CA2048468C - Method for modifying concrete properties - Google Patents
Method for modifying concrete propertiesInfo
- Publication number
- CA2048468C CA2048468C CA002048468A CA2048468A CA2048468C CA 2048468 C CA2048468 C CA 2048468C CA 002048468 A CA002048468 A CA 002048468A CA 2048468 A CA2048468 A CA 2048468A CA 2048468 C CA2048468 C CA 2048468C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- concrete
- bag
- admixture
- paper
- water
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 130
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000005022 packaging material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002655 kraft paper Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000008331 Pinus X rigitaeda Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011613 Pinus brutia Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000018646 Pinus brutia Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920006243 acrylic copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 23
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 13
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000008030 superplasticizer Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 31
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- -1 triethanolamlne Chemical compound 0.000 description 10
- 229920001732 Lignosulfonate Polymers 0.000 description 9
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 7
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium nitrate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000011440 grout Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910021487 silica fume Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000011116 calcium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- AEQDJSLRWYMAQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy-6,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-5H-isoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinoline Chemical compound C1CN2CC(C(=C(OC)C=C3)OC)=C3CC2C2=C1C=C(OC)C(OC)=C2 AEQDJSLRWYMAQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004354 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000663 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019447 hydroxyethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000979 retarding effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000176 sodium gluconate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000012207 sodium gluconate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229940005574 sodium gluconate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920006397 acrylic thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940105329 carboxymethylcellulose Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011210 fiber-reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 2
- CBYZIWCZNMOEAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;naphthalene Chemical class O=C.C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 CBYZIWCZNMOEAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 2
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-M naphthalene-1-sulfonate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(S(=O)(=O)[O-])=CC=CC2=C1 PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium nitrite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]N=O LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- ISXSCDLOGDJUNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)C=C ISXSCDLOGDJUNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 2
- KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Octanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCO KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBOCVOKPQGJKKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium formate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C=O.[O-]C=O CBOCVOKPQGJKKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000005749 Copper compound Substances 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019738 Limestone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical class [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000297 Rayon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910001294 Reinforcing steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000015076 Shorea robusta Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000166071 Shorea robusta Species 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012615 aggregate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004760 aramid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical class [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000740 bleeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021538 borax Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004281 calcium formate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019255 calcium formate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940044172 calcium formate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 159000000007 calcium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000012241 calcium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium stearate Chemical class [Ca+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011280 coal tar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001880 copper compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- DFBKLUNHFCTMDC-PICURKEMSA-N dieldrin Chemical compound C([C@H]1[C@H]2[C@@]3(Cl)C(Cl)=C([C@]([C@H]22)(Cl)C3(Cl)Cl)Cl)[C@H]2[C@@H]2[C@H]1O2 DFBKLUNHFCTMDC-PICURKEMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950006824 dieldrin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NGPMUTDCEIKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N dieldrin Natural products CC1=C(Cl)C2(Cl)C3C4CC(C5OC45)C3C1(Cl)C2(Cl)Cl NGPMUTDCEIKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferric oxide Chemical compound O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011381 foam concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- IVJISJACKSSFGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine Chemical class O=C.NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 IVJISJACKSSFGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002538 fungal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000855 fungicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002070 germicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011396 hydraulic cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000749 insecticidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019357 lignosulphonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004579 marble Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011412 natural cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RAFRTSDUWORDLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenyl 3-chloropropanoate Chemical compound ClCCC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RAFRTSDUWORDLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L phthalate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium benzoate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- ODLMAHJVESYWTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylbenzene Chemical group CCCC1=CC=CC=C1 ODLMAHJVESYWTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000001698 pyrogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001397 quillaja saponaria molina bark Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002964 rayon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011395 ready-mix concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930182490 saponin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000007949 saponins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011378 shotcrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- WXMKPNITSTVMEF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium benzoate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WXMKPNITSTVMEF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004299 sodium benzoate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010234 sodium benzoate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920005552 sodium lignosulfonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010288 sodium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VGTPCRGMBIAPIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium thiocyanate Chemical compound [Na+].[S-]C#N VGTPCRGMBIAPIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000271 synthetic detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001059 synthetic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28C—PREPARING CLAY; PRODUCING MIXTURES CONTAINING CLAY OR CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28C5/00—Apparatus or methods for producing mixtures of cement with other substances, e.g. slurries, mortars, porous or fibrous compositions
- B28C5/40—Mixing specially adapted for preparing mixtures containing fibres
- B28C5/402—Methods
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B24/00—Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28C—PREPARING CLAY; PRODUCING MIXTURES CONTAINING CLAY OR CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28C7/00—Controlling the operation of apparatus for producing mixtures of clay or cement with other substances; Supplying or proportioning the ingredients for mixing clay or cement with other substances; Discharging the mixture
- B28C7/04—Supplying or proportioning the ingredients
- B28C7/06—Supplying the solid ingredients, e.g. by means of endless conveyors or jigging conveyors
- B28C7/064—Supply from sacks; Sack openers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
- C04B40/0028—Aspects relating to the mixing step of the mortar preparation
Abstract
The present invention relates to a method for modifying the properties of a concrete by introducing a solid admixture, contained in a paper package, into a fresh concrete, said solid admixture being selected from the group consisting of air-entraining admixtures, air detrainer admixture, accelerating admixture, alkali-reactivity reducer, superplasticizer, pumping aids, water-reducing admixture, corrosion inhibitor, permeability reducer, fibers, and mixtures thereof; and mixing the fresh concrete in a batch type mixer for sufficient time to cause the packaging material to disintegrate and distribute the admixture relatively uniformly throughout the fresh concrete.
Description
Attorney Docket No2. 3~68 ~ 6 8 METHOD FOR MODIFYING CONCRETE PROPERTIES
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to an improvement in the field of concrete additives useful in modifying the properties of concrete.
This invention also relates to a concrete-ready bag containing concrete admixture which is added directly to a concrete mixer, or similar apparatus, during a concrete mixing operation.
Specifically, the present invention relates to a method for modifying the properties of a concrete by introducing a pre-weighted amount of powdered or solid concrete admixture within a container into a wet mixer and thereafter agitating the resulting mix until the container disintegrates and the admixture is dispersed.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As known in the art, an admixture is a material other than hydraulic cement, water, and aggregates that is used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar and is added to the batch immediately before or during its mixing. Admixtures are used to modify the properties of the concrete in such a way as to make it more suitable for a particular purpose or for economy. Thus, the major reasons for using admixtures are (1) to achieve certain structural improvements in the resulting cured concrete; (2) to improve the quality of concrete through the successive stages of mixing, transporting, placing, and curing during adverse weather or traffic conditions; (3) to overcome certain emergencies during concreting operations; and (4) to reduce the cost of concrete construction. In some instances, the desired result can only be achieved by the use of an admixture. In addition, using an admixture allows the employment of less expensive construction methods or designs and thereby offsets the costs of the admixture.
2048~68 For example, at the end of a dellvery, concrete mixers may contaln from 200 to 600 pounds of residual cement, sand or rock when left in the mixer overnlght, the residual concrete will settle and harden in the bottom of the mixer.
While the residual materials can be washed out of the mixer with a large amount of water, disposal of the liquid may cause an environmental problem particularly in large metropolitan areas. To avoid this problem, it is desirable to delay or retard the setting of residual concrete in a mixer so that it remains fluid and the residual material can still be used the next day. It is also desirable to be able to delay or retard the setting of concrete in a mobile mixer whlle the mixer ls being transported to another location. For specific applications, it may also be deslrable to retard or delay the setting of concrete for a specific length of time curing breakdown or delay in traffic in populated areas. The addition of retarding admixture to the concrete is used to solve each of these problems. By varying the amounts of a retarding admixture used in a batch, the setting of the concrete can be delayed for a selected time period. The availability of a pre-weighed or pre-measured quantity of retarding admixture can increase the accuracy wlth which the setting time can be delayed.
Admixtures are commercially available as water-soluble solids or powders, requiring ~ob mixing at the point of usage, or a ready-to-use liquids added at bulk blending stations. The successful use of admixtures depends upon the accuracy with which they are prepared and batched. Batching 2o48468 means the weighing or volumetrlc measurlng of the lngredlents for a batch of either concrete or mortar and lntroduclng them lnto the mixer. The amount of admlxture added durlng batchlng must be carefully controlled. Inaccuracles ln the amount of admlxture added can slgnlflcantly affect the propertles and performance of the concrete belng batched and even defeat the orlglnal purpose of lncludlng the admlxture. The need for accuracy ln measurlng the amount of solld admlxture to be added to a batch is partlcularly acute where only a relatively small amount of admlxture ls acqulred for the iob.
Solld powdered admixtures are packaged and sold in bags, boxes and drums, and the admlxture is added to the concrete mixture by openlng the package and shovelllng or dumplng the admlxture dlrectly lnto a concrete mixer, or slmllar apparatus, durlng the concrete mixlng operatlon. Thls labor lntenslve task ls often messy and can also result ln a non-uniform disperslon of admlxture. Accordlngly, lt is desirable to have a method of dlsperslng admlxture whlch ls less labor lntenslve, less messy and more effectlve at unlformly dlstrlbutlng the admlxture throughout the mixture.
It ls an alm of the present lnventlon to provlde a method for provlding a pre-measured amount of cement admixture to a concrete wet mixer whlch ls less labor lntenslve than conventlonal methods.
It ls also an alm of the present invention to provide a method for uniformly distrlbutlng admlxture throughout fresh concrete.
i~
These and other alms wlll be made apparent from the following SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present lnvention relates to a method for modifylng the propertles of a concrete by lntroducing a solid admixture, contained in a non-water-soluble paper container, lnto a fresh concrete, sald solld admixture belng selected from the group conslstlng of alr-entralnlng admlxtures, alr detralner admlxture, acceleratlng admixture, alkall-reactlvlty reducer, superplasticizer, pumping aids, water-reduclng admlxture, corrosion inhibitor, permeability reducer, and mixtures thereof; and mlxing the fresh concrete in a batch type mlxer for sufflclent tlme to cause the packaglng materlal to dlslntegrate and dlstrlbute the admlxture relatlvely unlformly throughout the fresh concrete.
The lnventlon also relates to a method for modlfylng the propertles of a concrete comprlslng:
(a) lntroduclng a solld admlxture, contained ln a non-water-soluble paper bag, lnto a fresh concrete, sald solld admlxture comprlsing fibers; and (b) mixing the fresh concrete of step (a) ln a batch type mlxer for sufflclent tlme to cause the packaglng material to dislntegrate and dlstrlbute the admlxture relatlvely unlformly throughout the fresh concrete.
- 3a -20~4~8 The present invention also relates to a method for providing a relatively uniform distribution of admixture throughout a fresh concrete comprised of placing one or more closed packages containing a cumulatively effective amount of said admixture directly into said fresh concrete under sufficient agitation so as to cause the packaging material to disintegrate and dispense said fibers.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As used herein, the term "effective amount" of admixtures means an adequate quantity of material per cubic meter of hardened concrete to impart the desired improvement in the wet/dry concrete.
Often, more than one bag of admixture material is added to a commercial concrete mixer. As a result, the total amount of admixture from the bags must "cumulatively" result in an effective amount. Typically, one bag containing from about 0.10 lb. to about 100.0 lb. of admixture is added to each cubic meters of concrete (dry weight).
As used herein, the term "uniform distribution" or "relatively uniform distribution" means that the admixture is distributed in such a manner as that the desired property, i.e. air entrainment, retardation, acceleration, etc., can be observed (preferably measured) in samples taken from the beginning, middle and end of the concrete mixture.
As used herein the term "batch type concrete mixer" means any batch mixer suitable for thoroughly mixing cement and aggregates so as to obtain a homogeneous mass and coat all particles with cement paste. Preferred concrete mixers are: (1) rotating mixers, consisting of a revolving drum or a square box revolving about its diagonal axis and usually provided with deflectors and blades to improve the mixing; or (2) paddle mixers, consisting of a stationary box with movable paddles which perform the mixing. Rotating mixers are most preferred for use in the present invention.
Many manufacturers have developed water soluble papers. For example, Gilbreth Company, Philadelphla PA., markets "Dissolve", which is a water soluble paper prepared by coating synthetic paper with polyvinyl alcohol. The resoluble papers comprise carboxy methyl cellulose and the sodium or potassium salt of carboxy methyl cellulose. (See U.S. Patent 3,859,125 issued January 7, 1975 to Miller, et al.) These specialized papers would surely dissolve in the aqueous environment of a concrete mixing operation. However, these papers are very expensive and, it is believed that these papers would dissolve too rapidly and could produce a large clump of admixture within the mix which might resist distribution. Furthermore, the alcohol coatings of the soluble paper may have a detrimental effect on the resulting concrete as they tend to detrain air in the wet mix.
The method of the present invention allows a powdered solid admixture to be added or dispensed into a wet mixer expediently, economically and accurately.
Some admixtures are used to modify the fluid properties of fresh concrete, mortar and grout, while others are used to modify hardened concrete, mortar, and grout. The various admixtures used in the present invention are materials that can be used in concrete mortar or grout for the following purposes (1) to increase workability without increasing water content or to decrease the water contents at the same workability; (2) to retard or accelerate the time of initial setting; (3) to reduce or prevent settlement of the finished material or to create slight expansion thereof; (4) to modify - 20484G~
the rate and/or capaclty for bleedlng; (S) to reduce segregatlon of constltuent lngredlents; ~6) to lmprove penetratlon and pumpablllty; (7) to reduce the rate of slump loss; (8) to retard or reduce heat evolutlon durlng early hardenlng; (9) to accelerate the rate of strength development at early stages; (10) to increase the strength of the flnlshed materlal (compresslve, tenslle, or flexural); (11) to lncrease durablllty or reslstance to severe condltions of atmospheric exposure, includlng appllcation of delclng salts; (12) to decrease the capillary flow of water wlthln the materlal; (13) to decrease permeability of the material to llqulds; (14) to control expanslon caused by the reactlon of alkallea with certain aggregate constituents; (15) to produce cellular concrete; (16) to increase the bond of concrete to steel relnforclng elements; (17) to lncrease bond between old and new concrete; (18) to lmprove the lmpact resistance and abrasion reslstance of flnlshed materlals; (l9) to lnhlblt the corroslon of embedded metal; (20) to produce coloured concrete or mortar; and (21) to lntroduce natural or synthetlc fibers to relnforce concrete.
Concrete admlxtures are classlfied by functlon as follows: Accelerators are used to accelerate the setting and early strength development of concrete. Some of the common materials that can be used to achieve this functlon are calcium chloride, triethanolamlne, sodium thiocyanate, calcium formate, calclum nltrlte, and calclum nltrate.
Retardlng, or delayed-settlng, admlxtures are used to retard, delay, or slow the rate of settlng of concrete.
Retarders are used to offset the accelerating effect of hot weather on the settlng of concrete, or delay the lnltlal set of concrete or grout when dlfflcult condltlons of placement occur, or problems of dellvery to the ~ob slte, or to allow tlme for speclal flnlshlng processes. Most retarders also act as water reducers and can also be used to entraln some alr lnto concrete. Llgnosulfonates, hydroxylated carboxyllc acids, llgnln, borax, gluconlc, tartarlc and other organlc aclds and thelr correspondlng salts, and certaln carbohydrates can be used as retardlng admlxtures.
Alr detralners are used to decrease the alr content ln the mlxture of concrete. Trlbutyl phosphate, dlbutyl phthalate, octyl alcohol, water-lnsoluble esters of carbonlc and borlc acld, and slllcones are some of the common materlals that can be used to achleve thls effect.
Alr-entralnlng admlxtures are used to purposely entraln mlcroscoplc alr bubbles lnto concrete. Alr-entralnment dramatlcally lmproves the durablllty of concrete exposed to molsture durlng cycles of freezlng and thawlng. In addltlon, entrained alr greatly lmproves a concrete's reslstance to surface scallng caused by chemical deicers. Alr entralnment also lncreases the workablllty of - 6a -2048~8 fresh concrete while eliminating or reducing segregation and bleeding. Materials used to achieve these desired effects can be selected from salts of wood resin; (Vinsol resin); some synthetic detergents' salts of sulfonated lignin' salts of petroleum acids' salts of proteinaceous material' fatty and resinous acids and their salts' alkylbenzene sulfonates' and salts of sulfonated hydrocarbons.
Alkali-reactivity reducers can reduce alkali-aggregate expansion of these reducers, pozzolans (fly ash, silica fume), blast-furnace slag, salts of lithium and barium, and other air-entraining agents are especially effective.
Bonding admixtures are usually added to portland cement mixtures to increase the bond strength between old and new concrete and include organic materials such as rubber, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, acrylics, styrene butadiene copolymers, and other powdered polymers.
Water-reducing admixtures are used to reduce the amount of mixing water required to produce concrete of a certain slump, to reduce the ration of water and cement, or to increase slump.
Typically, water reducers will reduce the water content of the concrete mixture by approximately 5% to 10%.
Superplasticizers are high-range water reducers, or water-reducing admixtures. They are added to concrete to make high-slump flowing concrete, thus reduce the water-cement ratio.
These admixtures produce large water reduction or great flowability without causing undue set retardation or entrainment of air in mortar or concrete. Among the materials that can be used as superplasticizers are sulfonated melamine formaldehyde condensates, sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensates, certain organic acids, lignosulfonates, and/or blends thereof.
Natural and synthetic admixtures are used to color concrete for aesthetic and safety reasons. These coloring admixtures are usually composed of pigments and include carbon black, iron oxide, phthalocyane, umber, chromium oxide, titanium oxide and cobalt blue.
Corrosion inhibitors in concrete serve to protect embe~ded 68 reinforcing steel from corrosion due to its highly alkaline nature.
The high alkaline nature of the concrete causes a passive and noncorroding protective oxide film to form on the steel. However, carbonation or the presence of chloride ions from deicers or seawater can destroy or penetrate the film and result in corrosion.
Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures chemically arrest this corrosion reaction. The materials most commonly used to inhibit corrosion are calcium nitrite, sodium nitrite, sodium benzoate, certain phosphate;
or fluoaluminites, and fluosilicates.
Dampproofing admixtures reduce the permeability of concrete that have low cement contents, high water-cement ratios, or a deficiency of fines in the aggregate. These admixtures retard moisture penetration into dry concrete and include certain soaps, stearates, and petroleum products.
Grouting agents, such as air-entraining admixtures, accelerators, retarders, and non-shrink and workability agents, adjust group properties to achieve a desired result for specific applications. For example, portland cement groups are used for a variety of different purposes, each of which may require a different agent to stabilize foundations, set machine bases, fill cracks and joints in concrete work, cement oil wells, fill cores of masonry walls, grout aggregate concrete.
Gas formers, or gas-forming agents, are sometimes added to concrete and grout in very small quantities to cause a slight expansion prior to hardening. The amount of expansion is dependent upon the amount of gas-forming material used, the temperature of the fresh mixture. Aluminum powder, resin soap and vegetable or animal glue, saponin or hydrolyzed protein can be used as gas formers.
Permeability reducers are used to reduce the rate at which water under pressure is transmitted through concrete. Silica fume, fly ash, ground slag, natural pozzolans water reducers, and latex can be employed to decrease the permeability of the concrete.
Pozzolan is a siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material, which in itself possesses little or not cementitious value. However, in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture, Pozzolan will chemically react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form compounds possessing cementitious properties.
204~68 Pumping aids are added to concrete mixes to improve pumpability. These admixtures thicken the fluid concrete, i.e., increase its viscosity, to reduce de-watering of the paste while it is under pressure from the pump. Among the materials used as pumping aids in concrete are organic and synthetic polymers, hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) or HEC blended with dispersants, organic flocculents, organic emulsions of paraffin, coal tar, asphalt, acrylics, bentonite and pyrogenic silicas, natural pozzolans, fly ash and hydrated lime.
Bacteria and fungal growth on or in hardened concrete may be partially controlled through the use of fungicidal, germicidal,and insecticidal admixtures. The most effective materials for these purposes are polyhalogenated phenols, dieldrin emulsions, and copper compounds.
Fresh concrete can sometimes be harsh because of faulty mixture proportions or certain aggregate characteristics such as particle shape and improper grader. Under these conditions, entrained air which acts like a lubricant, can be used as a workability improving agent. Other workability agents are water reducers and certain finely divided admixtures.
Finely divided mineral admixtures are materials in powder of pulverized form added to concrete before or during the mixing process to improve or change some of the plastic or hardened properties of portland cement concrete. Portland cement, as used in the trade, means hydraulic calcium silicates, all usually containing one or more of the forms of calcium sulfate as an interground addition with ASTM types, I, II, III, IV, or V. The finely divided mineral admixtures can be classified according to their chemical or physical properties as" cementitious materials pozzolans' pozzonaic and cementitious materials; and nominally inert materials.
Cementitious materials are materials that alone have hydraulic cementing properties, and set and harden in the presence of water.
Included in cementitious materials are ground granulated blast-furnace slag natural cement, hydraulic hydrated lime, and combinations of these and other materials. As discussed above, pozzolan is a siliceous or aluminosiliceous material that possesses little or not cementitious value but will, in the presence of ~a~e~
and in finely divided form, chemically react with the calcium hydroxide released by the hydration of portland cement to form materials with cementitious properties. Diatomaceious earth, opaline cherts, clays, shales, fly ash, silica fume, volcanic tuffs and pumicites are some of the known pozzolans. Certain ground granulated blast-furnace slags and high calcium fly ashes posses both pozzolanic and cementitious properties. Nominally inert materials can also include finely divided raw quartz, dolomites, limestones, marble, gran7te, and others. Synthetic or natural fibers are nylon, polypropylene, zirconium materials, and various kinds of fiber glasses.
In the construction field, many methods of strengthening concrete have been developed through the years. One modern method involves distributing fibers throughout a fresh concrete mixture.
Upon hardening, this concrete is referred to as fiber-reinforced concrete. Fibers can be made of steel, glass, or synthetic materials, e.g., polypropylene, nylon, polyethylene, polyester, rayon, high-strength aramid, (i.e. Kevlar0), or mixtures thereof.
Preferred fibers of the present invention are synthetic fibers.
Preferred synthetic fibers, according to the present invention, are manufactured from 100% virgin polypropylene in collated, fibrillated form. Preferred fibers are about 1/2 to about 3/4 inch in length.
Fibers, in general, are further discussed in ASTM designation C116, "Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Shotcrete", incorporated herein by reference.
Mixtures of two or more admixtures are also contemplated by the present invention.
As discussed above, polymer of lignosulfonates are widely used raw materials in the production of water reducing admixtures.
They are also used to retard or delay the setting of concrete. The lignosulfonates may have an average molecular weight of approximately 3,000 to 5,000 with the molecular weight distribution ranging from a few hundred to 100,000. The molecule is a polymer of substituted phenyl propane unit with hydroxyl (OH), methoxy (OCH3), phenyl ring (C6H6), and sulfonic acid (S03H) groups. Lignosulfonate 2048~68 ls obtained as a waste liquor during the production of paper-making pulp from wood whose compositions may include from about 20% to about 30% of lignln. Lignosulfonate contains a complex mixture of sulfonatlon products of lignin, decompositlon products of cellulose and llqnin, various carbohydrates and free sulfurous acid and sulfates.
Lignosulfonates are also available commercially as their sodium or calcium salts.
It has been discovered that a packaged material prepared from paper of a non-soluble, traditlonal varlety abrades more slowly and, surprislngly, dlstrlbutes the admixture very unlformly throughout the fresh concrete mlxture. These non-soluble papers tend to dlslntegrate upon the wet abraslon found ln the concrete mlxer, they do not dlssolve, because the celluloslc materlals found withln the paper are lnsoluble ln water. The abraslon of the sand, gravel and other concrete components causes the paper to dlslntegrate, l.e. fragment lnto pleces whlch are unnotlceable to the human eye and have no detrlmental effect on the propertles of the flnlshed concrete. Preferred papers contemplated ln the present lnventlon lnclude repulpable and beater paper, shopplng bag Kraft paper, and multiwall Kraft paper. The most preferred papers are repulpable, beater papers. Flexible paper contalner materlal are further descrlbed ln Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technoloqy, 3rd ed. (1981), vol. 16, page 801.
One paper which is particularly effective in the present invention is a 50 lb. white beater paper. This paper A
is fabrlcated from 100% pine pulp, has a basis weight of about 50 lb., a machine direction tear of about 109, a machine direction tensile of about 16, sizing of about 0, a brightness (TAPPI) of about 80.0, and a moistron moisture of about 5.6%.
These paper speclflcatlon determlnatlons are further descrlbed in Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedla of Chemical Technoloqy, 3rd ed., (1981), Vol. lb, pp. 771-780. This paper can be fabricated into a bag or pouch. Union Camp Corporatlon, Wayne, NJ., fabrlcates a 50 lb. whlte multiwall beater paper bag whlch ls most preferred in the present invention.
~ ags or pouches can be fabricated ln any shape, provided that they fit lnto the flll openlng of a standard concrete mlxture. A preferred embodiment of the present inventlon lncludes 1.5 lb. of admlxture contalned ln a 15" x 14" flat plllow pouch fabrlcated from the 50 lb. whlte multlwall beater paper bag descrlbed above.
The bag or pouch ls typically placed lnslde the concrete mlxer drum vla the drum opening. This may be done before introducing the other concrete components, durlng the introduction of the concrete components, after the lntroductlon of the concrete components, or any comblnatlon of the three. Mlxing tlmes should be at least about 5 minutes.
We have dlscovered that lt ls also helpful to seal bags of the present invention with a water soluble adhesive.
These adhesives can be any water soluble or water miscible adhesive which imparts sufficient bond strength to prevent premature opening of the bag ln translt. It ls also lmportant that the adheslve does not lmpart any deleterlous qualities to `' ;
the resultlng concrete. A typical water soluble adhesive sultable for use in the present lnvention is a one-part acrylic copolymer emulslon adheslve.
It has also been dlscovered that dlstrlbutlon of most admlxture can be lmproved by lncludlng a dlspersant in the package along wlth the admixture. These dispersants can be water-reducing and high-range water-reducing dispersants selected from the group consisting of lignosulfonates (e.g., sodium lignosulfonate), naphthalene sulfonate, malemine sulfonate, "superplasticizers' (like those described in U.S.
Patent Nos. 4,518,725 to Arfaei on March 21, 1989; 4,657,593 to Aignesberger et al. on April 4, 1987; and 4,814,014 to Guicquero on May 21, 1985, and mixtures thereof. Preferred dispersants are lignosulfonate and naphthalene sulfonate.
Liquld dispersants are added to the admixture by spraying or any other acceptable coating means. Dry dispersants, in powder form, may be added directly to the bag containing the admixture. The ratio of dispersant to admixture is typically from about 1 : 1 to about 1 : 15 w/w. The preferred ratio of dispersant to admlxture ls from about 1 : 6 to about 1 : 9 w/w. The level of dispersant can vary based on the dispersant itself.
- 12a -2q4~68 Although certain specific embodiments of the invention have been shown and described for use in the present invention, it will be apparent in accordance with the broader aspect of the invention that various modifications and other embodiments are possible. For example, preferred papers with slightly different characteristics may also work, or concrete mix, cement, sand and mixtures thereof may also be added to, or totally replace the admixture. It is to be understood, therefore, that the invention is not limited to the specific arrangements shown, but in its broadest aspect, it includes all equivalent embodiments and modifications which come within the scope of the invention.
The following examples depict typical embodiments of the present invention:
EXAMPLE I
Method of Producing a Fiber-Containing Product A quantity of 1.5 lb. of collated, fibrillated polypropylene fibers which are 1/2" in length are weighed. The fibers are distributed by W R. Grace & Co.-Conn., Cambridge, MA
under the name GRACE FIBERS . These fibers have the following typical properties:
Specific Gravity 0.91 Absorption None Modulus of Elasticity 5000ksi Melt Point 1600C
Ignition Point 590 C
Alkali, Acid + Salt Resistance High The fibers are manually packaged in a 14" x 15" 50 lb.
white multi-wall beater paper flat, pillow-type bag, manufactured by Union-Camp Corp., ~ayne, NJ. The bag comprises one open end which has a lip.
The bag is fed into an automatic sealing/folding machine.
The machine then applies the adhesive to the bag lip, folds the bag to close the bag, and applies enough pressure to seal the bag. The bag is then put into a cardboard box for shipping.
84~8 _ EXAMPLE II
Method of Producing a Silica Fume-Containing Product A quantity of 9 lbs. of silica fume, which is in raw powder of a dry densified form, is weighted. The silica fume is distributed under the brand FORCE 10,000~ by W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn., Cambridge, MA.
The silica fume is manually packaged in a 30"x30" 50 lb.
white multi-wall beater paper flat, pillow-type bag, of the type manufactured by Union-Camp Corp., Wayne, NJ. The bag comprises one open end which has a lip.
The bag is fed into an automatic sealing/folding machine.
The machine then applies the adhesive to the bag lip, folds the bag to close the bag, and applies enough pressure to seal the bag. The bag is then put into a cardboard box for shipping.
EXAMPLE III
Method of Producing a Calcium Chloride Containing Product Calcium chloride (CaC12) is added to wet concrete to attain early strength gain and to insure proper setting characteristics during cold weather. A quantity of 1.5 lb. of Calcium Chloride manufactured by Dow Chemical, Midland, MI. is weighed.
The calcium chloride is manually packaged in a 14" x 15" 50 lb. white multi-wall beater paper flat, pillow-type bag, manufactured by Union-Camp Corp., ~ayne, NJ. The bag comprises one open end which has a lip.
The bag is fed into an automatic sealing/folding machine.
The machine then applies the adhesive to the bag lip, folds the bag to close the bag, and applies enough pressure to seal the bag. The bag is then put into a cardboard box for shipping.
204~68 EXAMPLE IV
_ Method of Producing a Set Retarder Containing Product Sodium gluconate is added as a retarder of the initial set of plastic concrete so that the concrete remains plastic until a time that it is needed. A quantity of 1.5 lbs. of a sodium gluconate product, manufactured under the brand RECOVER~ by W.R.
Grace & Co.-Conn., Cambridge, MA., is weighed.
The sodium gluconate is manually packaged in a 14" x 15" 50 lb. white multi-wall beater paper flat, pillow-type bag, manufactured by Union-Camp Corp., Wayne, NJ. The bag comprises one open end which has a lip.
The bag is fed into an automatic sealing/folding machine.
The machine then applies the adhesive to the bag lip, folds the bag to close the bag, and applies enough pressure to seal the bag. The bag is then put into a cardboard box for shipping.
EXAMPLE V
Method of Producing a Pumping-Aid-Containing Product Polyethylene oxide is added to plastic concrete to improve the mixability and/or pumpability of the concrete. A quantity of 1 lbs. of polyethylene oxide, manufactured by Union Carbide under the tradename "Polyox WSRN-80", is weighed.
The polyethylene oxide is manually packaged in a 14" x 15"
50 lb. white multi-wall beater paper flat, pillow-type bag, manufactured by Union-Camp Corp., Wayne, NJ. The bag comprises one open end which has a lip.
The bag is fed into an automatic sealing/folding machine.
The machine then applies the adhesive to the bag lip, folds the bag to close the bag, and applies enough pressure to seal the bag. The bag is then put into a cardboard box for shipping.
EXAMPLE VI ~ 0 4 8 ~ ~ 8 _ Method of Producing an Accelerant Containing Product Dry calcium nitrate is added to plastic concrete to accelerate hydration. It is also added to inhibit the corrosion of steel and restressed strands. A quantity of 10 lbs. of dry calcium nitrate is weighed.
The dry calcium nitrate is manually packaged in a 30" x 30"
50 lb. white multi-wall beater paper flat, pillow-type bag, of the type manufactured by Union-Camp Corp., Wayne, NJ. The bag comprises one open end which has a lip.
The bag is fed into an automatic sealing/folding machine.
The machine then applies the adhesive to the bag lip, folds the bag to close the bag, and applies enough pressure to seal the bag. The bag is then put into a cardboard box for shipping.
EXAMPLE VII
Method of Producing a Superplasticizer Containing Product Superplasticizers, or "high end water reducers", are added to plastic concrete to reduce the water requirements of concrete. A
quantity of 1.5 lbs. of a sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate, manufactured under the brand WRDA-l9~, by W.R. Grace &
Co.-Conn. is weighed.
The superplasticizer is manually packaged in a 14" x 15" 50 lb. white multi-wall beater paper flat, pillow-type bag, manufactured by Union-Camp Corp., Wayne, NJ. The bag comprises one open end which has a lip.
The bag is fed into an automatic sealing/folding machine.
The machine then applies the adhesive to the bag lip, folds the bag to close the bag, and applies enough pressure to seal the bag. The bag is then put into a cardboard box for shipping.
EXAMPLE VIII 2 0~ a ~ 6 8 _ Method of Using the Improved Concrete Additive Plc~cLs of the Present Invention The concrete additive product of ant previous Example is removed from the cardboard box. The bag is placed in a revolving drum-type rotating concrete mixer containing 1 m3 of fresh ready-mix concrete mixture through the drum opening. The fresh concrete and bag are mixed for 5 minutes. The admixture distribution is uniform.
EXAMPLE IX
Alternative Method of Using the Improved Concrete Additive Plod~cLs of the Present Invention The concrete additive product of Example VIII is removed from the cardboard box. The bag is placed in a revolving drum-type rotating concrete mixer via an automated magazine feed dispenser which introduces the bag to the other concrete components at a rate of one bag per 1 m3 of concrete. Water is added to the dry mix and the fresh concrete slurry is mixed by rotating the drum for 5 minutes. The admixture distribution is uniform.
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to an improvement in the field of concrete additives useful in modifying the properties of concrete.
This invention also relates to a concrete-ready bag containing concrete admixture which is added directly to a concrete mixer, or similar apparatus, during a concrete mixing operation.
Specifically, the present invention relates to a method for modifying the properties of a concrete by introducing a pre-weighted amount of powdered or solid concrete admixture within a container into a wet mixer and thereafter agitating the resulting mix until the container disintegrates and the admixture is dispersed.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As known in the art, an admixture is a material other than hydraulic cement, water, and aggregates that is used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar and is added to the batch immediately before or during its mixing. Admixtures are used to modify the properties of the concrete in such a way as to make it more suitable for a particular purpose or for economy. Thus, the major reasons for using admixtures are (1) to achieve certain structural improvements in the resulting cured concrete; (2) to improve the quality of concrete through the successive stages of mixing, transporting, placing, and curing during adverse weather or traffic conditions; (3) to overcome certain emergencies during concreting operations; and (4) to reduce the cost of concrete construction. In some instances, the desired result can only be achieved by the use of an admixture. In addition, using an admixture allows the employment of less expensive construction methods or designs and thereby offsets the costs of the admixture.
2048~68 For example, at the end of a dellvery, concrete mixers may contaln from 200 to 600 pounds of residual cement, sand or rock when left in the mixer overnlght, the residual concrete will settle and harden in the bottom of the mixer.
While the residual materials can be washed out of the mixer with a large amount of water, disposal of the liquid may cause an environmental problem particularly in large metropolitan areas. To avoid this problem, it is desirable to delay or retard the setting of residual concrete in a mixer so that it remains fluid and the residual material can still be used the next day. It is also desirable to be able to delay or retard the setting of concrete in a mobile mixer whlle the mixer ls being transported to another location. For specific applications, it may also be deslrable to retard or delay the setting of concrete for a specific length of time curing breakdown or delay in traffic in populated areas. The addition of retarding admixture to the concrete is used to solve each of these problems. By varying the amounts of a retarding admixture used in a batch, the setting of the concrete can be delayed for a selected time period. The availability of a pre-weighed or pre-measured quantity of retarding admixture can increase the accuracy wlth which the setting time can be delayed.
Admixtures are commercially available as water-soluble solids or powders, requiring ~ob mixing at the point of usage, or a ready-to-use liquids added at bulk blending stations. The successful use of admixtures depends upon the accuracy with which they are prepared and batched. Batching 2o48468 means the weighing or volumetrlc measurlng of the lngredlents for a batch of either concrete or mortar and lntroduclng them lnto the mixer. The amount of admlxture added durlng batchlng must be carefully controlled. Inaccuracles ln the amount of admlxture added can slgnlflcantly affect the propertles and performance of the concrete belng batched and even defeat the orlglnal purpose of lncludlng the admlxture. The need for accuracy ln measurlng the amount of solld admlxture to be added to a batch is partlcularly acute where only a relatively small amount of admlxture ls acqulred for the iob.
Solld powdered admixtures are packaged and sold in bags, boxes and drums, and the admlxture is added to the concrete mixture by openlng the package and shovelllng or dumplng the admlxture dlrectly lnto a concrete mixer, or slmllar apparatus, durlng the concrete mixlng operatlon. Thls labor lntenslve task ls often messy and can also result ln a non-uniform disperslon of admlxture. Accordlngly, lt is desirable to have a method of dlsperslng admlxture whlch ls less labor lntenslve, less messy and more effectlve at unlformly dlstrlbutlng the admlxture throughout the mixture.
It ls an alm of the present lnventlon to provlde a method for provlding a pre-measured amount of cement admixture to a concrete wet mixer whlch ls less labor lntenslve than conventlonal methods.
It ls also an alm of the present invention to provide a method for uniformly distrlbutlng admlxture throughout fresh concrete.
i~
These and other alms wlll be made apparent from the following SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present lnvention relates to a method for modifylng the propertles of a concrete by lntroducing a solid admixture, contained in a non-water-soluble paper container, lnto a fresh concrete, sald solld admixture belng selected from the group conslstlng of alr-entralnlng admlxtures, alr detralner admlxture, acceleratlng admixture, alkall-reactlvlty reducer, superplasticizer, pumping aids, water-reduclng admlxture, corrosion inhibitor, permeability reducer, and mixtures thereof; and mlxing the fresh concrete in a batch type mlxer for sufflclent tlme to cause the packaglng materlal to dlslntegrate and dlstrlbute the admlxture relatlvely unlformly throughout the fresh concrete.
The lnventlon also relates to a method for modlfylng the propertles of a concrete comprlslng:
(a) lntroduclng a solld admlxture, contained ln a non-water-soluble paper bag, lnto a fresh concrete, sald solld admlxture comprlsing fibers; and (b) mixing the fresh concrete of step (a) ln a batch type mlxer for sufflclent tlme to cause the packaglng material to dislntegrate and dlstrlbute the admlxture relatlvely unlformly throughout the fresh concrete.
- 3a -20~4~8 The present invention also relates to a method for providing a relatively uniform distribution of admixture throughout a fresh concrete comprised of placing one or more closed packages containing a cumulatively effective amount of said admixture directly into said fresh concrete under sufficient agitation so as to cause the packaging material to disintegrate and dispense said fibers.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As used herein, the term "effective amount" of admixtures means an adequate quantity of material per cubic meter of hardened concrete to impart the desired improvement in the wet/dry concrete.
Often, more than one bag of admixture material is added to a commercial concrete mixer. As a result, the total amount of admixture from the bags must "cumulatively" result in an effective amount. Typically, one bag containing from about 0.10 lb. to about 100.0 lb. of admixture is added to each cubic meters of concrete (dry weight).
As used herein, the term "uniform distribution" or "relatively uniform distribution" means that the admixture is distributed in such a manner as that the desired property, i.e. air entrainment, retardation, acceleration, etc., can be observed (preferably measured) in samples taken from the beginning, middle and end of the concrete mixture.
As used herein the term "batch type concrete mixer" means any batch mixer suitable for thoroughly mixing cement and aggregates so as to obtain a homogeneous mass and coat all particles with cement paste. Preferred concrete mixers are: (1) rotating mixers, consisting of a revolving drum or a square box revolving about its diagonal axis and usually provided with deflectors and blades to improve the mixing; or (2) paddle mixers, consisting of a stationary box with movable paddles which perform the mixing. Rotating mixers are most preferred for use in the present invention.
Many manufacturers have developed water soluble papers. For example, Gilbreth Company, Philadelphla PA., markets "Dissolve", which is a water soluble paper prepared by coating synthetic paper with polyvinyl alcohol. The resoluble papers comprise carboxy methyl cellulose and the sodium or potassium salt of carboxy methyl cellulose. (See U.S. Patent 3,859,125 issued January 7, 1975 to Miller, et al.) These specialized papers would surely dissolve in the aqueous environment of a concrete mixing operation. However, these papers are very expensive and, it is believed that these papers would dissolve too rapidly and could produce a large clump of admixture within the mix which might resist distribution. Furthermore, the alcohol coatings of the soluble paper may have a detrimental effect on the resulting concrete as they tend to detrain air in the wet mix.
The method of the present invention allows a powdered solid admixture to be added or dispensed into a wet mixer expediently, economically and accurately.
Some admixtures are used to modify the fluid properties of fresh concrete, mortar and grout, while others are used to modify hardened concrete, mortar, and grout. The various admixtures used in the present invention are materials that can be used in concrete mortar or grout for the following purposes (1) to increase workability without increasing water content or to decrease the water contents at the same workability; (2) to retard or accelerate the time of initial setting; (3) to reduce or prevent settlement of the finished material or to create slight expansion thereof; (4) to modify - 20484G~
the rate and/or capaclty for bleedlng; (S) to reduce segregatlon of constltuent lngredlents; ~6) to lmprove penetratlon and pumpablllty; (7) to reduce the rate of slump loss; (8) to retard or reduce heat evolutlon durlng early hardenlng; (9) to accelerate the rate of strength development at early stages; (10) to increase the strength of the flnlshed materlal (compresslve, tenslle, or flexural); (11) to lncrease durablllty or reslstance to severe condltions of atmospheric exposure, includlng appllcation of delclng salts; (12) to decrease the capillary flow of water wlthln the materlal; (13) to decrease permeability of the material to llqulds; (14) to control expanslon caused by the reactlon of alkallea with certain aggregate constituents; (15) to produce cellular concrete; (16) to increase the bond of concrete to steel relnforclng elements; (17) to lncrease bond between old and new concrete; (18) to lmprove the lmpact resistance and abrasion reslstance of flnlshed materlals; (l9) to lnhlblt the corroslon of embedded metal; (20) to produce coloured concrete or mortar; and (21) to lntroduce natural or synthetlc fibers to relnforce concrete.
Concrete admlxtures are classlfied by functlon as follows: Accelerators are used to accelerate the setting and early strength development of concrete. Some of the common materials that can be used to achieve this functlon are calcium chloride, triethanolamlne, sodium thiocyanate, calcium formate, calclum nltrlte, and calclum nltrate.
Retardlng, or delayed-settlng, admlxtures are used to retard, delay, or slow the rate of settlng of concrete.
Retarders are used to offset the accelerating effect of hot weather on the settlng of concrete, or delay the lnltlal set of concrete or grout when dlfflcult condltlons of placement occur, or problems of dellvery to the ~ob slte, or to allow tlme for speclal flnlshlng processes. Most retarders also act as water reducers and can also be used to entraln some alr lnto concrete. Llgnosulfonates, hydroxylated carboxyllc acids, llgnln, borax, gluconlc, tartarlc and other organlc aclds and thelr correspondlng salts, and certaln carbohydrates can be used as retardlng admlxtures.
Alr detralners are used to decrease the alr content ln the mlxture of concrete. Trlbutyl phosphate, dlbutyl phthalate, octyl alcohol, water-lnsoluble esters of carbonlc and borlc acld, and slllcones are some of the common materlals that can be used to achleve thls effect.
Alr-entralnlng admlxtures are used to purposely entraln mlcroscoplc alr bubbles lnto concrete. Alr-entralnment dramatlcally lmproves the durablllty of concrete exposed to molsture durlng cycles of freezlng and thawlng. In addltlon, entrained alr greatly lmproves a concrete's reslstance to surface scallng caused by chemical deicers. Alr entralnment also lncreases the workablllty of - 6a -2048~8 fresh concrete while eliminating or reducing segregation and bleeding. Materials used to achieve these desired effects can be selected from salts of wood resin; (Vinsol resin); some synthetic detergents' salts of sulfonated lignin' salts of petroleum acids' salts of proteinaceous material' fatty and resinous acids and their salts' alkylbenzene sulfonates' and salts of sulfonated hydrocarbons.
Alkali-reactivity reducers can reduce alkali-aggregate expansion of these reducers, pozzolans (fly ash, silica fume), blast-furnace slag, salts of lithium and barium, and other air-entraining agents are especially effective.
Bonding admixtures are usually added to portland cement mixtures to increase the bond strength between old and new concrete and include organic materials such as rubber, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, acrylics, styrene butadiene copolymers, and other powdered polymers.
Water-reducing admixtures are used to reduce the amount of mixing water required to produce concrete of a certain slump, to reduce the ration of water and cement, or to increase slump.
Typically, water reducers will reduce the water content of the concrete mixture by approximately 5% to 10%.
Superplasticizers are high-range water reducers, or water-reducing admixtures. They are added to concrete to make high-slump flowing concrete, thus reduce the water-cement ratio.
These admixtures produce large water reduction or great flowability without causing undue set retardation or entrainment of air in mortar or concrete. Among the materials that can be used as superplasticizers are sulfonated melamine formaldehyde condensates, sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensates, certain organic acids, lignosulfonates, and/or blends thereof.
Natural and synthetic admixtures are used to color concrete for aesthetic and safety reasons. These coloring admixtures are usually composed of pigments and include carbon black, iron oxide, phthalocyane, umber, chromium oxide, titanium oxide and cobalt blue.
Corrosion inhibitors in concrete serve to protect embe~ded 68 reinforcing steel from corrosion due to its highly alkaline nature.
The high alkaline nature of the concrete causes a passive and noncorroding protective oxide film to form on the steel. However, carbonation or the presence of chloride ions from deicers or seawater can destroy or penetrate the film and result in corrosion.
Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures chemically arrest this corrosion reaction. The materials most commonly used to inhibit corrosion are calcium nitrite, sodium nitrite, sodium benzoate, certain phosphate;
or fluoaluminites, and fluosilicates.
Dampproofing admixtures reduce the permeability of concrete that have low cement contents, high water-cement ratios, or a deficiency of fines in the aggregate. These admixtures retard moisture penetration into dry concrete and include certain soaps, stearates, and petroleum products.
Grouting agents, such as air-entraining admixtures, accelerators, retarders, and non-shrink and workability agents, adjust group properties to achieve a desired result for specific applications. For example, portland cement groups are used for a variety of different purposes, each of which may require a different agent to stabilize foundations, set machine bases, fill cracks and joints in concrete work, cement oil wells, fill cores of masonry walls, grout aggregate concrete.
Gas formers, or gas-forming agents, are sometimes added to concrete and grout in very small quantities to cause a slight expansion prior to hardening. The amount of expansion is dependent upon the amount of gas-forming material used, the temperature of the fresh mixture. Aluminum powder, resin soap and vegetable or animal glue, saponin or hydrolyzed protein can be used as gas formers.
Permeability reducers are used to reduce the rate at which water under pressure is transmitted through concrete. Silica fume, fly ash, ground slag, natural pozzolans water reducers, and latex can be employed to decrease the permeability of the concrete.
Pozzolan is a siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material, which in itself possesses little or not cementitious value. However, in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture, Pozzolan will chemically react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form compounds possessing cementitious properties.
204~68 Pumping aids are added to concrete mixes to improve pumpability. These admixtures thicken the fluid concrete, i.e., increase its viscosity, to reduce de-watering of the paste while it is under pressure from the pump. Among the materials used as pumping aids in concrete are organic and synthetic polymers, hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) or HEC blended with dispersants, organic flocculents, organic emulsions of paraffin, coal tar, asphalt, acrylics, bentonite and pyrogenic silicas, natural pozzolans, fly ash and hydrated lime.
Bacteria and fungal growth on or in hardened concrete may be partially controlled through the use of fungicidal, germicidal,and insecticidal admixtures. The most effective materials for these purposes are polyhalogenated phenols, dieldrin emulsions, and copper compounds.
Fresh concrete can sometimes be harsh because of faulty mixture proportions or certain aggregate characteristics such as particle shape and improper grader. Under these conditions, entrained air which acts like a lubricant, can be used as a workability improving agent. Other workability agents are water reducers and certain finely divided admixtures.
Finely divided mineral admixtures are materials in powder of pulverized form added to concrete before or during the mixing process to improve or change some of the plastic or hardened properties of portland cement concrete. Portland cement, as used in the trade, means hydraulic calcium silicates, all usually containing one or more of the forms of calcium sulfate as an interground addition with ASTM types, I, II, III, IV, or V. The finely divided mineral admixtures can be classified according to their chemical or physical properties as" cementitious materials pozzolans' pozzonaic and cementitious materials; and nominally inert materials.
Cementitious materials are materials that alone have hydraulic cementing properties, and set and harden in the presence of water.
Included in cementitious materials are ground granulated blast-furnace slag natural cement, hydraulic hydrated lime, and combinations of these and other materials. As discussed above, pozzolan is a siliceous or aluminosiliceous material that possesses little or not cementitious value but will, in the presence of ~a~e~
and in finely divided form, chemically react with the calcium hydroxide released by the hydration of portland cement to form materials with cementitious properties. Diatomaceious earth, opaline cherts, clays, shales, fly ash, silica fume, volcanic tuffs and pumicites are some of the known pozzolans. Certain ground granulated blast-furnace slags and high calcium fly ashes posses both pozzolanic and cementitious properties. Nominally inert materials can also include finely divided raw quartz, dolomites, limestones, marble, gran7te, and others. Synthetic or natural fibers are nylon, polypropylene, zirconium materials, and various kinds of fiber glasses.
In the construction field, many methods of strengthening concrete have been developed through the years. One modern method involves distributing fibers throughout a fresh concrete mixture.
Upon hardening, this concrete is referred to as fiber-reinforced concrete. Fibers can be made of steel, glass, or synthetic materials, e.g., polypropylene, nylon, polyethylene, polyester, rayon, high-strength aramid, (i.e. Kevlar0), or mixtures thereof.
Preferred fibers of the present invention are synthetic fibers.
Preferred synthetic fibers, according to the present invention, are manufactured from 100% virgin polypropylene in collated, fibrillated form. Preferred fibers are about 1/2 to about 3/4 inch in length.
Fibers, in general, are further discussed in ASTM designation C116, "Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Shotcrete", incorporated herein by reference.
Mixtures of two or more admixtures are also contemplated by the present invention.
As discussed above, polymer of lignosulfonates are widely used raw materials in the production of water reducing admixtures.
They are also used to retard or delay the setting of concrete. The lignosulfonates may have an average molecular weight of approximately 3,000 to 5,000 with the molecular weight distribution ranging from a few hundred to 100,000. The molecule is a polymer of substituted phenyl propane unit with hydroxyl (OH), methoxy (OCH3), phenyl ring (C6H6), and sulfonic acid (S03H) groups. Lignosulfonate 2048~68 ls obtained as a waste liquor during the production of paper-making pulp from wood whose compositions may include from about 20% to about 30% of lignln. Lignosulfonate contains a complex mixture of sulfonatlon products of lignin, decompositlon products of cellulose and llqnin, various carbohydrates and free sulfurous acid and sulfates.
Lignosulfonates are also available commercially as their sodium or calcium salts.
It has been discovered that a packaged material prepared from paper of a non-soluble, traditlonal varlety abrades more slowly and, surprislngly, dlstrlbutes the admixture very unlformly throughout the fresh concrete mlxture. These non-soluble papers tend to dlslntegrate upon the wet abraslon found ln the concrete mlxer, they do not dlssolve, because the celluloslc materlals found withln the paper are lnsoluble ln water. The abraslon of the sand, gravel and other concrete components causes the paper to dlslntegrate, l.e. fragment lnto pleces whlch are unnotlceable to the human eye and have no detrlmental effect on the propertles of the flnlshed concrete. Preferred papers contemplated ln the present lnventlon lnclude repulpable and beater paper, shopplng bag Kraft paper, and multiwall Kraft paper. The most preferred papers are repulpable, beater papers. Flexible paper contalner materlal are further descrlbed ln Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technoloqy, 3rd ed. (1981), vol. 16, page 801.
One paper which is particularly effective in the present invention is a 50 lb. white beater paper. This paper A
is fabrlcated from 100% pine pulp, has a basis weight of about 50 lb., a machine direction tear of about 109, a machine direction tensile of about 16, sizing of about 0, a brightness (TAPPI) of about 80.0, and a moistron moisture of about 5.6%.
These paper speclflcatlon determlnatlons are further descrlbed in Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedla of Chemical Technoloqy, 3rd ed., (1981), Vol. lb, pp. 771-780. This paper can be fabricated into a bag or pouch. Union Camp Corporatlon, Wayne, NJ., fabrlcates a 50 lb. whlte multiwall beater paper bag whlch ls most preferred in the present invention.
~ ags or pouches can be fabricated ln any shape, provided that they fit lnto the flll openlng of a standard concrete mlxture. A preferred embodiment of the present inventlon lncludes 1.5 lb. of admlxture contalned ln a 15" x 14" flat plllow pouch fabrlcated from the 50 lb. whlte multlwall beater paper bag descrlbed above.
The bag or pouch ls typically placed lnslde the concrete mlxer drum vla the drum opening. This may be done before introducing the other concrete components, durlng the introduction of the concrete components, after the lntroductlon of the concrete components, or any comblnatlon of the three. Mlxing tlmes should be at least about 5 minutes.
We have dlscovered that lt ls also helpful to seal bags of the present invention with a water soluble adhesive.
These adhesives can be any water soluble or water miscible adhesive which imparts sufficient bond strength to prevent premature opening of the bag ln translt. It ls also lmportant that the adheslve does not lmpart any deleterlous qualities to `' ;
the resultlng concrete. A typical water soluble adhesive sultable for use in the present lnvention is a one-part acrylic copolymer emulslon adheslve.
It has also been dlscovered that dlstrlbutlon of most admlxture can be lmproved by lncludlng a dlspersant in the package along wlth the admixture. These dispersants can be water-reducing and high-range water-reducing dispersants selected from the group consisting of lignosulfonates (e.g., sodium lignosulfonate), naphthalene sulfonate, malemine sulfonate, "superplasticizers' (like those described in U.S.
Patent Nos. 4,518,725 to Arfaei on March 21, 1989; 4,657,593 to Aignesberger et al. on April 4, 1987; and 4,814,014 to Guicquero on May 21, 1985, and mixtures thereof. Preferred dispersants are lignosulfonate and naphthalene sulfonate.
Liquld dispersants are added to the admixture by spraying or any other acceptable coating means. Dry dispersants, in powder form, may be added directly to the bag containing the admixture. The ratio of dispersant to admixture is typically from about 1 : 1 to about 1 : 15 w/w. The preferred ratio of dispersant to admlxture ls from about 1 : 6 to about 1 : 9 w/w. The level of dispersant can vary based on the dispersant itself.
- 12a -2q4~68 Although certain specific embodiments of the invention have been shown and described for use in the present invention, it will be apparent in accordance with the broader aspect of the invention that various modifications and other embodiments are possible. For example, preferred papers with slightly different characteristics may also work, or concrete mix, cement, sand and mixtures thereof may also be added to, or totally replace the admixture. It is to be understood, therefore, that the invention is not limited to the specific arrangements shown, but in its broadest aspect, it includes all equivalent embodiments and modifications which come within the scope of the invention.
The following examples depict typical embodiments of the present invention:
EXAMPLE I
Method of Producing a Fiber-Containing Product A quantity of 1.5 lb. of collated, fibrillated polypropylene fibers which are 1/2" in length are weighed. The fibers are distributed by W R. Grace & Co.-Conn., Cambridge, MA
under the name GRACE FIBERS . These fibers have the following typical properties:
Specific Gravity 0.91 Absorption None Modulus of Elasticity 5000ksi Melt Point 1600C
Ignition Point 590 C
Alkali, Acid + Salt Resistance High The fibers are manually packaged in a 14" x 15" 50 lb.
white multi-wall beater paper flat, pillow-type bag, manufactured by Union-Camp Corp., ~ayne, NJ. The bag comprises one open end which has a lip.
The bag is fed into an automatic sealing/folding machine.
The machine then applies the adhesive to the bag lip, folds the bag to close the bag, and applies enough pressure to seal the bag. The bag is then put into a cardboard box for shipping.
84~8 _ EXAMPLE II
Method of Producing a Silica Fume-Containing Product A quantity of 9 lbs. of silica fume, which is in raw powder of a dry densified form, is weighted. The silica fume is distributed under the brand FORCE 10,000~ by W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn., Cambridge, MA.
The silica fume is manually packaged in a 30"x30" 50 lb.
white multi-wall beater paper flat, pillow-type bag, of the type manufactured by Union-Camp Corp., Wayne, NJ. The bag comprises one open end which has a lip.
The bag is fed into an automatic sealing/folding machine.
The machine then applies the adhesive to the bag lip, folds the bag to close the bag, and applies enough pressure to seal the bag. The bag is then put into a cardboard box for shipping.
EXAMPLE III
Method of Producing a Calcium Chloride Containing Product Calcium chloride (CaC12) is added to wet concrete to attain early strength gain and to insure proper setting characteristics during cold weather. A quantity of 1.5 lb. of Calcium Chloride manufactured by Dow Chemical, Midland, MI. is weighed.
The calcium chloride is manually packaged in a 14" x 15" 50 lb. white multi-wall beater paper flat, pillow-type bag, manufactured by Union-Camp Corp., ~ayne, NJ. The bag comprises one open end which has a lip.
The bag is fed into an automatic sealing/folding machine.
The machine then applies the adhesive to the bag lip, folds the bag to close the bag, and applies enough pressure to seal the bag. The bag is then put into a cardboard box for shipping.
204~68 EXAMPLE IV
_ Method of Producing a Set Retarder Containing Product Sodium gluconate is added as a retarder of the initial set of plastic concrete so that the concrete remains plastic until a time that it is needed. A quantity of 1.5 lbs. of a sodium gluconate product, manufactured under the brand RECOVER~ by W.R.
Grace & Co.-Conn., Cambridge, MA., is weighed.
The sodium gluconate is manually packaged in a 14" x 15" 50 lb. white multi-wall beater paper flat, pillow-type bag, manufactured by Union-Camp Corp., Wayne, NJ. The bag comprises one open end which has a lip.
The bag is fed into an automatic sealing/folding machine.
The machine then applies the adhesive to the bag lip, folds the bag to close the bag, and applies enough pressure to seal the bag. The bag is then put into a cardboard box for shipping.
EXAMPLE V
Method of Producing a Pumping-Aid-Containing Product Polyethylene oxide is added to plastic concrete to improve the mixability and/or pumpability of the concrete. A quantity of 1 lbs. of polyethylene oxide, manufactured by Union Carbide under the tradename "Polyox WSRN-80", is weighed.
The polyethylene oxide is manually packaged in a 14" x 15"
50 lb. white multi-wall beater paper flat, pillow-type bag, manufactured by Union-Camp Corp., Wayne, NJ. The bag comprises one open end which has a lip.
The bag is fed into an automatic sealing/folding machine.
The machine then applies the adhesive to the bag lip, folds the bag to close the bag, and applies enough pressure to seal the bag. The bag is then put into a cardboard box for shipping.
EXAMPLE VI ~ 0 4 8 ~ ~ 8 _ Method of Producing an Accelerant Containing Product Dry calcium nitrate is added to plastic concrete to accelerate hydration. It is also added to inhibit the corrosion of steel and restressed strands. A quantity of 10 lbs. of dry calcium nitrate is weighed.
The dry calcium nitrate is manually packaged in a 30" x 30"
50 lb. white multi-wall beater paper flat, pillow-type bag, of the type manufactured by Union-Camp Corp., Wayne, NJ. The bag comprises one open end which has a lip.
The bag is fed into an automatic sealing/folding machine.
The machine then applies the adhesive to the bag lip, folds the bag to close the bag, and applies enough pressure to seal the bag. The bag is then put into a cardboard box for shipping.
EXAMPLE VII
Method of Producing a Superplasticizer Containing Product Superplasticizers, or "high end water reducers", are added to plastic concrete to reduce the water requirements of concrete. A
quantity of 1.5 lbs. of a sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate, manufactured under the brand WRDA-l9~, by W.R. Grace &
Co.-Conn. is weighed.
The superplasticizer is manually packaged in a 14" x 15" 50 lb. white multi-wall beater paper flat, pillow-type bag, manufactured by Union-Camp Corp., Wayne, NJ. The bag comprises one open end which has a lip.
The bag is fed into an automatic sealing/folding machine.
The machine then applies the adhesive to the bag lip, folds the bag to close the bag, and applies enough pressure to seal the bag. The bag is then put into a cardboard box for shipping.
EXAMPLE VIII 2 0~ a ~ 6 8 _ Method of Using the Improved Concrete Additive Plc~cLs of the Present Invention The concrete additive product of ant previous Example is removed from the cardboard box. The bag is placed in a revolving drum-type rotating concrete mixer containing 1 m3 of fresh ready-mix concrete mixture through the drum opening. The fresh concrete and bag are mixed for 5 minutes. The admixture distribution is uniform.
EXAMPLE IX
Alternative Method of Using the Improved Concrete Additive Plod~cLs of the Present Invention The concrete additive product of Example VIII is removed from the cardboard box. The bag is placed in a revolving drum-type rotating concrete mixer via an automated magazine feed dispenser which introduces the bag to the other concrete components at a rate of one bag per 1 m3 of concrete. Water is added to the dry mix and the fresh concrete slurry is mixed by rotating the drum for 5 minutes. The admixture distribution is uniform.
Claims (8)
1. A method for modifying the properties of a concrete comprising:
(a) introducing a solid admixture, contained in a non-water-soluble paper bag, into a fresh concrete, said solid admixture comprising fibers; and (b) mixing the fresh concrete of step (a) in a batch type mixer for sufficient time to cause the packaging material to disintegrate and distribute the admixture relatively uniformly throughout the fresh concrete.
(a) introducing a solid admixture, contained in a non-water-soluble paper bag, into a fresh concrete, said solid admixture comprising fibers; and (b) mixing the fresh concrete of step (a) in a batch type mixer for sufficient time to cause the packaging material to disintegrate and distribute the admixture relatively uniformly throughout the fresh concrete.
2. A method according to Claim 1, wherein the paper is selected from the group consisting of repulpable and beater paper, shopping bag Kraft paper and multiwall Kraft paper.
3. A method according to Claim 2 wherein the paper is a repulpable, beater paper.
4. A method according to Claim 3 wherein the bag is sealed with a water-soluble adhesive.
5. A method according to Claim 4 wherein the water-soluble adhesive is a one-part acrylic copolymer emulsion adhesive.
6. A method according to Claim 5 wherein the number of packages is one per cubic meter of concrete.
7. A method according to Claim 3 wherein said paper is characterized by a basis weight of about 50 lbs., a machine direction tear of about 109, and a machine direction tensile of about 16.
8. A method according to Claim 7 wherein said paper is fabricated from 100% pine pulp.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US07/563,580 US5224774A (en) | 1990-08-07 | 1990-08-07 | Concrete additive product and method of use |
US563,580 | 1990-08-07 | ||
US07/683,214 US5203629A (en) | 1990-08-07 | 1991-04-10 | Method for modifying concrete properties |
USC.I.P.683,214 | 1991-04-10 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2048468A1 CA2048468A1 (en) | 1992-02-08 |
CA2048468C true CA2048468C (en) | 1996-10-22 |
Family
ID=27073327
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA002048468A Expired - Fee Related CA2048468C (en) | 1990-08-07 | 1991-08-06 | Method for modifying concrete properties |
Country Status (18)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5203629A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0470829B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH04251711A (en) |
KR (1) | KR920004299A (en) |
AT (1) | ATE121712T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU634409B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2048468C (en) |
DE (1) | DE69109204T2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK0470829T3 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2071225T3 (en) |
FI (1) | FI104164B1 (en) |
HK (1) | HK181795A (en) |
IL (1) | IL99004A (en) |
MY (1) | MY106787A (en) |
NO (1) | NO308129B1 (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ239188A (en) |
PT (1) | PT98581B (en) |
TW (1) | TW223049B (en) |
Families Citing this family (58)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH06155444A (en) * | 1992-11-24 | 1994-06-03 | Ohbayashi Corp | Charging method of finely-powdered material in concrete |
WO1994025702A1 (en) * | 1993-05-03 | 1994-11-10 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Reinforcing elements for castable compositions |
WO1995006086A2 (en) * | 1993-08-26 | 1995-03-02 | Synthetic Industries, Inc. | Reinforced concrete containing antimicrobial-enhanced fibers |
US5564241A (en) * | 1993-12-21 | 1996-10-15 | Ogorchock; Paul | Sound-barrier panel |
US5678363A (en) * | 1993-12-21 | 1997-10-21 | Ogorchock; Paul | Sound barrier panel |
US5443636B1 (en) * | 1994-07-29 | 1999-07-13 | Fritz Ind Inc | Composition for and method of pumping concrete |
JPH11513358A (en) * | 1995-10-11 | 1999-11-16 | アルセル テクノロジーズ インコーポレイテッド | Lignin based concrete additives |
US5728209A (en) * | 1995-11-13 | 1998-03-17 | Mbt Holding Ag | Unitized cement admixture |
US5945168A (en) * | 1997-02-27 | 1999-08-31 | Bogan; Jeffrey E. | Set modifying admixtures for refractory shotcreting |
US6851235B2 (en) * | 1997-05-08 | 2005-02-08 | Robert A. Baldwin | Building block with a cement-based attachment layer |
US5895116A (en) | 1997-08-25 | 1999-04-20 | W.R. Grace & Co. -Conn. | Mobile admixture product manufacturing and delivery process and system |
US6342101B1 (en) * | 1999-10-11 | 2002-01-29 | Cortec Corporation | Migrating corrosion inhibitors combined with concrete and modifers |
US6306210B1 (en) | 1999-10-11 | 2001-10-23 | Cortec Corporation | Corrosion inhibitor container |
US6348093B1 (en) | 2000-04-27 | 2002-02-19 | W. R. Grace & Co. - Conn | Basic-medium-soluble packaging material for use in castable cementitious composites |
US6746717B2 (en) * | 2000-12-05 | 2004-06-08 | Ramirez De Arellano Eduardo | Method of applying concrete-based material |
US6569525B2 (en) | 2001-04-25 | 2003-05-27 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Highly dispersible reinforcing polymeric fibers |
SG105543A1 (en) * | 2001-04-25 | 2004-08-27 | Grace W R & Co | Highly dispersible reinforcing polymeric fibers |
GB2390847B (en) * | 2001-06-08 | 2005-02-02 | Rmc Readymix Ltd | Process for producing a cementitious composition |
AU2002330560A1 (en) * | 2002-07-10 | 2004-02-02 | Dimitri Papachristou | Method for improving characteristics of building and coating elements with a rubber-based filler, and resulting materials |
US6942726B2 (en) | 2002-08-23 | 2005-09-13 | Bki Holding Corporation | Cementitious material reinforced with chemically treated cellulose fiber |
GB0228618D0 (en) * | 2002-12-07 | 2003-01-15 | Grt Ltd | Method & apparatus for packing powdered or granular material |
JP4716989B2 (en) * | 2003-08-29 | 2011-07-06 | ビーケイアイ・ホールディング・コーポレーション | Fiber foam for feeding into concrete |
EP1685077B1 (en) * | 2003-11-17 | 2013-06-05 | Microban Products Company | Method of making cementitious slab products having antimicrobial properties |
US7036586B2 (en) * | 2004-01-30 | 2006-05-02 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Methods of cementing in subterranean formations using crack resistant cement compositions |
US7156174B2 (en) * | 2004-01-30 | 2007-01-02 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Contained micro-particles for use in well bore operations |
US7204312B2 (en) * | 2004-01-30 | 2007-04-17 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Compositions and methods for the delivery of chemical components in subterranean well bores |
US8183186B2 (en) * | 2004-02-10 | 2012-05-22 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Cement-based particulates and methods of use |
US9512346B2 (en) * | 2004-02-10 | 2016-12-06 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Cement compositions and methods utilizing nano-hydraulic cement |
US20060166834A1 (en) * | 2004-02-10 | 2006-07-27 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Subterranean treatment fluids comprising substantially hydrated cement particulates |
US20050172861A1 (en) * | 2004-02-10 | 2005-08-11 | Rich Zachary T. | Plastic resin delivery and dispensing system for fluid concrete admixtures |
US7086466B2 (en) * | 2004-02-10 | 2006-08-08 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Use of substantially hydrated cement particulates in drilling and subterranean applications |
US7341104B2 (en) * | 2004-02-10 | 2008-03-11 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Methods of using substantially hydrated cement particulates in subterranean applications |
US7344345B2 (en) * | 2004-05-27 | 2008-03-18 | Southco, Inc. | Captive shoulder nut having spring tie-down |
US20060039233A1 (en) * | 2004-08-20 | 2006-02-23 | Construction Research & Technology Gmbh | Admixture dispensing method |
US7223303B2 (en) * | 2004-08-26 | 2007-05-29 | Mitsubishi Materials Corporation | Silicon cleaning method for semiconductor materials and polycrystalline silicon chunk |
JP2006111489A (en) * | 2004-10-14 | 2006-04-27 | Hakko Kogyo Kk | Solidification method and solidifying agent used in the same |
EP1731491A1 (en) * | 2005-06-10 | 2006-12-13 | Lafarge | Fast binder compositions for concrete bodies and parts, containing a calcium salt |
US7581903B1 (en) | 2006-06-08 | 2009-09-01 | Thermoforte, Inc. | Method of manufacture and installation flowable thermal backfills |
US20080178769A1 (en) * | 2007-01-30 | 2008-07-31 | Construction Research & Technology Gmbh | Kit and method for preparing a hardenable cementitious composition |
WO2008104074A1 (en) * | 2007-02-28 | 2008-09-04 | Tembec Industries Inc. | Higher than 30% concentration lime slurries, preparation and uses thereof |
US9206344B2 (en) | 2007-05-10 | 2015-12-08 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Sealant compositions and methods utilizing nano-particles |
US9512351B2 (en) | 2007-05-10 | 2016-12-06 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Well treatment fluids and methods utilizing nano-particles |
US9199879B2 (en) | 2007-05-10 | 2015-12-01 | Halliburton Energy Serives, Inc. | Well treatment compositions and methods utilizing nano-particles |
US8586512B2 (en) | 2007-05-10 | 2013-11-19 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Cement compositions and methods utilizing nano-clay |
US8685903B2 (en) | 2007-05-10 | 2014-04-01 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Lost circulation compositions and associated methods |
US8476203B2 (en) | 2007-05-10 | 2013-07-02 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Cement compositions comprising sub-micron alumina and associated methods |
US8172937B2 (en) * | 2007-09-14 | 2012-05-08 | Cellular Concrete, Llc | Lightweight drainable cellular concrete |
US9688933B2 (en) * | 2009-09-11 | 2017-06-27 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture | Charcoal-foam heating material |
US20110086941A1 (en) * | 2009-10-09 | 2011-04-14 | Emmanuel Therond | Method of improving characteristics of a set cement in an oil-and gas-well |
US8230970B1 (en) * | 2010-12-17 | 2012-07-31 | Concrete Innovation Services | Sound barrier wall |
WO2012134441A1 (en) * | 2011-03-29 | 2012-10-04 | Empire Technology Development Llc | Microcapsule corrosion control in reinforced concrete |
JP6053461B2 (en) * | 2012-11-08 | 2016-12-27 | コンストラクション リサーチ アンド テクノロジー ゲーエムベーハーConstruction Research & Technology GmbH | Method for producing fluidized concrete |
US9328027B2 (en) | 2012-12-21 | 2016-05-03 | Hanson Aggregates LLC | Fast-curing pervious concrete mix |
US9598850B2 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2017-03-21 | Forterra Pipe & Precast, Llc | Precast stormwater inlet filter and trap |
JP6274171B2 (en) * | 2015-09-16 | 2018-02-07 | 宇部興産株式会社 | Seismic structure and its design method |
WO2018130913A2 (en) | 2017-01-15 | 2018-07-19 | Butler Michael George | Apparatuses and systems for and methods of generating and placing zero-slump-pumpable concrete |
JP7148895B2 (en) * | 2019-03-27 | 2022-10-06 | 住友大阪セメント株式会社 | Kneading method for hydraulic material |
CN114797615A (en) * | 2022-04-26 | 2022-07-29 | 浙江大学 | Modified cementing material, preparation method thereof and mixing system |
Family Cites Families (25)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US931350A (en) * | 1908-05-06 | 1909-08-17 | Thoma Corp | Package of sticky cement and method of making the same. |
US1916531A (en) * | 1925-10-22 | 1933-07-04 | John F Robb | Cement loader, bag counter and indicator for batch mixing apparatus |
US3056491A (en) * | 1958-08-29 | 1962-10-02 | Polaroid Corp | Fluid containers |
GB1071706A (en) * | 1964-10-14 | 1967-06-14 | Mishima Paper Mfg Co Ltd | A method of making paper which dissolves or rapidly disintegrates in water |
GB1232584A (en) * | 1967-05-26 | 1971-05-19 | ||
US3580390A (en) * | 1968-02-20 | 1971-05-25 | Nat Gypsum Co | Plaster colorant system |
US3902596A (en) * | 1970-02-10 | 1975-09-02 | U S Chemicals And Plastics Inc | Additive package for compounding resins |
US3863758A (en) * | 1971-11-02 | 1975-02-04 | Hercules Inc | Molding compositions |
US3859125A (en) * | 1972-10-10 | 1975-01-07 | Gilbreth Co | Soluble coated paper |
FR2342060A1 (en) * | 1976-02-27 | 1977-09-23 | Milliquet Sa J F | Infusion-type herbal bath additive - with closed filter paper bag contg. herbs |
AU3433478A (en) * | 1977-03-22 | 1979-09-27 | Rocla Concrete Pipes Limited A | Reinforcement fibres |
US4344266A (en) * | 1978-11-09 | 1982-08-17 | Magnex Limited | Collapsible structure and method of building using such a structure |
MX150317A (en) * | 1978-11-17 | 1984-04-16 | Unilever Nv | IMPROVEMENTS IN CLOSED STOCK MATERIAL BAG FOR PARTICULATE DETERGENTS |
GB2073603A (en) * | 1980-04-11 | 1981-10-21 | Coal Industry Patents Ltd | Improvements in handling cement |
EP0062126B1 (en) * | 1981-03-31 | 1985-08-28 | Syva Company | Motility fertility test |
DE3144673A1 (en) * | 1981-11-10 | 1983-05-26 | Skw Trostberg Ag, 8223 Trostberg | ACID GROUPS CONTAINING THERMOSTABLE, HYDROPHILIC CONDENSATION PRODUCTS OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES |
ATE23032T1 (en) * | 1982-07-28 | 1986-11-15 | Chryso Sa | LIQUIDING AGENT FOR HYDRAULIC BINDERS. |
US4426458A (en) * | 1982-07-30 | 1984-01-17 | Sulphur Development Institute Of Canada (Sudic) | Fiber reinforced sulphur concretes |
DK63783D0 (en) * | 1983-02-14 | 1983-02-14 | Bent Pagh Sperling | METHOD AND PLANT FOR MANUFACTURING COMPOSITE PLASTIC FIBERS WITH EXTRACTIVE SOLID PARTICLES |
US4725465A (en) * | 1986-08-01 | 1988-02-16 | Oliver Products Company | Water-soluble packet for containing chemical spills |
US4814014A (en) * | 1986-12-09 | 1989-03-21 | W. R. Grace & Co. | Hydraulic cement additives and hydraulic cement compositions containing same |
JPS63281975A (en) * | 1987-05-11 | 1988-11-18 | Ishida Yoshihiko | Moisture proof container |
US4961790A (en) * | 1989-05-19 | 1990-10-09 | Fritz Chemical Company | Concrete admixture device and method of using same |
JPH0353084A (en) * | 1989-07-18 | 1991-03-07 | Citizen Watch Co Ltd | Etching solution of tantalum |
JPH03272808A (en) * | 1990-02-26 | 1991-12-04 | Taisei Corp | Cement admixture and/or adding method of admixture, and cement admixture and/or admixture package body |
-
1991
- 1991-04-10 US US07/683,214 patent/US5203629A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-07-30 NZ NZ239188A patent/NZ239188A/en unknown
- 1991-07-30 AU AU81449/91A patent/AU634409B2/en not_active Expired
- 1991-08-01 NO NO913003A patent/NO308129B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-08-05 MY MYPI91001414A patent/MY106787A/en unknown
- 1991-08-06 JP JP3219393A patent/JPH04251711A/en active Pending
- 1991-08-06 FI FI913734A patent/FI104164B1/en active
- 1991-08-06 CA CA002048468A patent/CA2048468C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-08-06 PT PT98581A patent/PT98581B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-08-07 ES ES91307261T patent/ES2071225T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-08-07 DE DE69109204T patent/DE69109204T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-08-07 KR KR1019910013637A patent/KR920004299A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1991-08-07 EP EP91307261A patent/EP0470829B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-08-07 AT AT91307261T patent/ATE121712T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-08-07 DK DK91307261.7T patent/DK0470829T3/en active
- 1991-08-30 IL IL9900491A patent/IL99004A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-09-10 TW TW080107155A patent/TW223049B/zh active
-
1995
- 1995-11-30 HK HK181795A patent/HK181795A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FI913734A (en) | 1992-02-08 |
CA2048468A1 (en) | 1992-02-08 |
NO308129B1 (en) | 2000-07-31 |
FI913734A0 (en) | 1991-08-06 |
EP0470829B1 (en) | 1995-04-26 |
ES2071225T3 (en) | 1995-06-16 |
DE69109204D1 (en) | 1995-06-01 |
IL99004A0 (en) | 1992-07-15 |
NZ239188A (en) | 1993-09-27 |
AU8144991A (en) | 1992-02-13 |
NO913003D0 (en) | 1991-08-01 |
PT98581B (en) | 1997-07-31 |
MY106787A (en) | 1995-07-31 |
AU634409B2 (en) | 1993-02-18 |
HK181795A (en) | 1995-12-08 |
TW223049B (en) | 1994-05-01 |
FI104164B (en) | 1999-11-30 |
ATE121712T1 (en) | 1995-05-15 |
NO913003L (en) | 1992-02-10 |
DE69109204T2 (en) | 1995-08-31 |
EP0470829A1 (en) | 1992-02-12 |
KR920004299A (en) | 1992-03-27 |
PT98581A (en) | 1992-06-30 |
DK0470829T3 (en) | 1995-07-17 |
JPH04251711A (en) | 1992-09-08 |
FI104164B1 (en) | 1999-11-30 |
IL99004A (en) | 1996-10-16 |
US5203629A (en) | 1993-04-20 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CA2048468C (en) | Method for modifying concrete properties | |
AU619158B2 (en) | Concrete admixture device and method of using same | |
US5120367A (en) | Concrete admixture device and method of using same | |
US5728209A (en) | Unitized cement admixture | |
CA2459524C (en) | Micro-granulose particulates | |
US5494516A (en) | Workable cementitious compositions | |
CA2619370C (en) | Kit and method for preparing a hardenable cementitious composition | |
AU2002336384A1 (en) | Micro-granulose particulates | |
US6790275B2 (en) | Pumpably verifiable fluid fiber compositions | |
US6569233B2 (en) | Pumpably verifiable fluid fiber compositions | |
NZ206493A (en) | Cement or mortar additive containing microsilica | |
WO2009085426A1 (en) | Concrete having high workability through control of fine-to-coarse particulates ratio | |
IL102745A (en) | Coated lightweight aggregate for building materials | |
CA2201124C (en) | Compacted units of cement admixtures | |
GB2377930A (en) | A self-levelling concrete composition | |
JPH02149457A (en) | Self-leveling composition and kit for producing this composition | |
US20220402166A1 (en) | On demand kit for customizable cementitious compositions | |
JPH07138059A (en) | Complex cement admixture composition and packaged body |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
EEER | Examination request | ||
MKLA | Lapsed |