CA2129250C - Credit management for electronic brokerage system - Google Patents
Credit management for electronic brokerage systemInfo
- Publication number
- CA2129250C CA2129250C CA002129250A CA2129250A CA2129250C CA 2129250 C CA2129250 C CA 2129250C CA 002129250 A CA002129250 A CA 002129250A CA 2129250 A CA2129250 A CA 2129250A CA 2129250 C CA2129250 C CA 2129250C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- trading
- credit
- price
- floor
- dealable
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/02—Details
- H04L12/16—Arrangements for providing special services to substations
- H04L12/18—Arrangements for providing special services to substations for broadcast or conference, e.g. multicast
- H04L12/1804—Arrangements for providing special services to substations for broadcast or conference, e.g. multicast for stock exchange and similar applications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q40/00—Finance; Insurance; Tax strategies; Processing of corporate or income taxes
- G06Q40/03—Credit; Loans; Processing thereof
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q40/00—Finance; Insurance; Tax strategies; Processing of corporate or income taxes
- G06Q40/04—Trading; Exchange, e.g. stocks, commodities, derivatives or currency exchange
Abstract
An anonymous trading system (Fig. 1) identifies the best bids and offers (QuoteSubmit, Fig. 3) from those counterparties (WS A1a1) with which each party (WS A1b1, WS A1b2, ... WS A2a2) is currently eligible to deal, while maintaining the anonymity of the potential counterparty and the confidentiality of any specific credit limitations imposed by the anonymous potential counterparty. To that end, each bid or offer (QuoteSubmit, Fig. 3) for a particular type of financial instrument is prescreened by the system for compatibility with limited credit information (for example, a one bit flag indicating whether a predetermined limit has already been exceeded) and an anonymous "Dealable" price (24, 26) is calculated for each of the traders (WS A1b, ... WS
A2a) dealing with that particular financial instrument.
A2a) dealing with that particular financial instrument.
Description
CREDIT MANAGEMENT FOR ELECTRONIC BROKERAGE SYSTEM
TECHNICAL FIELD
4 The present invention relates generally to a electronic brokerage system having a communication network connecting traders dealing in 6 financial instruments, and more particularly to a computerized system for distributing anonymous price quotes on a selective basis in accordance with 8 previously established credit limits.
BACKGROUND ART
Reuters' published European patent applications EP 399 850, 12 EP 407 026, and EP 411 748 disclose an automated matching system for anonymous trading of foreign currencies ~or other financial instruments) in 14 which a single host computer maintains a central data base consisting of all the trading instruments available for trade, credit information, and the 16 various bids and offers that are present throughout the system. The hostcomputer uses the information in its central data base to match active bids 18 and offers (as well as executing any transitory "hit bid" and "take offer"
transactions) based on matching criteria which include the gross counterparty credit limit between counterparties to a potential matching transaction, price, and available quantity. To that end, each client site 22 establishes and may subsequently vary or reset a credit limit for each possible counterparty, which is used by the host computer to establish the 24 gross counterparty credit limit for each possible pair of parties and which is equal to the minimum of the remaining credit (initial credit limit less any 26 applicable transactions that have already been executed) from the first party to the second party and from the second party to the first party. The host 28 computer blocks completion of an otherwise eligible matching transactionbetween a given pair of potential counterparties when the transaction has an associated value in excess of the applicable gross credit limit. In that system, the various client site computers (keystations) merely maintain and 32 display a restricted subset of the information available at the central wo 93/15467 / ~ Pcr/us93/oo9l6 computer, such as a predetermined number of the best bids and offers, and 2 communicate credit and other transaction oriented information to the host computer for execution. However, in an attempt to preserve the anonymity 4 of the parties, the client sites do not have access to any credit limits set by their possible counterparties, or even to the identification of any other party 6 to a particular transaction until after a transaction has been completed.
Thus, in the known prior art system, confidential counterparty credit 8 limit data is maintained in real time and utilized as part of the trade matching process by a central host computer. As a consequence, each client site has no way to determine, prior to committing to buy or sell at a displayed price from one or more anonymous counterparties, whether it is in fact eligible to 12 respond to any of the bids or offers currently being displayed. The client site is connected to the central host computer by telecommunication lines;
14 the host computer is not under the direct control of the party providing the confidential credit limit data and thus provides potential opportunities for 16 unauthorized access to the credit information, even though the host computer does not utilize the credit information until a match has been 18 found between a Buyer and a Seller.
Consequently, until he attempts to execute a trade at the best price currently displayed on his screen, a trader using the prior art anonymous matching system has no way of knowing whether he has credit with, and 22 is willing to extend credit to, the anonymous counterparty offering (bidding) the best price currently displayed on his screen and thus whether any 24 attempt to buy or sell at the displayed price will be subsequently invalidated by the system for lack of such credit.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
28 It is an overall objective of the present invention to provide an anonymous trading system which can identify the best bids and offers from those counterparties with which each client site is currently eligible to deal, while maintaining the anonymity of the potential counterparty and the 32 confidentiality of any specific credit limitations imposed by the anonymous WO 93/15467 ~ 1 2 ~ ~ ' PCI'/US93/00916 -potential counterparty.
2 To that end, each client site preferably provides the system with only limited credit information for each potential counterparty (for example, a one 4 bit flag indicating whether a predetermined limit has already been exceeded)and each bid or offer for a particular type of financial instrument is 6 preferably prescreened by the system for compatibility with that limited credit information before calculating an anonymous "Dealable" price for 8 presentation to any of the traders dealing with that particular financial instrument.
In a presently preferred embodiment, the prescreening is a simple check to determine whether any credit remains between the two possible 12 counterpartiesto the potential transaction, and thus may be performed using a simple yes/no Preauthorization Matrix before any bid or offer is transmitted 14 to a particular client site.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment, such Preauthorization 16 Matrices are maintained at each of several regional nodes ("distribution nodes") of a distributed processing communication network, with each such 18 distribution node being connected by corresponding individual permanent links of the network to those client sites ("access nodes") for which it is responsible for distributing market information including customized "Dealable" bid and offer prices in addition to global "Best" prices.
22 More particularly, in the preferred embodiment, the sensitive credit limit data indicating how much credit a particular client site is willing to 24 extend to each possible counterparty is maintained only at an access node associated only with that particular client, and only a simple yes/no 26 indication of whether the entity (for example, a trader, a trading floor, or a bank) associated with that particular access node is willing to transact 28 business with a particular counterparty is transmitted to the other nodes of the communication network.
To further limit the data received and processed by each of the relevant regional node computers, (ie, the distribution nodes closest to the 32 particular site and/or closest to the particular counterparty), only changes in WO 93/15467 ~ ; PCI /US93/00916 212g'2'50 the credit state between a particular access node and a particular 2 counterparty (ie, credit is no longer available or credit is now available) are transmitted to the distribution nodes, and any credit state information only 4 relevant to transactions between two client sites both associated with other distribution nodes, may be altogether ignored.
6 In a preferred embodiment of the system as currently contemplated, if either of the two applicable limits has not already been exceeded between 8 a particular pair of counterparties, the system displays the entire bid or offer as a "Dealable" transaction, but permits each client site to block any above-limit portion of any resultant buy or sell transaction during a subsequent deal execution/verification process. Alternatively, possibly at 12 the option of the party by or for whom the low limit has been set, the entire transaction could be executed, or the entire transaction could be blocked.
14 As a second alternative, the Preauthorization Matrix could indicate whether sufficient credit remained to execute a predetermined "standard" deal 16 amount in addition to, or instead of, a mere indication as to whether any credit from a particular potential counterparty had already been used up. In 18 such an alternate embodiment it might also be possible to display to each trader two "Dealable" prices: one at which at least the predetermined "standard" amount is available, and a second price at which only a "Small"
amount may be available.
22 As currently contemplated, each of the regional nodes transmits both a Best current price (for which a predetermined minimum quantity is 24 available independent of any credit constraints) and a best Dealable price (for which at least limited credit is presumably available on a bilateral basis 26 with at least one of the counterparties making the bid or offer), as well as a "Small" indicator that may indicate a thin potential market in which that 28 predetermined minimum quantity is not available at any price from any counterparty with whom the trader is eligible to deal, but nevertheless a smaller quantity is available from one or more of such eligible counterparties.
In determining whether such a predetermined minimum quantity is available, 32 the system may consider composite deals from more than one Maker or at Wo 93/15467 2I 2~2~ Pcr/US93/009l6 more than one price, in which case the displayed price is preferably the least 2 advantageous price included in the best such composite deal. In an alternative embodiment, the system does not take into account such 4 composite deals when displaying a price, but still identifies the oldest quote at the best price as a potential match, thereby giving the traders the benefit 6 of any price advantages for smaller sizes.
In accordance with another aspect of the preferred embodiment, at 8 least the first Maker having an open quote that is displayable as the "Best Dealable" or "Regular Dealable" at any of the other trading floors is automatically alerted that his bid (offer) quotation is the Best price availableto at least one potential counterparty with whom mutual credit exists, and 12 thus could be hit (taken) at any time. Similarly, at least if the quoter's bid (offer) quote is not currently the first Best quote at at least one trading floor 14 and is thus subject to immediately being hit (taken) by a trader at thattrading floor, he is preferably also alerted if his quote is "joined" (ie, equal16 to in price, but later in time) to such a "Best Dealable" or "Regular Dealable"
price from another trading floor.
18 Preferably, in accordance with another aspect of the invention, thesystem also determines whether a Quote has been "bettered"; that is to say, no longer qualifies as a Dealable quote (or joined to such a quote) at at least one potential counterparty. In that case, at the trader's option, the system 22 will automatically cancel such a bettered quote.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, the displayed 24 Dealable price (unless accompanied by the "Small" indicator) is valid for at least a predetermined minimum quantity (which, as noted previously, may 26 be a composite of small sizes from more than one source, or which alwaysreflects a regular size from only one source, depending on system design 28 tradeoffs and/or the trader preferences) and only prices and not quantities are displayed. However, assuming that the Best Dealable price for a regular quantity is greater than the best Small price, each trader may optionally select which of the two such Dealable prices is displayed.
32 When a "buy" or "sell" is made for a quantity in excess of the cumulative appiicable credit limits associated with the counterparties having 2 open quotes equal to or better than the displayed price and thus the completed transaction is for a cumulative quantity smaller than desired by 4 the trader, the trader preferably then has the option of "working the balance" (in which the system automatically generates a bid/offer for the 6 difference).
In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, changes in 8 the Dealable price information and specifics of any subsequent transactions initiated by the trader are optionally vocalized electronically by the trader's terminal and provided to the trader in audible form, together with succinct details of any subsequent transactions. For example: Whenever there is a 12 change in the Dealable "Buy" price, the least significant digits of that price are electronically converted to text which in turn is converted to digital 14 speech using conventional speech synthesis circuitry.
The above description refers to the processing and distribution of data 16 as though they were instantaneous processes; it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that some delay is inherent in the type of system 18 described, and that as a consequence, the information available at a particular processing node does not always reflect the most current information available anywhere in the system. However, at least in a preferred embodiment, any such delays in the display of Dealable price 22 information may be kept within acceptable limits by transmitting only changes over the communication network, by using several processing 24 nodes operating in parallel to compute the Dealable price information for different Trading Floors and/or different currencies, and by providing 26 dedicated communication links between each processing node and its associated Trading Floors.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Other objects and features of the present invention will be apparent from the following description of a presently preferred embodiment taken in 32 connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
WO 93/15467 ; PCI'/US93/00916 21292~0 -Fig 1 is an overview of the Communication Network and the various 2 workstations and processing nodes associated therewith;
Fig 2 depicts the trader's Buy/Sell display;
4 Fig 3 depicts the trader's Quote display;
Fig 4 depicts the Trader Profile Display;
6 Fig 5 shows the flow of messages in the communication network which are used to generate and distribute Dealable price information to each 8 individual trader;
FIG 6 depicts a Preauthorization Matrix; and Fig 7 is a functional flowchart showing how the Dealable price is computed .
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
14 In the described embodiment, the trading system is an electronic brokerage system having a communication network for facilitating the 16 buying and selling of large blocks of foreign currency by traders each associated with his own Workstation ("WS") located at a Trading Floor of 18 a subscriber bank ("client site"). As shown in Fig 1, each client site has its dedicated client site computer ("Market Access Node", or MAN") under the control of a Floor Administrator, which maintains transaction records, credit limits, and other confidential information originating with its associated 22 Trading Floor. The WS's and the MAN associated with each Trading Floor are connected via a conventional self-repairing DEC VAX network to a 24 nearby distribution node ("Market Distributor" or "MD") computer, which typically analyzes and distributes current market data by means of dedicated 26 permanent communication links to one or more associated MAN's in a particular city (or other local region), and which may also provide 28 administrative functions for the communication network. Although not considered critical to the present invention, a group of MD's is preferably suppiemented by a common trading region processing node ("Arbitrator Node" or "ARB"), with the ARB performing those functions (such as 32 identifying potential matches between Buyers and Sellers, and other aspects WO 93/15467 2 1 2 9 2 ~ O PCr/US93/00916 ., },, .~ .
of the "Deal Matching" process that require coordination with more than one 2 client site) which make the most efficient use of the communication network if done centrally or regionally, while the MD's perform those functions ~such 4 as generation of separate Dealable price information for each individual client site) which are readily implemented in parallel in a distributed processing 6 network and which make most efficient use of the communication if done locally or in close proximity to the individual client sites.
8 In that regard, it is preferable to have more than one ARB, with each ARB having primary responsibility for trades initiated by Market Makers in the ARB's own trading region, and being connected to all the MAN's and MD's of that Trading Region as well as to the other ARB's in other trading 12 regions by permanent dedicated links of the communication network. In the majority of deals, it is anticipated that both the Maker and the Taker will be 14 within the same Trading Region and thus will be directly linked to the sameARB which can therefore identify a potential match and coordinate its final 16 execution without any communication with the other ARB's; at the same time, the other ARB's can simultaneously be processing deals related to 18 other traders in other regions. Connecting the various ARB's with one another by dedicated permanent communication links not only facilitates deals with a Taker in a remote trading region who does not normally have any direct link to the Maker's ARB, but also provides an efficient 22 communication network for broadcasting price quotes to all the traders in other trading regions. Preferably, the various MD's, MAN's and ARB's are 24 each provided with a local backup already connected to the communication network in accordance with the teachings of the commonly assigned US
26 patent application entitled "ACTIVATION OF A DORMANT SIBLING
COMPUTER IN A COMMUNICATION NETWORK" and filed 9 Nov 1990 28 under serial number 07/612,0451; however, it is also possible, albeit wasteful of communication resources, to establish temporary communication links between the MAN's and MD's of one trading area and an ARB in a remote trading area, so that the remote ARB can function as an emergency 32 backup for the local ARB. In any event, the system is preferably provided WO 93/15467 '- '~ PCI/US93/00916 with a self-test and re-initialization capability to detect discrepancies 2 between the local data bases maintained at each of the local (MD) and regional (ARB) processing nodes, and to regenerate missing or questionable 4 data from corresponding data stored at other nodes.
Whether the communication links between nodes are permanent 6 ~maintained indefinitely between two network components) or temporary (established dynamically for a short period of time) they are preferably 8 "logical links" which have the property that messages sent in a certain order over the same logical link are guaranteed to reach their destination in the same order. Moreover, the communication network is preferably provided with sufficient error detection, error correction, and network self-repair 12 capability to guarantee that messages sent via these logical links are error free.
14 In summary, each MAN is connected to other MAN's by a robust communication network which connects the various Trading Floors and 16 which supplements the MAN's with a number of processing nodes (preferably in the form of MD's and ARB's) to facilitate the distribution of 18 price quotations and other market data and to execute transactions by matching eligible Market Makers with eligible Buyers and Sellers and by monitoring the transactions until they have been completed or aborted, with the MAN's being responsible for Trading Floor specific tasks such as logging 22 the completed transaction and updating the credit limit that was previously available to the counterparty Trading Floor.
24 The structure and function of the trader WS's, MAN's, MD's, and ARB's will now be described in detail, with particular emphasis on how they 26 cooperate to distribute price quotes (bids and offers) from a Market Maker to potential Takers throughout the system. In the prior art, such quotes 28 were made available to the individual traders merely in the form of one or more public best prices for each currency pair (or other financial instrument type) then being offered by any Market Maker, without regard for any confidential credit restrictions imposed by the Maker or by the potential 32 Taker that may prevent any deal being consummated. However, in WO 93/15467 2 1 2 Y 2 ~ 0~ PCr/US93/00916 accordance with the present invention, each trader receives a private 2 Dealable price, which the system has prescreened for the absence of any credit restrictions that would prevent the trader on whose WS the Dealable 4 price is displayed from dealing with an anonymous Market Maker from whom the displayed price originates.
6 As shown in FIGS 2 through 4, each WS supports a single trader trading in a single currency pair, and its display thus provides one or two 8 panels containing only information which a typical trader would consideressential to trading in that currency pair by means of an anonymous brokerage system. However, the blank portion of the WS display could obviously be used for other data related to another currency pair and/or 12 another type of transaction. Furthermore, the displayed panel could be awindow within a larger display that also displays data from other information 14 distribution and transaction processing systems.
Fig 2 shows the trader's Buy/Sell display panel 10 which provides the 16 primary interface between the electronic brokerage system and the individual traders. At the top of the display appears the currency pair 12 (as shown, 18 the Base Currency is United States dollars, Local Currency is German marks), and at the top right, the "Value Date" 14 (the date on which any resultant trade is scheduled for payment~. The next line comprises (from left to right): the "Figure" (the most significant three or four digits) 16 of the 22 "Sell" ("bid") price, conventionally expressed in units of Local Currency (eg, DM 1.72) per single unit of Base Currency (eg, US$1.00); two additional 24 digits 18,20 (commonly referred to as "Pips") which respectively reflect the remaining two or three least significant digits of the displayed "Best" bid and 26 offer prices (ie, the best price at which at least one anonymous Market Maker is willing to buy the Local Currency, and the best price at which at 28 least one anonymous Market Maker is willing to sell the Local Currency); and the "Figure" 22 of the "Best" offer price.
A Market Maker will always want to purchase a commodity at a lower price than the price at which he is willing to sell the same commodity and 32 his bid price will thus be less than his offer price. Moreover, the trading WO 93/15467 ~ 3 PCr/US93/00916 system is preferably able to "automatch" a bid price from one Maker with 2 an equal or lower offer price from another Maker, assuming that the two Makers have sufficient credit with each other. Accordingly, the displayed 4 "Best price" 18,20 will normally reflect a price spread in which the offer price is equal to or higher than the bid price; however at times it may reflect 6 an "Arbitrage Opportunity" in which a third party having credit with the two Makers is able to Buy at a lower offer price from one Maker and sell at a 8 higher bid price to the other Maker.
Furthermore, there is no requirement that a Market Maker must always quote both a bid price and an offer price for the same quantity of the Local Currency, or that if a bid (or offer) price is accepted by a Seller (or 12 Buyer), any corresponding offer (or bid) price from that Maker will be (preferably at the trader's option) automatically withdrawn. Thus it is also 14 possible that an offer price but no bid price (or vice versa) will be displayed as the Best price 18,20 at the top of the display.
16 As presently contemplated, the displayed Best bid and offer prices 18,20 are each valid for at least a predetermined quantity of currency (for 18 example five million US dollars) from a single source. Since such a quantity may be available at the displayed price in a composite transaction involving more than one Maker and more than one price, it is possible that at least a portion of the transaction could be executed at a better price than the 22 displayed Best price 18,20.
In accordance with the invention, a "Dealable" bid and/or offer price 24 is derived only from those bids or offers from other Trading Floors which have been prescreened for at least some nominal level of remaining credit 26 from the potential Maker to the potential Taker and vice versa, and at least the "Pips" 24,26 portion of the Dealable price is prominently displayed or 28 otherwise communicated to the potential Taker.
In the illustrated example, the associated Taker (and any other USD/DEM traders on his Trading Floor) is thus eligible to Sell German marks ("DEM") at the bid rate of 1 .7210 marks per dollar ("USD"), or to Buy at the 32 offer rate of 1.7217 marks per dollar, and the system has already verified WO 93/1S467 ~ 1 2 9 2 5 0 PCI-/US93/00916 that the displayed Dealable price 24,26 is currently available from one or 2 more anonymous Makers with whom the trader is currently still eligible to deal, and that those eligible Makers are willing (either collectively or 4 individually, depending on the trader preferences and/or design tradeoffs mentioned previously) to sell (or buy) at least the same predetermined 6 minimum quantity of the particular Local Currency involved as was used to determine the displayed Best price 18,20. Thus, a "regular" displayed 8 Dealable price 24,26 will never be better than the displayed Best price 18,20; if worse than the Best price 18,20, this is an indication that the trader is barred by credit limitations from obtaining the best price that is then theoretically available. Indeed, because credit is established bilaterally,12 it is possible that the Maker (or Makers) behind the Best price have extended credit only to Trading Floors who currently have not extended any credit to 14 those particular Makers, and thus that none of the traders at any of theclient sites will see a Dealable price equal to the displayed Best price.
16 The foregoing implicitly assumes that the Best price 18, 20 and theDealable price 24,26 are sufficiently close that the Figures 16, 22 are 18 unaffected. If that is not the case, it is preferable that the displayed Figures correspond to the corresponding most significant digits of the displayed Dealable prices; if the "Pips" of the Best price are worse than the corresponding least significant digits of a displayed Dealable price, it will be22 apparent that the corresponding Figure of the Dealable price should be incremented or decremented by at least one digit to obtain the Best price.
24 Moreover, as with the Best price, it is possible that at least a small quantity is available from one or more Makers at a better price than that 26 which is currently displayed as a regular Dealable price (or even that a better price becomes available after the price is displayed but before the Taker's 28 Buy or Sell request is processed), in which case the trader may receive or pay an effective average price that is somewhat better than the currently displayed Dealable price. This will be the case whether the system has executed a single transaction only with a second Maker with whom the 32 better price originated, or a composite transaction with that second Maker WO93/15467 2l2925a PCr/US93/00916 and the Maker with whom the displayed price originated.
2 Instead of a regular Dealable price, a Small price may be displayed, preferably identified as such (for example, by the letter "S") 28 and which 4 differs from the regular Dealable price in that only a relatively small quantity is collectively available at any price from those Makers with whom the trader 6 currently is eligible to deal. For example, if deal size is expressed in units of one million dollars, the Best price and the regular Dealable price may each 8 represent available deals having a potential aggregate value (not necessarily all from the same trader) of at least 5 million dollars, while a Small price represents available deals having a maximum potential value of between 1 and 4 million dollars.
12 Among the options available to each trader through his Trader Profile panel (see Fig 4) is the ability to display either the regular Dealable price as14 described above, which is good for at least the previously mentioned predetermined minimum quantity (eg, at least 5 million dollars), or a best 16 Dealable price which is the best price available to that trader for even a nominal minimum quantity ~eg, only 1 million dollars).
18 Preferably, the trader has also previously specified a default transaction quantity using his Trader Profile Screen and the displayed Dealable price functions as the default value for the trader's requested transaction price. Thus, the trader may quickly and accurately respond to 22 a new Dealable bid or offer price by merely activating a Buy button 34 or a Sell button 36, respectively on the screen, assuming that the display is 24 touch sensitive or is provided with a "mouse" or other pointing device;
alternatively the Trader may use a small custom keypad having dedicated 26 function keys for the various functions and dedicated size keys for various predetermined deal sizes as well as conventional numerical, tab and cursor 28 keys. If the desired quantity 30, 32 is not available at the displayed Dealable price, as will be discussed in more detail with respect to FIGS 3 and 4, any missed quantity may be the subject of a subsequent "working the balance" bid or offer.
32 In any event, the system gives the trader accepting a Dealable price 2~ S~ - ~ ~ PCl/US93/00916 the benefit of any undisplayed Small price from an eligible counterparty that - 2 is "behind" (ie, equal to or better than) the Dealable price. In that case, the buy or sell request would be executed as two trades, one at the undisplayed 4 Small price, and the other at the displayed Dealable price.
As noted previously, the trading is performed electronically, and when 6 a bid price is equal to or greater than an offer price, the two will normally be automatically matched, with the system automatically allocating any price 8 difference between the two trader's in accordance with previously agreed trading rules. Thus it is not likely that a displayed bid price 18,24 will be greater than a displayed offer price 20,26. However, if two traders are barred from dealing with each other because of credit limit restrictions but 12 are both free to deal with a third trader, it is still possible that the third trader will be presented with an arbitrage opportunity.
14 When the Dealable price 24,26 originates with the trader himself ~or another trader on the same Floor), the trader is preferably alerted to that fact16 by displaying his price as the Dealable price, but in a visually distinctive manner and with the corresponding Buy or Sell function 34, 36 optionally 18 inhibited. Thus, his Trading Floor may be prevented from in effect dealing with or against itself.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the displayed price data may optionally be "vocalized": whenever there is a change in the 22 displayed prices, the numerical data is electronically converted to text which in turn is converted to digital speech using conventional speech synthesis 24 circuitry. In that event, it is preferable that only the "Pips" of the "Dealable"
price quotes are announced (unless, due to a large spread, this would result 26 in an ambiguous price), so that the trader will not be assaulted with nonessential information. Thus, the vocalized information will normally 28 include only the least significant digits (Pips) of the displayed Dealable bid and offer prices, as well as status changes for any recent quotes or hits initiated by the trader. An exemplary trading scenario and the resultant vocalized communications is presented in Table 1.
~ o ~ a~ ~ ~ o ~ a~ O
-- Trader Action Broadcast Maker only Taker only Dealable price has Bid and offer 10-17 Bid side only 10 bid Bid size small 10-17 Small Bid Offer side only 17 Offered Offer size small 10-17 Small Offer Bid and Offer Small 10-17 in Small Bid/Offer Pips = "00" Figure Bid = Offer 10 Choice No Bid/Offer available Dollar/Mark please Dealable Bid/Offer removed Bid/Offer out ~n Bid and Offer removed Off the Price Price change for Bid and Offer (worse Change c~
only) You enter a Quote Bid/Offer/Price Posted ~
Your Quote is best 1 0-1 7 Your Bid/Offer/Price Your Quote is Bettered by another 14 Bid/Offered inside -~ -Trader you ~o Table 1 ~' o co o) ~ ~ o ~ ~ o ~~ ~ r Trader Action Broadcast Maker only Taker only PYou cancel Quote Bid/Offer/Price canceled r~
Your Quote Joined by another trader Bid/Offer/Price joined You Join a Quote from another trader You join the c~
Bid/Offer/Price Your Quote is no longer Joined Your Bid/Offer/Price only Bid/Offer/Price you joined hit, but yours Still watching your available Bid/Offer/Price Your Bid is hit 10 Given (Small) 10 yours from Bank X You Sell 10 to Bank Y
Your Offer is Taken 17 Paid (Small) You Sell 10 to Bank X You Buy 10 from Bank Y
Your quote is partially dealt on Working Your Balance of X
Maker's Quote not Hit for a period of Still working your time Bid/Offer/Price Taker's Attempt to hit a Bid or Offer Missed it failed (too slow) c Taker's Buy/Sell missed Working your ~
Balance of X o -2 ~il 2 9 2 5 0 i~¦
Fig 3 shows how the display is transformed when the trader is not 2 content to assume a passive role in which he merely reacts to deals solicited by other traders, but rather wishes to assume for himself the role of a 4 Market Maker. In that case, a Maker's "Quote" panel 40 appears below the Taker's "Buy/Sell" panel 10 of Fig 2, so that the trader may act both as a 6 Maker and as a Taker, using a pointing device or a designated key of an alphanumeric keyboard to move between the two panels. The Figures 42, 8 44 and Pips 46, 48 have the same function as in the Taker's panel, and take their respective initial values from the current Best price. As in Fig 2, the bid information is on the left, while the offer information is on the right.
Immediately below the price information, the trader is presented with the 12 relevant bid and offer quantities 49,50, conventionally expressed in millions of US dollars. When the Maker's panel first appears, these quantities 14 assume default values (10,10) established by the trader's personal trading profile. The trader is able to change any "Pips" or "quantity" amount shown 16 on the Maker's panel by means of a numerical keyboard, using the enter key to move from field to field. Alternately, changes in the numerical data could 18 be entered by selecting the field with a mouse or other pointing device, with a single click indicating an upward increment of one Pip and a double click indicating a downward increment of one Pip. Once the trader has changed the displayed numerical information to his satisfaction, he may then send a 22 double sided bid/offer quote message (QuoteSubmit, Fig 5) either byactivating Send button 52 with a mouse or a conventional tab key and enter 24 key, or by using a dedicated Send key on the trader's keyboard (not shown).
Optionally, the trader may also send a single-sided bid or offer, using the Bid 26 button 54 or Offer button 56 instead of the Send button 52. Once the quote has been transmitted, an optional timer (not shown) may provide a 28 visible and/or audible indication that a predetermined exposure time has elapsed. In addition, the trader may specify in his Trader Profile panel (Fig 4) an optional automatic quote interrupt, whereby the quote is withdrawn once a predetermined maximum exposure time has been reached.
32 At any time, the trader may use the Off button 60 to withdraw his current J
WO 93/15467 ~ 12 9 ~ 5 ~ PCI/US93/00916 quote, whereupon he may compose and send a new quote.
2 Preferably, as will be discussed in additional detail with respect to Fig 7, at the same time the system uses the quote and any associated credit 4 prescreening information to determine the dealable prices to be displayed at each potential counterparty, the system also determines whether the current 6 quote is equal to the Dealable price (either Best Dealable or Regular Dealable) available to any potential counterparty with whom bilateral credit currently 8 exists, and if so, alerts the quoter that the displayed price has priority in time over any other available quote for that deal size (regular or small) from other trading floors and is subject to immediately being hit/taken (a "Red Dealable" quote, preferably indicated by red background) or is equal to such 12 a Red Dealable (regular or small) quote from another trading floor (a "Joined"
quote, preferably indicated by a = sign and a yellow background).
14 As shown in Fig 4, each trader can call up a "Trader Profile" screen 70 to select his current trading currency 72, and also to establish or modify 16 his personal default values for normal and maximum trading size 74, 76 and price time limit 78, and his preferences regarding optional automated trading 18 protocols 78, such as canceling a quoted price that has been partially dealt (only a portion of the available size was matched with a qualified counterparty) or bettered (is not equal to the Best Dealable price for that sizethat is currently available to any potential counterparty with whom bilateral 22 credit still exists). As noted previously, the Trader may also elect to display the Regular 80 or Best 82 Dealable price, and the system also provides the 24 trader with various options 82 for automatically "working the balance" in the event the trader attempts to buy or sell a particular quantity at the displayed 26 Dealable price but misses the deal in whole ("complete") or in part ("partial"). Depending upon the particular option selected, the system 28 automatically generates and transmits a bid at the last Dealable offer price if the trader was not able to buy the full quantity desired, for a quantity equal to the difference between the desired quantity and the quantity actually traded.
32 In addition, a Floor Administrator (preferably for internal security WO 93/15467 PCI'/US93/00916 reasons a bank employee free of any trading responsibilities) has his own 2 WS with a Floor Profile screen (not shown) which includes an option to prevent his own traders from trading with each other, and a maximum 4 Business Day Credit Limit for each eligible counterparty which represents the maximum cumulative value of trades that may be executed by all traders of 6 the Trading Floor with the designated counterparty. Alternately, the system could combine transactions from related Trading Floors, in which case the 8 Floor Profile could merely identify a common credit facility having a single credit limit for each Trading Floor or groups of Trading Floors. The Floor Administrator also selects a warning percentage which the system uses to broadcast a warning message to the Administrator and all the traders on a 12 given Floor that a particular counterparty has utilized a specified percentage of its available credit, in which case the traders may wish to alter their 14 trading strategies and/or the Floor Administrator may choose to raise the applicable credit limit.
16 Fig 5 shows the flow of electronic messages relating to the distribution of customized Dealable price information to each Trading Floor.
18 The trader at WS A1a1 of Trading Floor A1a uses his Price QuotationIMarket Maker) Panel (Fig 3) to generate a QuoteSubmit message to the Trading Floor's MAN (MAN A1a) in the form of a bid to buy at 1.7215 and an offer to sell at 1.7216. The MAN in turn logs the QuoteSubmit as two 22 open quotations (one, if a single-sided quote) and forwards the QuoteSubmit message to the Maker's Arbitrator Node (ARB A) whose assigned 24 geographical Trading Region includes the Maker's Trading Floor A1a1. In turn, ARB A updates an ordered list of available bids and an ordered list of 26 available offers for the relevant currency pair, each ranked by price and time of receipt (preferably at the Maker's ARB), and containing data fields for 28 indicating the Quantity (preferably expressed in Base Currency units) of the Local Currency still available for purchase or sale, and the Quantity reserved by the Arbitrator pending completion or failure of a pending deal resulting from a potentia~ match initiated by the arbitrator and not yet confirmed by 32 the Maker and Taker. A corresponding QuoteAvailable message is then WO 93/15467 2 1 2 9 2 5 ~ ~ PCI'/US93/00916 transmitted from the Maker's ARB A to the MD's in its Trading Region 2 MD A1, MD A2, and to the other ARB's for eventual distribution to the MD's and MAN's of other Trading Regions.
4 Each MAN (for example, MAN A1b) also transmits a CreditUpdate message to its associated ARB (ARB A) whenever the credit status for any 6 of its potential counterparties (for example, A1a or A2a) changes from CreditAvailable to CreditNotAvailable or vice versa, which the ARB then 8 retransmits to its affected MD's and to the other affected ARB's.
The MD 's then use the information in the received CreditUpdate messages to maintain a Preauthorization Matrix PM such as that shown in Fig 6. The rows and columns of the matrix PM are associated with the 12 various Trading Floors Ala, Alb, A2a, etc (including any Floors in otherTrading Regions) and for each ordered pair of Trading Floors {TFj,TFj}
14 contains an indication as to whether TFj, has extended any credit to TFj. In the depicted example, credit exists on a bilateral basis between TFA1 and 16 TFA2, no credit exists between TFA1 and TFB1, and credit has been extended unilaterally from TFA2 to TFB1, but not vice versa (as indicated 18 by the "1" at the intersection of row TFB1 with column TFA2 and the "0"
at the corresponding intersection of column TFB1 with row TFA2). From the main diagonal of the matrix it can be seen that only TFA2 permits its own traders to trade between themselves, as indicated by the "1" at the 22 intersection of row TFA2 with column TFA2. Preferably, each MD only maintains a partial Preauthorization Matrix containing data only regarding 24 credit extended from or to its associated MAN's to the other potential counterparties (MAN's) in the system. Thus, as indicated in Fig 6 by cross 26 hatching, some of the matrix entries may be blank.
The MD's use the QuoteAvailable messages to update their own 28 ordered lists of available bids and offers; these ordered lists and the above-described Preauthorization Matrix are then used by the MD to calculate separate Dealable prices for each Trading Floor which are transmitted as MarketView messages to the affected MAN's, as will be 32 described in more detail hereinafter with reference to Fig 7. In addition, the ~9250 MD's and/or ARB's use a similar procedure to identify which quotes from 2 which trading floors are "Red Dealable" or "Joined" or "Bettered": A quote is "Red Dealable" only if it is the basis (best in price and time of the bids or4 offers originating from trading floors with which bilateral credit is still available) for a "Dealable" price displayed at one or more trading floors; once 6 the "Red Dealable" quotes have been identified, the other quotes may be readily categorized as either "Joined" (if not first in time) or "Bettered" (if 8 not best in price).
The actual deal is executed using a known two-stage commitment logging process (not shown) in which DealVerify and DealVerifyOk messages are logged by and transmitted from the Maker's MAN to the 12 Taker's MAN and vice versa, after each MAN has verified that the other party to the deal has been extended sufficient credit by the Man's 14 associated Trading Floor to cover the full deal quantity (otherwise the deal is aborted or is cut back in quantity). As an additional precaution, the 16 Maker's MAN also checks that the quote has not been interrupted and that the WS from which the quote originated is still on-line, before any 18 DealVerify or DealVerifyOk message is transmitted to the other Trading Floor (equivalently, each WS involved could perform its own logging and communicate directly with the other WS; however, this would complicate any subsequent automated deal recovery or rollback). A suitable logging, 22 verification, and recovery/rollback process is disclosed in further detail in the commonly assigned US patent No. 5,305,200 entitled "FINANCIAL
UNACKNOWLEDGED ORDERS". In any event, it should be understood that 26 each ARB also maintains a log of potential matches which have not yet been verified or canceled by the affected MAN's, and that if these potential 28 matches are not resolved within a predetermined time period, a similar automated rollback/recovery process can update the ARB's log on the basis of the logs maintained by the affected MAN's (for example, the match may be automatically canceled (rolled back) if either MAN does not have a WO 93/15467 PCl'/US93/00916 corresponding entry in its respective log).
2 Fig 7 sets forth a possible implementation of how the MD computes a Dealable bid for a particular currency currently available to a particular 4 Trading Floor, which may then be transmitted in the form of a MarketViewmessage to that Trading Floor. Preferably, in order to avoid the transmission 6 of redundant information and consequent excessive loading of the communication network, these MarketView messages are transmitted to a 8 particular MAN only in response to a change in the Dealable price for the associated Trading Floor. Moreover, it may be more efficient to transmit information only for those active currency pairs which the Trading Floor's MAN has previously identified to its MD in an ActiveCurrencyPair message.
12 As indicated symbolically in Fig 7 at block 100, the MD first selects the particular Trading Floor and Currency Pair for which the Dealable bid and 14 offer price is to be computed (Fig 7 shows only the computation of the Dealable bid price; a similar computation is then performed for the Dealable 16 offer price before a new Trading Floor and/or Currency is selected). The MD
then resets (block 102) the counters, registers and flags (i, P, Q, S) it will 18 use in the computation of the Dealable price P.
What follows is a ioop controlled by counter i, which points to the entries in the particular ordered Quote List associated with the Currency Pair and transaction type (bid or offer) then being processed, and which is 22 incremented at the beginning of the loop (block 104). If the end of the Quote List has already been reached (Yes branch from decision block 106), 24 the current values of the price P and the associated Small flag S are transmitted to the Trading Floor TF, together with an indication of the 26 current Currency Pair CP (as previously noted, no such transmission is required if the price and Small flag for that Currency Pair to that Trading 28 Floor are unchanged). However, if the end of the Quote List has not already been reached (No branch from decision block 106) the next quote is then read (block 110) and the relevant entries in the Preauthorization Matrix for the current Trading Floor (TF) and the Maker of the current quote (Mi) are 32 then checked to determine if any previously extended credit has already been exhausted (decision blocks 1 12, 1 14). If either entry is "0" (indicating 2 no credit available) control passes to the beginning of the loop (block 104), for processing of any remaining quotes in the applicable list.
4 However, if both relevant entries of the Preauthorization Matrix are "1" (indicating at least some credit is available on a bilateral basis between 6 the current Trading Floor TF and the Maker Mj from which the current quote Qj originated), the price Pi associated with quote Qj is loaded into the price 8 register P, and the associated Available Quantity Qj is added to the contents of the Quantity register Q (block 116), which is then tested (decision block 118) to determine if at least a predetermined minimum quantity (eg, 5) is available to the current Trading Floor TF; otherwise control passes to the 12 beginning of the loop ~lock 102) and the process is repeated.
Assuming that the predetermined minimum quantity is available (Yes 14 branch from block 118), the Small flag is reset to 0, and control passes to block 108, whereby the Dealable price is transmitted and the process is 1 6 repeated.
It will be understood that the above assumes that a regular dealable 18 price may be based on a potential composite deal which is based only on quotes for a small size of the currency in question and that a small dealable price is to be displayed only if such a regular dealable price is not available from any qualified counterparty or combination of qualified counterparties;
22 if as mentioned previously it is desired to display only regular dealable prices from a single source and/or to give each trader the option of displaying 24 either the Best Dealable price or the Regular Dealable price, then it may be necessary to scan the available quotes twice (once for the best available 26 regular sized quote, once for the best available quote regardless of size) and/or to maintain separate registers for Best and Regular sized prices.
28 By using more than one MD each in the form of a dedicated computer, the computation of Dealable prices is distributed among several computers and is free from interruption by other unrelated tasks. Moreover, only a minimum amount of essential information is transmitted to the MD
32 from its ARB, and from the MD to its MAN's. Thus even in a fast moving WO 93/15467 2 1 2 !) 2 50 PCI/US93/00916 market, it should be possible to provide current Dealable price informatlon 2 to each Trading Floor. However, if an MD is responsible for distributing Dealable prices to more than two Trading Floors, it may be preferable to use 4 a conventional pseudorandom generator to select the next Trading Floor, thus avoiding any bias inherent in the sequence in which the Dealable price 6 information is computed and distributed.
As mentioned previously, the MD could, at the same time it reviews 8 the ordered list of available quotes, also identify any quote which qualifies as " Red Dealable" or "Joined" and transmit a corresponding HitAlert message to the Maker's MAN (possibly via the Taker's ARB and the Maker's ARB). Alternatively, each ARB could repeat the process of Fig 7 for each 12 trading floor in the entire trading system, which would require more computational resources but fewer communication resources. In particular, 14 such an alternate embodiment, as shown in Fig 5, would require at most only one HitAlert message for each bid or offer (to the Maker's MAN from 16 the Maker's own ARB).
TECHNICAL FIELD
4 The present invention relates generally to a electronic brokerage system having a communication network connecting traders dealing in 6 financial instruments, and more particularly to a computerized system for distributing anonymous price quotes on a selective basis in accordance with 8 previously established credit limits.
BACKGROUND ART
Reuters' published European patent applications EP 399 850, 12 EP 407 026, and EP 411 748 disclose an automated matching system for anonymous trading of foreign currencies ~or other financial instruments) in 14 which a single host computer maintains a central data base consisting of all the trading instruments available for trade, credit information, and the 16 various bids and offers that are present throughout the system. The hostcomputer uses the information in its central data base to match active bids 18 and offers (as well as executing any transitory "hit bid" and "take offer"
transactions) based on matching criteria which include the gross counterparty credit limit between counterparties to a potential matching transaction, price, and available quantity. To that end, each client site 22 establishes and may subsequently vary or reset a credit limit for each possible counterparty, which is used by the host computer to establish the 24 gross counterparty credit limit for each possible pair of parties and which is equal to the minimum of the remaining credit (initial credit limit less any 26 applicable transactions that have already been executed) from the first party to the second party and from the second party to the first party. The host 28 computer blocks completion of an otherwise eligible matching transactionbetween a given pair of potential counterparties when the transaction has an associated value in excess of the applicable gross credit limit. In that system, the various client site computers (keystations) merely maintain and 32 display a restricted subset of the information available at the central wo 93/15467 / ~ Pcr/us93/oo9l6 computer, such as a predetermined number of the best bids and offers, and 2 communicate credit and other transaction oriented information to the host computer for execution. However, in an attempt to preserve the anonymity 4 of the parties, the client sites do not have access to any credit limits set by their possible counterparties, or even to the identification of any other party 6 to a particular transaction until after a transaction has been completed.
Thus, in the known prior art system, confidential counterparty credit 8 limit data is maintained in real time and utilized as part of the trade matching process by a central host computer. As a consequence, each client site has no way to determine, prior to committing to buy or sell at a displayed price from one or more anonymous counterparties, whether it is in fact eligible to 12 respond to any of the bids or offers currently being displayed. The client site is connected to the central host computer by telecommunication lines;
14 the host computer is not under the direct control of the party providing the confidential credit limit data and thus provides potential opportunities for 16 unauthorized access to the credit information, even though the host computer does not utilize the credit information until a match has been 18 found between a Buyer and a Seller.
Consequently, until he attempts to execute a trade at the best price currently displayed on his screen, a trader using the prior art anonymous matching system has no way of knowing whether he has credit with, and 22 is willing to extend credit to, the anonymous counterparty offering (bidding) the best price currently displayed on his screen and thus whether any 24 attempt to buy or sell at the displayed price will be subsequently invalidated by the system for lack of such credit.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
28 It is an overall objective of the present invention to provide an anonymous trading system which can identify the best bids and offers from those counterparties with which each client site is currently eligible to deal, while maintaining the anonymity of the potential counterparty and the 32 confidentiality of any specific credit limitations imposed by the anonymous WO 93/15467 ~ 1 2 ~ ~ ' PCI'/US93/00916 -potential counterparty.
2 To that end, each client site preferably provides the system with only limited credit information for each potential counterparty (for example, a one 4 bit flag indicating whether a predetermined limit has already been exceeded)and each bid or offer for a particular type of financial instrument is 6 preferably prescreened by the system for compatibility with that limited credit information before calculating an anonymous "Dealable" price for 8 presentation to any of the traders dealing with that particular financial instrument.
In a presently preferred embodiment, the prescreening is a simple check to determine whether any credit remains between the two possible 12 counterpartiesto the potential transaction, and thus may be performed using a simple yes/no Preauthorization Matrix before any bid or offer is transmitted 14 to a particular client site.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment, such Preauthorization 16 Matrices are maintained at each of several regional nodes ("distribution nodes") of a distributed processing communication network, with each such 18 distribution node being connected by corresponding individual permanent links of the network to those client sites ("access nodes") for which it is responsible for distributing market information including customized "Dealable" bid and offer prices in addition to global "Best" prices.
22 More particularly, in the preferred embodiment, the sensitive credit limit data indicating how much credit a particular client site is willing to 24 extend to each possible counterparty is maintained only at an access node associated only with that particular client, and only a simple yes/no 26 indication of whether the entity (for example, a trader, a trading floor, or a bank) associated with that particular access node is willing to transact 28 business with a particular counterparty is transmitted to the other nodes of the communication network.
To further limit the data received and processed by each of the relevant regional node computers, (ie, the distribution nodes closest to the 32 particular site and/or closest to the particular counterparty), only changes in WO 93/15467 ~ ; PCI /US93/00916 212g'2'50 the credit state between a particular access node and a particular 2 counterparty (ie, credit is no longer available or credit is now available) are transmitted to the distribution nodes, and any credit state information only 4 relevant to transactions between two client sites both associated with other distribution nodes, may be altogether ignored.
6 In a preferred embodiment of the system as currently contemplated, if either of the two applicable limits has not already been exceeded between 8 a particular pair of counterparties, the system displays the entire bid or offer as a "Dealable" transaction, but permits each client site to block any above-limit portion of any resultant buy or sell transaction during a subsequent deal execution/verification process. Alternatively, possibly at 12 the option of the party by or for whom the low limit has been set, the entire transaction could be executed, or the entire transaction could be blocked.
14 As a second alternative, the Preauthorization Matrix could indicate whether sufficient credit remained to execute a predetermined "standard" deal 16 amount in addition to, or instead of, a mere indication as to whether any credit from a particular potential counterparty had already been used up. In 18 such an alternate embodiment it might also be possible to display to each trader two "Dealable" prices: one at which at least the predetermined "standard" amount is available, and a second price at which only a "Small"
amount may be available.
22 As currently contemplated, each of the regional nodes transmits both a Best current price (for which a predetermined minimum quantity is 24 available independent of any credit constraints) and a best Dealable price (for which at least limited credit is presumably available on a bilateral basis 26 with at least one of the counterparties making the bid or offer), as well as a "Small" indicator that may indicate a thin potential market in which that 28 predetermined minimum quantity is not available at any price from any counterparty with whom the trader is eligible to deal, but nevertheless a smaller quantity is available from one or more of such eligible counterparties.
In determining whether such a predetermined minimum quantity is available, 32 the system may consider composite deals from more than one Maker or at Wo 93/15467 2I 2~2~ Pcr/US93/009l6 more than one price, in which case the displayed price is preferably the least 2 advantageous price included in the best such composite deal. In an alternative embodiment, the system does not take into account such 4 composite deals when displaying a price, but still identifies the oldest quote at the best price as a potential match, thereby giving the traders the benefit 6 of any price advantages for smaller sizes.
In accordance with another aspect of the preferred embodiment, at 8 least the first Maker having an open quote that is displayable as the "Best Dealable" or "Regular Dealable" at any of the other trading floors is automatically alerted that his bid (offer) quotation is the Best price availableto at least one potential counterparty with whom mutual credit exists, and 12 thus could be hit (taken) at any time. Similarly, at least if the quoter's bid (offer) quote is not currently the first Best quote at at least one trading floor 14 and is thus subject to immediately being hit (taken) by a trader at thattrading floor, he is preferably also alerted if his quote is "joined" (ie, equal16 to in price, but later in time) to such a "Best Dealable" or "Regular Dealable"
price from another trading floor.
18 Preferably, in accordance with another aspect of the invention, thesystem also determines whether a Quote has been "bettered"; that is to say, no longer qualifies as a Dealable quote (or joined to such a quote) at at least one potential counterparty. In that case, at the trader's option, the system 22 will automatically cancel such a bettered quote.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, the displayed 24 Dealable price (unless accompanied by the "Small" indicator) is valid for at least a predetermined minimum quantity (which, as noted previously, may 26 be a composite of small sizes from more than one source, or which alwaysreflects a regular size from only one source, depending on system design 28 tradeoffs and/or the trader preferences) and only prices and not quantities are displayed. However, assuming that the Best Dealable price for a regular quantity is greater than the best Small price, each trader may optionally select which of the two such Dealable prices is displayed.
32 When a "buy" or "sell" is made for a quantity in excess of the cumulative appiicable credit limits associated with the counterparties having 2 open quotes equal to or better than the displayed price and thus the completed transaction is for a cumulative quantity smaller than desired by 4 the trader, the trader preferably then has the option of "working the balance" (in which the system automatically generates a bid/offer for the 6 difference).
In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, changes in 8 the Dealable price information and specifics of any subsequent transactions initiated by the trader are optionally vocalized electronically by the trader's terminal and provided to the trader in audible form, together with succinct details of any subsequent transactions. For example: Whenever there is a 12 change in the Dealable "Buy" price, the least significant digits of that price are electronically converted to text which in turn is converted to digital 14 speech using conventional speech synthesis circuitry.
The above description refers to the processing and distribution of data 16 as though they were instantaneous processes; it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that some delay is inherent in the type of system 18 described, and that as a consequence, the information available at a particular processing node does not always reflect the most current information available anywhere in the system. However, at least in a preferred embodiment, any such delays in the display of Dealable price 22 information may be kept within acceptable limits by transmitting only changes over the communication network, by using several processing 24 nodes operating in parallel to compute the Dealable price information for different Trading Floors and/or different currencies, and by providing 26 dedicated communication links between each processing node and its associated Trading Floors.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Other objects and features of the present invention will be apparent from the following description of a presently preferred embodiment taken in 32 connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
WO 93/15467 ; PCI'/US93/00916 21292~0 -Fig 1 is an overview of the Communication Network and the various 2 workstations and processing nodes associated therewith;
Fig 2 depicts the trader's Buy/Sell display;
4 Fig 3 depicts the trader's Quote display;
Fig 4 depicts the Trader Profile Display;
6 Fig 5 shows the flow of messages in the communication network which are used to generate and distribute Dealable price information to each 8 individual trader;
FIG 6 depicts a Preauthorization Matrix; and Fig 7 is a functional flowchart showing how the Dealable price is computed .
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
14 In the described embodiment, the trading system is an electronic brokerage system having a communication network for facilitating the 16 buying and selling of large blocks of foreign currency by traders each associated with his own Workstation ("WS") located at a Trading Floor of 18 a subscriber bank ("client site"). As shown in Fig 1, each client site has its dedicated client site computer ("Market Access Node", or MAN") under the control of a Floor Administrator, which maintains transaction records, credit limits, and other confidential information originating with its associated 22 Trading Floor. The WS's and the MAN associated with each Trading Floor are connected via a conventional self-repairing DEC VAX network to a 24 nearby distribution node ("Market Distributor" or "MD") computer, which typically analyzes and distributes current market data by means of dedicated 26 permanent communication links to one or more associated MAN's in a particular city (or other local region), and which may also provide 28 administrative functions for the communication network. Although not considered critical to the present invention, a group of MD's is preferably suppiemented by a common trading region processing node ("Arbitrator Node" or "ARB"), with the ARB performing those functions (such as 32 identifying potential matches between Buyers and Sellers, and other aspects WO 93/15467 2 1 2 9 2 ~ O PCr/US93/00916 ., },, .~ .
of the "Deal Matching" process that require coordination with more than one 2 client site) which make the most efficient use of the communication network if done centrally or regionally, while the MD's perform those functions ~such 4 as generation of separate Dealable price information for each individual client site) which are readily implemented in parallel in a distributed processing 6 network and which make most efficient use of the communication if done locally or in close proximity to the individual client sites.
8 In that regard, it is preferable to have more than one ARB, with each ARB having primary responsibility for trades initiated by Market Makers in the ARB's own trading region, and being connected to all the MAN's and MD's of that Trading Region as well as to the other ARB's in other trading 12 regions by permanent dedicated links of the communication network. In the majority of deals, it is anticipated that both the Maker and the Taker will be 14 within the same Trading Region and thus will be directly linked to the sameARB which can therefore identify a potential match and coordinate its final 16 execution without any communication with the other ARB's; at the same time, the other ARB's can simultaneously be processing deals related to 18 other traders in other regions. Connecting the various ARB's with one another by dedicated permanent communication links not only facilitates deals with a Taker in a remote trading region who does not normally have any direct link to the Maker's ARB, but also provides an efficient 22 communication network for broadcasting price quotes to all the traders in other trading regions. Preferably, the various MD's, MAN's and ARB's are 24 each provided with a local backup already connected to the communication network in accordance with the teachings of the commonly assigned US
26 patent application entitled "ACTIVATION OF A DORMANT SIBLING
COMPUTER IN A COMMUNICATION NETWORK" and filed 9 Nov 1990 28 under serial number 07/612,0451; however, it is also possible, albeit wasteful of communication resources, to establish temporary communication links between the MAN's and MD's of one trading area and an ARB in a remote trading area, so that the remote ARB can function as an emergency 32 backup for the local ARB. In any event, the system is preferably provided WO 93/15467 '- '~ PCI/US93/00916 with a self-test and re-initialization capability to detect discrepancies 2 between the local data bases maintained at each of the local (MD) and regional (ARB) processing nodes, and to regenerate missing or questionable 4 data from corresponding data stored at other nodes.
Whether the communication links between nodes are permanent 6 ~maintained indefinitely between two network components) or temporary (established dynamically for a short period of time) they are preferably 8 "logical links" which have the property that messages sent in a certain order over the same logical link are guaranteed to reach their destination in the same order. Moreover, the communication network is preferably provided with sufficient error detection, error correction, and network self-repair 12 capability to guarantee that messages sent via these logical links are error free.
14 In summary, each MAN is connected to other MAN's by a robust communication network which connects the various Trading Floors and 16 which supplements the MAN's with a number of processing nodes (preferably in the form of MD's and ARB's) to facilitate the distribution of 18 price quotations and other market data and to execute transactions by matching eligible Market Makers with eligible Buyers and Sellers and by monitoring the transactions until they have been completed or aborted, with the MAN's being responsible for Trading Floor specific tasks such as logging 22 the completed transaction and updating the credit limit that was previously available to the counterparty Trading Floor.
24 The structure and function of the trader WS's, MAN's, MD's, and ARB's will now be described in detail, with particular emphasis on how they 26 cooperate to distribute price quotes (bids and offers) from a Market Maker to potential Takers throughout the system. In the prior art, such quotes 28 were made available to the individual traders merely in the form of one or more public best prices for each currency pair (or other financial instrument type) then being offered by any Market Maker, without regard for any confidential credit restrictions imposed by the Maker or by the potential 32 Taker that may prevent any deal being consummated. However, in WO 93/15467 2 1 2 Y 2 ~ 0~ PCr/US93/00916 accordance with the present invention, each trader receives a private 2 Dealable price, which the system has prescreened for the absence of any credit restrictions that would prevent the trader on whose WS the Dealable 4 price is displayed from dealing with an anonymous Market Maker from whom the displayed price originates.
6 As shown in FIGS 2 through 4, each WS supports a single trader trading in a single currency pair, and its display thus provides one or two 8 panels containing only information which a typical trader would consideressential to trading in that currency pair by means of an anonymous brokerage system. However, the blank portion of the WS display could obviously be used for other data related to another currency pair and/or 12 another type of transaction. Furthermore, the displayed panel could be awindow within a larger display that also displays data from other information 14 distribution and transaction processing systems.
Fig 2 shows the trader's Buy/Sell display panel 10 which provides the 16 primary interface between the electronic brokerage system and the individual traders. At the top of the display appears the currency pair 12 (as shown, 18 the Base Currency is United States dollars, Local Currency is German marks), and at the top right, the "Value Date" 14 (the date on which any resultant trade is scheduled for payment~. The next line comprises (from left to right): the "Figure" (the most significant three or four digits) 16 of the 22 "Sell" ("bid") price, conventionally expressed in units of Local Currency (eg, DM 1.72) per single unit of Base Currency (eg, US$1.00); two additional 24 digits 18,20 (commonly referred to as "Pips") which respectively reflect the remaining two or three least significant digits of the displayed "Best" bid and 26 offer prices (ie, the best price at which at least one anonymous Market Maker is willing to buy the Local Currency, and the best price at which at 28 least one anonymous Market Maker is willing to sell the Local Currency); and the "Figure" 22 of the "Best" offer price.
A Market Maker will always want to purchase a commodity at a lower price than the price at which he is willing to sell the same commodity and 32 his bid price will thus be less than his offer price. Moreover, the trading WO 93/15467 ~ 3 PCr/US93/00916 system is preferably able to "automatch" a bid price from one Maker with 2 an equal or lower offer price from another Maker, assuming that the two Makers have sufficient credit with each other. Accordingly, the displayed 4 "Best price" 18,20 will normally reflect a price spread in which the offer price is equal to or higher than the bid price; however at times it may reflect 6 an "Arbitrage Opportunity" in which a third party having credit with the two Makers is able to Buy at a lower offer price from one Maker and sell at a 8 higher bid price to the other Maker.
Furthermore, there is no requirement that a Market Maker must always quote both a bid price and an offer price for the same quantity of the Local Currency, or that if a bid (or offer) price is accepted by a Seller (or 12 Buyer), any corresponding offer (or bid) price from that Maker will be (preferably at the trader's option) automatically withdrawn. Thus it is also 14 possible that an offer price but no bid price (or vice versa) will be displayed as the Best price 18,20 at the top of the display.
16 As presently contemplated, the displayed Best bid and offer prices 18,20 are each valid for at least a predetermined quantity of currency (for 18 example five million US dollars) from a single source. Since such a quantity may be available at the displayed price in a composite transaction involving more than one Maker and more than one price, it is possible that at least a portion of the transaction could be executed at a better price than the 22 displayed Best price 18,20.
In accordance with the invention, a "Dealable" bid and/or offer price 24 is derived only from those bids or offers from other Trading Floors which have been prescreened for at least some nominal level of remaining credit 26 from the potential Maker to the potential Taker and vice versa, and at least the "Pips" 24,26 portion of the Dealable price is prominently displayed or 28 otherwise communicated to the potential Taker.
In the illustrated example, the associated Taker (and any other USD/DEM traders on his Trading Floor) is thus eligible to Sell German marks ("DEM") at the bid rate of 1 .7210 marks per dollar ("USD"), or to Buy at the 32 offer rate of 1.7217 marks per dollar, and the system has already verified WO 93/1S467 ~ 1 2 9 2 5 0 PCI-/US93/00916 that the displayed Dealable price 24,26 is currently available from one or 2 more anonymous Makers with whom the trader is currently still eligible to deal, and that those eligible Makers are willing (either collectively or 4 individually, depending on the trader preferences and/or design tradeoffs mentioned previously) to sell (or buy) at least the same predetermined 6 minimum quantity of the particular Local Currency involved as was used to determine the displayed Best price 18,20. Thus, a "regular" displayed 8 Dealable price 24,26 will never be better than the displayed Best price 18,20; if worse than the Best price 18,20, this is an indication that the trader is barred by credit limitations from obtaining the best price that is then theoretically available. Indeed, because credit is established bilaterally,12 it is possible that the Maker (or Makers) behind the Best price have extended credit only to Trading Floors who currently have not extended any credit to 14 those particular Makers, and thus that none of the traders at any of theclient sites will see a Dealable price equal to the displayed Best price.
16 The foregoing implicitly assumes that the Best price 18, 20 and theDealable price 24,26 are sufficiently close that the Figures 16, 22 are 18 unaffected. If that is not the case, it is preferable that the displayed Figures correspond to the corresponding most significant digits of the displayed Dealable prices; if the "Pips" of the Best price are worse than the corresponding least significant digits of a displayed Dealable price, it will be22 apparent that the corresponding Figure of the Dealable price should be incremented or decremented by at least one digit to obtain the Best price.
24 Moreover, as with the Best price, it is possible that at least a small quantity is available from one or more Makers at a better price than that 26 which is currently displayed as a regular Dealable price (or even that a better price becomes available after the price is displayed but before the Taker's 28 Buy or Sell request is processed), in which case the trader may receive or pay an effective average price that is somewhat better than the currently displayed Dealable price. This will be the case whether the system has executed a single transaction only with a second Maker with whom the 32 better price originated, or a composite transaction with that second Maker WO93/15467 2l2925a PCr/US93/00916 and the Maker with whom the displayed price originated.
2 Instead of a regular Dealable price, a Small price may be displayed, preferably identified as such (for example, by the letter "S") 28 and which 4 differs from the regular Dealable price in that only a relatively small quantity is collectively available at any price from those Makers with whom the trader 6 currently is eligible to deal. For example, if deal size is expressed in units of one million dollars, the Best price and the regular Dealable price may each 8 represent available deals having a potential aggregate value (not necessarily all from the same trader) of at least 5 million dollars, while a Small price represents available deals having a maximum potential value of between 1 and 4 million dollars.
12 Among the options available to each trader through his Trader Profile panel (see Fig 4) is the ability to display either the regular Dealable price as14 described above, which is good for at least the previously mentioned predetermined minimum quantity (eg, at least 5 million dollars), or a best 16 Dealable price which is the best price available to that trader for even a nominal minimum quantity ~eg, only 1 million dollars).
18 Preferably, the trader has also previously specified a default transaction quantity using his Trader Profile Screen and the displayed Dealable price functions as the default value for the trader's requested transaction price. Thus, the trader may quickly and accurately respond to 22 a new Dealable bid or offer price by merely activating a Buy button 34 or a Sell button 36, respectively on the screen, assuming that the display is 24 touch sensitive or is provided with a "mouse" or other pointing device;
alternatively the Trader may use a small custom keypad having dedicated 26 function keys for the various functions and dedicated size keys for various predetermined deal sizes as well as conventional numerical, tab and cursor 28 keys. If the desired quantity 30, 32 is not available at the displayed Dealable price, as will be discussed in more detail with respect to FIGS 3 and 4, any missed quantity may be the subject of a subsequent "working the balance" bid or offer.
32 In any event, the system gives the trader accepting a Dealable price 2~ S~ - ~ ~ PCl/US93/00916 the benefit of any undisplayed Small price from an eligible counterparty that - 2 is "behind" (ie, equal to or better than) the Dealable price. In that case, the buy or sell request would be executed as two trades, one at the undisplayed 4 Small price, and the other at the displayed Dealable price.
As noted previously, the trading is performed electronically, and when 6 a bid price is equal to or greater than an offer price, the two will normally be automatically matched, with the system automatically allocating any price 8 difference between the two trader's in accordance with previously agreed trading rules. Thus it is not likely that a displayed bid price 18,24 will be greater than a displayed offer price 20,26. However, if two traders are barred from dealing with each other because of credit limit restrictions but 12 are both free to deal with a third trader, it is still possible that the third trader will be presented with an arbitrage opportunity.
14 When the Dealable price 24,26 originates with the trader himself ~or another trader on the same Floor), the trader is preferably alerted to that fact16 by displaying his price as the Dealable price, but in a visually distinctive manner and with the corresponding Buy or Sell function 34, 36 optionally 18 inhibited. Thus, his Trading Floor may be prevented from in effect dealing with or against itself.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the displayed price data may optionally be "vocalized": whenever there is a change in the 22 displayed prices, the numerical data is electronically converted to text which in turn is converted to digital speech using conventional speech synthesis 24 circuitry. In that event, it is preferable that only the "Pips" of the "Dealable"
price quotes are announced (unless, due to a large spread, this would result 26 in an ambiguous price), so that the trader will not be assaulted with nonessential information. Thus, the vocalized information will normally 28 include only the least significant digits (Pips) of the displayed Dealable bid and offer prices, as well as status changes for any recent quotes or hits initiated by the trader. An exemplary trading scenario and the resultant vocalized communications is presented in Table 1.
~ o ~ a~ ~ ~ o ~ a~ O
-- Trader Action Broadcast Maker only Taker only Dealable price has Bid and offer 10-17 Bid side only 10 bid Bid size small 10-17 Small Bid Offer side only 17 Offered Offer size small 10-17 Small Offer Bid and Offer Small 10-17 in Small Bid/Offer Pips = "00" Figure Bid = Offer 10 Choice No Bid/Offer available Dollar/Mark please Dealable Bid/Offer removed Bid/Offer out ~n Bid and Offer removed Off the Price Price change for Bid and Offer (worse Change c~
only) You enter a Quote Bid/Offer/Price Posted ~
Your Quote is best 1 0-1 7 Your Bid/Offer/Price Your Quote is Bettered by another 14 Bid/Offered inside -~ -Trader you ~o Table 1 ~' o co o) ~ ~ o ~ ~ o ~~ ~ r Trader Action Broadcast Maker only Taker only PYou cancel Quote Bid/Offer/Price canceled r~
Your Quote Joined by another trader Bid/Offer/Price joined You Join a Quote from another trader You join the c~
Bid/Offer/Price Your Quote is no longer Joined Your Bid/Offer/Price only Bid/Offer/Price you joined hit, but yours Still watching your available Bid/Offer/Price Your Bid is hit 10 Given (Small) 10 yours from Bank X You Sell 10 to Bank Y
Your Offer is Taken 17 Paid (Small) You Sell 10 to Bank X You Buy 10 from Bank Y
Your quote is partially dealt on Working Your Balance of X
Maker's Quote not Hit for a period of Still working your time Bid/Offer/Price Taker's Attempt to hit a Bid or Offer Missed it failed (too slow) c Taker's Buy/Sell missed Working your ~
Balance of X o -2 ~il 2 9 2 5 0 i~¦
Fig 3 shows how the display is transformed when the trader is not 2 content to assume a passive role in which he merely reacts to deals solicited by other traders, but rather wishes to assume for himself the role of a 4 Market Maker. In that case, a Maker's "Quote" panel 40 appears below the Taker's "Buy/Sell" panel 10 of Fig 2, so that the trader may act both as a 6 Maker and as a Taker, using a pointing device or a designated key of an alphanumeric keyboard to move between the two panels. The Figures 42, 8 44 and Pips 46, 48 have the same function as in the Taker's panel, and take their respective initial values from the current Best price. As in Fig 2, the bid information is on the left, while the offer information is on the right.
Immediately below the price information, the trader is presented with the 12 relevant bid and offer quantities 49,50, conventionally expressed in millions of US dollars. When the Maker's panel first appears, these quantities 14 assume default values (10,10) established by the trader's personal trading profile. The trader is able to change any "Pips" or "quantity" amount shown 16 on the Maker's panel by means of a numerical keyboard, using the enter key to move from field to field. Alternately, changes in the numerical data could 18 be entered by selecting the field with a mouse or other pointing device, with a single click indicating an upward increment of one Pip and a double click indicating a downward increment of one Pip. Once the trader has changed the displayed numerical information to his satisfaction, he may then send a 22 double sided bid/offer quote message (QuoteSubmit, Fig 5) either byactivating Send button 52 with a mouse or a conventional tab key and enter 24 key, or by using a dedicated Send key on the trader's keyboard (not shown).
Optionally, the trader may also send a single-sided bid or offer, using the Bid 26 button 54 or Offer button 56 instead of the Send button 52. Once the quote has been transmitted, an optional timer (not shown) may provide a 28 visible and/or audible indication that a predetermined exposure time has elapsed. In addition, the trader may specify in his Trader Profile panel (Fig 4) an optional automatic quote interrupt, whereby the quote is withdrawn once a predetermined maximum exposure time has been reached.
32 At any time, the trader may use the Off button 60 to withdraw his current J
WO 93/15467 ~ 12 9 ~ 5 ~ PCI/US93/00916 quote, whereupon he may compose and send a new quote.
2 Preferably, as will be discussed in additional detail with respect to Fig 7, at the same time the system uses the quote and any associated credit 4 prescreening information to determine the dealable prices to be displayed at each potential counterparty, the system also determines whether the current 6 quote is equal to the Dealable price (either Best Dealable or Regular Dealable) available to any potential counterparty with whom bilateral credit currently 8 exists, and if so, alerts the quoter that the displayed price has priority in time over any other available quote for that deal size (regular or small) from other trading floors and is subject to immediately being hit/taken (a "Red Dealable" quote, preferably indicated by red background) or is equal to such 12 a Red Dealable (regular or small) quote from another trading floor (a "Joined"
quote, preferably indicated by a = sign and a yellow background).
14 As shown in Fig 4, each trader can call up a "Trader Profile" screen 70 to select his current trading currency 72, and also to establish or modify 16 his personal default values for normal and maximum trading size 74, 76 and price time limit 78, and his preferences regarding optional automated trading 18 protocols 78, such as canceling a quoted price that has been partially dealt (only a portion of the available size was matched with a qualified counterparty) or bettered (is not equal to the Best Dealable price for that sizethat is currently available to any potential counterparty with whom bilateral 22 credit still exists). As noted previously, the Trader may also elect to display the Regular 80 or Best 82 Dealable price, and the system also provides the 24 trader with various options 82 for automatically "working the balance" in the event the trader attempts to buy or sell a particular quantity at the displayed 26 Dealable price but misses the deal in whole ("complete") or in part ("partial"). Depending upon the particular option selected, the system 28 automatically generates and transmits a bid at the last Dealable offer price if the trader was not able to buy the full quantity desired, for a quantity equal to the difference between the desired quantity and the quantity actually traded.
32 In addition, a Floor Administrator (preferably for internal security WO 93/15467 PCI'/US93/00916 reasons a bank employee free of any trading responsibilities) has his own 2 WS with a Floor Profile screen (not shown) which includes an option to prevent his own traders from trading with each other, and a maximum 4 Business Day Credit Limit for each eligible counterparty which represents the maximum cumulative value of trades that may be executed by all traders of 6 the Trading Floor with the designated counterparty. Alternately, the system could combine transactions from related Trading Floors, in which case the 8 Floor Profile could merely identify a common credit facility having a single credit limit for each Trading Floor or groups of Trading Floors. The Floor Administrator also selects a warning percentage which the system uses to broadcast a warning message to the Administrator and all the traders on a 12 given Floor that a particular counterparty has utilized a specified percentage of its available credit, in which case the traders may wish to alter their 14 trading strategies and/or the Floor Administrator may choose to raise the applicable credit limit.
16 Fig 5 shows the flow of electronic messages relating to the distribution of customized Dealable price information to each Trading Floor.
18 The trader at WS A1a1 of Trading Floor A1a uses his Price QuotationIMarket Maker) Panel (Fig 3) to generate a QuoteSubmit message to the Trading Floor's MAN (MAN A1a) in the form of a bid to buy at 1.7215 and an offer to sell at 1.7216. The MAN in turn logs the QuoteSubmit as two 22 open quotations (one, if a single-sided quote) and forwards the QuoteSubmit message to the Maker's Arbitrator Node (ARB A) whose assigned 24 geographical Trading Region includes the Maker's Trading Floor A1a1. In turn, ARB A updates an ordered list of available bids and an ordered list of 26 available offers for the relevant currency pair, each ranked by price and time of receipt (preferably at the Maker's ARB), and containing data fields for 28 indicating the Quantity (preferably expressed in Base Currency units) of the Local Currency still available for purchase or sale, and the Quantity reserved by the Arbitrator pending completion or failure of a pending deal resulting from a potentia~ match initiated by the arbitrator and not yet confirmed by 32 the Maker and Taker. A corresponding QuoteAvailable message is then WO 93/15467 2 1 2 9 2 5 ~ ~ PCI'/US93/00916 transmitted from the Maker's ARB A to the MD's in its Trading Region 2 MD A1, MD A2, and to the other ARB's for eventual distribution to the MD's and MAN's of other Trading Regions.
4 Each MAN (for example, MAN A1b) also transmits a CreditUpdate message to its associated ARB (ARB A) whenever the credit status for any 6 of its potential counterparties (for example, A1a or A2a) changes from CreditAvailable to CreditNotAvailable or vice versa, which the ARB then 8 retransmits to its affected MD's and to the other affected ARB's.
The MD 's then use the information in the received CreditUpdate messages to maintain a Preauthorization Matrix PM such as that shown in Fig 6. The rows and columns of the matrix PM are associated with the 12 various Trading Floors Ala, Alb, A2a, etc (including any Floors in otherTrading Regions) and for each ordered pair of Trading Floors {TFj,TFj}
14 contains an indication as to whether TFj, has extended any credit to TFj. In the depicted example, credit exists on a bilateral basis between TFA1 and 16 TFA2, no credit exists between TFA1 and TFB1, and credit has been extended unilaterally from TFA2 to TFB1, but not vice versa (as indicated 18 by the "1" at the intersection of row TFB1 with column TFA2 and the "0"
at the corresponding intersection of column TFB1 with row TFA2). From the main diagonal of the matrix it can be seen that only TFA2 permits its own traders to trade between themselves, as indicated by the "1" at the 22 intersection of row TFA2 with column TFA2. Preferably, each MD only maintains a partial Preauthorization Matrix containing data only regarding 24 credit extended from or to its associated MAN's to the other potential counterparties (MAN's) in the system. Thus, as indicated in Fig 6 by cross 26 hatching, some of the matrix entries may be blank.
The MD's use the QuoteAvailable messages to update their own 28 ordered lists of available bids and offers; these ordered lists and the above-described Preauthorization Matrix are then used by the MD to calculate separate Dealable prices for each Trading Floor which are transmitted as MarketView messages to the affected MAN's, as will be 32 described in more detail hereinafter with reference to Fig 7. In addition, the ~9250 MD's and/or ARB's use a similar procedure to identify which quotes from 2 which trading floors are "Red Dealable" or "Joined" or "Bettered": A quote is "Red Dealable" only if it is the basis (best in price and time of the bids or4 offers originating from trading floors with which bilateral credit is still available) for a "Dealable" price displayed at one or more trading floors; once 6 the "Red Dealable" quotes have been identified, the other quotes may be readily categorized as either "Joined" (if not first in time) or "Bettered" (if 8 not best in price).
The actual deal is executed using a known two-stage commitment logging process (not shown) in which DealVerify and DealVerifyOk messages are logged by and transmitted from the Maker's MAN to the 12 Taker's MAN and vice versa, after each MAN has verified that the other party to the deal has been extended sufficient credit by the Man's 14 associated Trading Floor to cover the full deal quantity (otherwise the deal is aborted or is cut back in quantity). As an additional precaution, the 16 Maker's MAN also checks that the quote has not been interrupted and that the WS from which the quote originated is still on-line, before any 18 DealVerify or DealVerifyOk message is transmitted to the other Trading Floor (equivalently, each WS involved could perform its own logging and communicate directly with the other WS; however, this would complicate any subsequent automated deal recovery or rollback). A suitable logging, 22 verification, and recovery/rollback process is disclosed in further detail in the commonly assigned US patent No. 5,305,200 entitled "FINANCIAL
UNACKNOWLEDGED ORDERS". In any event, it should be understood that 26 each ARB also maintains a log of potential matches which have not yet been verified or canceled by the affected MAN's, and that if these potential 28 matches are not resolved within a predetermined time period, a similar automated rollback/recovery process can update the ARB's log on the basis of the logs maintained by the affected MAN's (for example, the match may be automatically canceled (rolled back) if either MAN does not have a WO 93/15467 PCl'/US93/00916 corresponding entry in its respective log).
2 Fig 7 sets forth a possible implementation of how the MD computes a Dealable bid for a particular currency currently available to a particular 4 Trading Floor, which may then be transmitted in the form of a MarketViewmessage to that Trading Floor. Preferably, in order to avoid the transmission 6 of redundant information and consequent excessive loading of the communication network, these MarketView messages are transmitted to a 8 particular MAN only in response to a change in the Dealable price for the associated Trading Floor. Moreover, it may be more efficient to transmit information only for those active currency pairs which the Trading Floor's MAN has previously identified to its MD in an ActiveCurrencyPair message.
12 As indicated symbolically in Fig 7 at block 100, the MD first selects the particular Trading Floor and Currency Pair for which the Dealable bid and 14 offer price is to be computed (Fig 7 shows only the computation of the Dealable bid price; a similar computation is then performed for the Dealable 16 offer price before a new Trading Floor and/or Currency is selected). The MD
then resets (block 102) the counters, registers and flags (i, P, Q, S) it will 18 use in the computation of the Dealable price P.
What follows is a ioop controlled by counter i, which points to the entries in the particular ordered Quote List associated with the Currency Pair and transaction type (bid or offer) then being processed, and which is 22 incremented at the beginning of the loop (block 104). If the end of the Quote List has already been reached (Yes branch from decision block 106), 24 the current values of the price P and the associated Small flag S are transmitted to the Trading Floor TF, together with an indication of the 26 current Currency Pair CP (as previously noted, no such transmission is required if the price and Small flag for that Currency Pair to that Trading 28 Floor are unchanged). However, if the end of the Quote List has not already been reached (No branch from decision block 106) the next quote is then read (block 110) and the relevant entries in the Preauthorization Matrix for the current Trading Floor (TF) and the Maker of the current quote (Mi) are 32 then checked to determine if any previously extended credit has already been exhausted (decision blocks 1 12, 1 14). If either entry is "0" (indicating 2 no credit available) control passes to the beginning of the loop (block 104), for processing of any remaining quotes in the applicable list.
4 However, if both relevant entries of the Preauthorization Matrix are "1" (indicating at least some credit is available on a bilateral basis between 6 the current Trading Floor TF and the Maker Mj from which the current quote Qj originated), the price Pi associated with quote Qj is loaded into the price 8 register P, and the associated Available Quantity Qj is added to the contents of the Quantity register Q (block 116), which is then tested (decision block 118) to determine if at least a predetermined minimum quantity (eg, 5) is available to the current Trading Floor TF; otherwise control passes to the 12 beginning of the loop ~lock 102) and the process is repeated.
Assuming that the predetermined minimum quantity is available (Yes 14 branch from block 118), the Small flag is reset to 0, and control passes to block 108, whereby the Dealable price is transmitted and the process is 1 6 repeated.
It will be understood that the above assumes that a regular dealable 18 price may be based on a potential composite deal which is based only on quotes for a small size of the currency in question and that a small dealable price is to be displayed only if such a regular dealable price is not available from any qualified counterparty or combination of qualified counterparties;
22 if as mentioned previously it is desired to display only regular dealable prices from a single source and/or to give each trader the option of displaying 24 either the Best Dealable price or the Regular Dealable price, then it may be necessary to scan the available quotes twice (once for the best available 26 regular sized quote, once for the best available quote regardless of size) and/or to maintain separate registers for Best and Regular sized prices.
28 By using more than one MD each in the form of a dedicated computer, the computation of Dealable prices is distributed among several computers and is free from interruption by other unrelated tasks. Moreover, only a minimum amount of essential information is transmitted to the MD
32 from its ARB, and from the MD to its MAN's. Thus even in a fast moving WO 93/15467 2 1 2 !) 2 50 PCI/US93/00916 market, it should be possible to provide current Dealable price informatlon 2 to each Trading Floor. However, if an MD is responsible for distributing Dealable prices to more than two Trading Floors, it may be preferable to use 4 a conventional pseudorandom generator to select the next Trading Floor, thus avoiding any bias inherent in the sequence in which the Dealable price 6 information is computed and distributed.
As mentioned previously, the MD could, at the same time it reviews 8 the ordered list of available quotes, also identify any quote which qualifies as " Red Dealable" or "Joined" and transmit a corresponding HitAlert message to the Maker's MAN (possibly via the Taker's ARB and the Maker's ARB). Alternatively, each ARB could repeat the process of Fig 7 for each 12 trading floor in the entire trading system, which would require more computational resources but fewer communication resources. In particular, 14 such an alternate embodiment, as shown in Fig 5, would require at most only one HitAlert message for each bid or offer (to the Maker's MAN from 16 the Maker's own ARB).
Claims (30)
1. A trading system for trading of financial instruments between traders trading at a plurality of trading floors, said system comprising a communication network (Fig 1) for transmitting electronic messages, a plurality of trader terminals (WS) each associated with a respective one of said trading floors and connected to the communication network, for generating electronic price quotation messages (QuoteSubmit, Fig 3) including bid prices, offer prices or both bid prices and offer prices (Fig 3, 46,48), and communicating selected bid and offer price information (Fig 2, 24,26) based on price quotation messages (MarketView, Fig. 2) originating from other said trading floors and received over the communication network, credit limit administration means (MAN, ARB) connected to the communication network, for determining whether a predetermined level of credit is currently respectively available (CreditUpdate) from each trading floor to each of the other trading floors, and dealable price distribution means (MD) connected to said communication network and responsive to said price quotation messages (CreditUpdate) as well as to said credit limit administration means (MAN, ARB) for transmitting dealable price messages (MarketView) to the terminals (WS A1b1, WS A1b2) of at least one particular trading floor (MAN A1b), said dealable price messages (MarketView) being derived only from price quotation messages (QuoteSubmit) from those trading floors (MAN A1a) for which said credit administration means (ARB A, MAN A1a, MAN A1b) indicates said predetermined level of credit is currently available on a bilateral basis both from and to said particular trading floor.
2. The trading system of claim 1, wherein said selected price information (QuoteSubmit) communicated by the terminal at said particular trading floor comprises dealable price information (MarketView).
3. The trading system of claim 2, wherein said dealable price information (24,26) comprises the best price for a predetermined quantity ($5m) available from any of said trading floors (MAN) with which bilateral credit currently exists.
4. The trading system of claim 3, wherein said dealable price information (24,26) is the best price for said predetermined quantity ($5m) available as a single quote from a single one of said trading floors (MAN) with which bilateral credit currently exists.
5. The trading system of claim 3, wherein said dealable price information (24,26) is determined from the best prices for said predetermined quantity ($5m) available on a composite price based on a plurality of quotes from one or more of said trading floors (MAN) with which bilateral credit currently exists.
6. The trading system of claim 3, wherein said dealable price information further comprises the best price (24,26) for any quantity (28) available from at least one of said trading floors with which bilateral credit currently exists.
7. The trading system of claim 6, wherein trades are possible for a small quantity (28) less than said predetermined quantity, and said trading terminals (Fig 2) display a price (24,26) applicable only to a small, but otherwise dealable, quantity when said predetermined quantity is not available to an associated trading floor.
8. The trading system of claim 1, wherein said dealable price information is communicated in the form of a visible display (Fig 2).
9. The trading system of claim 1, wherein said dealable price information is communicated to at least one of the traders in the form of vocalized text.
10. The trading system of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of access nodes (MAN) connected to the communication network, including a first access node (MAN A) associated only with a first trading floor and a second access node (MAN B) associated only with a second trading floor, for maintaining a record of all trades executed on behalf of an associated trading floor, and one or more distribution nodes (MD) connected to the communication network, wherein said access nodes (MAN) collectively comprise said credit limit administration means, said distribution nodes (MD) collectively comprise said dealable price distribution means, said access nodes transmit over the communication network to said distributor nodes credit update messages (CreditUpdate) which indicate whether said predetermined level of credit is currently available from one trading floor to another trading floor without indicating the extent of any credit currently remaining above said predetermined level, said dealable price distribution means maintains at each of said distribution nodes an ordered list (110) of at least those of said price quotation messages (QuoteSubmit) which are not yet withdrawn or reserved and a preauthorization matrix (PM, Fig 6) whose individual entries collectively indicate whether or not said predetermined level of credit is available on a reciprocal basis between each of its respective trading floors and each of said plurality of trading floors, said dealable price information (108) is transmitted from each said distribution node to one or more of said access nodes for eventual transmission to associated ones of said terminals (WS), each said access node (MAN) is located on the premises of a respective trading floor (TF) and contains only credit information originating with said respective trading floor, said credit limit administration means transmits an electronic credit update message (CreditUpdate) to said distribution nodes (MD) whenever a predetermined minimum level of credit becomes available or is no longer available to a particular said trading floor, and said credit update message does not specify the amount of credit available.
11. The trading system of claim 10, wherein those quotes which are for a price not worse than a particular said dealable price and which originate from a trading floor which has bilateral credit available with the trading floorassociated with said particular dealable price are identified as "dealable quotes".
12. The trading system of claim 11, wherein the record of executed trades maintained by each access node is used to automatically recover or rollback pending transactions which have been identified by another node as potential trades but which have not yet been fully executed or canceled.
13. The trading system of claim 10, wherein said price quotation message (QuoteSubmit) includes designation of the trading floor (TF) from which the quotation originates, said trading floor (TF) is used by said each distribution node (MD) in deriving said dealable price messages (MarketView), and said dealable price message does not include any designation of the trader or trading floor from which the quotation originates, when received by any said market access node (MAN) or trader terminal (WS).
14. The trading system of claim 10, wherein said current credit limit is derived from a predetermined maximum trade volume and the actual cumulative trade volume between said associated trading floor and one other trading floor dealing in a plurality of types of financial instruments.
15. The trading system of claim 14, wherein said current credit limit is a combined limit applicable to a plurality of related trading floors.
16. Apparatus for managing trades of financial instruments between three or more geographically separated trading floors, the apparatus comprising:
(a) a plurality of floor computer systems, each of the floor computer systems comprising at least one computer terminal (WS), one of the floor computer systems associated with, each of the geographically separated trading floors;
(b) a management computer system (MD,ARB) for distributing dealable price information to the floor computer systems;
(c) a communication network connecting the plurality of floor computer systems to the management computer system, the communication network comprising links whereby each of the floor computer systems can send electronic messages to and receive electronic messages from the management computer system (MD,ARB);
(d) a computer memory associated with the management computer system, the memory having stored therein an array of pre-authorization information, the array comprising a plurality of entries, the entries representing the availability of credit between pairs of the trading floors;
(e) computer software on the floor computer systems for sending credit update electronic message comprising new pre-authorization information to the management computer system;
(f) computer software on the management computer system for receiving the credit update electronic messages and storing the pre-authorization information in the array in the memory;
(g) computer software on the floor computer systems for sending to the management computer system quotation electronic messages comprising quotations for buying, selling, or both buying and selling a financial instrument;
(h) computer software on the management computer system for receiving the quotation electronic messages from the floor computer systems and storing the quotation information from the quotation electronic messages, and source information identifying which one of the floor computer systems originated each of the quotation electronic messages, in a list in the memory in the management computer system; and, (i) computer software on the management computer system for reading the list and the array, calculating dealable price information for each of the trading floors from the information in the list and the array by selecting one or more of the quotations from the list for which the source information identifies another trading floor with which the pre-authorization information indicates the trading floor has bilateral credit, and sending a dealable price electronic message to the floor computer system associated with the trading floor, the dealable price electronic message comprising the quotation information but not including the source information.
(a) a plurality of floor computer systems, each of the floor computer systems comprising at least one computer terminal (WS), one of the floor computer systems associated with, each of the geographically separated trading floors;
(b) a management computer system (MD,ARB) for distributing dealable price information to the floor computer systems;
(c) a communication network connecting the plurality of floor computer systems to the management computer system, the communication network comprising links whereby each of the floor computer systems can send electronic messages to and receive electronic messages from the management computer system (MD,ARB);
(d) a computer memory associated with the management computer system, the memory having stored therein an array of pre-authorization information, the array comprising a plurality of entries, the entries representing the availability of credit between pairs of the trading floors;
(e) computer software on the floor computer systems for sending credit update electronic message comprising new pre-authorization information to the management computer system;
(f) computer software on the management computer system for receiving the credit update electronic messages and storing the pre-authorization information in the array in the memory;
(g) computer software on the floor computer systems for sending to the management computer system quotation electronic messages comprising quotations for buying, selling, or both buying and selling a financial instrument;
(h) computer software on the management computer system for receiving the quotation electronic messages from the floor computer systems and storing the quotation information from the quotation electronic messages, and source information identifying which one of the floor computer systems originated each of the quotation electronic messages, in a list in the memory in the management computer system; and, (i) computer software on the management computer system for reading the list and the array, calculating dealable price information for each of the trading floors from the information in the list and the array by selecting one or more of the quotations from the list for which the source information identifies another trading floor with which the pre-authorization information indicates the trading floor has bilateral credit, and sending a dealable price electronic message to the floor computer system associated with the trading floor, the dealable price electronic message comprising the quotation information but not including the source information.
17. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein each of the respective floor computer systems comprises a computer memory storing credit information originating from the respective floor computer system, the credit information comprising the level of credit available from the respective floor to other ones of the trading floors and the computer software on the floor computer systems for sending credit update electronic messages comprising new pre-authorization information sends the credit update electronic messages to themanagement computer system whenever the stored credit information indicates that a predetermined minimum level of credit has become available or is no longer available to a particular one of the trading floors.
18. A computerized trading method for trading of financial instruments between traders trading at respective trading floors, said method comprising generating electronic price quotation messages including bid and/or offer prices for a particular financial instrument from one or more of the trading floors, automatically administering credit on a unilateral basis from each of the trading floors to the other trading floors, automatically deriving a respective dealable price message for said particular financial instrument only from price quotation messages from those other trading floors for which bilateral credit currently remains both from and to a particular trading floor, and automatically communicating said dealable price message on an anonymous basis to a trader at said particular trading floor without disclosing the origin of the price quotation messages from which the dealable price message was derived.
19. The computerized trading method of claim 18, wherein said dealable price message is communicated by displaying it at a terminal on said particular trading floor.
20. The computerized trading method of claim 18, wherein said dealable price message is communicated in the form of vocalized text.
21. The computerized trading method of claim 18, wherein said dealable price message comprises a dealable price which is the best price currently available to the particular trading floor from said other trading floors with which bilateral credit currently remains.
22. The computerized trading method of claim 21, wherein said dealable price is available as a single quote from a single one of said other trading floors with which said bilateral credit currently remains.
23. The computerized trading method of claim 21, wherein said dealable price is a regular dealable price for a predetermined quantity and is based on a plurality of quotes from one or more of said other trading floors with which said bilateral credit currently remains.
24. The computerized trading method of claim 23, wherein said dealable price message also comprises a small dealable price applicable only to a quantity less than said predetermined quantity.
25. The computerized trading method of claim 21 wherein a quote for a price that is not worse than said dealable price and that originates from an originating trading floor which has bilateral credit with said particular trading floor, is identified on a terminal of the originating trading floor as a "dealable quote".
26. The computerized trading method of claim 18, wherein said unilateral credit is maintained at an access node of said network in the form of a confidential credit data base containing an initial unilateral credit limit and any remaining unilateral credit currently available from the particular trading floor to the other trading floor, said credit data base is accessible only by said particular trading floor, said access node is located on the premises of said particular trading floor and does not contain credit data originating from any other trading floor, bilateral credit is considered as currently existing between any two trading floors if at least a predetermined level of remaining unilateral credit is currently available from each of the two trading floors to the other trading floor, the dealable price message is generated at a distribution node of said network that is remote from said access node and that does not have access to any data reflecting any remaining unilateral credit in excess of said predetermined level, said access node transmits an electronic credit update message to said distribution node whenever said predetermined minimum level of unilateral credit becomes available or becomes unavailable from the particular trading floor to the other trading floor.
27. The computerized trading method of claim 26, wherein a record of executed trades maintained by each access node is used both to generate said credit update messages and to automatically recover or rollback pending transactions which have been identified by another node as potential trades but which have not yet been fully executed or canceled.
28. The computerized trading method of claim 26, wherein said price quotation message includes a designation of the trading floor from which the quotation originates, said designation is used by said each distribution node in deriving said dealable price messages, and said dealable price message does not include any designation of the trader or trading floor from which the quotation originates.
29. The computerized trading method of claim 26, wherein said remaining unilateral credit from a first trading floor to a second trading floor is derived from a predetermined initial credit limit extended from said first trading floorto said second trading floor and the actual cumulative trade volume between said first and second trading floors for a plurality of types of financial instruments including but not limited to said particular financial instrument.
30. The computerized trading method of claim 26, wherein said remaining unilateral credit is established on behalf of a plurality of related trading floors constituting a common credit facility and is derived from a predetermined initial credit limit extended from the common credit facility to a particular group of trading floors.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/830,408 US5375055A (en) | 1992-02-03 | 1992-02-03 | Credit management for electronic brokerage system |
| US07/830,408 | 1992-02-03 | ||
| PCT/US1993/000916 WO1993015467A1 (en) | 1992-02-03 | 1993-02-02 | Credit management for electronic brokerage system |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2129250A1 CA2129250A1 (en) | 1993-08-05 |
| CA2129250C true CA2129250C (en) | 1999-06-08 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002129250A Expired - Lifetime CA2129250C (en) | 1992-02-03 | 1993-02-02 | Credit management for electronic brokerage system |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US5375055A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0625275B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2768828B2 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE151899T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU658490B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2129250C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69309905T2 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK0625275T3 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2103467T3 (en) |
| HK (1) | HK1007354A1 (en) |
| SG (1) | SG46664A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1993015467A1 (en) |
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1992
- 1992-02-03 US US07/830,408 patent/US5375055A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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1993
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- 1993-02-02 DK DK93904823.7T patent/DK0625275T3/en active
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- 1993-02-02 ES ES93904823T patent/ES2103467T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-02-02 CA CA002129250A patent/CA2129250C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-02-02 SG SG1996007621A patent/SG46664A1/en unknown
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- 1993-02-02 JP JP5513493A patent/JP2768828B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-02-02 AU AU36054/93A patent/AU658490B2/en not_active Expired
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| US5375055A (en) | 1994-12-20 |
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| EP0625275A1 (en) | 1994-11-23 |
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