CA2115743C - Chewing gum products using fructooligosaccharides - Google Patents
Chewing gum products using fructooligosaccharidesInfo
- Publication number
- CA2115743C CA2115743C CA002115743A CA2115743A CA2115743C CA 2115743 C CA2115743 C CA 2115743C CA 002115743 A CA002115743 A CA 002115743A CA 2115743 A CA2115743 A CA 2115743A CA 2115743 C CA2115743 C CA 2115743C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- fructooligosaccharides
- chewing gum
- gum
- fos
- syrup
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N Fructose Chemical class OC[C@H]1O[C@](O)(CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 233
- 235000015218 chewing gum Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 229940112822 chewing gum Drugs 0.000 title claims abstract description 87
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 100
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 88
- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 88
- 239000000605 aspartame Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 229960003438 aspartame Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 108010011485 Aspartame Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 235000010357 aspartame Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- IAOZJIPTCAWIRG-QWRGUYRKSA-N aspartame Chemical compound OC(=O)C[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)OC)CC1=CC=CC=C1 IAOZJIPTCAWIRG-QWRGUYRKSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 235000003599 food sweetener Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 239000003765 sweetening agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000008123 high-intensity sweetener Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 235000013615 non-nutritive sweetener Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 98
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 claims description 53
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 49
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000004067 bulking agent Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000013355 food flavoring agent Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002774 Maltodextrin Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000881 Modified starch Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001013 cariogenic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000019426 modified starch Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 108010010803 Gelatin Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001938 Vegetable gum Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001913 cellulose Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002678 cellulose Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000159 gelatin Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008273 gelatin Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005913 Maltodextrin Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940035034 maltodextrin Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004368 Modified starch Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000008393 encapsulating agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 49
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 35
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 34
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 34
- 235000010356 sorbitol Nutrition 0.000 description 34
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 34
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 27
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 25
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 25
- 229960001031 glucose Drugs 0.000 description 25
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 24
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 24
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 23
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 23
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 23
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 23
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 23
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 23
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000008121 dextrose Substances 0.000 description 20
- 235000010449 maltitol Nutrition 0.000 description 19
- 239000005715 Fructose Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 17
- 229930091371 Fructose Natural products 0.000 description 16
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N D-Mannitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 229930195725 Mannitol Natural products 0.000 description 15
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 description 15
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 description 15
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 14
- TVXBFESIOXBWNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Xylitol Natural products OCCC(O)C(O)C(O)CCO TVXBFESIOXBWNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N meso ribitol Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)CO HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000000811 xylitol Substances 0.000 description 13
- 235000010447 xylitol Nutrition 0.000 description 13
- HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-SCDXWVJYSA-N xylitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-SCDXWVJYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 229960002675 xylitol Drugs 0.000 description 13
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 11
- NUFKRGBSZPCGQB-FLBSXDLDSA-N (3s)-3-amino-4-oxo-4-[[(2r)-1-oxo-1-[(2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietan-3-yl)amino]propan-2-yl]amino]butanoic acid;pentahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.OC(=O)C[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@H](C)C(=O)NC1C(C)(C)SC1(C)C.OC(=O)C[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@H](C)C(=O)NC1C(C)(C)SC1(C)C NUFKRGBSZPCGQB-FLBSXDLDSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000004377 Alitame Substances 0.000 description 10
- 235000019409 alitame Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 108010009985 alitame Proteins 0.000 description 10
- SERLAGPUMNYUCK-DCUALPFSSA-N 1-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O SERLAGPUMNYUCK-DCUALPFSSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000000845 maltitol Substances 0.000 description 9
- VQHSOMBJVWLPSR-WUJBLJFYSA-N maltitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]([C@H](O)CO)O[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O VQHSOMBJVWLPSR-WUJBLJFYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229940035436 maltitol Drugs 0.000 description 9
- OWEGMIWEEQEYGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 100676-05-9 Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(OC2C(OC(O)C(O)C2O)CO)O1 OWEGMIWEEQEYGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 8
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-PICCSMPSSA-N Maltose Natural products O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-PICCSMPSSA-N 0.000 description 8
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QUYVBRFLSA-N beta-maltose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QUYVBRFLSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000004091 panning Methods 0.000 description 8
- 240000004181 Eucalyptus cladocalyx Species 0.000 description 7
- LYPFDBRUNKHDGX-SOGSVHMOSA-N N1C2=CC=C1\C(=C1\C=CC(=N1)\C(=C1\C=C/C(/N1)=C(/C1=N/C(/CC1)=C2/C1=CC(O)=CC=C1)C1=CC(O)=CC=C1)\C1=CC(O)=CC=C1)C1=CC(O)=CC=C1 Chemical compound N1C2=CC=C1\C(=C1\C=CC(=N1)\C(=C1\C=C/C(/N1)=C(/C1=N/C(/CC1)=C2/C1=CC(O)=CC=C1)C1=CC(O)=CC=C1)\C1=CC(O)=CC=C1)C1=CC(O)=CC=C1 LYPFDBRUNKHDGX-SOGSVHMOSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000832 lactitol Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000010448 lactitol Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- VQHSOMBJVWLPSR-JVCRWLNRSA-N lactitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]([C@H](O)CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O VQHSOMBJVWLPSR-JVCRWLNRSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229960003451 lactitol Drugs 0.000 description 7
- 229960002197 temoporfin Drugs 0.000 description 7
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N Alpha-Lactose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000004378 Glycyrrhizin Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000004376 Sucralose Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 6
- LPLVUJXQOOQHMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycyrrhetinic acid glycoside Chemical class C1CC(C2C(C3(CCC4(C)CCC(C)(CC4C3=CC2=O)C(O)=O)C)(C)CC2)(C)C2C(C)(C)C1OC1OC(C(O)=O)C(O)C(O)C1OC1OC(C(O)=O)C(O)C(O)C1O LPLVUJXQOOQHMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UYRUBYNTXSDKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycyrrhizic acid Chemical class CC1(C)C(CCC2(C)C1CCC3(C)C2C(=O)C=C4C5CC(C)(CCC5(C)CCC34C)C(=O)O)OC6OC(C(O)C(O)C6OC7OC(O)C(O)C(O)C7C(=O)O)C(=O)O UYRUBYNTXSDKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229960004949 glycyrrhizic acid Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 235000019410 glycyrrhizin Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- LPLVUJXQOOQHMX-QWBHMCJMSA-N glycyrrhizinic acid Chemical class O([C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1C([C@H]2[C@]([C@@H]3[C@@]([C@@]4(CC[C@@]5(C)CC[C@@](C)(C[C@H]5C4=CC3=O)C(O)=O)C)(C)CC2)(C)CC1)(C)C)C(O)=O)[C@@H]1O[C@H](C(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O LPLVUJXQOOQHMX-QWBHMCJMSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 235000019408 sucralose Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- BAQAVOSOZGMPRM-QBMZZYIRSA-N sucralose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](Cl)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@@]1(CCl)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CCl)O1 BAQAVOSOZGMPRM-QBMZZYIRSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000892 thaumatin Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000010436 thaumatin Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- VAWYEUIPHLMNNF-OESPXIITSA-N 1-kestose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)OC[C@]1(O[C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 VAWYEUIPHLMNNF-OESPXIITSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229920001202 Inulin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 5
- JYJIGFIDKWBXDU-MNNPPOADSA-N inulin Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)OC[C@]1(OC[C@]2(OC[C@]3(OC[C@]4(OC[C@]5(OC[C@]6(OC[C@]7(OC[C@]8(OC[C@]9(OC[C@]%10(OC[C@]%11(OC[C@]%12(OC[C@]%13(OC[C@]%14(OC[C@]%15(OC[C@]%16(OC[C@]%17(OC[C@]%18(OC[C@]%19(OC[C@]%20(OC[C@]%21(OC[C@]%22(OC[C@]%23(OC[C@]%24(OC[C@]%25(OC[C@]%26(OC[C@]%27(OC[C@]%28(OC[C@]%29(OC[C@]%30(OC[C@]%31(OC[C@]%32(OC[C@]%33(OC[C@]%34(OC[C@]%35(OC[C@]%36(O[C@@H]%37[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%37)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%36)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%35)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%34)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%33)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%32)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%31)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%30)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%29)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%28)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%27)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%26)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%25)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%24)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%23)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%22)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%21)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%20)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%19)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%18)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%17)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%16)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%15)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%14)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%13)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%12)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%11)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%10)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O9)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O8)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O7)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O6)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O5)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O4)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O3)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 JYJIGFIDKWBXDU-MNNPPOADSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229940029339 inulin Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000015260 sugar-free gum Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 208000018522 Gastrointestinal disease Diseases 0.000 description 4
- -1 acidulants Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000009508 confectionery Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000021472 generally recognized as safe Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 101150074180 pepP gene Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 229960002920 sorbitol Drugs 0.000 description 4
- GIUOHBJZYJAZNP-DVZCMHTBSA-N 1-kestose Natural products OC[C@@H]1O[C@](CO)(OC[C@]2(O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]3O)O[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]2O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O GIUOHBJZYJAZNP-DVZCMHTBSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920001908 Hydrogenated starch hydrolysate Polymers 0.000 description 3
- FLDFNEBHEXLZRX-DLQNOBSRSA-N Nystose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)OC[C@]1(OC[C@]2(O[C@@H]3[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O3)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 FLDFNEBHEXLZRX-DLQNOBSRSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YGCFIWIQZPHFLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N acesulfame Chemical compound CC1=CC(=O)NS(=O)(=O)O1 YGCFIWIQZPHFLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229960005164 acesulfame Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 208000002925 dental caries Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 238000010410 dusting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000012041 food component Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000005417 food ingredient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003906 humectant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229960004903 invert sugar Drugs 0.000 description 3
- VAWYEUIPHLMNNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N kestotriose Natural products OC1C(O)C(CO)OC1(CO)OCC1(OC2C(C(O)C(O)C(CO)O2)O)C(O)C(O)C(CO)O1 VAWYEUIPHLMNNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229960001855 mannitol Drugs 0.000 description 3
- FLDFNEBHEXLZRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N nystose Natural products OC1C(O)C(CO)OC1(CO)OCC1(OCC2(OC3C(C(O)C(O)C(CO)O3)O)C(C(O)C(CO)O2)O)C(O)C(O)C(CO)O1 FLDFNEBHEXLZRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- CVHZOJJKTDOEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N saccharin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C2=C1 CVHZOJJKTDOEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 3
- PJVXUVWGSCCGHT-ZPYZYFCMSA-N (2r,3s,4r,5r)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal;(3s,4r,5r)-1,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexan-2-one Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O.OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C(=O)CO PJVXUVWGSCCGHT-ZPYZYFCMSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SPFMQWBKVUQXJV-BTVCFUMJSA-N (2r,3s,4r,5r)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal;hydrate Chemical compound O.OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O SPFMQWBKVUQXJV-BTVCFUMJSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VBICKXHEKHSIBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-monostearoylglycerol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)CO VBICKXHEKHSIBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000215068 Acacia senegal Species 0.000 description 2
- WBZFUFAFFUEMEI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acesulfame k Chemical compound [K+].CC1=CC(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)O1 WBZFUFAFFUEMEI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- 229920000084 Gum arabic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 101000801619 Homo sapiens Long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ACSBG1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100033564 Long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ACSBG1 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108050004114 Monellin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 235000010489 acacia gum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000205 acacia gum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000619 acesulfame-K Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010634 bubble gum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229940077731 carbohydrate nutrients Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000010980 cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013270 controlled release Methods 0.000 description 2
- HCAJEUSONLESMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexylsulfamic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)NC1CCCCC1 HCAJEUSONLESMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960000673 dextrose monohydrate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- PXLWOFBAEVGBOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dihydrochalcone Chemical class OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1C1=C(O)C=CC(C(=O)CC(O)C=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)=C1O PXLWOFBAEVGBOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGGZBXOADPVUPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dihydrochalcone Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)CCC1=CC=CC=C1 QGGZBXOADPVUPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000787 lecithin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010445 lecithin Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229940067606 lecithin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000014666 liquid concentrate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920001542 oligosaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000019204 saccharin Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229940081974 saccharin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000000901 saccharin and its Na,K and Ca salt Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000020374 simple syrup Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000185 sucrose group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- URAYPUMNDPQOKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N triacetin Chemical compound CC(=O)OCC(OC(C)=O)COC(C)=O URAYPUMNDPQOKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PVXPPJIGRGXGCY-DJHAAKORSA-N 6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-alpha-D-fructofuranose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1OC[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@](O)(CO)O1 PVXPPJIGRGXGCY-DJHAAKORSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000416162 Astragalus gummifer Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 206010007269 Carcinogenicity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920001412 Chicle Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 244000298479 Cichorium intybus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007542 Cichorium intybus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019499 Citrus oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000180278 Copernicia prunifera Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010919 Copernicia prunifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001353 Dextrin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004375 Dextrin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019739 Dicalciumphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 206010013911 Dysgeusia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229920002907 Guar gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 240000008892 Helianthus tuberosus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003230 Helianthus tuberosus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VHOQXEIFYTTXJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutylene-isoprene copolymer Chemical compound CC(C)=C.CC(=C)C=C VHOQXEIFYTTXJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000161 Locust bean gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 240000001794 Manilkara zapota Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011339 Manilkara zapota Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000024873 Mentha crispa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000014749 Mentha crispa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000246386 Mentha pulegium Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000016257 Mentha pulegium Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000004357 Mentha x piperita Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000005135 Micromeria juliana Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000009023 Myrrhis odorata Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007265 Myrrhis odorata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012550 Pimpinella anisum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920002367 Polyisobutene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 108010009736 Protein Hydrolysates Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000607142 Salmonella Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000002114 Satureja hortensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007315 Satureja hortensis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UEDUENGHJMELGK-HYDKPPNVSA-N Stevioside Chemical class O([C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@]12C(=C)C[C@@]3(C1)CC[C@@H]1[C@@](C)(CCC[C@]1([C@@H]3CC2)C)C(=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1)O)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O UEDUENGHJMELGK-HYDKPPNVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001615 Tragacanth Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000005903 acid hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000675 anti-caries Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003466 anti-cipated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008122 artificial sweetener Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021311 artificial sweeteners Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013871 bee wax Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012166 beeswax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007670 carcinogenicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000260 carcinogenicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001055 chewing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010500 citrus oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010634 clove oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019868 cocoa butter Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940110456 cocoa butter Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000002288 cocrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940109275 cyclamate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000625 cyclamic acid and its Na and Ca salt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019425 dextrin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- NEFBYIFKOOEVPA-UHFFFAOYSA-K dicalcium phosphate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NEFBYIFKOOEVPA-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229940038472 dicalcium phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000390 dicalcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000686 essence Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006052 feed supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019264 food flavour enhancer Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FTSSQIKWUOOEGC-RULYVFMPSA-N fructooligosaccharide Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@](CO)(OC[C@@]2(OC[C@@]3(OC[C@@]4(OC[C@@]5(OC[C@@]6(OC[C@@]7(OC[C@@]8(OC[C@@]9(OC[C@@]%10(OC[C@@]%11(O[C@H]%12O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]%12O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%11O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%10O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]9O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]8O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]7O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]6O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]5O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]4O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]3O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]2O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O FTSSQIKWUOOEGC-RULYVFMPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940107187 fructooligosaccharide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000002231 fructose derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BJHIKXHVCXFQLS-UYFOZJQFSA-N fructose group Chemical group OCC(=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO BJHIKXHVCXFQLS-UYFOZJQFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002538 fungal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930182830 galactose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 231100000024 genotoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001738 genotoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- YQEMORVAKMFKLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycerine monostearate Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC(CO)CO YQEMORVAKMFKLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SVUQHVRAGMNPLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycerol monostearate Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)CO SVUQHVRAGMNPLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013773 glyceryl triacetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010417 guar gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000665 guar gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002154 guar gum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000013402 health food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000001050 hortel pimenta Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008172 hydrogenated vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003063 hydroxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940031574 hydroxymethyl cellulose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011256 inorganic filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003475 inorganic filler Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000905 isomalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010439 isomalt Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HPIGCVXMBGOWTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N isomaltol Natural products CC(=O)C=1OC=CC=1O HPIGCVXMBGOWTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002147 killing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000010420 locust bean gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000711 locust bean gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003750 lower gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001525 mentha piperita l. herb oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001683 mentha spicata herb oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- OSWPMRLSEDHDFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl salicylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O OSWPMRLSEDHDFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009965 odorless effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002482 oligosaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 210000003254 palate Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007967 peppermint flavor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019477 peppermint oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008177 pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 244000144977 poultry Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000011888 snacks Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019721 spearmint oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- OHHNJQXIOPOJSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N stevioside Chemical class CC1(CCCC2(C)C3(C)CCC4(CC3(CCC12C)CC4=C)OC5OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C5OC6OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C6O)C(=O)OC7OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C7O OHHNJQXIOPOJSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940013618 stevioside Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019202 steviosides Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229960004793 sucrose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003505 terpenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000007586 terpenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960002622 triacetin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000341 volatile oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000009637 wintergreen oil Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G4/00—Chewing gum
- A23G4/06—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
- A23G4/10—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds characterised by the carbohydrates used, e.g. polysaccharides
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G4/00—Chewing gum
- A23G4/06—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
- A23G4/08—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds of the chewing gum base
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S426/00—Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products
- Y10S426/804—Low calorie, low sodium or hypoallergic
Abstract
Chewing gum products and other comestibles containing fructooligosaccharides and methods of making such products are disclosed. In one embodiment, the fructooligosaccharides are used in a rolling compound applied to the chewing gum product. In a second embodiment, the fructooligosaccharides are used in a coating, such as a hard-shell coating, for a pellet gum. In a third embodiment, fructooligosaccharides are used in the center fill of a chewing gum. In a fourth embodiment, aspartame is used to sweeten the gum composition and fructooligosaccharides are provided, preferably in an effective amount to stabilize the aspartame such that after eight weeks of storage at 85 °F, at least 5 % less aspartame decomposes than would have decomposed if the fructooligosaccharides were not included. Fructooligosaccharides are also codried with other sweeteners, coevaporated to make syrups and used as an encapsulating agent for high-intensity sweeteners of flavors used in gum compositions.
Description
W093/06740 ~- ~~ PCT/US92/08356 ~ 2 ~ 1 5 7 ~ ~
CH~WING GUM PRODUCTS USING F~UCTOOLIGOSACCHARIDES
BAC~GROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to improved chewing gum products. More particularly, the invention relates to improving chewing gum by the use of specific bulking agents in sugar and non-sugar chewing gum products to give improved texture, moisture absorption properties, and improved shelf life properties, including aspartame stability. The improved chewing gum compositions may also be,used in a variety of chewing gum products, such as confectionery coated chewing gum products.
In recent years, efforts have been devoted to replace sugar and sugar syrups normally found in chew-ing gum with other carbohydrates and noncarbohydrates.
Non-sugar or sugar-free chewing gum, which is growing in popularity, uses sugar alcohols or polyols to re-place sugar and sugar syrups. The most popular polyols are sorbitol, mannitol, and xylitol. New polyols are being developed using new technology to replace these polyols. New polyols have various unique properties which can improve the taste, texture, and shelf life properties of chewing gum for consumers. -The non-sugar polyols have the advantage of not contributing to dental caries of consumers, as well as being able to be consumed by diabetics. However, all polyols have the disadvantage of causing gastro-intestinal disturbances if consumed in too great of a quantity. Therefore it would be a great advantage to be able to use a carbohydrate or carbohydrate-like food ingredient for chewing gum that would act as a bulking agent, but not contribute to dental caries nor cause gastrointestinal disturbances.
One such bulking agent comprises fructooligo-saccharides (FOS). This bulking agent or bulk sweetener is not approved for use in human food products or in chewing gum in the U.S. However, a GRAS
affirmation petition for FOS as a human food ingredient is currently being prepared. The bulk sweetener is approved for use in Japan and is being used in a variety of foods. Although a sugar, FOS does not contribute to dental caries, does not cause as significant of gastro-intestinal disturbances as polyols and does not significantly contribute to calories. Thus, this ingredient's use in chewing gum could be a definite improvement.
Unique types of fructose compounds were first disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 2,782,123. The sweetener is obtained from Jerusalem artichoke tubers which contain inulin, a carbohydrate composed of fructose and glucose. The inulin is treated by acid hydrolysis.
U.S. Patent No. 3,894,146 discloses a coupling sugar called oligoglycosyl fructose derived from other sugars.
Fructosyl oligomers and oligosaccharides are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,978,751, EPO Patent Publication No. 0 301 628 and EPO Patent Publication No. 0 337 889.
Branched fructooligosaccharides are disclosed in PCT Publication WO 91/13076.
W093/~740 PCT/~'S92/0~3~6 - 3 ~ 5 7 ~ 3 Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,902,674; 4,987,124; and 5,032,579 as a method and composition for inhibiting the growth of Salmonella. Fructooligosaccharides are also disclosed in EPO Patent Publication No. 0 3S7 027 and Japanese Patent No. 3,095,102 as a method for killing pests.
U.S. Patent No. 4,681,771 discloses a low caloric, low cariogenic sweetener comprising fructooligosaccharides having from 1 to 4 molecules of fructose bound to sucrose. The use of the sweetener in chewing gum is described in Example 10. The patent is assigned to the Japanese firm of Meiji Seika Kaisha, who have joined forces with ZeaGen Inc. (formerly Coors Biotech, Inc.) to manufacture and market a FOS product under the trade name NutraFlora*(sometimes called Neosugar).
FOS is used in Japan as a sweetening agent, flavor enhancer, bulking agent and humectant. The product is also added to Japanese "health foods" to promote the growth of ~beneficial" bacteria in the lower gastro-intestinal tract.
SUMMARY OF T~E INVENTION
Chewing gum products using fructooligo-saccharides (FOS) and methods of making such gum products have been invented. In one embodiment, the FOS are used in a rolling compound applied to the chewing gum product. In a second embodiment, the FOS
are used in a coating, such as a hard-shell coating, for a pellet gum. In a third embodiment, FOS are used in a centerfill of a chewing gum product. In a fourth embodiment, aspartame is used to sweeten the gum composition. Preferably the FOS are provided in an effective amount to stabilize the aspartame such that after eight weeks of storage at 85~F, at least 5~ less aspartame decomposes than would have decomposed if the FOS were not included. FOS are also used as an * a trade-mark , al~ ' -W O 93/06740 P~r/US92/08356 encapsulating agent for high-intensity sweeteners or flavors used in gum compositions. In yet another embodiment, FOS are co-dried from a solution with another sweeteners selected from the group consisting of sugar sweeteners, alditol sweeteners and high potency sweeteners and used in a gum composition. In still another embodiment, FOS and a plasticyzing agent are coevapoarated to form a syrup that is used in a gum composition.
Even though FOS are very similar to sucrose, they are not cariogenic. Also, since they do not cause as great of gastrointestinal disturbances as polyolys, they give a highly consumer-acceptable chewing gum product.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows test results of aspartame stability for gum made with FOS.
FIG. 2 shows test results of aspartame stability for gum made with ~orbitol liquid and FOS.
FIG. 3 shows test results of aspartame stability for gum made with Lycasin brand HSH syrup and FOS.
FIG. 4 shows test ~esults of moisture loss at low RH for gum containing FOS.
FIG. 5 shows test results of moisture gain at high RH for gum cont~;n;ng FOS.
FIG. 6 shows test results of moisture loss at low RH for gum with liquid FOS.
FIG. 7 shows test results of moisture gain at high RH for gum with liquid FOS.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS AND
PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
As used herein, the term "chewing gum" also includes bubble gum and the like. Unless otherwise W093/06740 2 1 1 5 7 ~ PCT/US92/08356 specified, all percentages used herein are weight percents.
One FOS or fructooligosaccharide material is commercially available as a product called NutraFlora (sometimes called Neosugar). It is composed of a mixture of fructooligosaccharides (1-kestose, nystose, and 1-~-fructofuranosyl-nystose); sucrose (GF); glucose (G) and fructose (F). Each of the three fructooligo-saccharides consists of one sucrose molecule (GF) with one, two or three additional fructose molecules linked in sequence by a (2-1)-~-glycosidic bond. 1-kestose (GF2), nystose (GF3), and 1-~-fructofuranosyl-nystose (GF4) have one, two and three fructose molecules attached to the sucrose molecule, respectively.
NutraFlora brand FOS is available in two forms, NutraFlora and NutraFlora-G. NutraFlora is 96~
(solids basis) fructooligosaccharides, 30~ as sweet as sucrose, and is available as a clear syrup and a white powder. NutraFlora-G is less pure, 55~ (solids basis) fructooligosaccharides with the r~mA ~ n ~ ng material being sucrose, glucose, and fructose. It is 60~ as sweet as sucrose, and is available as a clear syrup.
Both NutraFlora and NutraFlora-G are odorless and have no aftertaste. FOS is also being marketed worldwide under the tradename Oligo-Sugar by Cheil Foods &
Chemicals Inc. of Seoul, Korea.
In a variety of extensive human and ~nlm~l studies, FOS have been found to lack toxicity, carcinogenicity, and genotoxic effects.
In Japan, a FOS material called Meioligo has been approved for human consumption since 1983, and is currently used in 500 food products as an ingredient.
In the United States, NutraFlora has been approved as GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) as a poultry feed supplement. ZeaGen Inc. of Broomfield, Colorado, the company marketing NutraFlora in the U.S., is preparing a GRAS Affirmation Petition for NutraFlora as a human W093/06740 ~ PCT/~S92/083~
F 2 ~ 1 ~ 7 ~ 3 food ingredient Approval for human consumption of FOS
is also currently being pursued throughout the EEC.
NutraFlora, the fructooligosaccharides (FOS) material used in the following example, is produced on a commercial scale by the action of a fungal enzyme on sucrose, a process developed by Meiji Seika Raisha of Japan. Other FOS containing materials are Raftiline*
and Raftilose*, which are slightly different due to their source. Raftiline is the natural carbohydrate called inulin, which comes from various plants.
Raftilose is an inulin hydrolyzate, also called an inulin-oligosaccharide. Raftiline is inulin obtained from chicory roots and is a mixture of GF~ molecules where:
G = glucose F = fructose n = num~er of fructose units linked and ranging from about 2 to more than 50.
Raftilose, being the hydrolysis product from Raftiline, is composed of shorter length molecules of GFD (gluco-fructosan) and Fm (fructosans) where "n" and "m" are about 2 to 9. NutraFlora contains mostly GF2 (1-kestose) and GF3 (nystose)" with some GF4 (1-~-fructofuranosyl-nystose).
FOS may be added to chewing gum in its solid or syrup form or may be dissolved in water. The solubility of FOS in water is about 70~ at room temperature, but increases with increased temperature.
FOS may be used in chewing gum as a-texture and flavor modifier, ~ulking agent, and may improve texture, flavor, and shelf-life properties. FOS may replace solids like sucrose, dextrose or lactose when used in its powder form, or may replace syrups when used in its liquid or syrup form. At levels of about 0.5~ to about 25~, FOS may replace part of the solids in sugar gum or, as a liquid, all or part of the syrup in sugar gum.
* a trade-mark W O 93/06740 -' PC~r/~S92/083;6 ~ ~11 15 ~ ~ 3 At higher levels of about 25~ to about 90~ of the gum formulation, FOS may replace all of the solids in a chewing gum formulation.
In its powder or liquid form, a sufficient quantity of FOS can stabilize aspartame. At levels above 10~, FOS may replace significant quantities of sucrose and syrup. Because of the resulting lower sweetness, aspartame may be added. It has been found that aspartame is stabilized with FOS, especiall-y when the FOS is used at a level of 10~ or more of the gum.
In preferred embodiments, an effective amount of FOS is used in gums with sweetness imparting amounts of aspartame to stabilize the aspartame against decomposition during storage at 85~F for eight weeks whereby at least 5~ less aspartame decomposes into non-sweetening derivatives than would have decomposed if the FOS were not included in the gum composition.
Because aspartame has such high potency and is used at such low levels, and because of its high cost, even a 5% reduction in degradation is a significant benefit.
While the aspartame'contemplated will generally be unencapsulated, the term ~unencapsulated n as used herein applies to aspartame which, even if treated or partially encapsulated, is still subject to some degradation in the gum formulation.
Although FOS is similar to sucrose and glucose polymers, its unique anti-caries properties suggest that it may be used in chewing gum formulations containing non-sugar ingredients. Non-sugar ingredients are alditols such as sorbitol, mannitol,' xylitol, lactitol, p,alatinit*(Isomalt), maltitol and hydrogenated starch hydrolyzates. These alditols are used in a variety of combinations to develop unique sugarless chewing gum formulations. FOS may be used to replace the individual alditols or combinations of alditols. With partial replacement of one or more alditols, FOS can be used at levels of about 0.5-25~.
* a trade-mark . .. . .
-W093/06740 2 1 1 ~ 7 1 3 PCT/~S92/08356 If FOS replaces a large amount or most of the alditols, this level may be about 25~ to about 90~ of the gum formulation.
Some sugar-free chewing gum formulations contain high levels of glycerin and are very low in moisture, i.e., less than about 2~. FOS as a powder or liquid may replace part or all of the glycerin used in these types of formulations. At higher moisture levels (more than 2~) in sugar-free gum, a liquid sorbitol (70~ sorbitol, 30~ water) is used. When using FOS, preferably sorbitol liquid may also be used to obtain soft textured gum formulations. Previous high moisture formulations cont~;n;ng liquid sorbitol were not made with aspartame, since the moisture caused degradation of aspartame. However, when sufficient FOS (generally greater than about 10~) is added to a high moisture gum, aspartame is stabilized, and degradation is reduced or eliminated.
Recent advances use hydrogenated starch hydrolyzates (HSH) and glycerin preblended and co-evaporated to reduce moisture in some sugar-free gum formulations. FOS may be used to replace part or all of the HSH/glycerin blends in such chewing gum formula-tions. Aqueous FOS solids and/or FOS syrup may also replace HSH in the preblend with glycerin and be co-evaporated with glycerin to obtain a low moisture, non-crystallizable blend. Combinations of FOS solids/syrup with alditols like sorbitol, maltitol, xylitol, lactitol and mannitol in aqueous form may also be blended with glycerin and co-evaporated for use in low-moisture, sugar-free gum.
FOS may be used in gum formulations with hydrogenated starch hydrolysates (HSH) without pre-blending with glycerin and coevaporation. Low levels of moisture are not necessary to prevent degradation of aspartame when FOS is used, so HSH syrups at about W093/06740 2 1 1 ~ 7 4 3 PCT/US92/08356 g 20-30~ moisture do not need to be modified to reduce moisture to improve aspartame stability.
FOS bulk sweetener may also be co-dried with a variety of sugars such as sucrose, dextrose, lactose, fructose and corn syrup solids and used in a sugar-containing gum formulation. FOS may be co-dried with a variety of alditols such as sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, maltitol, palatinit and hydrogenated starch hydrolyzates and used in a sugar-free gum formulation.
Co-drying refers to methods of co-crystallization and co-precipitation of FOS with other sugars and alditols, as well as co-drying by encapsulation, agglomeration, and absorption with other sugars and alditols.
Co-drying by encapsulation, agglomeration, and absorption can also include the use of encapsulat-ing and agglomerating agents. FOS may be mixed with other sugars or alditols prior to being redried by encapsulation or agglomeration, or may be used alone with the encapsulating and agglomerating agents. These agents modify the physical properties of the bulk sweetener and control its release from chewing gum.
Three methods to obtain a controlled release of bulk sweetener are: (1) encapsulation by spray drying, fluid-bed coating, spray chilling and co-acervation to give full or partial encapsulation, (2) agglomeration to give partial encapsulation and (3) fixation or entrapment/absorption, which also gives partial encapsulation. These three methods, combined in any usable manner which physically isolates the bulk sweetener, reduces its dissolvability or slows down the release of bulk sweetener, are included in this invention.
FOS may act as an encapsulating or agglomer-ating agent. FOS may also be used to absorb other ingredients. FOS may be able to encapsulate, agglomer-ate or entrap/absorb flavors and high-intensity sweeteners like aspartame, alitame, cyclamic acid and 2 1 1 ~ r~ i 3 its salts, saccharin acid and its salts, acesulfame and its salts, sucralose, dihydrochalcones, thaumatin, monellin or combinations thereof. Encapsulation of high-intensity sweeteners with FOS may improve the sweetener's shelf-life.
FOS may be used with other bulk sweeteners and in combination give unique properties. FOS may be co-dried by various delayed release methods noted above with other bulk sweeteners like sucrose, dextrose, lactose, maltose, fructose, corn syrup solids, sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, maltitol, palatinit and hydrogenated starch hydrolysates for use in sugar and sugar-free chewing gum. Ingredients, including flavors, co-dried, encapsulated, agglomerated or absorbed on FOS may show faster release. However, encapsulation of flavors with FOS may improve the shelf-life of the flavor ingredient.
Other methods of treating the FOS bulk sweetener to physically isolate the sweetener from other chewing gum ingredients may also have some effect on its release rate and its effect on chewing gum flavor and texture. The bulk sweetener may be added to the liquid inside a liquid center gum product. The center fill of a gum product may comprise one or more carbohydrate syrups, glycerin, thickeners, flavors, acidulants, colors, sugars and sugar alcohols in con-ventional amounts. The ingredients are combined in a conventional manner. The bulk sweetener is dissolved in the center-fill liquid and the amount of bulk sweetener added to the center-fill liquid may be about 0.1~ to about 20~ by weight of the entire chewing gum formula. This method of using the bulk sweetener in chewing gum can allow for a lower usage level of the bulk sweetener, can give the bulk sweetener a smooth release rate, and can reduce or eliminate any possible reaction of the bulk sweetener with gum base, flavor W O 93/06740 2 1 ~ 5 7 ~1 3 PC~r/US92/08356 components or other components, yielding improved shelf stability.
Another method of isolating the FOS bulk sweetener from other chewing gum ingredients is to add FOS to the dusting compound of a chewing gum. A
rolling or dusting compound is applied to the surface of chewing gum as it is formed. This rolling or dusting compound serves to reduce sticking to machinery as it is formed, reduces sticking of the product to machinery as it is wrapped, and sticking to its wrapper after it is wrapped and being stored. The rolling compound comprises FOS bulk sweetener alone or in combination with mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, starch, calcium carbonate, talc, other orally acceptable substances or a combination thereof. The rolling compound constitutes from about 0.25~ to about 10.0~, but preferably about 1~ to about 3~ of weight of the chewing gum composition. The amount of FOS bulk sweetener added to the rolling compound is about 0.5 to 100~ of the rolling compound, or about 0.005~ to about 5~ of the chewing gum composition. This method of using FOS bulk sweetener in the chewing gum can allow a lower usage level of the bulk sweetener, can give the bulk sweetener a more controlled release rate, and can reduce or eliminate any possible reaction of the bulk sweetener with gum base, flavor components or other components, yielding improved shelf stability.
Another method of isolating FOS sweetener is to use it in the coating/p~nning of a pellet chewing gum. Pellet or ball gum is prepared as conventional chewing gum, but formed into pellets that are pillow shaped or into balls. The pellets/balls can then be coated or panned by conventional panning techniques to make a unique coated pellet gum.
Conventional panning procedures generally apply a liquid coating to a pellet, which is then solidified, usually by drying the coating. The coating W093/06740 PCT/~S92/08356 211~7~3 layer is built up by successive coating and drying steps.
FOS are very stable and highly water soluble, and can be easily added to a sugar solution prepared for sugar panning. FOS may be added in a liquid form to the sucrose coating or any other sugar or alditol coating. FOS can also be added as a powder blended with other powders often used in some types of conven-tional panning procedures. Using FOS sweetener isolates it from other gum ingredients and modifies its release rate in chewing gum. Levels of use of FOS may be about 0.1~ to about 20~ in the coating and about 0.05~ to about 10% of the weight of the chewing gum product. The weight of the coating may be about 20~ to about 50% of the weight of the finished gum product.
Conventional pAnning procedures generally coat with sucrose, but recent advances in panning have allowed the use of other carbohydrate materials to be used in the place of sucrose. Some of these components include, but are not limited to, dextrose, maltose, palatinose, xylitol, lactitol, palatinit and other new alditols or a combination thereof. These materials may be blended with p~nn;ng modifiers including, but not limited to, gum arabic, maltodextrins, corn syrup, gelatin, cellulose derivatives like carboxymethyl cellulose or hydroxymethyl cellulose, starch and modified starches, vegetable gums like alginates, locust bean gum, guar gum, and gum tragacanth, insoluble carbonates like calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate and talc. FOS may also act as a panning modifier with other p~nn;ng materials to improve product quality. Antitack agents may also be added as panning modifiers, which allow the use of a variety of carbohydrates and sugar alcohols to be used in the development of new panned or coated gum products. Flavors may also be added with the sugar W O 93/06740 2 1 1 ~ 7 ll 3 PC~r/US92/08356 coating and with the FOS bulk sweetener to yield unique product characteristics.
Another method to improve coating processes using sugars or alditols is to add a powder coating after a liquid coating. The powder coating may include FOS, maltodextrin, gelatin, cellulose derivatives, starches, modified starches, vegetable gums and fillers like talc and calcium carbonate. This will reduce stickiness and allow a faster build-up of coating.
FOS may be added to the liquid syrup and used as a p~nn;ng modifier with other sugar and sugar alcohol syrups such as dextrose, sucrose, xylitol and palatinit. FOS may act as a binder to, and film former for, the sugar or sugar alcohol coating.
The previously described FOS bulk sweetener may readily be incorporated into a chewing gum com-position. The remainder of the chewing gum ingredients are noncritical to the present invention. That is, the bulk sweetener can be incorporated into conventional chewing gum formulations in a conventional manner. The FOS bulk sweetener may be used in a sugar-free or sugar chewing gum to modify the sweetness thereof. The bulk sweetener may be used in either regular chewing gum or bubble gum. Higher levels of FOS will reduce sweetness, thus allowing for its use in non-sweet flavored chewing gums such as snack flavors or savory flavors.
In general, a chewing gum composition typic-ally comprises a water-soluble bulk portion, a water-insoluble chewable gum base portion and typically water-insoluble flavoring agents. The water-soluble portion dissipates with a portion of the flavoring agent over a period of time during chewing. The gum base portion is retained in the mouth throughout the chew.
The insoluble gum base generally comprises elastomers, resins, fats and oils, waxes, softeners and W O 93/06740 PC~r/US92/08356 2~137~3 - 14 -inorganic fillers. Elastomers may include poly-isobutylene, isobutylene-isoprene copolymer and styrene butadiene rubber, as well as natural latexes such as chicle. Resins include polyvinylacetate and terpene resins. Fats and oils may also be included in the gum base, including tallow, hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, and cocoa butter. Com-monly employed waxes include paraffin, microcrystalline and natural waxes such as beeswax and carnauba. Accord-ing to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the insoluble gum base constitutes between about 5 to about 95~ by weight of the gum. More preferably the insoluble gum base comprises between 10 and 50 percent by weight of the gum and most preferably about 20 to about 35~ by weight of the gum.
The gum base typically also includes a filler component. The filler component may be calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, talc, dicalcium phosphate or the like. The filler may constitute between about 5 and about 60~ by weight of the gum base. Preferably, the filler comprises about 5 to about 50~ by weight of the gum base.
Gum bases typically also contain softeners, including glycerol monostearate and glycerol tri-acetate. Further, gum bases may also contain optional ingredients such as antioxidants, colors, and emulsi-fiers. The present invention contemplates employing any commercially acceptable gum base.
The water-soluble portion of the chewing gum may further comprise softeners, sweeteners, flavoring agents and combinations thereof. The sweeteners often fill the role of bulking agents in the gum. The bulking agents generally comprise from about 5~ to about 90~, preferably from about 20~ to about 80~, and most preferably from about 30~ to about 60~ of the gum.
Softeners are added to the chewing gum in order to optimize the chewability and mouth feel of the W093/06740 2 1 ~ ~ 7 4 3 PCT/~S92/08356 gum. Softeners, also known in the art as plasticizers or plasticizing agents, generally constitute between about 0.5 to about 15.0~ by weight of the chewing gum.
Softeners contemplated by the present invention include glycerin, lecithin, and combinations thereof. Further, aqueous sweetener solutions such as those containing sorbitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, corn syrup and combinations thereof may be used as softeners and binding agents in gum.
As mentioned above, the FOS solid/syrup bulk sweetener of the present invention may be used in sugar gum formulations. However, sugar-free formulations are also within the scope of the invention. Sugar sweeteners generally include saccharide-containing components commonly known in the chewing gum art which comprise, but are not limited to, sucrose, dextrose, maltose, dextrin, dried invert sugar, fructose, lewlose, galactose, corn syrup solids and the like, alone or in any combination.
The FOS bulk sweetener of the present inven-tion can also be used in combination with other sugar-less sweeteners. Generally sugarless sweeteners include components with sweetening characteristics but which are devoid of the commonly known sugars and comprise, but are not limited to, sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolyzates, maltitol and the like, alone or in any combination.
Depending on the particular sweetness release profile and shelf-stability needed, the FOS solid/syrup bulk sweeteners of the present invention can also be used in combination with coated or uncoated high-potency sweeteners or with high-potency sweeteners coated with other materials and by other techniques.
A flavoring agent may be present in the chewing gum in an amount within the range of from about 0.1 to about 10.0 weight percent and preferably from W093/06740 PCT/US92/083~6 2 1 1 ~ r~ ~ 3 about 0.5 to about 3.0 weight percent of the gum. The flavoring agents may comprise essential oils, synthetic flavors, or mixture thereof including, but not limited to, oils derived from plants and fruits such as citrus oils, fruit essences, peppermint oil, spearmint oil, clove oil, oil of wintergreen, anise, and the like.
Artificial flavoring components are also contemplated for use in gums of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize that natural and artificial flavoring agents may be combined in any sensorially acceptable blend. All such flavors and flavor blends are contemplated by the present in-vention.
Optional ingredients such as colors, emulsifiers and pharmaceutical agents may be added to the chewing gum.
In general, chewing gum is manufactured by sequentially adding the various chewing gum ingredients to a commercially available mixer known in the art.
After the ingredients have been thoroughly mixed, the gum mass is discharged from the mixer and shaped into the desired form such as by rolling into sheets and cutting into sticks, extruding into chunks or casting into pellets.
Generally, the ingredients are mixed by first melting the gum base and adding it to the running mixer. The base may also be melted in the mixer itself. Color or emulsifiers may also be added at this time. A softener such as glycerin may also be added at this time, along with syrup and a portion of the bulk-ing agent/sweetener. Further portions of the bulking agent/sweetener may then be added to the mixer. A
flavoring agent is typically added with the final portion of the bulking agent. A high-intensity sweetener is preferably added after the final portion of bulking agent and flavor have been added.
W093/06740 2 1 1 ~ 7 ~ 3 PCT/US92/08356 The entire mixing procedure typically takes from five to fifteen minutes, but longer mixing times may sometimes be required. Those skilled in the art will recognize that many variations of the above de-scribed procedure may be followed.
Examples The following examples of the invention and comparative examples are provided by way of explanation and illustration.
The formulas listed in Table 1 comprise various sugar-type formulas in which FOS can be added to gum after it is dis~olved in water and mixed with various aqueous solvents. Aspartame (APM), which is stabilized with FOS, may also be added to the formula.
Generally, APM is added to the gum at a level of about 0.005~ to about 1~ of the gum composition.
EX. 1EX. 2EX. 3 EX. 4EX. 5EX. 6EX. 7 EX. 8 SUGAR 55.6 56.655.6 47.053.053.055.547.0 BASE 19.2 19.219.2 19.219.219.219.219.2 CORN SYRUP12.8 1.8, 8.8 2.86.8 6.8 0.0 2.8 PEPP~llNl FLAVOR0.90.9 0.90.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 GLY~YN 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.00.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 LIQUID/FOS BLEN-D10.020.0 14.030.020.020.022.9 30.0 APM 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.10.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 FOS powder can be added directly to the gum.
An 80 gram portion of FOS can be dissolved in 120 grams of water at 40~C making a 40~ solution and added to gum.
W O 93/06740 PC~r/US92/08356 ~ 3 18 FOS syrup at 70~ solids can be added directly to the gum.
A blend of 80 grams of FOS and 120 grams of water is mixed at 40~C. To this is added 100 grams of glycerin to give a mixture of 27~ FOS, 40~ water, and 33~ glycerin, and added to gum.
To 140 grams of FOS syrup at 70~ solids is added 60 grams of glycerin to give a 70~ FOS syrup with 30~ glycerin, and added to gum.
To 140 grams of FOS syrup of 70~ solids is added 60 grams of propylene glycol giving a 70~ FOS
syrup with 30~ glycerin and added to gum.
To 140 grams of FOS syrup at 70~ solids is added 89 grams of corn syrup and blended giving a mixture of 61~ FOS syrup and 39~ corn syrup.
To a 200 gram quantity of corn syrup is added 100 grams of glycerin. To this mixture is added 75 grams of FOS and blended at 50~C. This mixture is added to gum.
In the next examples of sugar gum formula-tions, FOS can be dissolved in water and emulsifiers can be added to the aqueous solution. Example solu-tions can be prepared by dissolving 15 grams of FOS in 70 grams water and adding 15 grams of emulsifiers of various hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values to the solution. The mixtures can then be used in the following formulas. (Note: the solution of Example 9 does not contain any emulsifier.) W O 93/06740 2 1 1 5 7 ll 3 PCT/US92/08356 EX. 9 EX. 10 EX. 11 EX. 12 EX. 13 EX. 14 SUGAR 50.7 50.7 50.7 50.7 50 750.7 BASE 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.219.2 CORN SYRUP12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.812.8 GLYCERIN 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 DEXTROSE 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 MJNU~Y~RATE
PEPP. FLAVOR 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 APM 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 BULK ~Wk~L~N~K/ 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 EMULSIFIER/WATER
EMULSIFIER NOne HLB=2 HLB=4 HLB=6 HLB=9 HLB=12 The same as the formulations made in Examples 9-14, respectively, except that the flavor can be mixed together with the aqueous bulk sweetener solution before adding the mixture to the gum batch.
The following Tables 3 through 10 are examples of gum formulations that demonstrate formula variations in which FOS may be used. Formulas with high levels of FOS may also contain aspartame (APM), which is stabilized with FOS.
Examples 21-25 in Table 3 demonstrates the use of FOS in low moisture sugar formulations having less than 2~ theoretical moisture:
WOg3/~740 PCT/US92/08356 211~7~ 3 - 20 -EX. 21 EX. 22 EX. 23 EX. 24EX. 25 SUGAR 57.9 53.9 46.9 23.0 0.0 GUM RASE 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 CORN SYRU~ 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.0 DEXTROSE
MONOHY-DRATE 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 LACTOSE 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 5.0 GLYCERINb 5.0 5.0 6.9 10.7 10.6 FLAVOR 0.9 0.9 0-9 0 9 0 9 FOS1.0 5.0 10.0 25.0 50.0 APM - - 0.1 0.2 0.3 ~Corn ~yrup i8 evaporated to 85~ ~olid~, 15~ moi~ture bGlycerin and syrup may be blended and co-evaporated Examples 26-30 in Table 4 demonstrate the use of FOS in medium-moisture sugar formulations having about 2~ to about 5~ moisture.
EX. 26 EX. 27 EX. 28EX. 29 EX. 30 SUGAR 52.5 46.5 40.5 20.0 0.0 GUM ~ASE 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 CORN SYRU~15.0 15.0 14.9 18.3 18.2 DEXTROSE
MONOHY-DRATE 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 5.0 GLYCERINb 1.4 3.4 4.4 6.4 6.4 FLAVOR 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 FOS1.0 5.0 10.0 25.0 50.0 APM - - 0.1 0.2 0.3 'Corn ~yrup iB evapG~ted to 85~ 601ids, 15~ moisture ~lycerin and ~yrup may be blended and co-evaporated W093/06740 2 1 1 5 7 ~ 3 PCT/US92/08356 Examples 31-35 in Table 5 demonstrate the use of FOS in high-moisture sugar formulations having more than about 5~ moisture.
EX. 31 EX. 32 EX. 33 EX. 34 EX. 35 SUGAR 50.0 44.0 38.0 20.0 0.0 GUM BASE 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 CORN SYRUP 24.0 24.0 23.9 24.4 19.3 GLYCERIN 0.0 2.0 3.0 5.4 5.4 FLAVOR 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 FOS 1.0 5.0 10.0 25.0 50.0 APM - - 0.1 0.2 0.3 Examples 36-40 in Table 6 and Examples 41-50 in Tables 7 and 8 demonstrate the use of FOS in low-and high-moisture gums that are sugar-free. Low-moisture gums have less than about 2~ moisture, and high-moisture gums have greater than 2~ moisture.
EX. 36 EX. 37 EX. 38 EX. 39 EX. 40 BASE 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 SORBITOL 50.0 46.0 41.0 26.0 0.0 MANNITOL 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 13.0 GLYCERIN 10.0 10.0 9.9 9.8 9.7 FLAVOR 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 FOS 1.0 5.0 10.0 25.0 50.0 APM - - 0.1 0.2 0.3 W O 93/06740 P ~ /Us92/08356 ~ 7 ~ 3 22 -EX. 41 EX. 42 EX. 43EX. 44EX. 45 BASE25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 SORBITOL 50.0 46.0 39.0 23.0 0.0 LIQUID
SORBITOL* 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 11.0 MANNITOL 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 5.0 GLYCERIN 2.0 2.0 3.9 4.8 6.7 FLAVOR 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 FOS 1.0 5.0 10.0 25.0 50.0 APM - - 0.1 0.2 0.3 *Sorbitol liquid contain6 70~ 60rbitol, 30~ water EX. 46 EX. 47 EX. 48 EX. 49 EX. 50 BASE25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 SORBITOL 50.0 46.0 41.0 24.0 0.0 HSH SYRUP* 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 MANNITOL 8.0 8.0 7.9 7.8 4.7 GLYCERIN** 4.0 4.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 FLAVOR 1.5 1.5 ' 1.5 1.5 1.5 FOS 1.0 5.0 10.0 25.0 50.0 APM - - 0.1 0.2 0.3 * H~dr uy~,.ated 6tarch hydroly6ate 6yrup ** Glycerin and HSH 6yrup may be blended or co-evaporated Table 9 shows sugar chewing gum formulations that can be made with various types of sugars.
W O 93/06740 2 1 ~ ~ 7 4 3 PC~r/US92/08356 EX. 51 EX. 52 EX. 53 EX. 54 EX. 55 EX. 56 GUM BASE 19.2 19.2 19.219.2 19.2 19.2 SUCROSE44.4 21.2 39.4 16.229.4 16.2 GLYCERIN 1.4 4.4 1.4 4.4 1.4 4.4 CORN SYRUP 14.0 14.0 14.014.0 14.0 14.0 DEXTROSE 5.0 5.0 - - 10.0 5.0 LACTOSE5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 - -FRUCTOSE 5.0 5.0 10.010.0 10.0 5.0 INVERT SUGAR - - - - 10.0 10.0 MALTOSE
CORN SYRUP
SOLIDS - - - - - -PEPP~ Nl FLAVOR 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0-9 FOS 5.0 25.0 5.0 25.0 5.0 25.0 APM 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 EX. 57EX. 58EX. 59EX. 60EX. 61EX. 62 GUM BASE 19.2 19.2 19.219.2 19.2 19.2 SUCROSE29.4 16.2 29.4 16.237.4 19.2 GLYCERIN 1.4 4.4 1.4 4.4 1.4 4.4 CORN SYRUP 14.0 14.0 14.014.0 11.0 11.0 DEXTROSE 10.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 LACTOSE
FRUCTOSE 10.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 INVERT
SUGAR 10.0 10.0 - - 5.0 5.0 MALTOSE - - 10.0 10.0 CORN SYRUP
SOLIDS - - - - 5.0 5.0 P~PP~ ~NT
FLAVOR 0.9 0.9 0.9 0-9 0-9 0-9 FOS 5.0 25.0 5.0 25.0 5.0 25.0 APM 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 W O 93/06740 P(~r/US92/08356 211~743 Any of the sugars may be combined with FOS
and co-dried to form unique combinations such as:
Dextrose and FOS can be dissolved in water in a 2:1 ratio dextrose:FOS and co-dried or co-precipitated and used in the formulas in Table 9.
FOS and sucrose can be dissolved in water in a 1:1 ratio and co-dried or co-precipitated and used in the formulas in Table 9.
FOS, sucrose and dextrose can be dissolved in water in a 1:1:1 ratio and co-dried or co-precipitated and used in the formulas in Table 9.
FOS, sucrose, dextrose and fructose can be dissolved in water at 25~ of each ingredient and co-dried, and used in the formulas in Table 9.
FOS, dextrose, fructose and lactose can be dissolved in water at 25~ of each ingredient and co-dried, and used in the formulas in Table 9.
FOS, dextrose, maltose and corn syrup solids can be dissolved in water at 25~ of each ingredient and co-dried, and used in the formulas in Table 9.
FOS, sucrose, dextrose, maltose and fructose can be dissolved in water at 20~ of each ingredient and co-dried, and used in the formulas in Table 9.
Multiple combinations of FOS with other sugars can be made in solution to form liquid con-centrates that do not need to be co-dried, such as:
W093/06740 ~ 7 ~ 3 PCT/US92/083~6 FOS, corn syrup and glycerin can be dissolved in water at a ratio of 1:1:1, evaporated to a thick syrup and used in the formulas in Table 9.
FOS, dextrose, fructose and invert syrup may be dissolved in water at 25% of each ingredient and evaporated to a thick syrup and used in the formulas in Table 9.
FOS, dextrose, maltose and corn syrup solids may be dissolved in water at 25% of each component and evaporated to a thick syrup and used in the formulas in Table 9.
Glycerin is added to Example 71 at a ratio of 4:1 syrup to glycerin and evaporated to a thick syrup, and used in the formulas in Table 9.
Glycerin is added to Example 72 at a ratio of 2:1 syrup to glycerin and evaporated to a thick syrup, and used in the formulas in Table 9.
Table 10 shows chewing gum formulations that are free of sugar. These formulations can use a wide variety of non-sugar alditols, including Lycasin brand HSH syrup.
W O 93/06740 P ~ /US92/08356 211~7 i3 26 -EX. 75EX. 76EX. 77EX. 78EX. 79EX. 80 GUM BA5E 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 GLYCERIN l.9 3.7 1.9 3.7 1.9 4.7 SORBITOL 44.0 12.0 34.0 7.0 28.0 MANNITOL - 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 3.0 SORBITOL
LIQUID 17.0 17.0 LYCASIN - - 17.0 12.0 8.0 10.0 MALTITOL - - - 10.0 XYLITOL - - - - 15.0 15.0 LACTITOL
PALATINIT
FLAVOR 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 FOS 10.0 30.0 10.0 30.0 10.0 40.0 APM 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 EX. 81EX. 82EX. 83EX. 84EX. 85EX. 86 GUM BASE 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 GLYCERIN 7.9 7.7 7 9 7 7 7 7 4.7 SORBITOL 32.0 7.0 22.0 5.0 5.0 MANNITOL 8.0 8.0 8.0 SORBITOL
LIQUID 5.0 LYCASIN - 5.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 MALTITOL - 5.0 XYLITOL - - - 15.0 LACTITOL 10.0 10.0 10.0 PALATINIT - - 10.0 10.0 25.0 18.0 FLAVOR 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 FOS10.0 30.0 10.0 30.0 25.0 40.0 APM 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 Any of the alditols can be combined with FOS
and co-dried to form unique combinations, such as:
W093/06740 2 1 ~ ~ 7 4 3 PCT/US92/08356 FOS and sorbitol can be dissolved in water in a ratio of 2:1 sorbitol:FOS and co-dried and used in formulas in Table 10.
FOS, sorbitol and mannitol can be dissolved in water at a ratio of 1:1:1, co-dried, and used in appropriate formulas in Table 10.
FOS, mannitol and xylitol can be dissolved in water at a ratio of 1:1:1, co-dried, and used in appropriate formulas in Table 10.
FOS, sorbitol and lactitol can be dissolved in water at a ratio of 1:1:1, co-dried, and used in appropriate formulas in Table 10.
FOS, palatinit and sorbitol can be dissolved in water at a ratio of 1:1:1, co-dried, and used in appropriate formulas in Table 10.
FOS and palatinit can be dissolved in water at a ratio of 1:1, co-dried, and used in appropriate formulas in Table 10.
FOS, sorbitol, maltitol and xylitol may be blended at 25~ of each ingredient and dissolved in water, co-dried, and used in appropriate formulas in Table 10.
Multiple combinations of FOS with the various alditols can be made in solution to form liquid con-centrates that do not need to be co-dried, such as:
FOS, sorbitol, maltitol and Lycasin may be dissolved in water at 25~ of each ingredient, ~ 7~ - 28 -evaporated to a thick syrup and used in the appro-priate formulas in Table 10.
FOS, xylitol, sorbitol and Lycasin can be dissolved in water at 25~ of each ingredient, evaporated to a thick syrup, and used in the formulas in Table 10.
FOS, sorbitol, lactitol and Lycasin can be dissolved in water at 25~ of each ingredient, evaporated to a thick syrup, and used in the formulas in Table 10.
FOS, Lycasin and glycerin can be dissolved in water at a ratio of 1:1:1, evaporated to a thick syrup and used in the formulas in Table 10.
Glycerin is added to Example 94 at a ratio of 4:1 syrup to glycerin, evaporated to a thick syrup, and used in formulas in Table 10.
Glycerin is added to Example 95 at a ratio of 4:1 syrup to glycerin, evaporated to a thick syrup, and used in the formulas in Table 10.
Glycerin is added to Example 96 at a ratio of 4:1 syrup to glycerin, evaporated to a thick syrup, and used in formulas in Table 10.
Other high-intensity sweeteners such as acesulfame K, or the salts of acesulfame, cyclamate and its salts, saccharin and its salts, alitame, sucralose, thaumatin, monellin, dihydrochalcone, stevioside, glycyrrhizin, and combinations thereof may be used in any of the Examples listed in Tables 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9 and 10. Since FOS has less sweetness than some of the sugars used in sugar gum, and some of the alditols WO 93/06740 2 1 ~ ~ 7 !~ 3 PCT/US92/08356 in sugar-free gum, a high-intensity sweetener may be needed to obtain the proper level of sweetness.
High-intensity sweeteners may also be modified to control their release in chewing gum formulations containing FOS. This can be controlled by various methods of encapsulation, agglomeration, absorption, or a combination of methods to obtain either a fast or slow release of the sweetener.
Sweetener combinations, some of which may be synergistic, may also be included in the gum formulations containing FOS. FOS may also be used to encapsulate, agglomerate, absorb, or entrap any high-intensity sweetener to control its release.
The following examples show the use of high-intensity sweeteners in chewing gum formulations with FOS.
Alitame at a level of 0.03~ may be added to any of the formulas in Tables 3 through 10 by replacing 0.03~ of the FOS.
Sucralose at a level of 0.07~ may be added to any of the formulas in Tables 3 through 10 by replacing 0.07~ of the FOS.
Thaumatin at a level of 0.02~ may be added to any of the formulas in Tables 3 through 10 by replac-ing 0. 02~ of the FOS.
Glycyrrhizin at a level of 0.4~ may be added to any of the formulas in Tables 3 through 10 by replacing 0.4~ of the FOS.
High-intensity sweeteners may also be combined with other high-intensity sweeteners, with or without encapsulation, agglomeration or absorption, and used in chewing gum. Examples are:
W093/06740 PCT/~S92/08356 ~ 7 4 3 - 30 -Aspartame and acesulfame K at a 1:1 ratio may be added to any of the formulas in Tables 3 through 10 at a level of 0.15% by replacing 0.15~ of the FOS.
Aspartame and alitame at a ratio of 9:1 aspartame:
alitame may be added to any of the formulas in Tables 3 through 10 at a level of 0.1~ by replac-ing 0.1~ of the FOS.
Aspartame and thaumatin at a ratio of 9:1 aspartame:thaumatin can be added to any of the formulas in Tables 3 through 10 at a level of 0.1 by replacing 0.1~ of the FOS.
Sucralose and alitame in a ratio of 3:1 sucralose:
alitame can be added to any of the formulas in Tables 3 through 10 at a level of 0.5~ by replac-ing 0.5~ of the FOS.
Alitame and glycyrrhizin in a ratio of 1:12 alitame:glycyrrhizin can be added to any of the formulas in Tables 3 through 10 at a level of 0.1 by replacing 0.1~ of the FOS.
Aspartame and glycyrrhizin in a ratio of 1:14 aspartame:glycyrrhizin can be added to any of the formulas in Tables 3 through 10 at a level of 0.3 by replacing 0.3~ of the FOS.
As discussed above, the four type~ of FOS
ingredients that are available are NutraFlora powder, NutraFlora syrup, NutraFlora-G syrup and Oligo-Sugar.
These materials may be used exclusively in a variety of chewing gum formulations, as in Tables 11 and 12. The W093/06740 2 1 1 S 7 ~ 3 PCT/US92/08356 formulas with FOS and APM will show improved APM
stability.
EX. 111EX. 112EX. 113 EX. 114 EX. 115 GUM BASE 19.2 25.525.5 25.5 40.0 GLYCERIN 4 0 4.0 7 0 7 0 7 0 NUTRAFLORA
POWDER 55.8 49.046.0 46.0 30.5 NUTRAFLORA-G
SYRUP 10.0 15.0 5.0 - 10.0 NUTRAFLORA
SYRUP 10.0 5.015.0 20.0 10.0 FLAVOR 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 'NutraFlora powder, NutraFlora syrup, and NutraFlora-G
may also be preblended with glycerin and coevaporated to reduce moisture.
EX. 116 EX. 117 EX. 118 EX. 119 EX. 120 EX. 121 GUM BASE 25.5 25.525.5 25.5 50.070.0 GLYCERIN 2.0 7.07.0 15.0 2.0 1.0 NUTRAFLORA
POWDER 51.0 56.046.0 43.0 35.520.0 NUTRAFLORA
SYRUP 20.0 10.05.0 - 10.0 4.0 NUTRAFLORA-G
SYRUP - - 15.0 15.0 - 2.0 FLAVOR 1.5 1.51.5 1.5 2.5 3.0 NutraFlora powder, NutraFlora syrup, and NutraFlora-G
may also be preblended with glycerin and coevaporated to reduce moisture.
The formulations in Tables 11 and 12 do not contain other sugars or alditols. These formulations will give unique texture and flavor attributes. These W O 93/06740 PC~r/US92/08356 21~74~ 32 -formulations may also contain other high-intensity, artificial sweeteners, from about 0.02~ to about 0.1 for sweeteners like alitame, thaumatin, and dihydrochalcone, and from about 0.1~ to about 0.3~ for sweeteners like sucralose, acesulfame, and saccharin.
The formulations in Tables 11 and 12 without the other types of sugars and alditols will also have good non-cariogenic properties.
The following gum formulations were made:
EX. 122 EX. 123EX. 124EX. 125 BASE 27.0 27.0 27.027.0 SORBITOL40.2 38.7 32.520.9 M~NNITOL12.0 11.5 9.7 6.3 GLYCERIN 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 SORBITOL
LIQUID 11.0 11.0 11.011.0 PEPP~
FLAVOR 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 COLOR 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 APM 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 NUTRAFLORA
POWDER 0 2.0 10.025.0 These formulas were made in a conventional lab mixer in a conventional manner on a lab scale and formed into square pellets. Samples of each formula were placed in six sealed pouches and stored at 85~F
for 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. Samples were then removed and analyzed for APM to determine degradation.
The test results are shown in Figure 1. As shown, after eight weeks of storage at 85~F, at levels of 10~
or greater of FOS, there was a significant increase in the stability of APM. Even at 2~ FOS (Example 123), there was almost a 10~ increase in the amount of APM
r~m~;ning after eight weeks of storage compared to the sample with no FOS (Example 122).
W093/06740 2 ~ PCT/US92/08356 The following gum formulations were made:
EX. 126EX. 127 EX 128EX. 129EX. 130 EX. 131 EX. 132 EX 133 BASE 24.7 24.724.7 24.7 24.7 24.7 24.7 24.7 SORBITOL 50.050.0 45.0 35.0 10.0 35.0 10.0 35.0 MANNITOL 9.4 7.0 9.4 9.4 9.4 7.0 7.0 9.4 GLYCERlN 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 LECITHD I 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 PEPPERMI~T 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 FLAVOR
APM 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 LYCASIN - 14.4 - - - 14.4 14.4 LIQUID12.0 - 12.0 12.0 12.0 - - 9.0 SORBITOL
NUTRAFLORA - - 5.0 15.0 40.0 15.0 40.0 15.0 These formulas were made in a conventional lab mixer in a conventional manner and formed into square pellets. Samples of each formula were placed in four sealed pouches and stored at 85~F for 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. Samples were then removed and analyzed for APM to determine degradation. The test results for Examples 126, 128, 129 and 130 are shown in Figure 2 for gum made with sorbitol liquid, and the test results for Examples 127, 131 and 132 are shown in Figure 3 for gum made with Lycasin brand HSH syrup. Results show that in both types of formulations, FOS improves APM
stability significantly as compared to when a FOS
material is not used. As seen in both Figures 2 and 3, after eight weeks of storage at 85~F, there was more than a 5~ decrease in the amount of aspartame that decomposed in the gum formulas that includes FOS.
Also, Examples 130 and 132 produced a gum composition in which the FOS were effective such that after eight weeks of storage, over 80~ of the unencapsulated aspartame originally formulated in the gum composition remained undecomposed.
-21~ 7l13 ~ 34 -The following sugar gum center formulation was made:
Base 24.8 Sugar 52.0 Corn Syrup 22.4 Peppermint Flavor 0.8 This formulation was made in a 25 gallon st~nA~rd gum mixer and sheeted as rectangular pellets for coating tests.
Two sugar solutions were prepared for use in coating tests. They are:
A) 750 grams sugar B) 650 grams sugar 250 grams water 350 grams water 30 grams NutraFlora In a 12 inch lab coating pan, 1,000 grams of the above centers were coated with Solution A up to a level of 20~ coating, then coating continued with Solution B
until a 33~ coating was achieved. As coating progressed, ten pieces were weighed to determine the coating weight increase to 20~, then 33~. During the coating process, Solution A was tacky like other types of coatings which contain gum arabic, maltodextrins or modified starches, but it is anticipated that NutraFlora will give good shelf life protection.
The final coated product had a hard, crunchy shell that was slightly off-white in color. The flavor had a creamy character, comparable to typical sugar coated pellet gum.
W093/06740 2 J 1 S 7 ~ 3 PCT/US92/08356 The ~ollowing gum formulations were prepared using NutraFlora powder (FOS):
EX. 135EX. 136EX. 137EX. 138 BASE 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 45.5 Be SYRUP 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5 GLYCERIN 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 SUGAR 50.0 48.0 45.0 40.0 DEXTROSE
~IJNO~lYI~RATE10 . O10 . O10 . O 10 . O
PEPP~ lN'l' FLAVOR 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 FOS - 2.0 5.0 10.0 The gum formulations were formed and cut into 3.2 gm sticks and weighed, then placed in small alllm;n-]m dishes and stored at 74~F and either 20~ R.H.
or 75~ R.H. for accelerated aging studies. Gum samples were reweighed after 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days to determine the effect of ~OS. Results are shown in Figures 4 and 5.
These results indicate that moisture loss is about the same at various levels at low R.H., but moisture gain increases with high R.H., which demon-strates the effectiveness of FOS as a humectant in sugar gum formulations, thus improving shelf life of chewing gum formulations.
'~1157~3 The following gum formulations were prepared using NutraFlora Syrup (FOS) at 75~ solids:
EX. 139 EX. 140EX. 141EX. 142 BASE 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 45.5 Be SYRUP 13.3 13.3 6.7 GLYCERIN 1.3 - 1.3 1.3 SUGAR 54.4 54 4 54.4 54 4 DEXTROSE
~ J~O~lYL~RATE 9 . 99 . 99 . 9 9 . 9 P~P~KMINT
FLAVOR 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 FOS SYRUP - 1.3 6.6 13.3 The gum formulations were formed and cut into 3.2 gm sticks and weighed, then placed in small alllmln-lm dishes and stored at 74~F and either 20~ R.H.
or 75~ R.H. for accelerated aging studies. Gum samples were reweighed after 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days and results are shown in Figures 6 and 7.
Comparing Examples 139 and 140, FOS
syrup is equally effective as glycerin for use as a humectant. Gum with higher levels of liquid FOS losses more moisture since it adds moisture to the gum at low R.H. At higher R.H. it picks up more moisture. In both cases, liquid FOS keeps gum more flexible and softer during its shelf life.
The following examples show how FOS may be added to gum to make a non-sugar gum formulation with other bulking agents.
W093/06740 2 ~ ~ ~ 7 ~1 3 PCT/US92/08356 EX. 143EX. 144 EX. 145EX. 146 EX. 147 EX. 148 EX. 149 BASE 30.3 30.3 28.4 27.0 27.0 27.0 24.6 TALC 8.1 8.1 LECITHIN 0.5 0.5 - - - - 0.2 GLYCERIN 10.0 10.0 6.0 8.1 8.1 8.1 17.0 APM 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 5 COLOR 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.13 0.13 0.13 SPEARMINT 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 FLAVOR
~IL i~l~LE 46.2 43.7 DEXTR~
(FIBERSOL) FOS POWDER 2.5 5.0 31.7 37.3 43.6 50.0 56.2 MENTHOL0.2 0.2 PALAT~OSE - - 31.7 25.3 19.0 12.6 PEPPERMINT - - - - - - 1.5 FLAVOR
All of the above gum formulations that were mixed on a lab scale for screening tests on non-sugar gums gave quality gum formulations.
It should be appreciated that the compositions and methods of the present invention are capable of being incorporated in the form of a variety of embodiments, only a few of which have been illus-trated and described above. The invention may be embodied in other forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive, and the scope of the invention, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the me~ning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
CH~WING GUM PRODUCTS USING F~UCTOOLIGOSACCHARIDES
BAC~GROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to improved chewing gum products. More particularly, the invention relates to improving chewing gum by the use of specific bulking agents in sugar and non-sugar chewing gum products to give improved texture, moisture absorption properties, and improved shelf life properties, including aspartame stability. The improved chewing gum compositions may also be,used in a variety of chewing gum products, such as confectionery coated chewing gum products.
In recent years, efforts have been devoted to replace sugar and sugar syrups normally found in chew-ing gum with other carbohydrates and noncarbohydrates.
Non-sugar or sugar-free chewing gum, which is growing in popularity, uses sugar alcohols or polyols to re-place sugar and sugar syrups. The most popular polyols are sorbitol, mannitol, and xylitol. New polyols are being developed using new technology to replace these polyols. New polyols have various unique properties which can improve the taste, texture, and shelf life properties of chewing gum for consumers. -The non-sugar polyols have the advantage of not contributing to dental caries of consumers, as well as being able to be consumed by diabetics. However, all polyols have the disadvantage of causing gastro-intestinal disturbances if consumed in too great of a quantity. Therefore it would be a great advantage to be able to use a carbohydrate or carbohydrate-like food ingredient for chewing gum that would act as a bulking agent, but not contribute to dental caries nor cause gastrointestinal disturbances.
One such bulking agent comprises fructooligo-saccharides (FOS). This bulking agent or bulk sweetener is not approved for use in human food products or in chewing gum in the U.S. However, a GRAS
affirmation petition for FOS as a human food ingredient is currently being prepared. The bulk sweetener is approved for use in Japan and is being used in a variety of foods. Although a sugar, FOS does not contribute to dental caries, does not cause as significant of gastro-intestinal disturbances as polyols and does not significantly contribute to calories. Thus, this ingredient's use in chewing gum could be a definite improvement.
Unique types of fructose compounds were first disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 2,782,123. The sweetener is obtained from Jerusalem artichoke tubers which contain inulin, a carbohydrate composed of fructose and glucose. The inulin is treated by acid hydrolysis.
U.S. Patent No. 3,894,146 discloses a coupling sugar called oligoglycosyl fructose derived from other sugars.
Fructosyl oligomers and oligosaccharides are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,978,751, EPO Patent Publication No. 0 301 628 and EPO Patent Publication No. 0 337 889.
Branched fructooligosaccharides are disclosed in PCT Publication WO 91/13076.
W093/~740 PCT/~'S92/0~3~6 - 3 ~ 5 7 ~ 3 Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,902,674; 4,987,124; and 5,032,579 as a method and composition for inhibiting the growth of Salmonella. Fructooligosaccharides are also disclosed in EPO Patent Publication No. 0 3S7 027 and Japanese Patent No. 3,095,102 as a method for killing pests.
U.S. Patent No. 4,681,771 discloses a low caloric, low cariogenic sweetener comprising fructooligosaccharides having from 1 to 4 molecules of fructose bound to sucrose. The use of the sweetener in chewing gum is described in Example 10. The patent is assigned to the Japanese firm of Meiji Seika Kaisha, who have joined forces with ZeaGen Inc. (formerly Coors Biotech, Inc.) to manufacture and market a FOS product under the trade name NutraFlora*(sometimes called Neosugar).
FOS is used in Japan as a sweetening agent, flavor enhancer, bulking agent and humectant. The product is also added to Japanese "health foods" to promote the growth of ~beneficial" bacteria in the lower gastro-intestinal tract.
SUMMARY OF T~E INVENTION
Chewing gum products using fructooligo-saccharides (FOS) and methods of making such gum products have been invented. In one embodiment, the FOS are used in a rolling compound applied to the chewing gum product. In a second embodiment, the FOS
are used in a coating, such as a hard-shell coating, for a pellet gum. In a third embodiment, FOS are used in a centerfill of a chewing gum product. In a fourth embodiment, aspartame is used to sweeten the gum composition. Preferably the FOS are provided in an effective amount to stabilize the aspartame such that after eight weeks of storage at 85~F, at least 5~ less aspartame decomposes than would have decomposed if the FOS were not included. FOS are also used as an * a trade-mark , al~ ' -W O 93/06740 P~r/US92/08356 encapsulating agent for high-intensity sweeteners or flavors used in gum compositions. In yet another embodiment, FOS are co-dried from a solution with another sweeteners selected from the group consisting of sugar sweeteners, alditol sweeteners and high potency sweeteners and used in a gum composition. In still another embodiment, FOS and a plasticyzing agent are coevapoarated to form a syrup that is used in a gum composition.
Even though FOS are very similar to sucrose, they are not cariogenic. Also, since they do not cause as great of gastrointestinal disturbances as polyolys, they give a highly consumer-acceptable chewing gum product.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows test results of aspartame stability for gum made with FOS.
FIG. 2 shows test results of aspartame stability for gum made with ~orbitol liquid and FOS.
FIG. 3 shows test results of aspartame stability for gum made with Lycasin brand HSH syrup and FOS.
FIG. 4 shows test ~esults of moisture loss at low RH for gum containing FOS.
FIG. 5 shows test results of moisture gain at high RH for gum cont~;n;ng FOS.
FIG. 6 shows test results of moisture loss at low RH for gum with liquid FOS.
FIG. 7 shows test results of moisture gain at high RH for gum with liquid FOS.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS AND
PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
As used herein, the term "chewing gum" also includes bubble gum and the like. Unless otherwise W093/06740 2 1 1 5 7 ~ PCT/US92/08356 specified, all percentages used herein are weight percents.
One FOS or fructooligosaccharide material is commercially available as a product called NutraFlora (sometimes called Neosugar). It is composed of a mixture of fructooligosaccharides (1-kestose, nystose, and 1-~-fructofuranosyl-nystose); sucrose (GF); glucose (G) and fructose (F). Each of the three fructooligo-saccharides consists of one sucrose molecule (GF) with one, two or three additional fructose molecules linked in sequence by a (2-1)-~-glycosidic bond. 1-kestose (GF2), nystose (GF3), and 1-~-fructofuranosyl-nystose (GF4) have one, two and three fructose molecules attached to the sucrose molecule, respectively.
NutraFlora brand FOS is available in two forms, NutraFlora and NutraFlora-G. NutraFlora is 96~
(solids basis) fructooligosaccharides, 30~ as sweet as sucrose, and is available as a clear syrup and a white powder. NutraFlora-G is less pure, 55~ (solids basis) fructooligosaccharides with the r~mA ~ n ~ ng material being sucrose, glucose, and fructose. It is 60~ as sweet as sucrose, and is available as a clear syrup.
Both NutraFlora and NutraFlora-G are odorless and have no aftertaste. FOS is also being marketed worldwide under the tradename Oligo-Sugar by Cheil Foods &
Chemicals Inc. of Seoul, Korea.
In a variety of extensive human and ~nlm~l studies, FOS have been found to lack toxicity, carcinogenicity, and genotoxic effects.
In Japan, a FOS material called Meioligo has been approved for human consumption since 1983, and is currently used in 500 food products as an ingredient.
In the United States, NutraFlora has been approved as GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) as a poultry feed supplement. ZeaGen Inc. of Broomfield, Colorado, the company marketing NutraFlora in the U.S., is preparing a GRAS Affirmation Petition for NutraFlora as a human W093/06740 ~ PCT/~S92/083~
F 2 ~ 1 ~ 7 ~ 3 food ingredient Approval for human consumption of FOS
is also currently being pursued throughout the EEC.
NutraFlora, the fructooligosaccharides (FOS) material used in the following example, is produced on a commercial scale by the action of a fungal enzyme on sucrose, a process developed by Meiji Seika Raisha of Japan. Other FOS containing materials are Raftiline*
and Raftilose*, which are slightly different due to their source. Raftiline is the natural carbohydrate called inulin, which comes from various plants.
Raftilose is an inulin hydrolyzate, also called an inulin-oligosaccharide. Raftiline is inulin obtained from chicory roots and is a mixture of GF~ molecules where:
G = glucose F = fructose n = num~er of fructose units linked and ranging from about 2 to more than 50.
Raftilose, being the hydrolysis product from Raftiline, is composed of shorter length molecules of GFD (gluco-fructosan) and Fm (fructosans) where "n" and "m" are about 2 to 9. NutraFlora contains mostly GF2 (1-kestose) and GF3 (nystose)" with some GF4 (1-~-fructofuranosyl-nystose).
FOS may be added to chewing gum in its solid or syrup form or may be dissolved in water. The solubility of FOS in water is about 70~ at room temperature, but increases with increased temperature.
FOS may be used in chewing gum as a-texture and flavor modifier, ~ulking agent, and may improve texture, flavor, and shelf-life properties. FOS may replace solids like sucrose, dextrose or lactose when used in its powder form, or may replace syrups when used in its liquid or syrup form. At levels of about 0.5~ to about 25~, FOS may replace part of the solids in sugar gum or, as a liquid, all or part of the syrup in sugar gum.
* a trade-mark W O 93/06740 -' PC~r/~S92/083;6 ~ ~11 15 ~ ~ 3 At higher levels of about 25~ to about 90~ of the gum formulation, FOS may replace all of the solids in a chewing gum formulation.
In its powder or liquid form, a sufficient quantity of FOS can stabilize aspartame. At levels above 10~, FOS may replace significant quantities of sucrose and syrup. Because of the resulting lower sweetness, aspartame may be added. It has been found that aspartame is stabilized with FOS, especiall-y when the FOS is used at a level of 10~ or more of the gum.
In preferred embodiments, an effective amount of FOS is used in gums with sweetness imparting amounts of aspartame to stabilize the aspartame against decomposition during storage at 85~F for eight weeks whereby at least 5~ less aspartame decomposes into non-sweetening derivatives than would have decomposed if the FOS were not included in the gum composition.
Because aspartame has such high potency and is used at such low levels, and because of its high cost, even a 5% reduction in degradation is a significant benefit.
While the aspartame'contemplated will generally be unencapsulated, the term ~unencapsulated n as used herein applies to aspartame which, even if treated or partially encapsulated, is still subject to some degradation in the gum formulation.
Although FOS is similar to sucrose and glucose polymers, its unique anti-caries properties suggest that it may be used in chewing gum formulations containing non-sugar ingredients. Non-sugar ingredients are alditols such as sorbitol, mannitol,' xylitol, lactitol, p,alatinit*(Isomalt), maltitol and hydrogenated starch hydrolyzates. These alditols are used in a variety of combinations to develop unique sugarless chewing gum formulations. FOS may be used to replace the individual alditols or combinations of alditols. With partial replacement of one or more alditols, FOS can be used at levels of about 0.5-25~.
* a trade-mark . .. . .
-W093/06740 2 1 1 ~ 7 1 3 PCT/~S92/08356 If FOS replaces a large amount or most of the alditols, this level may be about 25~ to about 90~ of the gum formulation.
Some sugar-free chewing gum formulations contain high levels of glycerin and are very low in moisture, i.e., less than about 2~. FOS as a powder or liquid may replace part or all of the glycerin used in these types of formulations. At higher moisture levels (more than 2~) in sugar-free gum, a liquid sorbitol (70~ sorbitol, 30~ water) is used. When using FOS, preferably sorbitol liquid may also be used to obtain soft textured gum formulations. Previous high moisture formulations cont~;n;ng liquid sorbitol were not made with aspartame, since the moisture caused degradation of aspartame. However, when sufficient FOS (generally greater than about 10~) is added to a high moisture gum, aspartame is stabilized, and degradation is reduced or eliminated.
Recent advances use hydrogenated starch hydrolyzates (HSH) and glycerin preblended and co-evaporated to reduce moisture in some sugar-free gum formulations. FOS may be used to replace part or all of the HSH/glycerin blends in such chewing gum formula-tions. Aqueous FOS solids and/or FOS syrup may also replace HSH in the preblend with glycerin and be co-evaporated with glycerin to obtain a low moisture, non-crystallizable blend. Combinations of FOS solids/syrup with alditols like sorbitol, maltitol, xylitol, lactitol and mannitol in aqueous form may also be blended with glycerin and co-evaporated for use in low-moisture, sugar-free gum.
FOS may be used in gum formulations with hydrogenated starch hydrolysates (HSH) without pre-blending with glycerin and coevaporation. Low levels of moisture are not necessary to prevent degradation of aspartame when FOS is used, so HSH syrups at about W093/06740 2 1 1 ~ 7 4 3 PCT/US92/08356 g 20-30~ moisture do not need to be modified to reduce moisture to improve aspartame stability.
FOS bulk sweetener may also be co-dried with a variety of sugars such as sucrose, dextrose, lactose, fructose and corn syrup solids and used in a sugar-containing gum formulation. FOS may be co-dried with a variety of alditols such as sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, maltitol, palatinit and hydrogenated starch hydrolyzates and used in a sugar-free gum formulation.
Co-drying refers to methods of co-crystallization and co-precipitation of FOS with other sugars and alditols, as well as co-drying by encapsulation, agglomeration, and absorption with other sugars and alditols.
Co-drying by encapsulation, agglomeration, and absorption can also include the use of encapsulat-ing and agglomerating agents. FOS may be mixed with other sugars or alditols prior to being redried by encapsulation or agglomeration, or may be used alone with the encapsulating and agglomerating agents. These agents modify the physical properties of the bulk sweetener and control its release from chewing gum.
Three methods to obtain a controlled release of bulk sweetener are: (1) encapsulation by spray drying, fluid-bed coating, spray chilling and co-acervation to give full or partial encapsulation, (2) agglomeration to give partial encapsulation and (3) fixation or entrapment/absorption, which also gives partial encapsulation. These three methods, combined in any usable manner which physically isolates the bulk sweetener, reduces its dissolvability or slows down the release of bulk sweetener, are included in this invention.
FOS may act as an encapsulating or agglomer-ating agent. FOS may also be used to absorb other ingredients. FOS may be able to encapsulate, agglomer-ate or entrap/absorb flavors and high-intensity sweeteners like aspartame, alitame, cyclamic acid and 2 1 1 ~ r~ i 3 its salts, saccharin acid and its salts, acesulfame and its salts, sucralose, dihydrochalcones, thaumatin, monellin or combinations thereof. Encapsulation of high-intensity sweeteners with FOS may improve the sweetener's shelf-life.
FOS may be used with other bulk sweeteners and in combination give unique properties. FOS may be co-dried by various delayed release methods noted above with other bulk sweeteners like sucrose, dextrose, lactose, maltose, fructose, corn syrup solids, sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, maltitol, palatinit and hydrogenated starch hydrolysates for use in sugar and sugar-free chewing gum. Ingredients, including flavors, co-dried, encapsulated, agglomerated or absorbed on FOS may show faster release. However, encapsulation of flavors with FOS may improve the shelf-life of the flavor ingredient.
Other methods of treating the FOS bulk sweetener to physically isolate the sweetener from other chewing gum ingredients may also have some effect on its release rate and its effect on chewing gum flavor and texture. The bulk sweetener may be added to the liquid inside a liquid center gum product. The center fill of a gum product may comprise one or more carbohydrate syrups, glycerin, thickeners, flavors, acidulants, colors, sugars and sugar alcohols in con-ventional amounts. The ingredients are combined in a conventional manner. The bulk sweetener is dissolved in the center-fill liquid and the amount of bulk sweetener added to the center-fill liquid may be about 0.1~ to about 20~ by weight of the entire chewing gum formula. This method of using the bulk sweetener in chewing gum can allow for a lower usage level of the bulk sweetener, can give the bulk sweetener a smooth release rate, and can reduce or eliminate any possible reaction of the bulk sweetener with gum base, flavor W O 93/06740 2 1 ~ 5 7 ~1 3 PC~r/US92/08356 components or other components, yielding improved shelf stability.
Another method of isolating the FOS bulk sweetener from other chewing gum ingredients is to add FOS to the dusting compound of a chewing gum. A
rolling or dusting compound is applied to the surface of chewing gum as it is formed. This rolling or dusting compound serves to reduce sticking to machinery as it is formed, reduces sticking of the product to machinery as it is wrapped, and sticking to its wrapper after it is wrapped and being stored. The rolling compound comprises FOS bulk sweetener alone or in combination with mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, starch, calcium carbonate, talc, other orally acceptable substances or a combination thereof. The rolling compound constitutes from about 0.25~ to about 10.0~, but preferably about 1~ to about 3~ of weight of the chewing gum composition. The amount of FOS bulk sweetener added to the rolling compound is about 0.5 to 100~ of the rolling compound, or about 0.005~ to about 5~ of the chewing gum composition. This method of using FOS bulk sweetener in the chewing gum can allow a lower usage level of the bulk sweetener, can give the bulk sweetener a more controlled release rate, and can reduce or eliminate any possible reaction of the bulk sweetener with gum base, flavor components or other components, yielding improved shelf stability.
Another method of isolating FOS sweetener is to use it in the coating/p~nning of a pellet chewing gum. Pellet or ball gum is prepared as conventional chewing gum, but formed into pellets that are pillow shaped or into balls. The pellets/balls can then be coated or panned by conventional panning techniques to make a unique coated pellet gum.
Conventional panning procedures generally apply a liquid coating to a pellet, which is then solidified, usually by drying the coating. The coating W093/06740 PCT/~S92/08356 211~7~3 layer is built up by successive coating and drying steps.
FOS are very stable and highly water soluble, and can be easily added to a sugar solution prepared for sugar panning. FOS may be added in a liquid form to the sucrose coating or any other sugar or alditol coating. FOS can also be added as a powder blended with other powders often used in some types of conven-tional panning procedures. Using FOS sweetener isolates it from other gum ingredients and modifies its release rate in chewing gum. Levels of use of FOS may be about 0.1~ to about 20~ in the coating and about 0.05~ to about 10% of the weight of the chewing gum product. The weight of the coating may be about 20~ to about 50% of the weight of the finished gum product.
Conventional pAnning procedures generally coat with sucrose, but recent advances in panning have allowed the use of other carbohydrate materials to be used in the place of sucrose. Some of these components include, but are not limited to, dextrose, maltose, palatinose, xylitol, lactitol, palatinit and other new alditols or a combination thereof. These materials may be blended with p~nn;ng modifiers including, but not limited to, gum arabic, maltodextrins, corn syrup, gelatin, cellulose derivatives like carboxymethyl cellulose or hydroxymethyl cellulose, starch and modified starches, vegetable gums like alginates, locust bean gum, guar gum, and gum tragacanth, insoluble carbonates like calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate and talc. FOS may also act as a panning modifier with other p~nn;ng materials to improve product quality. Antitack agents may also be added as panning modifiers, which allow the use of a variety of carbohydrates and sugar alcohols to be used in the development of new panned or coated gum products. Flavors may also be added with the sugar W O 93/06740 2 1 1 ~ 7 ll 3 PC~r/US92/08356 coating and with the FOS bulk sweetener to yield unique product characteristics.
Another method to improve coating processes using sugars or alditols is to add a powder coating after a liquid coating. The powder coating may include FOS, maltodextrin, gelatin, cellulose derivatives, starches, modified starches, vegetable gums and fillers like talc and calcium carbonate. This will reduce stickiness and allow a faster build-up of coating.
FOS may be added to the liquid syrup and used as a p~nn;ng modifier with other sugar and sugar alcohol syrups such as dextrose, sucrose, xylitol and palatinit. FOS may act as a binder to, and film former for, the sugar or sugar alcohol coating.
The previously described FOS bulk sweetener may readily be incorporated into a chewing gum com-position. The remainder of the chewing gum ingredients are noncritical to the present invention. That is, the bulk sweetener can be incorporated into conventional chewing gum formulations in a conventional manner. The FOS bulk sweetener may be used in a sugar-free or sugar chewing gum to modify the sweetness thereof. The bulk sweetener may be used in either regular chewing gum or bubble gum. Higher levels of FOS will reduce sweetness, thus allowing for its use in non-sweet flavored chewing gums such as snack flavors or savory flavors.
In general, a chewing gum composition typic-ally comprises a water-soluble bulk portion, a water-insoluble chewable gum base portion and typically water-insoluble flavoring agents. The water-soluble portion dissipates with a portion of the flavoring agent over a period of time during chewing. The gum base portion is retained in the mouth throughout the chew.
The insoluble gum base generally comprises elastomers, resins, fats and oils, waxes, softeners and W O 93/06740 PC~r/US92/08356 2~137~3 - 14 -inorganic fillers. Elastomers may include poly-isobutylene, isobutylene-isoprene copolymer and styrene butadiene rubber, as well as natural latexes such as chicle. Resins include polyvinylacetate and terpene resins. Fats and oils may also be included in the gum base, including tallow, hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, and cocoa butter. Com-monly employed waxes include paraffin, microcrystalline and natural waxes such as beeswax and carnauba. Accord-ing to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the insoluble gum base constitutes between about 5 to about 95~ by weight of the gum. More preferably the insoluble gum base comprises between 10 and 50 percent by weight of the gum and most preferably about 20 to about 35~ by weight of the gum.
The gum base typically also includes a filler component. The filler component may be calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, talc, dicalcium phosphate or the like. The filler may constitute between about 5 and about 60~ by weight of the gum base. Preferably, the filler comprises about 5 to about 50~ by weight of the gum base.
Gum bases typically also contain softeners, including glycerol monostearate and glycerol tri-acetate. Further, gum bases may also contain optional ingredients such as antioxidants, colors, and emulsi-fiers. The present invention contemplates employing any commercially acceptable gum base.
The water-soluble portion of the chewing gum may further comprise softeners, sweeteners, flavoring agents and combinations thereof. The sweeteners often fill the role of bulking agents in the gum. The bulking agents generally comprise from about 5~ to about 90~, preferably from about 20~ to about 80~, and most preferably from about 30~ to about 60~ of the gum.
Softeners are added to the chewing gum in order to optimize the chewability and mouth feel of the W093/06740 2 1 ~ ~ 7 4 3 PCT/~S92/08356 gum. Softeners, also known in the art as plasticizers or plasticizing agents, generally constitute between about 0.5 to about 15.0~ by weight of the chewing gum.
Softeners contemplated by the present invention include glycerin, lecithin, and combinations thereof. Further, aqueous sweetener solutions such as those containing sorbitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, corn syrup and combinations thereof may be used as softeners and binding agents in gum.
As mentioned above, the FOS solid/syrup bulk sweetener of the present invention may be used in sugar gum formulations. However, sugar-free formulations are also within the scope of the invention. Sugar sweeteners generally include saccharide-containing components commonly known in the chewing gum art which comprise, but are not limited to, sucrose, dextrose, maltose, dextrin, dried invert sugar, fructose, lewlose, galactose, corn syrup solids and the like, alone or in any combination.
The FOS bulk sweetener of the present inven-tion can also be used in combination with other sugar-less sweeteners. Generally sugarless sweeteners include components with sweetening characteristics but which are devoid of the commonly known sugars and comprise, but are not limited to, sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolyzates, maltitol and the like, alone or in any combination.
Depending on the particular sweetness release profile and shelf-stability needed, the FOS solid/syrup bulk sweeteners of the present invention can also be used in combination with coated or uncoated high-potency sweeteners or with high-potency sweeteners coated with other materials and by other techniques.
A flavoring agent may be present in the chewing gum in an amount within the range of from about 0.1 to about 10.0 weight percent and preferably from W093/06740 PCT/US92/083~6 2 1 1 ~ r~ ~ 3 about 0.5 to about 3.0 weight percent of the gum. The flavoring agents may comprise essential oils, synthetic flavors, or mixture thereof including, but not limited to, oils derived from plants and fruits such as citrus oils, fruit essences, peppermint oil, spearmint oil, clove oil, oil of wintergreen, anise, and the like.
Artificial flavoring components are also contemplated for use in gums of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize that natural and artificial flavoring agents may be combined in any sensorially acceptable blend. All such flavors and flavor blends are contemplated by the present in-vention.
Optional ingredients such as colors, emulsifiers and pharmaceutical agents may be added to the chewing gum.
In general, chewing gum is manufactured by sequentially adding the various chewing gum ingredients to a commercially available mixer known in the art.
After the ingredients have been thoroughly mixed, the gum mass is discharged from the mixer and shaped into the desired form such as by rolling into sheets and cutting into sticks, extruding into chunks or casting into pellets.
Generally, the ingredients are mixed by first melting the gum base and adding it to the running mixer. The base may also be melted in the mixer itself. Color or emulsifiers may also be added at this time. A softener such as glycerin may also be added at this time, along with syrup and a portion of the bulk-ing agent/sweetener. Further portions of the bulking agent/sweetener may then be added to the mixer. A
flavoring agent is typically added with the final portion of the bulking agent. A high-intensity sweetener is preferably added after the final portion of bulking agent and flavor have been added.
W093/06740 2 1 1 ~ 7 ~ 3 PCT/US92/08356 The entire mixing procedure typically takes from five to fifteen minutes, but longer mixing times may sometimes be required. Those skilled in the art will recognize that many variations of the above de-scribed procedure may be followed.
Examples The following examples of the invention and comparative examples are provided by way of explanation and illustration.
The formulas listed in Table 1 comprise various sugar-type formulas in which FOS can be added to gum after it is dis~olved in water and mixed with various aqueous solvents. Aspartame (APM), which is stabilized with FOS, may also be added to the formula.
Generally, APM is added to the gum at a level of about 0.005~ to about 1~ of the gum composition.
EX. 1EX. 2EX. 3 EX. 4EX. 5EX. 6EX. 7 EX. 8 SUGAR 55.6 56.655.6 47.053.053.055.547.0 BASE 19.2 19.219.2 19.219.219.219.219.2 CORN SYRUP12.8 1.8, 8.8 2.86.8 6.8 0.0 2.8 PEPP~llNl FLAVOR0.90.9 0.90.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 GLY~YN 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.00.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 LIQUID/FOS BLEN-D10.020.0 14.030.020.020.022.9 30.0 APM 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.10.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 FOS powder can be added directly to the gum.
An 80 gram portion of FOS can be dissolved in 120 grams of water at 40~C making a 40~ solution and added to gum.
W O 93/06740 PC~r/US92/08356 ~ 3 18 FOS syrup at 70~ solids can be added directly to the gum.
A blend of 80 grams of FOS and 120 grams of water is mixed at 40~C. To this is added 100 grams of glycerin to give a mixture of 27~ FOS, 40~ water, and 33~ glycerin, and added to gum.
To 140 grams of FOS syrup at 70~ solids is added 60 grams of glycerin to give a 70~ FOS syrup with 30~ glycerin, and added to gum.
To 140 grams of FOS syrup of 70~ solids is added 60 grams of propylene glycol giving a 70~ FOS
syrup with 30~ glycerin and added to gum.
To 140 grams of FOS syrup at 70~ solids is added 89 grams of corn syrup and blended giving a mixture of 61~ FOS syrup and 39~ corn syrup.
To a 200 gram quantity of corn syrup is added 100 grams of glycerin. To this mixture is added 75 grams of FOS and blended at 50~C. This mixture is added to gum.
In the next examples of sugar gum formula-tions, FOS can be dissolved in water and emulsifiers can be added to the aqueous solution. Example solu-tions can be prepared by dissolving 15 grams of FOS in 70 grams water and adding 15 grams of emulsifiers of various hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values to the solution. The mixtures can then be used in the following formulas. (Note: the solution of Example 9 does not contain any emulsifier.) W O 93/06740 2 1 1 5 7 ll 3 PCT/US92/08356 EX. 9 EX. 10 EX. 11 EX. 12 EX. 13 EX. 14 SUGAR 50.7 50.7 50.7 50.7 50 750.7 BASE 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.219.2 CORN SYRUP12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.812.8 GLYCERIN 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 DEXTROSE 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 MJNU~Y~RATE
PEPP. FLAVOR 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 APM 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 BULK ~Wk~L~N~K/ 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 EMULSIFIER/WATER
EMULSIFIER NOne HLB=2 HLB=4 HLB=6 HLB=9 HLB=12 The same as the formulations made in Examples 9-14, respectively, except that the flavor can be mixed together with the aqueous bulk sweetener solution before adding the mixture to the gum batch.
The following Tables 3 through 10 are examples of gum formulations that demonstrate formula variations in which FOS may be used. Formulas with high levels of FOS may also contain aspartame (APM), which is stabilized with FOS.
Examples 21-25 in Table 3 demonstrates the use of FOS in low moisture sugar formulations having less than 2~ theoretical moisture:
WOg3/~740 PCT/US92/08356 211~7~ 3 - 20 -EX. 21 EX. 22 EX. 23 EX. 24EX. 25 SUGAR 57.9 53.9 46.9 23.0 0.0 GUM RASE 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 CORN SYRU~ 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.0 DEXTROSE
MONOHY-DRATE 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 LACTOSE 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 5.0 GLYCERINb 5.0 5.0 6.9 10.7 10.6 FLAVOR 0.9 0.9 0-9 0 9 0 9 FOS1.0 5.0 10.0 25.0 50.0 APM - - 0.1 0.2 0.3 ~Corn ~yrup i8 evaporated to 85~ ~olid~, 15~ moi~ture bGlycerin and syrup may be blended and co-evaporated Examples 26-30 in Table 4 demonstrate the use of FOS in medium-moisture sugar formulations having about 2~ to about 5~ moisture.
EX. 26 EX. 27 EX. 28EX. 29 EX. 30 SUGAR 52.5 46.5 40.5 20.0 0.0 GUM ~ASE 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 CORN SYRU~15.0 15.0 14.9 18.3 18.2 DEXTROSE
MONOHY-DRATE 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 5.0 GLYCERINb 1.4 3.4 4.4 6.4 6.4 FLAVOR 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 FOS1.0 5.0 10.0 25.0 50.0 APM - - 0.1 0.2 0.3 'Corn ~yrup iB evapG~ted to 85~ 601ids, 15~ moisture ~lycerin and ~yrup may be blended and co-evaporated W093/06740 2 1 1 5 7 ~ 3 PCT/US92/08356 Examples 31-35 in Table 5 demonstrate the use of FOS in high-moisture sugar formulations having more than about 5~ moisture.
EX. 31 EX. 32 EX. 33 EX. 34 EX. 35 SUGAR 50.0 44.0 38.0 20.0 0.0 GUM BASE 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 CORN SYRUP 24.0 24.0 23.9 24.4 19.3 GLYCERIN 0.0 2.0 3.0 5.4 5.4 FLAVOR 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 FOS 1.0 5.0 10.0 25.0 50.0 APM - - 0.1 0.2 0.3 Examples 36-40 in Table 6 and Examples 41-50 in Tables 7 and 8 demonstrate the use of FOS in low-and high-moisture gums that are sugar-free. Low-moisture gums have less than about 2~ moisture, and high-moisture gums have greater than 2~ moisture.
EX. 36 EX. 37 EX. 38 EX. 39 EX. 40 BASE 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 SORBITOL 50.0 46.0 41.0 26.0 0.0 MANNITOL 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 13.0 GLYCERIN 10.0 10.0 9.9 9.8 9.7 FLAVOR 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 FOS 1.0 5.0 10.0 25.0 50.0 APM - - 0.1 0.2 0.3 W O 93/06740 P ~ /Us92/08356 ~ 7 ~ 3 22 -EX. 41 EX. 42 EX. 43EX. 44EX. 45 BASE25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 SORBITOL 50.0 46.0 39.0 23.0 0.0 LIQUID
SORBITOL* 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 11.0 MANNITOL 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 5.0 GLYCERIN 2.0 2.0 3.9 4.8 6.7 FLAVOR 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 FOS 1.0 5.0 10.0 25.0 50.0 APM - - 0.1 0.2 0.3 *Sorbitol liquid contain6 70~ 60rbitol, 30~ water EX. 46 EX. 47 EX. 48 EX. 49 EX. 50 BASE25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 SORBITOL 50.0 46.0 41.0 24.0 0.0 HSH SYRUP* 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 MANNITOL 8.0 8.0 7.9 7.8 4.7 GLYCERIN** 4.0 4.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 FLAVOR 1.5 1.5 ' 1.5 1.5 1.5 FOS 1.0 5.0 10.0 25.0 50.0 APM - - 0.1 0.2 0.3 * H~dr uy~,.ated 6tarch hydroly6ate 6yrup ** Glycerin and HSH 6yrup may be blended or co-evaporated Table 9 shows sugar chewing gum formulations that can be made with various types of sugars.
W O 93/06740 2 1 ~ ~ 7 4 3 PC~r/US92/08356 EX. 51 EX. 52 EX. 53 EX. 54 EX. 55 EX. 56 GUM BASE 19.2 19.2 19.219.2 19.2 19.2 SUCROSE44.4 21.2 39.4 16.229.4 16.2 GLYCERIN 1.4 4.4 1.4 4.4 1.4 4.4 CORN SYRUP 14.0 14.0 14.014.0 14.0 14.0 DEXTROSE 5.0 5.0 - - 10.0 5.0 LACTOSE5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 - -FRUCTOSE 5.0 5.0 10.010.0 10.0 5.0 INVERT SUGAR - - - - 10.0 10.0 MALTOSE
CORN SYRUP
SOLIDS - - - - - -PEPP~ Nl FLAVOR 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0-9 FOS 5.0 25.0 5.0 25.0 5.0 25.0 APM 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 EX. 57EX. 58EX. 59EX. 60EX. 61EX. 62 GUM BASE 19.2 19.2 19.219.2 19.2 19.2 SUCROSE29.4 16.2 29.4 16.237.4 19.2 GLYCERIN 1.4 4.4 1.4 4.4 1.4 4.4 CORN SYRUP 14.0 14.0 14.014.0 11.0 11.0 DEXTROSE 10.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 LACTOSE
FRUCTOSE 10.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 INVERT
SUGAR 10.0 10.0 - - 5.0 5.0 MALTOSE - - 10.0 10.0 CORN SYRUP
SOLIDS - - - - 5.0 5.0 P~PP~ ~NT
FLAVOR 0.9 0.9 0.9 0-9 0-9 0-9 FOS 5.0 25.0 5.0 25.0 5.0 25.0 APM 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 W O 93/06740 P(~r/US92/08356 211~743 Any of the sugars may be combined with FOS
and co-dried to form unique combinations such as:
Dextrose and FOS can be dissolved in water in a 2:1 ratio dextrose:FOS and co-dried or co-precipitated and used in the formulas in Table 9.
FOS and sucrose can be dissolved in water in a 1:1 ratio and co-dried or co-precipitated and used in the formulas in Table 9.
FOS, sucrose and dextrose can be dissolved in water in a 1:1:1 ratio and co-dried or co-precipitated and used in the formulas in Table 9.
FOS, sucrose, dextrose and fructose can be dissolved in water at 25~ of each ingredient and co-dried, and used in the formulas in Table 9.
FOS, dextrose, fructose and lactose can be dissolved in water at 25~ of each ingredient and co-dried, and used in the formulas in Table 9.
FOS, dextrose, maltose and corn syrup solids can be dissolved in water at 25~ of each ingredient and co-dried, and used in the formulas in Table 9.
FOS, sucrose, dextrose, maltose and fructose can be dissolved in water at 20~ of each ingredient and co-dried, and used in the formulas in Table 9.
Multiple combinations of FOS with other sugars can be made in solution to form liquid con-centrates that do not need to be co-dried, such as:
W093/06740 ~ 7 ~ 3 PCT/US92/083~6 FOS, corn syrup and glycerin can be dissolved in water at a ratio of 1:1:1, evaporated to a thick syrup and used in the formulas in Table 9.
FOS, dextrose, fructose and invert syrup may be dissolved in water at 25% of each ingredient and evaporated to a thick syrup and used in the formulas in Table 9.
FOS, dextrose, maltose and corn syrup solids may be dissolved in water at 25% of each component and evaporated to a thick syrup and used in the formulas in Table 9.
Glycerin is added to Example 71 at a ratio of 4:1 syrup to glycerin and evaporated to a thick syrup, and used in the formulas in Table 9.
Glycerin is added to Example 72 at a ratio of 2:1 syrup to glycerin and evaporated to a thick syrup, and used in the formulas in Table 9.
Table 10 shows chewing gum formulations that are free of sugar. These formulations can use a wide variety of non-sugar alditols, including Lycasin brand HSH syrup.
W O 93/06740 P ~ /US92/08356 211~7 i3 26 -EX. 75EX. 76EX. 77EX. 78EX. 79EX. 80 GUM BA5E 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 GLYCERIN l.9 3.7 1.9 3.7 1.9 4.7 SORBITOL 44.0 12.0 34.0 7.0 28.0 MANNITOL - 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 3.0 SORBITOL
LIQUID 17.0 17.0 LYCASIN - - 17.0 12.0 8.0 10.0 MALTITOL - - - 10.0 XYLITOL - - - - 15.0 15.0 LACTITOL
PALATINIT
FLAVOR 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 FOS 10.0 30.0 10.0 30.0 10.0 40.0 APM 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 EX. 81EX. 82EX. 83EX. 84EX. 85EX. 86 GUM BASE 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 GLYCERIN 7.9 7.7 7 9 7 7 7 7 4.7 SORBITOL 32.0 7.0 22.0 5.0 5.0 MANNITOL 8.0 8.0 8.0 SORBITOL
LIQUID 5.0 LYCASIN - 5.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 MALTITOL - 5.0 XYLITOL - - - 15.0 LACTITOL 10.0 10.0 10.0 PALATINIT - - 10.0 10.0 25.0 18.0 FLAVOR 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 FOS10.0 30.0 10.0 30.0 25.0 40.0 APM 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 Any of the alditols can be combined with FOS
and co-dried to form unique combinations, such as:
W093/06740 2 1 ~ ~ 7 4 3 PCT/US92/08356 FOS and sorbitol can be dissolved in water in a ratio of 2:1 sorbitol:FOS and co-dried and used in formulas in Table 10.
FOS, sorbitol and mannitol can be dissolved in water at a ratio of 1:1:1, co-dried, and used in appropriate formulas in Table 10.
FOS, mannitol and xylitol can be dissolved in water at a ratio of 1:1:1, co-dried, and used in appropriate formulas in Table 10.
FOS, sorbitol and lactitol can be dissolved in water at a ratio of 1:1:1, co-dried, and used in appropriate formulas in Table 10.
FOS, palatinit and sorbitol can be dissolved in water at a ratio of 1:1:1, co-dried, and used in appropriate formulas in Table 10.
FOS and palatinit can be dissolved in water at a ratio of 1:1, co-dried, and used in appropriate formulas in Table 10.
FOS, sorbitol, maltitol and xylitol may be blended at 25~ of each ingredient and dissolved in water, co-dried, and used in appropriate formulas in Table 10.
Multiple combinations of FOS with the various alditols can be made in solution to form liquid con-centrates that do not need to be co-dried, such as:
FOS, sorbitol, maltitol and Lycasin may be dissolved in water at 25~ of each ingredient, ~ 7~ - 28 -evaporated to a thick syrup and used in the appro-priate formulas in Table 10.
FOS, xylitol, sorbitol and Lycasin can be dissolved in water at 25~ of each ingredient, evaporated to a thick syrup, and used in the formulas in Table 10.
FOS, sorbitol, lactitol and Lycasin can be dissolved in water at 25~ of each ingredient, evaporated to a thick syrup, and used in the formulas in Table 10.
FOS, Lycasin and glycerin can be dissolved in water at a ratio of 1:1:1, evaporated to a thick syrup and used in the formulas in Table 10.
Glycerin is added to Example 94 at a ratio of 4:1 syrup to glycerin, evaporated to a thick syrup, and used in formulas in Table 10.
Glycerin is added to Example 95 at a ratio of 4:1 syrup to glycerin, evaporated to a thick syrup, and used in the formulas in Table 10.
Glycerin is added to Example 96 at a ratio of 4:1 syrup to glycerin, evaporated to a thick syrup, and used in formulas in Table 10.
Other high-intensity sweeteners such as acesulfame K, or the salts of acesulfame, cyclamate and its salts, saccharin and its salts, alitame, sucralose, thaumatin, monellin, dihydrochalcone, stevioside, glycyrrhizin, and combinations thereof may be used in any of the Examples listed in Tables 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9 and 10. Since FOS has less sweetness than some of the sugars used in sugar gum, and some of the alditols WO 93/06740 2 1 ~ ~ 7 !~ 3 PCT/US92/08356 in sugar-free gum, a high-intensity sweetener may be needed to obtain the proper level of sweetness.
High-intensity sweeteners may also be modified to control their release in chewing gum formulations containing FOS. This can be controlled by various methods of encapsulation, agglomeration, absorption, or a combination of methods to obtain either a fast or slow release of the sweetener.
Sweetener combinations, some of which may be synergistic, may also be included in the gum formulations containing FOS. FOS may also be used to encapsulate, agglomerate, absorb, or entrap any high-intensity sweetener to control its release.
The following examples show the use of high-intensity sweeteners in chewing gum formulations with FOS.
Alitame at a level of 0.03~ may be added to any of the formulas in Tables 3 through 10 by replacing 0.03~ of the FOS.
Sucralose at a level of 0.07~ may be added to any of the formulas in Tables 3 through 10 by replacing 0.07~ of the FOS.
Thaumatin at a level of 0.02~ may be added to any of the formulas in Tables 3 through 10 by replac-ing 0. 02~ of the FOS.
Glycyrrhizin at a level of 0.4~ may be added to any of the formulas in Tables 3 through 10 by replacing 0.4~ of the FOS.
High-intensity sweeteners may also be combined with other high-intensity sweeteners, with or without encapsulation, agglomeration or absorption, and used in chewing gum. Examples are:
W093/06740 PCT/~S92/08356 ~ 7 4 3 - 30 -Aspartame and acesulfame K at a 1:1 ratio may be added to any of the formulas in Tables 3 through 10 at a level of 0.15% by replacing 0.15~ of the FOS.
Aspartame and alitame at a ratio of 9:1 aspartame:
alitame may be added to any of the formulas in Tables 3 through 10 at a level of 0.1~ by replac-ing 0.1~ of the FOS.
Aspartame and thaumatin at a ratio of 9:1 aspartame:thaumatin can be added to any of the formulas in Tables 3 through 10 at a level of 0.1 by replacing 0.1~ of the FOS.
Sucralose and alitame in a ratio of 3:1 sucralose:
alitame can be added to any of the formulas in Tables 3 through 10 at a level of 0.5~ by replac-ing 0.5~ of the FOS.
Alitame and glycyrrhizin in a ratio of 1:12 alitame:glycyrrhizin can be added to any of the formulas in Tables 3 through 10 at a level of 0.1 by replacing 0.1~ of the FOS.
Aspartame and glycyrrhizin in a ratio of 1:14 aspartame:glycyrrhizin can be added to any of the formulas in Tables 3 through 10 at a level of 0.3 by replacing 0.3~ of the FOS.
As discussed above, the four type~ of FOS
ingredients that are available are NutraFlora powder, NutraFlora syrup, NutraFlora-G syrup and Oligo-Sugar.
These materials may be used exclusively in a variety of chewing gum formulations, as in Tables 11 and 12. The W093/06740 2 1 1 S 7 ~ 3 PCT/US92/08356 formulas with FOS and APM will show improved APM
stability.
EX. 111EX. 112EX. 113 EX. 114 EX. 115 GUM BASE 19.2 25.525.5 25.5 40.0 GLYCERIN 4 0 4.0 7 0 7 0 7 0 NUTRAFLORA
POWDER 55.8 49.046.0 46.0 30.5 NUTRAFLORA-G
SYRUP 10.0 15.0 5.0 - 10.0 NUTRAFLORA
SYRUP 10.0 5.015.0 20.0 10.0 FLAVOR 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 'NutraFlora powder, NutraFlora syrup, and NutraFlora-G
may also be preblended with glycerin and coevaporated to reduce moisture.
EX. 116 EX. 117 EX. 118 EX. 119 EX. 120 EX. 121 GUM BASE 25.5 25.525.5 25.5 50.070.0 GLYCERIN 2.0 7.07.0 15.0 2.0 1.0 NUTRAFLORA
POWDER 51.0 56.046.0 43.0 35.520.0 NUTRAFLORA
SYRUP 20.0 10.05.0 - 10.0 4.0 NUTRAFLORA-G
SYRUP - - 15.0 15.0 - 2.0 FLAVOR 1.5 1.51.5 1.5 2.5 3.0 NutraFlora powder, NutraFlora syrup, and NutraFlora-G
may also be preblended with glycerin and coevaporated to reduce moisture.
The formulations in Tables 11 and 12 do not contain other sugars or alditols. These formulations will give unique texture and flavor attributes. These W O 93/06740 PC~r/US92/08356 21~74~ 32 -formulations may also contain other high-intensity, artificial sweeteners, from about 0.02~ to about 0.1 for sweeteners like alitame, thaumatin, and dihydrochalcone, and from about 0.1~ to about 0.3~ for sweeteners like sucralose, acesulfame, and saccharin.
The formulations in Tables 11 and 12 without the other types of sugars and alditols will also have good non-cariogenic properties.
The following gum formulations were made:
EX. 122 EX. 123EX. 124EX. 125 BASE 27.0 27.0 27.027.0 SORBITOL40.2 38.7 32.520.9 M~NNITOL12.0 11.5 9.7 6.3 GLYCERIN 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 SORBITOL
LIQUID 11.0 11.0 11.011.0 PEPP~
FLAVOR 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 COLOR 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 APM 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 NUTRAFLORA
POWDER 0 2.0 10.025.0 These formulas were made in a conventional lab mixer in a conventional manner on a lab scale and formed into square pellets. Samples of each formula were placed in six sealed pouches and stored at 85~F
for 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. Samples were then removed and analyzed for APM to determine degradation.
The test results are shown in Figure 1. As shown, after eight weeks of storage at 85~F, at levels of 10~
or greater of FOS, there was a significant increase in the stability of APM. Even at 2~ FOS (Example 123), there was almost a 10~ increase in the amount of APM
r~m~;ning after eight weeks of storage compared to the sample with no FOS (Example 122).
W093/06740 2 ~ PCT/US92/08356 The following gum formulations were made:
EX. 126EX. 127 EX 128EX. 129EX. 130 EX. 131 EX. 132 EX 133 BASE 24.7 24.724.7 24.7 24.7 24.7 24.7 24.7 SORBITOL 50.050.0 45.0 35.0 10.0 35.0 10.0 35.0 MANNITOL 9.4 7.0 9.4 9.4 9.4 7.0 7.0 9.4 GLYCERlN 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 LECITHD I 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 PEPPERMI~T 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 FLAVOR
APM 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 LYCASIN - 14.4 - - - 14.4 14.4 LIQUID12.0 - 12.0 12.0 12.0 - - 9.0 SORBITOL
NUTRAFLORA - - 5.0 15.0 40.0 15.0 40.0 15.0 These formulas were made in a conventional lab mixer in a conventional manner and formed into square pellets. Samples of each formula were placed in four sealed pouches and stored at 85~F for 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. Samples were then removed and analyzed for APM to determine degradation. The test results for Examples 126, 128, 129 and 130 are shown in Figure 2 for gum made with sorbitol liquid, and the test results for Examples 127, 131 and 132 are shown in Figure 3 for gum made with Lycasin brand HSH syrup. Results show that in both types of formulations, FOS improves APM
stability significantly as compared to when a FOS
material is not used. As seen in both Figures 2 and 3, after eight weeks of storage at 85~F, there was more than a 5~ decrease in the amount of aspartame that decomposed in the gum formulas that includes FOS.
Also, Examples 130 and 132 produced a gum composition in which the FOS were effective such that after eight weeks of storage, over 80~ of the unencapsulated aspartame originally formulated in the gum composition remained undecomposed.
-21~ 7l13 ~ 34 -The following sugar gum center formulation was made:
Base 24.8 Sugar 52.0 Corn Syrup 22.4 Peppermint Flavor 0.8 This formulation was made in a 25 gallon st~nA~rd gum mixer and sheeted as rectangular pellets for coating tests.
Two sugar solutions were prepared for use in coating tests. They are:
A) 750 grams sugar B) 650 grams sugar 250 grams water 350 grams water 30 grams NutraFlora In a 12 inch lab coating pan, 1,000 grams of the above centers were coated with Solution A up to a level of 20~ coating, then coating continued with Solution B
until a 33~ coating was achieved. As coating progressed, ten pieces were weighed to determine the coating weight increase to 20~, then 33~. During the coating process, Solution A was tacky like other types of coatings which contain gum arabic, maltodextrins or modified starches, but it is anticipated that NutraFlora will give good shelf life protection.
The final coated product had a hard, crunchy shell that was slightly off-white in color. The flavor had a creamy character, comparable to typical sugar coated pellet gum.
W093/06740 2 J 1 S 7 ~ 3 PCT/US92/08356 The ~ollowing gum formulations were prepared using NutraFlora powder (FOS):
EX. 135EX. 136EX. 137EX. 138 BASE 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 45.5 Be SYRUP 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5 GLYCERIN 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 SUGAR 50.0 48.0 45.0 40.0 DEXTROSE
~IJNO~lYI~RATE10 . O10 . O10 . O 10 . O
PEPP~ lN'l' FLAVOR 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 FOS - 2.0 5.0 10.0 The gum formulations were formed and cut into 3.2 gm sticks and weighed, then placed in small alllm;n-]m dishes and stored at 74~F and either 20~ R.H.
or 75~ R.H. for accelerated aging studies. Gum samples were reweighed after 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days to determine the effect of ~OS. Results are shown in Figures 4 and 5.
These results indicate that moisture loss is about the same at various levels at low R.H., but moisture gain increases with high R.H., which demon-strates the effectiveness of FOS as a humectant in sugar gum formulations, thus improving shelf life of chewing gum formulations.
'~1157~3 The following gum formulations were prepared using NutraFlora Syrup (FOS) at 75~ solids:
EX. 139 EX. 140EX. 141EX. 142 BASE 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 45.5 Be SYRUP 13.3 13.3 6.7 GLYCERIN 1.3 - 1.3 1.3 SUGAR 54.4 54 4 54.4 54 4 DEXTROSE
~ J~O~lYL~RATE 9 . 99 . 99 . 9 9 . 9 P~P~KMINT
FLAVOR 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 FOS SYRUP - 1.3 6.6 13.3 The gum formulations were formed and cut into 3.2 gm sticks and weighed, then placed in small alllmln-lm dishes and stored at 74~F and either 20~ R.H.
or 75~ R.H. for accelerated aging studies. Gum samples were reweighed after 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days and results are shown in Figures 6 and 7.
Comparing Examples 139 and 140, FOS
syrup is equally effective as glycerin for use as a humectant. Gum with higher levels of liquid FOS losses more moisture since it adds moisture to the gum at low R.H. At higher R.H. it picks up more moisture. In both cases, liquid FOS keeps gum more flexible and softer during its shelf life.
The following examples show how FOS may be added to gum to make a non-sugar gum formulation with other bulking agents.
W093/06740 2 ~ ~ ~ 7 ~1 3 PCT/US92/08356 EX. 143EX. 144 EX. 145EX. 146 EX. 147 EX. 148 EX. 149 BASE 30.3 30.3 28.4 27.0 27.0 27.0 24.6 TALC 8.1 8.1 LECITHIN 0.5 0.5 - - - - 0.2 GLYCERIN 10.0 10.0 6.0 8.1 8.1 8.1 17.0 APM 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 5 COLOR 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.13 0.13 0.13 SPEARMINT 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 FLAVOR
~IL i~l~LE 46.2 43.7 DEXTR~
(FIBERSOL) FOS POWDER 2.5 5.0 31.7 37.3 43.6 50.0 56.2 MENTHOL0.2 0.2 PALAT~OSE - - 31.7 25.3 19.0 12.6 PEPPERMINT - - - - - - 1.5 FLAVOR
All of the above gum formulations that were mixed on a lab scale for screening tests on non-sugar gums gave quality gum formulations.
It should be appreciated that the compositions and methods of the present invention are capable of being incorporated in the form of a variety of embodiments, only a few of which have been illus-trated and described above. The invention may be embodied in other forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive, and the scope of the invention, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the me~ning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
Claims (28)
1. A chewing gum composition comprising sweetness imparting amounts of unencapsulated aspartame and an effective amount of fructooligosaccharides to stabilize said aspartame against decomposition during storage at 85°F for eight weeks whereby at least 5%
less aspartame decomposes into non-sweetening derivatives than would have decomposed if the fructooligosaccharides were not included in the gum composition.
less aspartame decomposes into non-sweetening derivatives than would have decomposed if the fructooligosaccharides were not included in the gum composition.
2. The chewing gum composition of Claim 1 wherein the gum composition comprises at least 10%
fructooligosaccharides.
fructooligosaccharides.
3. The chewing gum composition of Claim 1 wherein the gum composition comprises about 0.005% to about 1% unencapsulated aspartame.
4. The chewing gum composition of Claim 1 wherein the fructooligosaccharides are effective such that after eight weeks of storage at 85°F, over 80% of the unencapsulated aspartame originally formulated in the gum composition remains undecomposed.
5. A chewing gum composition comprising a high-intensity sweetener encapsulated with fructooligosaccharides.
6. A chewing gum composition comprising a flavor encapsulated with fructooligosaccharides.
7. The chewing gum composition of any of Claims 1-6 wherein the fructooligosaccharides are in the form selected from the group consisting of NutraFlora, NutraFlora-G, Oligo-Sugar and mixtures thereof.
8. A chewing gum product having a rolling compound thereon, the rolling compound comprising fructooligosaccharides.
9. The chewing gum product of Claim 8 wherein the fructooligosaccharides comprise from about 0.5% to 100% of the rolling compound.
10. The chewing gum product of Claim 8 wherein the fructooligosaccharides comprise from about 0.005%
to about 5% of the chewing gum product.
to about 5% of the chewing gum product.
11. A coated chewing gum product comprising a gum pellet coated with a coating comprising fructooligosaccharides.
12. The coated chewing gum product of Claim 11 wherein the fructooligosaccharides comprise about 0.1%
to about 20% of the coating.
to about 20% of the coating.
13. The coated chewing gum product of Claim 11 wherein the coating comprises a hard shell coating.
14. A chewing gum product having a liquid center wherein the liquid center comprises fructooligosaccharides.
15. The chewing gum product of any of Claims 8-14 wherein the fructooligosaccharides are in the form selected from the group consisting of NutraFlora, NutraFlora-G, Oligo-Sugar and mixtures thereof.
16. A method of making a coated chewing gum product comprising the steps of:
a) providing a gum pellet;
b) applying a liquid coating syrup to the surface of the gum pellet, the coating syrup comprising fructooligosaccharides, and c) solidifying the coating syrup.
a) providing a gum pellet;
b) applying a liquid coating syrup to the surface of the gum pellet, the coating syrup comprising fructooligosaccharides, and c) solidifying the coating syrup.
17. The method of Claim 16 wherein the coating syrup comprises a solution and the step of solidifying the coating comprises drying the solution.
18. The method of Claim 16 wherein the coating syrup is applied in successive layers, with each layer of syrup being dried before application of an additional layer.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein a powdered coating is applied after one or more of the syrup layers is applied.
20. The method of Claim 19 wherein the powdered coating comprises fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, gelatin, cellulose derivative, starch, modified starch, vegetable gum, filler or mixtures thereof.
21. A method of making chewing gum comprising the steps of: a) co-drying a solution containing fructooligosaccharides and another sweetener selected from the group consisting of sugar sweeteners, alditol sweeteners and high-potency sweeteners, and b) mixing the co-dried, fructooligosaccharides sweetener with gum base and flavoring agents to produce a gum composition.
22. A method of making chewing gum comprising the steps of:
a) co-evaporating an aqueous solution comprising fructooligosaccharides and a plasticizing agent to form a syrup, and b) mixing the syrup with gum base, bulking agents and flavoring agents to produce a gum composition.
a) co-evaporating an aqueous solution comprising fructooligosaccharides and a plasticizing agent to form a syrup, and b) mixing the syrup with gum base, bulking agents and flavoring agents to produce a gum composition.
23. The method of any of Claims 16-22 wherein the fructooligosaccharides are in the form selected from the group consisting of NutraFlora, NutraFlora-G, Oligo-Sugar and mixtures thereof.
24. The chewing gum composition of Claim 1 wherein the fructooligosaccharides is in the form of an aqueous syrup.
25. The method of Claim 16 wherein the product is non-cariogenic.
26. The method of Claim 16 wherein the product is free of polyols.
27. The method of Claim 22 wherein the plasticizing agent is selected from the group consisting of glycerin, propylene glycol and mixtures thereof.
28. A chewing gum composition comprising:
a) about 5% to about 95% gum base;
b) about 0.1% to about 10% of a flavoring agent, c) about 5% to about 90% bulking agent, the bulking agent comprising at least in part fructooligosaccharides, and d) sweetening amounts of aspartame.
a) about 5% to about 95% gum base;
b) about 0.1% to about 10% of a flavoring agent, c) about 5% to about 90% bulking agent, the bulking agent comprising at least in part fructooligosaccharides, and d) sweetening amounts of aspartame.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
WOPCT/US91/07172 | 1991-09-30 | ||
PCT/US1991/007172 WO1992008368A1 (en) | 1991-09-30 | 1991-09-30 | Chewing gum containing fructooligosaccharides |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2115743A1 CA2115743A1 (en) | 1993-03-31 |
CA2115743C true CA2115743C (en) | 1997-09-23 |
Family
ID=22225848
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA002115743A Expired - Fee Related CA2115743C (en) | 1991-09-30 | 1992-09-30 | Chewing gum products using fructooligosaccharides |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5425961A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0607326A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2641323B2 (en) |
AU (1) | AU666884B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2115743C (en) |
WO (2) | WO1992008368A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (66)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1992008368A1 (en) * | 1991-09-30 | 1992-05-29 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Chewing gum containing fructooligosaccharides |
WO1992008371A2 (en) * | 1991-12-20 | 1992-05-29 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Chewing gum containing oligofructrose |
US5342631A (en) * | 1992-12-29 | 1994-08-30 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Wax-free chewing gum including special oligosaccharide binders |
EP0646326A1 (en) * | 1993-09-01 | 1995-04-05 | Iwata Chemical Co., Ltd. | Sweetening composition and process for its production |
EP0673208A4 (en) * | 1993-09-30 | 1997-03-05 | Wrigley W M Jun Co | Chewing gum containing maltitol. |
US6264999B1 (en) * | 1993-09-30 | 2001-07-24 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Chewing gum containing erythritol and method of making |
AU2391995A (en) * | 1994-05-06 | 1995-11-29 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Chewing gum including a liquid sorbitol/mannitol/glycerin blend |
US5431929A (en) * | 1994-07-28 | 1995-07-11 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Chewing gum products using oligofructose |
EP1254664A3 (en) * | 1995-07-10 | 2004-01-02 | Abbott Laboratories | Enteral products containing indigestible oligosaccharides for treating and preventing otitis media in humans |
US6455068B1 (en) * | 1995-12-26 | 2002-09-24 | Onesta Nutrition, Inc. | Dietary fiber delivery system |
US6949264B1 (en) * | 1996-11-27 | 2005-09-27 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Nutraceuticals or nutritional supplements and method of making |
WO1998027832A2 (en) * | 1996-12-20 | 1998-07-02 | Nutrinova Nutrition Specialties & Food Ingredients Gmbh | The use of oligosaccharides to increase the sweetness and improve the taste of an acesulfame-k/aspartame mixture |
EP0946111B1 (en) * | 1996-12-20 | 2004-02-25 | Nutrinova Nutrition Specialties & Food Ingredients GmbH | Method for increasing the sweetening power and enhancing the taste of a mixture of extremely powerful sweetening agents |
DE19653354C1 (en) * | 1996-12-20 | 1998-09-03 | Hoechst Ag | Use of oligo:saccharide(s) |
DE19653344C1 (en) * | 1996-12-20 | 1998-08-27 | Hoechst Ag | Increasing sweetness and enhancing taste of high-intensity sweetener mixtures |
ES2159174T3 (en) * | 1997-02-27 | 2001-09-16 | Tiense Suikerraffinaderij Nv | LOW DENSITY AND COMPOSITION FRUCTANE THAT CONTAINS IT. |
US5840361A (en) * | 1997-04-09 | 1998-11-24 | Beech-Nut Nutrition Corporation | Fructan-containing baby food compositions and methods therefor |
ES2233063T3 (en) * | 1998-03-04 | 2005-06-01 | Dandy A/S | COVERED GUM, RUBBER PREPARATION PROCEDURE AND USE OF ONE OR MORE SOLID SUBSTANCES. |
US9387168B2 (en) | 1999-09-20 | 2016-07-12 | Jack Barreca | Chewing gum with tomatidine |
US9253991B2 (en) | 1999-09-20 | 2016-02-09 | Jack Barreca | Chewing gum with B vitamins |
AU3885201A (en) | 1999-09-20 | 2001-04-24 | Mastercare | Diet and weight control gum and sucker |
US6838098B2 (en) * | 2000-09-07 | 2005-01-04 | Cadbury Adams Usa, Llc | Continuous formation of center filled gum |
US6623266B2 (en) * | 2001-01-19 | 2003-09-23 | Cadbury Adams Usa Llc | Apparatus for making a center-filled gum lollipop with hard candy shell |
US7244455B2 (en) * | 2002-01-16 | 2007-07-17 | Warner-Lambert Company | Center-filled chewing gum containing a deliverable form of calcium |
GB0326492D0 (en) * | 2003-11-14 | 2003-12-17 | Cadbury Schweppes Plc | Liquid-filled confectionery compositions |
EP1817964A1 (en) * | 2006-02-13 | 2007-08-15 | Sweetwell NV | Functional sugar replacement |
US20070082104A1 (en) * | 2004-08-12 | 2007-04-12 | Sophie De Baets | Functional sugar replacement |
US20060280837A1 (en) * | 2004-08-25 | 2006-12-14 | Cadbury Adams Usa Llc. | Multi-modality sensations in chewing gum compositions |
US20060280834A1 (en) * | 2004-08-25 | 2006-12-14 | Cadbury Adams Usa, Llc. | Center-filled chewing gum composition |
US7727565B2 (en) * | 2004-08-25 | 2010-06-01 | Cadbury Adams Usa Llc | Liquid-filled chewing gum composition |
US7955630B2 (en) | 2004-09-30 | 2011-06-07 | Kraft Foods Global Brands Llc | Thermally stable, high tensile strength encapsulated actives |
US20070148284A1 (en) * | 2004-08-25 | 2007-06-28 | Cadbury Adams Usa Llc. | Liquid-filled chewing gum |
US20080014302A1 (en) * | 2004-08-25 | 2008-01-17 | Cadbury Adams Usa Llc | Multi-region chewing gum composition including isomalt gum region |
US20060263475A1 (en) * | 2004-08-25 | 2006-11-23 | Cadbury Adams Usa, Llc. | Center-filled chewing gum composition |
US7641926B2 (en) * | 2004-08-25 | 2010-01-05 | Cadbury Adams Usa, Llc | Liquid-filled chewing gum composition |
EP1796485B1 (en) * | 2004-08-25 | 2015-10-21 | Intercontinental Great Brands LLC | Liquid-filled chewing gum composition |
US20060280836A1 (en) * | 2004-08-25 | 2006-12-14 | Cadbury Adams Usa Llc. | Multi-modality tastes in chewing gum compositions |
US20060286201A1 (en) * | 2004-08-25 | 2006-12-21 | Cadbury Adams Usa Llc. | Multi-modality functional ingredients in chewing gum compositions |
US20060068058A1 (en) * | 2004-09-30 | 2006-03-30 | Cadbury Adams Usa Llc | Thermally stable, high tensile strength encapsulation compositions for actives |
US20070148286A1 (en) * | 2004-08-25 | 2007-06-28 | Cadbury Adams Usa Llc. | Liquid-filled chewing gum composition |
US20060280835A1 (en) * | 2004-08-25 | 2006-12-14 | Cadbury Adams Usa Llc. | Multi-modality flavored chewing gum compositions |
US20060153949A1 (en) * | 2005-01-11 | 2006-07-13 | Cadbury Adams Usa Llc. | Edible compositions containing swellable polymers |
WO2006103698A1 (en) * | 2005-03-31 | 2006-10-05 | Council Of Scientific & Industrial Research | 'edible films and coatings based on fructooligosaccharides with probiotic properties' |
JP2006314240A (en) * | 2005-05-12 | 2006-11-24 | Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd | Low-calorie sweetener inhibiting rise in blood-sugar level |
JPWO2007026878A1 (en) * | 2005-09-01 | 2009-03-12 | 明治製菓株式会社 | Chewing gum comprising 1-kestose |
US9974319B2 (en) | 2006-03-29 | 2018-05-22 | Purac Biochem B.V. | Partially neutralized polycarboxylic acids for acid-sanding |
AU2007235359B2 (en) | 2006-04-05 | 2011-03-10 | Intercontinental Great Brands Llc | Calcium phosphate complex and salts in oral delivery systems |
PL2001452T3 (en) | 2006-04-05 | 2017-02-28 | Intercontinental Great Brands Llc | Calcium phosphate complex in acid containing chewing gum |
CN101415398B (en) * | 2006-04-05 | 2013-01-09 | 卡夫食品环球品牌有限责任公司 | Calcium phosphate complex and salts in oral delivery systems |
BRPI0713879A2 (en) * | 2006-06-29 | 2012-11-06 | Cadbury Adams Usa Llc | streamlined chain cutter for forming gum-filled pieces in the center |
US20080063748A1 (en) * | 2006-09-08 | 2008-03-13 | Cadbury Adams Usa Llc. | Center-fill confectionery and chewing gum compositions containing suspended saccharide particles |
CA2938564C (en) * | 2006-11-07 | 2017-04-11 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Fiber containing compositions and methods of making and using same |
EP2187758B2 (en) * | 2007-07-27 | 2021-11-24 | Intercontinental Great Brands LLC | Method and apparatus for processing confectionery products |
CN101772306A (en) * | 2007-08-09 | 2010-07-07 | 罗蒂株式会社 | Liquid-centered gum composition |
EP2025245A1 (en) * | 2007-08-10 | 2009-02-18 | Südzucker Aktiengesellschaft Mannheim/Ochsenfurt | Rice starch in sugar free coatings |
CN101983013B (en) * | 2008-03-31 | 2017-09-08 | Wm.雷格利Jr.公司 | Chewing gum bulking agents |
US10654747B2 (en) | 2010-03-29 | 2020-05-19 | Vitro Flat Glass Llc | Solar control coatings with subcritical copper |
US10654748B2 (en) | 2010-03-29 | 2020-05-19 | Vitro Flat Glass Llc | Solar control coatings providing increased absorption or tint |
US9932267B2 (en) | 2010-03-29 | 2018-04-03 | Vitro, S.A.B. De C.V. | Solar control coatings with discontinuous metal layer |
MX343847B (en) | 2010-07-08 | 2016-11-24 | Wrigley W M Jun Co | Chewing gum containing a cross-linked gelatin matrix gum base. |
US10390547B2 (en) | 2010-12-30 | 2019-08-27 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Hard candy with reduced sugar |
ES2656944T3 (en) | 2011-04-29 | 2018-03-01 | Intercontinental Great Brands Llc | Encapsulated acid, method of preparation thereof, and chewing gum comprising it |
BR112014016833B1 (en) | 2012-01-09 | 2019-12-03 | Wrigley W M Jun Co | reduced sugar gelled confectionery |
CA2881972C (en) | 2012-08-10 | 2020-01-07 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Chewing gums and gum bases comprising block copolymers having crystallizable hard blocks |
US10278408B2 (en) * | 2013-03-29 | 2019-05-07 | Intercontinental Great Brands Llc | Transparent and transluscent liquid filled candy; process of making thereof; sugar-free liquid edible composition; and use thereof |
CN111149910A (en) * | 2020-02-19 | 2020-05-15 | 吉林人参研究院(吉林省长白山天然药物研究院) | Double ginseng chewing gum and preparation method thereof |
Family Cites Families (32)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2782123A (en) * | 1954-06-04 | 1957-02-19 | Rubin Martin | Sweetening agent and method of preparing the same |
JPS5012272A (en) * | 1973-06-01 | 1975-02-07 | ||
GB2072679B (en) * | 1980-03-31 | 1983-11-09 | Meiji Seika Kaisha | Sweetener |
JPS56154967A (en) * | 1980-03-31 | 1981-11-30 | Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd | Sweetening agent and its preparation |
JPS5840065A (en) * | 1981-09-01 | 1983-03-08 | Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd | Low-caloric sweetening agent and preparation of low- caloric food and drink with the same |
CA1206370A (en) * | 1982-08-17 | 1986-06-24 | Ajinomoto Co., Inc. | Stabilized aspartame compositions |
JPS59173066A (en) * | 1983-03-22 | 1984-09-29 | Ajinomoto Co Inc | Stabilization of aspartame |
US4671961A (en) * | 1984-05-18 | 1987-06-09 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Chewing gum compositions and methods of preparation |
CA1246556A (en) * | 1984-07-24 | 1988-12-13 | Hiroshi Yamazaki | Production of fructose syrup |
AT390354B (en) * | 1985-12-20 | 1990-04-25 | Konsumex Kuelkereskedelmi Vall | Process for manufacturing confectionery products |
US4937092A (en) * | 1986-01-16 | 1990-06-26 | Rhone-Poulenc Basic Chemicals Co. | Increased shelf life for refrigerated fish |
JPH07100013B2 (en) * | 1987-04-14 | 1995-11-01 | 三菱化学株式会社 | Taste regulator |
NL8701616A (en) * | 1987-07-09 | 1989-02-01 | Stamicarbon | FRUCTOSYL TRANSFERASE AND PREPARATION OF FRUCTOSE OLIGOMERS THEREOF. |
JPS6437255A (en) * | 1987-08-04 | 1989-02-07 | Riken Chemical Ind | Gum for oral sterilization |
CA1324022C (en) * | 1987-08-07 | 1993-11-09 | Hiroshi Yamazaki | Process for preparing flour from jerusalem artichoke tubers |
US4902674A (en) * | 1987-10-13 | 1990-02-20 | Coors Biotech, Inc. | Method for inhibiting the growth of salmonella |
US4987124A (en) * | 1987-10-13 | 1991-01-22 | Coors Biotech, Inc. | Method for inhibiting the growth of salmonella |
US5032579A (en) * | 1987-10-13 | 1991-07-16 | Coors Biotech, Inc. | Method for inhibiting the growth of salmonella |
DK163332C (en) * | 1988-03-23 | 1992-07-20 | Danisco | PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF A MIXTURE OF INULIDS |
FR2629985B1 (en) * | 1988-04-14 | 1994-01-21 | Roussel Uclaf | APPLICATION AS LOW-CALORIC SUGAR PRODUCTS OF FRUCTOSYLATED OLIGOSACCHARIDES AND FOODS, DIETETIC PRODUCTS AND BEVERAGES CONTAINING THEM |
JP2529588B2 (en) * | 1988-05-30 | 1996-08-28 | 株式会社ヤクルト本社 | Complex sweetener |
AU619332B2 (en) * | 1988-08-19 | 1992-01-23 | Mitsubishi-Tokyo Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Gourd powder composition |
US5166193A (en) * | 1989-05-12 | 1992-11-24 | Biospherics Incorporated | Method for killing pests |
US5095106A (en) * | 1989-07-25 | 1992-03-10 | Colgate-Palmolive | Olgiosaccharide inhibition of Streptococcus pyogenes adhesion |
BE1003826A3 (en) * | 1990-02-23 | 1992-06-23 | Raffinerie Tirlemontoise Sa | Fructo-oligosaccharides branched, method for their production and use of products containing. |
JPH04135460A (en) * | 1990-09-28 | 1992-05-08 | Dainippon Ink & Chem Inc | Sweetener and sweet food |
JP2964691B2 (en) * | 1991-02-07 | 1999-10-18 | 味の素株式会社 | Oral composition provided with sustained release |
JP2979764B2 (en) * | 1991-05-29 | 1999-11-15 | 味の素株式会社 | Fructose polymer containing food |
WO1993002566A1 (en) * | 1991-08-07 | 1993-02-18 | Raffinerie Tirlemontoise S.A. | Reduced calorie chocolate confectionery compositions |
CA2050464C (en) * | 1991-08-30 | 1997-12-16 | Tsutomu Harada | Food containing fructose |
WO1992008368A1 (en) * | 1991-09-30 | 1992-05-29 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Chewing gum containing fructooligosaccharides |
WO1992008371A2 (en) * | 1991-12-20 | 1992-05-29 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Chewing gum containing oligofructrose |
-
1991
- 1991-09-30 WO PCT/US1991/007172 patent/WO1992008368A1/en active Application Filing
-
1992
- 1992-09-30 JP JP5507048A patent/JP2641323B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-09-30 WO PCT/US1992/008356 patent/WO1993006740A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1992-09-30 EP EP92922080A patent/EP0607326A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1992-09-30 US US08/211,341 patent/US5425961A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-09-30 CA CA002115743A patent/CA2115743C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-09-30 AU AU28702/92A patent/AU666884B2/en not_active Ceased
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO1992008368A1 (en) | 1992-05-29 |
EP0607326A1 (en) | 1994-07-27 |
EP0607326A4 (en) | 1994-05-06 |
AU666884B2 (en) | 1996-02-29 |
US5425961A (en) | 1995-06-20 |
JP2641323B2 (en) | 1997-08-13 |
AU2870292A (en) | 1993-05-03 |
CA2115743A1 (en) | 1993-03-31 |
JPH07502644A (en) | 1995-03-23 |
WO1993006740A1 (en) | 1993-04-15 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CA2115743C (en) | Chewing gum products using fructooligosaccharides | |
US5431929A (en) | Chewing gum products using oligofructose | |
US5399365A (en) | Chewing gum containing palatinose and/or palatinose oligosaccharide | |
US5525360A (en) | Chewing gum products using polydextrose | |
CA2115751F (en) | Chewing gum and other comestibles containing indigestible dextrin | |
US5612070A (en) | Chewing gums containing natural carbohydrate gum hydrolyzate | |
US5952019A (en) | Chewing gum containing gum talha | |
EP0590069B1 (en) | Chewing gum containing palatinose and/or palatinose oligosaccharide | |
US5298263A (en) | Chewing gum coated with palatinose or palatinose oligosaccharide | |
WO1994014332A1 (en) | Chewing gums containing natural carbohydrate gum hydrolyzate | |
CA2126192C (en) | Chewing gum products using polydextrose | |
EP0907325B1 (en) | Chewing gum containing gum talha | |
US5296244A (en) | Chewing gum containing aspartame and palatinose oligosaccharide | |
AU3467393A (en) | Chewing gum products using oligofructose | |
WO1999017618A1 (en) | Chewing gum containing arabinogalactan | |
CA2248597C (en) | Chewing gum containing gum talha |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
EEER | Examination request | ||
MKLA | Lapsed |