1 C 1 3 H 2 1 S O 0 N a 1 2 2 3 ~ ( CH 2 ~ --S00 ~) 0 1 ? 2 3 N~ Cl l 2 H 2 3 N~ 3 r HO
Cl 2HZ3N~ >-( CH2 ) 6 S03 C1 ;~H23N ~ CH3 ) 300C
C~2H23N~CH3)2--(CH2)~3 S03 Cl2H23N~cH3l3ar H3C--~ CH;~ ) 1 5~0~CH3 ~3 Cl4H29N~CH3)33r N 3r H3C--~ CH2 ) 7 CH3 (~)~ 9 ~\~ ~So3.
- 4 - Ref. 3437 Dr. ~y/siO121 a C 1 4 H 2 9 N ( C H 3 ~ (~ O 0 1 4 2 3 IN~ ) C 1 C 1 6 H 3 3 N ( C H 3 ) 3 C 1 1 6 3 3 N~ C 1 ( C 1 6 H 3 3 N~ ) ~ 5 3 ( C 1 6 H 3 3 N ( C H 3 ) 3 ) 3 P 0 4 H ~
C 1 6 H 3 3 N 1 C H 3 ) 3 ) ~ O O C
Most particularly preferred surfactants are C1 2H2s53 Na C9H19--~0--I CH2--CH20t--,~H
where x = 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 23, 30 and 3 IC~O~l CH2--CH2--t--1 oH
C 1 6 H 3 3 N 1 C H 3 ) 3 ) ~ O O C
Most particularly preferred surfactants are C1 2H2s53 Na C9H19--~0--I CH2--CH20t--,~H
where x = 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 23, 30 and 3 IC~O~l CH2--CH2--t--1 oH
- 5 ~ Ref. 3437 ~
Dr. ~y/siO121 The hydrocarbon-rich gels used as fracturing fluids preferably contain auxiliaries.
The present invention accordingly also provides fracturing fluids which are composed of a) 40 to 99.9% by weight of a hydrocarbon-rich gel containing 50 to 99.9% by weight of hydrocarbon, 0.01 to 15% by weight of surfactant and 0.49 to 35% by weight of water and b) 0.1 to 60% by weight of an auxiliary.
Preferred fracturing fluids are composed of 45 to 55% by weight of hydrocarbon-rich gel and 45 to 55% by weight of auxiliary. In preferred fracturing fluids, the hydro-carbon-rich gel contains 80 to 99.5% by weight of hydro-carbon, 0.01 to 5% by weight o surfactant and 0.49 to 15% by weight of water.
In particularly preferred fracturing fluids, the hydrocarbon-rich gel contains 85 to 99.3% by weight- of hydrocarbon, 0.01 to 1% by weight of surfactant and 0.69 to 14~ by weight of water.
The auxiliaries are, in particular, those known to a person skilled in the art and customarily used in hydrocarbons production technolo~y. Preference is given to sand and bentonites.
The hydrocarbon-rich gels can be prepared by the process given in Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 92 1158 (1988). The fracturing fluids according to the invention can be prepared by mixing the hydrocarbon-rich gels with the appropriate amount of auxiliary.
The hydrocarbon-rich gels or the fracturing fluids according to the invention are eminently suitable for use in the production of crude oil and natural gas.
Oscillation measurements reveal a significant predominance of the elastic component over the viscous component. The hydrocarbon-rich gels have a viscosity, governed by the gel structure, which is high enough to achieve the required crack width for the transport and distribution of the auxiliary. As expected, the shear viscosity fall~ qharply with increasing ~hear rate.
Dr. ~y/siO121 The hydrocarbon-rich gels used as fracturing fluids preferably contain auxiliaries.
The present invention accordingly also provides fracturing fluids which are composed of a) 40 to 99.9% by weight of a hydrocarbon-rich gel containing 50 to 99.9% by weight of hydrocarbon, 0.01 to 15% by weight of surfactant and 0.49 to 35% by weight of water and b) 0.1 to 60% by weight of an auxiliary.
Preferred fracturing fluids are composed of 45 to 55% by weight of hydrocarbon-rich gel and 45 to 55% by weight of auxiliary. In preferred fracturing fluids, the hydro-carbon-rich gel contains 80 to 99.5% by weight of hydro-carbon, 0.01 to 5% by weight o surfactant and 0.49 to 15% by weight of water.
In particularly preferred fracturing fluids, the hydrocarbon-rich gel contains 85 to 99.3% by weight- of hydrocarbon, 0.01 to 1% by weight of surfactant and 0.69 to 14~ by weight of water.
The auxiliaries are, in particular, those known to a person skilled in the art and customarily used in hydrocarbons production technolo~y. Preference is given to sand and bentonites.
The hydrocarbon-rich gels can be prepared by the process given in Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 92 1158 (1988). The fracturing fluids according to the invention can be prepared by mixing the hydrocarbon-rich gels with the appropriate amount of auxiliary.
The hydrocarbon-rich gels or the fracturing fluids according to the invention are eminently suitable for use in the production of crude oil and natural gas.
Oscillation measurements reveal a significant predominance of the elastic component over the viscous component. The hydrocarbon-rich gels have a viscosity, governed by the gel structure, which is high enough to achieve the required crack width for the transport and distribution of the auxiliary. As expected, the shear viscosity fall~ qharply with increasing ~hear rate.
- 6 - Ref. 3437 2 ~2 ~
Dr. My/siO121 Furthermore, a yield point can be detected by measurement. On deformation, the hydrocarbon-rich gels obey Hooke's law up to a certain deformation limit. Above this limit, the substance begins to flow and from then on has Newtonian behaviour. Limits of this type are under-stood to be yield points. This gives a clean and rapid removal of the decomposed fracturing fluids and a spon-taneous influx of the reservoir medium (oil, gas).
Moreover, substantially reduced friction is achieved on pumping the system through lines and also in the crack which has been formed. Likewise, clogging effects are avoided during crack formation. The flow curves obtained from plotting elasticity as a function of time tstress test) reveal that the systems have pseudoplastic behaviour. The values of shear stress are seen to increase with shear rate in the low shear rate range, followed by a~plateau region in which the-shear stress is virtually independent of the shear rate. Depending on the composition of the systems, the third section of the curve reveals a spontaneous drop which results from breakdown of the gel structure. Flow curves of this type indicate an exceptional shear stability of the systems on use in fracturing fluids. Rheological measurements as a function of the temperature reveal an exceptionally good thermostability of the systems in the range between -20 and 120C/ preferably in the range between 2C and 80C.
This is a surprising result considering the high vapour pressure of the hydrocarbon component.
Dr. My/siO121 Furthermore, a yield point can be detected by measurement. On deformation, the hydrocarbon-rich gels obey Hooke's law up to a certain deformation limit. Above this limit, the substance begins to flow and from then on has Newtonian behaviour. Limits of this type are under-stood to be yield points. This gives a clean and rapid removal of the decomposed fracturing fluids and a spon-taneous influx of the reservoir medium (oil, gas).
Moreover, substantially reduced friction is achieved on pumping the system through lines and also in the crack which has been formed. Likewise, clogging effects are avoided during crack formation. The flow curves obtained from plotting elasticity as a function of time tstress test) reveal that the systems have pseudoplastic behaviour. The values of shear stress are seen to increase with shear rate in the low shear rate range, followed by a~plateau region in which the-shear stress is virtually independent of the shear rate. Depending on the composition of the systems, the third section of the curve reveals a spontaneous drop which results from breakdown of the gel structure. Flow curves of this type indicate an exceptional shear stability of the systems on use in fracturing fluids. Rheological measurements as a function of the temperature reveal an exceptionally good thermostability of the systems in the range between -20 and 120C/ preferably in the range between 2C and 80C.
This is a surprising result considering the high vapour pressure of the hydrocarbon component.
- 7 - Re~. 3437 ?, ~ 5 ~ ') Dr. My/siO121 The following Examples give particularly suitable hydrocarbon-rich gels:
Example Surfactant ~ydrocarbon HC S~lrfactant H2o (% by (~ by (Z by _ ~eigkt wei~ht!~eight) 1 pentane 98.5 0.6 0.9 [C4 Fg ( C~2 ), ~ I9 2 " hexana 97.3 0.6 2.1 3 " heptane 95.3 1.4 3.3 4 " octane 89.4 2.3 8.3 5C5FllCOOH - toluene 85.7 5.6 8.7 6 " heptane 95,3 0.4 4.3 7 " nonane 74.5 5.0 20.5 8 ~' decane 82.4 2.1 15.5 9C6Fl3CH2COOH pentane 92.4 2.5 5.1 10,. ~ hexane 90.8 1.4 7.8 11 '' cyclohexane 84.2 4.3 11.5 12 " heptane 95.4 0.8 3.8 13CBFl7COO~NH4 pentane 95.6 1.2 3.2 14 " octane 64.5 6.2 29.3 " , nonane 83.2 3.1 13-.7 16 " dodecane 72.4 2.6` 25.0 17 " tetradecane 63.2 2.5 34.3 18 " hexadecane 65.1 2.8 32.1 19CgFlgCOOH hexane 79.6 4.9 15.5 " heptane 73.8 2.9 23.3 21 " octane 75.3 4.8 19.9 22 " decane 83.2 2.9 13.9 23 " toluene 71.2 5.0 23.8 24 " gas oil 64.8 2.7 32.5 CgFlgC00 ~ H(CH3)3 hexane 92.5 2.6 4 9 26 " cyclohexane 97.9 0.4 1.7 27 " heptane 95.6 0.6 3.8 28 " octane 63.5 6.2 30.3 29CgFlgC00 ~ (CH3)4 hexane 86.7 3.1 10.2 " heptane 83.4 2.8 13.8 31CgFl9C00 ~ (CH3)4 octane 92.5 2.1 5.4 32 " dodecane 65.8 2.7 31.5 33CgFlgC00 ~ H4 cyclooctane 78.4 4.8 16.8 34 '' decane 76.4 4.7 18.9 " naphtha 84.5 3.2 1.2.3 36 " dodecane 66.2 5.3 28.5 37 CgF17COO~H3(C2H5) hexane 86.3 2.5 11,2 38 " heptane 93.2 0.8 6 39 " benzene 66.2 5.3 28.5 " dodecane 86.2 2.4 11.4 41CgFl7C00 ~ H3CH3 hexane 98.4 0.8 0.8 42 " heptane 95.3 0.6 4.1 43 " octane 84.3 2.6 13.1 44 " dodecane 68.9 6.2 24.9 " benzene 63.4 5.2 31.4 (3~'J
- 8 - Ref. 3437 Dr. My/siO121 Example Surfactant Hydrocarbon HC Surfactant Hzo (~ by (% by (% by weight wei~ht) _ wei~ht~
46 r ~,=~ 1 pentane 94.5 0,6 4.9 L C~oH2~ Cl~
47 " heptane 96.5 0.6 2.9 48 " octane 84.8 2.9 12.3 49 " cyclooctane 78.3 9.4 12.3 50 " toluene 81.0 4.9 14.1 51ClOH2lSO4~Na hexane 98.4 0.5 1.1 52 " heptane 96.2 0.7 3.1 53 " decane 83.4 2.9 13.7 S4 " dodecane 82.4 2.9 14.7 55 " tetradecane 79.4 3.2 17.4 56 heptane 79.6 4.9 15.5 Cl~H23~~ ~(CH2~7 53 57 " octane 84.2 2.9 12.9 58 " nonane 82.3 2.2 15.5 59 ' decane 79.5 4.2 16.3 ~r=~ 9 ~2 23 ~ (CH2)7-503 "toluene 67.8 7.1 25.1 61Cl2H23~NH3Cla hexane 97.5 0.5 2.0 62 " heptane 95.6 1.4 3.0 63 " octane 83.5 2.9 13.6 64 " decane 83.4 3.3 13.3 65 " dodecane 69.5 7.3 23.2 66 pentane 87.5 2.6 9.9 ~2 ?3 ~ Cl 67 " hexane - 67.4 7.6 25.0 68 " toluene 61.4 7.0 31.6 69 " naphtha 65.8 6.0 28.2 hexane 78.9 5.2 15.9 12 23 ~ Or 71 " nonane 86.5 2.9 10.6 72 " benzene 76.4 3.2 20.4 73 " dodecane 85.7 5.4 8.9 74 " heptane 95.8 0.9 3.3 _ g _ Ref. 3437 Dr. My/siO121 Example Surfactant Hydrocarbon HC Sur~actant H20 (~ by (X by (% by weight ~eight) wei~ht~
hexane 97 8 0.1 2.1 C
l? 23 ~ 2)6 3 76 " octane 95.6 1.0 3.4 77 " nonane 83.4 2.8 13.8 78 " tetradecane 90.5 1.2 8.3 79 " lead-free 89.2 2.1 8.7 gasoline " aviation 66.3 4.8 28.9 gasoline 81 hexane 92.4 1.0 6.6 HO~y~
Cl2H23~CH~3 ooC ~
82 " pentane 65.2 3.8 31.0 83 " decane 76.7 3.0 20.3 84 Cl2H23~N(cH3)2- heptane 78.9 2.4 18.7 ( cHz ) B -S03e " octane 85.5 5.3 9.2 86 " decane 94.9 0.05 5.05 87 " hexadecane 64.5 6.1 29.4 88 Cl2H23~N(CH3)3Bre hexane 98.04 0.02 1.94 89 " heptane 84.2 1.2 14.6 ~' octane 96.4 0.08 3.52 91 Cl2H250SO3~Na hexane 82.3 2.2 15.5 92 " heptane 90.5 1.2 8.3 93 n aviation 89.2 2.0 8.8 gasoline 94 " naphtha 96.2 0.8 3.0 Cl4H29~N(CH3)3Bre hexane 97.86 0.04 2.1 96 " heptane 74.3 3.4 22.3 97 " octane 83.0 3.3 13.7 98 " dodecane 79.7 4.8 15.5 99 hexane 82.1 2.4 15.5 Cl4H29~l ~ )3Cl 100 n heptane 74.3 3.4 22.3 101 CH hexane 97.86 0.02 2.12 ~1 3r=~
l5H29 ~ C13 102 " heptane 73.5 2.6: 23.9 103 " decane 65.2 2.7 32.1 - 10 - Re ~ . 3 4 3 7 2 Dr. My/~iO121 Example Surfactant Hydrocarbon HC Sur~actant H20 (% by (% by (~ by _ _ _ _ weieht weight~ weieht~
104 pentane 96.5 0.6 2.9 ~6H33~(CH3)3Cl 105 " hexane 98.34 0.02 1.64 106 " octane 72.5 2.6 24.9 107 hexane 98.25 0.02 1.73 C16 H3 3~cla 108 " decane 79.7 4.8 15.5 109 " toluene 90.6 1.4 8.0 110 " benzene 95.2 0.5 4.3 111 ' octane 96.25 0.04 3.71 [C 1 6 H 3 3 ~ ( c H 3 ) 3~ 3P0~
112 " ~ nonane 82.5 2.1; 15.4
Example Surfactant ~ydrocarbon HC S~lrfactant H2o (% by (~ by (Z by _ ~eigkt wei~ht!~eight) 1 pentane 98.5 0.6 0.9 [C4 Fg ( C~2 ), ~ I9 2 " hexana 97.3 0.6 2.1 3 " heptane 95.3 1.4 3.3 4 " octane 89.4 2.3 8.3 5C5FllCOOH - toluene 85.7 5.6 8.7 6 " heptane 95,3 0.4 4.3 7 " nonane 74.5 5.0 20.5 8 ~' decane 82.4 2.1 15.5 9C6Fl3CH2COOH pentane 92.4 2.5 5.1 10,. ~ hexane 90.8 1.4 7.8 11 '' cyclohexane 84.2 4.3 11.5 12 " heptane 95.4 0.8 3.8 13CBFl7COO~NH4 pentane 95.6 1.2 3.2 14 " octane 64.5 6.2 29.3 " , nonane 83.2 3.1 13-.7 16 " dodecane 72.4 2.6` 25.0 17 " tetradecane 63.2 2.5 34.3 18 " hexadecane 65.1 2.8 32.1 19CgFlgCOOH hexane 79.6 4.9 15.5 " heptane 73.8 2.9 23.3 21 " octane 75.3 4.8 19.9 22 " decane 83.2 2.9 13.9 23 " toluene 71.2 5.0 23.8 24 " gas oil 64.8 2.7 32.5 CgFlgC00 ~ H(CH3)3 hexane 92.5 2.6 4 9 26 " cyclohexane 97.9 0.4 1.7 27 " heptane 95.6 0.6 3.8 28 " octane 63.5 6.2 30.3 29CgFlgC00 ~ (CH3)4 hexane 86.7 3.1 10.2 " heptane 83.4 2.8 13.8 31CgFl9C00 ~ (CH3)4 octane 92.5 2.1 5.4 32 " dodecane 65.8 2.7 31.5 33CgFlgC00 ~ H4 cyclooctane 78.4 4.8 16.8 34 '' decane 76.4 4.7 18.9 " naphtha 84.5 3.2 1.2.3 36 " dodecane 66.2 5.3 28.5 37 CgF17COO~H3(C2H5) hexane 86.3 2.5 11,2 38 " heptane 93.2 0.8 6 39 " benzene 66.2 5.3 28.5 " dodecane 86.2 2.4 11.4 41CgFl7C00 ~ H3CH3 hexane 98.4 0.8 0.8 42 " heptane 95.3 0.6 4.1 43 " octane 84.3 2.6 13.1 44 " dodecane 68.9 6.2 24.9 " benzene 63.4 5.2 31.4 (3~'J
- 8 - Ref. 3437 Dr. My/siO121 Example Surfactant Hydrocarbon HC Surfactant Hzo (~ by (% by (% by weight wei~ht) _ wei~ht~
46 r ~,=~ 1 pentane 94.5 0,6 4.9 L C~oH2~ Cl~
47 " heptane 96.5 0.6 2.9 48 " octane 84.8 2.9 12.3 49 " cyclooctane 78.3 9.4 12.3 50 " toluene 81.0 4.9 14.1 51ClOH2lSO4~Na hexane 98.4 0.5 1.1 52 " heptane 96.2 0.7 3.1 53 " decane 83.4 2.9 13.7 S4 " dodecane 82.4 2.9 14.7 55 " tetradecane 79.4 3.2 17.4 56 heptane 79.6 4.9 15.5 Cl~H23~~ ~(CH2~7 53 57 " octane 84.2 2.9 12.9 58 " nonane 82.3 2.2 15.5 59 ' decane 79.5 4.2 16.3 ~r=~ 9 ~2 23 ~ (CH2)7-503 "toluene 67.8 7.1 25.1 61Cl2H23~NH3Cla hexane 97.5 0.5 2.0 62 " heptane 95.6 1.4 3.0 63 " octane 83.5 2.9 13.6 64 " decane 83.4 3.3 13.3 65 " dodecane 69.5 7.3 23.2 66 pentane 87.5 2.6 9.9 ~2 ?3 ~ Cl 67 " hexane - 67.4 7.6 25.0 68 " toluene 61.4 7.0 31.6 69 " naphtha 65.8 6.0 28.2 hexane 78.9 5.2 15.9 12 23 ~ Or 71 " nonane 86.5 2.9 10.6 72 " benzene 76.4 3.2 20.4 73 " dodecane 85.7 5.4 8.9 74 " heptane 95.8 0.9 3.3 _ g _ Ref. 3437 Dr. My/siO121 Example Surfactant Hydrocarbon HC Sur~actant H20 (~ by (X by (% by weight ~eight) wei~ht~
hexane 97 8 0.1 2.1 C
l? 23 ~ 2)6 3 76 " octane 95.6 1.0 3.4 77 " nonane 83.4 2.8 13.8 78 " tetradecane 90.5 1.2 8.3 79 " lead-free 89.2 2.1 8.7 gasoline " aviation 66.3 4.8 28.9 gasoline 81 hexane 92.4 1.0 6.6 HO~y~
Cl2H23~CH~3 ooC ~
82 " pentane 65.2 3.8 31.0 83 " decane 76.7 3.0 20.3 84 Cl2H23~N(cH3)2- heptane 78.9 2.4 18.7 ( cHz ) B -S03e " octane 85.5 5.3 9.2 86 " decane 94.9 0.05 5.05 87 " hexadecane 64.5 6.1 29.4 88 Cl2H23~N(CH3)3Bre hexane 98.04 0.02 1.94 89 " heptane 84.2 1.2 14.6 ~' octane 96.4 0.08 3.52 91 Cl2H250SO3~Na hexane 82.3 2.2 15.5 92 " heptane 90.5 1.2 8.3 93 n aviation 89.2 2.0 8.8 gasoline 94 " naphtha 96.2 0.8 3.0 Cl4H29~N(CH3)3Bre hexane 97.86 0.04 2.1 96 " heptane 74.3 3.4 22.3 97 " octane 83.0 3.3 13.7 98 " dodecane 79.7 4.8 15.5 99 hexane 82.1 2.4 15.5 Cl4H29~l ~ )3Cl 100 n heptane 74.3 3.4 22.3 101 CH hexane 97.86 0.02 2.12 ~1 3r=~
l5H29 ~ C13 102 " heptane 73.5 2.6: 23.9 103 " decane 65.2 2.7 32.1 - 10 - Re ~ . 3 4 3 7 2 Dr. My/~iO121 Example Surfactant Hydrocarbon HC Sur~actant H20 (% by (% by (~ by _ _ _ _ weieht weight~ weieht~
104 pentane 96.5 0.6 2.9 ~6H33~(CH3)3Cl 105 " hexane 98.34 0.02 1.64 106 " octane 72.5 2.6 24.9 107 hexane 98.25 0.02 1.73 C16 H3 3~cla 108 " decane 79.7 4.8 15.5 109 " toluene 90.6 1.4 8.0 110 " benzene 95.2 0.5 4.3 111 ' octane 96.25 0.04 3.71 [C 1 6 H 3 3 ~ ( c H 3 ) 3~ 3P0~
112 " ~ nonane 82.5 2.1; 15.4
Claims (10)
1. Use as fracturing fluids of hydrocarbon-rich gels which are composed of 50 to 99.5% by weight of hydrocarbon, 0.01 to 15% by weight of surfactant and 0. 49 to 35% by weight of water.
2. Use according to Claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon-rich gels are composed of 80 to 99.5% by weight of hydrocarbon, 0.01 to 5% by weight of surfactant and 0.49 to 15% by weight of water.
3. Use according to Claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon-rich gels are composed of 85 to 99.3% by weight of hydrocarbon, 0.01 to 1% by weight of surfactant and 0.69 to 14% by weight of water.
4. Use according to Claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the hydro-carbon used is n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane, n-dodecane, n-tetradecane, n-hexadecane, cyclohexane, cyclooctane, benzene, toluene, kerosine, gasoline, lead-free gasoline or diesel oil.
5. Use according to Claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the surfactant used is , , where x = 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 23, 30, or
6. Fracturing fluid composed of a) 40 to 99.9% by weight of a hydrocarbon-rich gel containing 50 to 99.9% by weight of hydrocarbon, 0.01 to 15% by weight of surfactant and 0.49 to 35% by weight of water and b) 0.1 to 60% by weight of an auxiliary.
7. Fracturing fluid according to Claim 6, wherein the hydrocarbon-rich gel contains 80 to 99.5% by weight of hydrocarbon, 0.01 to 5% by weight of surfactant and 0.49 to 15% by weight of water.
8. Fracturing fluid according to Claim 6, wherein the hydrocarbon-rich gel contains 85 to 99.3% by weight of hydrocarbon, 0.01 to 1% by weight of surfactant and 0.69 to 14% by weight of water.
9. Fracturing fluid according to Claim 6, which fluid is composed of a) 45 to 55% by weight of a hydrocarbon-rich gel and b) 45 to 55% by weight of an auxiliary.
10. Fracturing fluid according to Claim 6, 7, 8 or 9, characterized in that the auxiliaries used are sand or bentonites.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DEP3935999.9 | 1989-10-28 | ||
| DE3935999A DE3935999C1 (en) | 1989-10-28 | 1989-10-28 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2028680A1 true CA2028680A1 (en) | 1991-04-29 |
Family
ID=6392462
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002028680A Abandoned CA2028680A1 (en) | 1989-10-28 | 1990-10-26 | Hydrocarbon-rich gels as fracturing fluids |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5082059A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0425873B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE154098T1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2028680A1 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE3935999C1 (en) |
| IE (1) | IE903880A1 (en) |
| NO (1) | NO904648L (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4132799A1 (en) * | 1991-10-02 | 1993-04-08 | Cassella Ag | METHOD FOR OBTAINING THE HYDROCARBON FROM A HYDROCARBONIC GEL |
| PT714978E (en) * | 1994-11-28 | 2001-08-30 | Rhodia Chimie Sa | GEL OF A MEANS APOLAR ITS USE FOR THE PREPARATION OF HAZARDOUS FLUIDS BASED ON AGUAC |
| US6302209B1 (en) | 1997-09-10 | 2001-10-16 | Bj Services Company | Surfactant compositions and uses therefor |
| US6248699B1 (en) | 1999-07-29 | 2001-06-19 | Crompton Corporation | Gelling system for hydrocarbon fluids |
| US6719053B2 (en) | 2001-04-30 | 2004-04-13 | Bj Services Company | Ester/monoester copolymer compositions and methods of preparing and using same |
| EP1254896A1 (en) * | 2001-05-03 | 2002-11-06 | Applied NanoSystems B.V. | Cationic amphiphiles, preparation and method for transfection |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2668098A (en) * | 1950-11-18 | 1954-02-02 | Standard Oil Co | Gelling normally liquid hydrocarbons |
| US2724439A (en) * | 1952-12-05 | 1955-11-22 | Stanolind Oil & Gas Co | Aluminum soap composition and method of fracturing formations |
| US2801218A (en) * | 1954-06-18 | 1957-07-30 | Pan American Petroleum Corp | Emulsion gels for well servicing |
| US3070165A (en) * | 1959-12-14 | 1962-12-25 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Fracturing formations in wells |
| US3601198A (en) * | 1969-01-27 | 1971-08-24 | Exxon Production Research Co | Hydraulic fracturing operations |
| US3603400A (en) * | 1970-03-16 | 1971-09-07 | Marathon Oil Co | Fracturing subterranean formations using micellar dispersions |
| GB1439735A (en) * | 1974-09-17 | 1976-06-16 | Texaco Development Corp | Hydraulic fracturing method for subterranean formations |
| US4200540A (en) * | 1978-04-20 | 1980-04-29 | Halliburton Company | Method for fracturing subterranean formations |
| US4316810A (en) * | 1978-04-20 | 1982-02-23 | Halliburton Company | Gelled oil base compositions and methods of preparation and use of same |
| US4828034A (en) * | 1987-08-14 | 1989-05-09 | Dowell Schlumberger Incorporated | Method of hydrating oil based fracturing concentrate and continuous fracturing process using same |
-
1989
- 1989-10-28 DE DE3935999A patent/DE3935999C1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1990
- 1990-10-13 EP EP90119666A patent/EP0425873B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-10-13 AT AT90119666T patent/ATE154098T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-10-13 DE DE59010723T patent/DE59010723D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-10-22 US US07/601,269 patent/US5082059A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-10-26 NO NO90904648A patent/NO904648L/en unknown
- 1990-10-26 CA CA002028680A patent/CA2028680A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1990-10-26 IE IE388090A patent/IE903880A1/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0425873A2 (en) | 1991-05-08 |
| US5082059A (en) | 1992-01-21 |
| IE903880A1 (en) | 1991-05-08 |
| DE59010723D1 (en) | 1997-07-10 |
| DE3935999C1 (en) | 1991-04-18 |
| NO904648L (en) | 1991-04-29 |
| ATE154098T1 (en) | 1997-06-15 |
| EP0425873A3 (en) | 1991-12-11 |
| EP0425873B1 (en) | 1997-06-04 |
| NO904648D0 (en) | 1990-10-26 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| FZDE | Discontinued |