CA2153048A1 - Process for producing nanoscale ceramic powders - Google Patents
Process for producing nanoscale ceramic powdersInfo
- Publication number
- CA2153048A1 CA2153048A1 CA2153048A CA2153048A CA2153048A1 CA 2153048 A1 CA2153048 A1 CA 2153048A1 CA 2153048 A CA2153048 A CA 2153048A CA 2153048 A CA2153048 A CA 2153048A CA 2153048 A1 CA2153048 A1 CA 2153048A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- ceramic powders
- nanoscale ceramic
- producing nanoscale
- ceramic
- organic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/14—Methods for preparing oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/18—Methods for preparing oxides or hydroxides in general by thermal decomposition of compounds, e.g. of salts or hydroxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/14—Methods for preparing oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/18—Methods for preparing oxides or hydroxides in general by thermal decomposition of compounds, e.g. of salts or hydroxides
- C01B13/185—Preparing mixtures of oxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/14—Methods for preparing oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/20—Methods for preparing oxides or hydroxides in general by oxidation of elements in the gaseous state; by oxidation or hydrolysis of compounds in the gaseous state
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/14—Methods for preparing oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/20—Methods for preparing oxides or hydroxides in general by oxidation of elements in the gaseous state; by oxidation or hydrolysis of compounds in the gaseous state
- C01B13/22—Methods for preparing oxides or hydroxides in general by oxidation of elements in the gaseous state; by oxidation or hydrolysis of compounds in the gaseous state of halides or oxyhalides
- C01B13/24—Methods for preparing oxides or hydroxides in general by oxidation of elements in the gaseous state; by oxidation or hydrolysis of compounds in the gaseous state of halides or oxyhalides in the presence of hot combustion gases
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/14—Methods for preparing oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/34—Methods for preparing oxides or hydroxides in general by oxidation or hydrolysis of sprayed or atomised solutions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G25/00—Compounds of zirconium
- C01G25/02—Oxides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2219/0015—Controlling the temperature by thermal insulation means
- B01J2219/00155—Controlling the temperature by thermal insulation means using insulating materials or refractories
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2219/00157—Controlling the temperature by means of a burner
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00164—Controlling or regulating processes controlling the flow
- B01J2219/00166—Controlling or regulating processes controlling the flow controlling the residence time inside the reactor vessel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
- C01P2004/04—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by TEM, STEM, STM or AFM
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/30—Particle morphology extending in three dimensions
- C01P2004/32—Spheres
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/50—Agglomerated particles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/51—Particles with a specific particle size distribution
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/64—Nanometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 nanometer
Abstract
Submicron sized ceramic particles are produced by combining a ceramic precursor with an organic or carbonaceous carrier material, and exposing droplets of the mixture to a temperature sufficient to cause of the organic material and subsequent vaporization and nucleation, or diffusion and oxidation, of the ceramic precursor to form pure, crystalline, uniform nanophase ceramic particles.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US007,149 | 1993-01-21 | ||
US08/007,149 US5358695A (en) | 1993-01-21 | 1993-01-21 | Process for producing nanoscale ceramic powders |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2153048A1 true CA2153048A1 (en) | 1994-08-04 |
CA2153048C CA2153048C (en) | 1999-02-02 |
Family
ID=21724499
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA002153048A Expired - Lifetime CA2153048C (en) | 1993-01-21 | 1994-01-19 | Process for producing nanoscale ceramic powders |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5358695A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0680454B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH08506080A (en) |
AU (1) | AU6125694A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2153048C (en) |
DE (1) | DE69401001T2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1994016989A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (80)
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US5958361A (en) * | 1993-03-19 | 1999-09-28 | Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Ultrafine metal oxide powders by flame spray pyrolysis |
EP0703188B1 (en) * | 1994-09-22 | 1999-03-31 | Asea Brown Boveri Ag | Method of producing a mixed metal oxide powder and mixed metal oxide powder produced according to the method |
US6524548B1 (en) | 1994-12-17 | 2003-02-25 | Degussa Ag | Zirconium dioxide powder, method of its production and use |
US5698483A (en) * | 1995-03-17 | 1997-12-16 | Institute Of Gas Technology | Process for preparing nanosized powder |
US5874374A (en) * | 1995-03-17 | 1999-02-23 | Institute Of Gas Technology | Method for producing engineered materials from salt/polymer aqueous solutions |
JP3409294B2 (en) * | 1996-01-25 | 2003-05-26 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | Method for producing oxide powder |
JPH09320603A (en) * | 1996-03-28 | 1997-12-12 | Aichi Steel Works Ltd | Manufacture of pulverized active material for lithium secondary battery |
US5833892A (en) * | 1996-07-12 | 1998-11-10 | Kemira Pigments, Inc. | Formation of TiO2 pigment by spray calcination |
US6832735B2 (en) * | 2002-01-03 | 2004-12-21 | Nanoproducts Corporation | Post-processed nanoscale powders and method for such post-processing |
JP2001504753A (en) * | 1996-11-04 | 2001-04-10 | マテリアルズ モディフィケーション,インコーポレイティド | Microwave plasma chemical synthesis of ultrafine powder |
DE19647037A1 (en) * | 1996-11-14 | 1998-05-28 | Degussa | Spherical color pigments, process for their preparation and their use |
GB2319253A (en) * | 1996-11-16 | 1998-05-20 | Eric Leigh Mayes | Composition, for use in a device, comprising a magnetic layer of domain-separated magnetic particles |
US6338809B1 (en) | 1997-02-24 | 2002-01-15 | Superior Micropowders Llc | Aerosol method and apparatus, particulate products, and electronic devices made therefrom |
US5958348A (en) * | 1997-02-28 | 1999-09-28 | Nanogram Corporation | Efficient production of particles by chemical reaction |
US6068828A (en) * | 1997-06-13 | 2000-05-30 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | Zirconia powder, method for producing the same, and zirconia ceramics using the same |
US6106798A (en) * | 1997-07-21 | 2000-08-22 | Nanogram Corporation | Vanadium oxide nanoparticles |
US6387531B1 (en) | 1998-07-27 | 2002-05-14 | Nanogram Corporation | Metal (silicon) oxide/carbon composite particles |
US20090255189A1 (en) * | 1998-08-19 | 2009-10-15 | Nanogram Corporation | Aluminum oxide particles |
US6099798A (en) * | 1997-10-31 | 2000-08-08 | Nanogram Corp. | Ultraviolet light block and photocatalytic materials |
US7384680B2 (en) * | 1997-07-21 | 2008-06-10 | Nanogram Corporation | Nanoparticle-based power coatings and corresponding structures |
US6290735B1 (en) | 1997-10-31 | 2001-09-18 | Nanogram Corporation | Abrasive particles for surface polishing |
US6506493B1 (en) * | 1998-11-09 | 2003-01-14 | Nanogram Corporation | Metal oxide particles |
US6849334B2 (en) * | 2001-08-17 | 2005-02-01 | Neophotonics Corporation | Optical materials and optical devices |
US6919054B2 (en) * | 2002-04-10 | 2005-07-19 | Neophotonics Corporation | Reactant nozzles within flowing reactors |
US20010051118A1 (en) * | 1999-07-21 | 2001-12-13 | Ronald J. Mosso | Particle production apparatus |
US6165553A (en) * | 1998-08-26 | 2000-12-26 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Method of fabricating ceramic membranes |
US5938979A (en) * | 1997-10-31 | 1999-08-17 | Nanogram Corporation | Electromagnetic shielding |
US5863468A (en) * | 1997-10-31 | 1999-01-26 | Raychem Corporation | Preparation of calcined ceramic powders |
US6139814A (en) * | 1997-11-10 | 2000-10-31 | Ford Global Technologies, Inc. | Thermally stable, high-surface-area metal oxides made by organic templating |
US6360562B1 (en) * | 1998-02-24 | 2002-03-26 | Superior Micropowders Llc | Methods for producing glass powders |
DE19811790A1 (en) * | 1998-03-18 | 1999-09-23 | Bayer Ag | Transparent paint binders containing nanoparticles with improved scratch resistance, a process for their preparation and their use |
US6000241A (en) * | 1998-08-26 | 1999-12-14 | Particle Technology, Inc. | Process for making barium containing silicate glass powders |
KR20020004959A (en) | 1999-03-10 | 2002-01-16 | 캠베 노부유키 | Zinc oxide particles |
DE19936868A1 (en) * | 1999-08-05 | 2001-02-15 | Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh | Method and device for producing oxidic nanocrystals |
US6887566B1 (en) * | 1999-11-17 | 2005-05-03 | Cabot Corporation | Ceria composition and process for preparing same |
US20020032123A1 (en) * | 2000-02-23 | 2002-03-14 | Ford Global Technologies, Inc. | Exhaust gas catalyst and method of manufacturing same |
US20010036437A1 (en) * | 2000-04-03 | 2001-11-01 | Andreas Gutsch | Nanoscale pyrogenic oxides |
EP1142830A1 (en) * | 2000-04-03 | 2001-10-10 | Degussa AG | Nano-sized pyrogenic oxides, process for their preparation and their use |
US6494932B1 (en) * | 2000-06-06 | 2002-12-17 | Birch Mountain Resources, Ltd. | Recovery of natural nanoclusters and the nanoclusters isolated thereby |
US6674047B1 (en) | 2000-11-13 | 2004-01-06 | Concept Alloys, L.L.C. | Wire electrode with core of multiplex composite powder, its method of manufacture and use |
US6513728B1 (en) | 2000-11-13 | 2003-02-04 | Concept Alloys, L.L.C. | Thermal spray apparatus and method having a wire electrode with core of multiplex composite powder its method of manufacture and use |
US6428596B1 (en) | 2000-11-13 | 2002-08-06 | Concept Alloys, L.L.C. | Multiplex composite powder used in a core for thermal spraying and welding, its method of manufacture and use |
US6398125B1 (en) * | 2001-02-10 | 2002-06-04 | Nanotek Instruments, Inc. | Process and apparatus for the production of nanometer-sized powders |
AU2002324420A1 (en) * | 2001-02-12 | 2002-12-23 | Elena Mardilovich | Precursors of engineered powders |
US20060248982A1 (en) * | 2001-02-20 | 2006-11-09 | Nanoproducts Corp. | Nanomaterials manufacturing methods and products thereof |
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US6984261B2 (en) | 2003-02-05 | 2006-01-10 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Use of ceramics in dental and orthodontic applications |
JP4928273B2 (en) * | 2004-01-23 | 2012-05-09 | ベリー スモール パーティクル コンパニー リミテッド | Method for producing porous composite oxide |
US7444197B2 (en) | 2004-05-06 | 2008-10-28 | Smp Logic Systems Llc | Methods, systems, and software program for validation and monitoring of pharmaceutical manufacturing processes |
US7799273B2 (en) | 2004-05-06 | 2010-09-21 | Smp Logic Systems Llc | Manufacturing execution system for validation, quality and risk assessment and monitoring of pharmaceutical manufacturing processes |
GB2421031B (en) * | 2004-12-10 | 2008-03-26 | John William Carson | Improved ultra fine powders |
US20060266216A1 (en) * | 2005-05-24 | 2006-11-30 | Cabot Corporation | High-throughput powder synthesis system |
US7794521B2 (en) * | 2005-08-10 | 2010-09-14 | Directa Plus Srl | Production of chain agglomerations of nano-scale metal particles |
US20070283783A1 (en) * | 2005-08-10 | 2007-12-13 | Mercuri Robert A | Process for the production of nano-scale metal particles |
US7972761B2 (en) * | 2006-08-04 | 2011-07-05 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd. | Photoresist materials and photolithography process |
US20070283782A1 (en) * | 2005-08-10 | 2007-12-13 | Mercuri Robert A | Continuous process for the production of nano-scale metal particles |
US20070034050A1 (en) * | 2005-08-10 | 2007-02-15 | Mercuri Robert A | Process for the use of metal carbonyls for the production of nano-scale metal particles formed of non-noble metals |
CA2637618C (en) * | 2006-02-16 | 2015-03-31 | Brigham Young University | Preparation of uniform nanoparticles of ultra-high purity metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, metals, and metal alloys |
DE102006014081A1 (en) * | 2006-03-28 | 2007-10-25 | Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Gmbh | Preparing nanostructured oxide powder comprises passing a dispersion containing oxide and/or hydroxide into nebulizing device, adding the formed fog into reaction zone, and contacting the formed gas/solid material mixture into a device |
US7427577B2 (en) * | 2006-04-06 | 2008-09-23 | Nanocerox Inc | Sintered polycrystalline terbium aluminum garnet and use thereof in magneto-optical devices |
US7842200B2 (en) * | 2006-05-30 | 2010-11-30 | University Of Maryland, College Park | Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode materials |
KR100824205B1 (en) * | 2006-12-26 | 2008-04-21 | 매그나칩 반도체 유한회사 | Dmos transistor and manufacturing method thereof |
US8329251B2 (en) * | 2008-02-29 | 2012-12-11 | University Of Southern California | Method for preparing metal oxide crystalline nanoparticle films for dye sensitized solar cell photoanodes |
EP2373579A2 (en) * | 2008-12-08 | 2011-10-12 | Tisol, Llc | Multicomponent nanoparticle materials and process and apparatus therefor |
JP2012051870A (en) * | 2010-08-02 | 2012-03-15 | Asahi Organic Chemicals Industry Co Ltd | Adsorbent for oral administration, method for manufacturing the same, and drug using the same |
EP2425916B1 (en) | 2010-09-01 | 2014-11-12 | Directa Plus S.p.A. | Multiple feeder reactor for the production of nanoparticles of metal |
JP5575609B2 (en) * | 2010-11-02 | 2014-08-20 | 日本碍子株式会社 | Lead-based piezoelectric material and manufacturing method thereof |
KR101282373B1 (en) * | 2011-11-22 | 2013-07-04 | 고려대학교 산학협력단 | Couette-taylor crystallizer functioning with classifier |
US9114378B2 (en) | 2012-03-26 | 2015-08-25 | Brigham Young University | Iron and cobalt based fischer-tropsch pre-catalysts and catalysts |
US9079164B2 (en) | 2012-03-26 | 2015-07-14 | Brigham Young University | Single reaction synthesis of texturized catalysts |
US9289750B2 (en) | 2013-03-09 | 2016-03-22 | Brigham Young University | Method of making highly porous, stable aluminum oxides doped with silicon |
JP6859887B2 (en) * | 2017-07-28 | 2021-04-14 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | Method for producing transition metal composite oxide particles |
US10906105B2 (en) * | 2018-04-20 | 2021-02-02 | Raytheon Technologies Corporation | Uniformly controlled nanoscale oxide dispersion strengthened alloys |
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DE1792188A1 (en) * | 1968-08-01 | 1971-10-14 | Walter Dr Rochus | Process for the production of structured and / or finely divided metals, metal oxides with salts |
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US4801411A (en) * | 1986-06-05 | 1989-01-31 | Southwest Research Institute | Method and apparatus for producing monosize ceramic particles |
JPS63221842A (en) * | 1987-03-11 | 1988-09-14 | Nippon Steel Corp | Manufacturing method of metallic powder, metallic compound powder and ceramic powder and device thereof |
US4849140A (en) * | 1987-08-05 | 1989-07-18 | Southwest Research Institute | Method for producing monosized ceramic particle through organometallic swollen latex particles |
JPS6479005A (en) * | 1987-09-22 | 1989-03-24 | Toyota Motor Corp | Production of superfine oxide powder |
US4783214A (en) * | 1988-02-29 | 1988-11-08 | Gte Products Corporation | Low oxygen content fine shperical particles and process for producing same by fluid energy milling and high temperature processing |
FR2628665A1 (en) * | 1988-03-16 | 1989-09-22 | Rhone Poulenc Chimie | Compsn. for prepn. of oxide type mineral powder - comprises polymeric matrix contg. dispersed (in)organic species |
US5124091A (en) * | 1989-04-10 | 1992-06-23 | Gte Products Corporation | Process for producing fine powders by hot substrate microatomization |
DE3916643C1 (en) * | 1989-05-22 | 1991-01-03 | Merck Patent Gmbh, 6100 Darmstadt, De | |
US5061682A (en) * | 1990-01-17 | 1991-10-29 | The Washington Technology Center | Ceramic precursor mixture and technique for converting the same to ceramic |
-
1993
- 1993-01-21 US US08/007,149 patent/US5358695A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1994
- 1994-01-19 JP JP6517189A patent/JPH08506080A/en active Pending
- 1994-01-19 EP EP94907848A patent/EP0680454B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-01-19 AU AU61256/94A patent/AU6125694A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-01-19 WO PCT/US1994/000735 patent/WO1994016989A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1994-01-19 CA CA002153048A patent/CA2153048C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-01-19 DE DE69401001T patent/DE69401001T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0680454A1 (en) | 1995-11-08 |
DE69401001T2 (en) | 1997-06-26 |
WO1994016989A1 (en) | 1994-08-04 |
AU6125694A (en) | 1994-08-15 |
DE69401001D1 (en) | 1997-01-09 |
US5358695A (en) | 1994-10-25 |
JPH08506080A (en) | 1996-07-02 |
EP0680454B1 (en) | 1996-11-27 |
CA2153048C (en) | 1999-02-02 |
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