CA2164321C - Plasma-like solution - Google Patents

Abstract

Aqueous solutions comprising a polysaccharide oncotic agent, a physiological ly compatible buffer, a simple hexose sugar, dissolved chloride salts of calcium, sodium and maguesium, and a dissolved organic sal t of sodium are disclosed. The solutions are effective s ubstitutes for blood and may be used to preserve the biological integrity of the organs of a mammalian donor organism as shown by superior anat omical integrity of cryopreserved organs and tissues of subjects perfused with the solution. The solutions may be used for maintaining a pa rtially or substantially completely exsanguinated subject at normal temperatures and at temperatures substantially below those normally main tained by a mammal and may be used in conjunction with hypobaric environments to ma intain such partially or completed exsanguinated subject s alive without infusing blood back into the subject.

Description

W094/28950 f~ fi ~ 3 2 1 PcT~sg4m6279 PLASMA-LIKE SOLUTION

Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to the field of aqueous solutions such as plasma-like solutions used to perfuse a living subject in need of perfusion and which act as effective substitutes for blood. The invention also relates to methods of preserving the 10 biological integrity of the organs of a m~mm~l ian donor organism (as shown by superior anatomical integrity of cryopreserved organs and tissues of subjects perfused with the solution of the invention) and to methods of maintaining a partially or substantially completely 15 exsanguinated subject at temperatures substantially below those normally maintained by a m~mm~l, Backqround of the Invention Two clinically applied preservation methods for organs are known: (1) initial perfusion for about 5 min 20 with subsequent cold storage (20C), and (2) continuous perfusion using solutions containing albumin or plasma.
Many of the solutions used for initial perfusion with subsequent cold storage are based on the solutions of Collins et al. (1969) Lancet 2:1219 and Sacks et.a.

W094/28950 PCT~S94/06279 ~16~

(1973) Lancet 1:1024. Ross et al. (1976) Transplantation 21:498 compared canine renal preservation following flushing and storage for 72 hours in various solutions.
It was found that only kidneys preserved in a hypertonic 5 citrate (HC) solution (comprising in part 80 mM K+, 55 mM
citrate, 400 mOsmol/kg, pH 7.1) survived after 72 hours.
The Collins and Sacks solutions in part contained 115-126 mM K+, 290-430 mOsmol/kg, pH 7.0-7.3. Wall et al. (1977) Transplantation 23:210 reports the hypothermic 10 preservation of human livers for up to about 4 hours in a solution in part comprising 250 mg dextrose, and 15 mEq potassium phosphate. Bishop ~ Ross (1978) Transplantation 25:235 reported that renal function was preserved best in the HC solution of Ross et al. (1976) 15 suPra, rather than other available solutions. Fischer et al. (1985) Transplantation 39:122 found a new preservation solution for hypothermic ischemic storage (comprising in part 110 mM Nat, 115 mM K+, 400 mOsm/kg, solvent D20, 110 mM HEPES) to be superior to other 20 solutions in clinical use, including Collins, Sacks, and HC.
Among the solutions used for continuous organ perfusion, Belzer et al. (1985) Transplantation 39:118 reported a newly developed solution which preserved renal 25 function when kidneys were perfused for 48 hours and stored for 24 hours (comprising in part 80 mM sodium gluconate, 22 mEq/l K+, 128 mEq/l Na+, 4.9 mM adenosine, 10 mM HEPES, 3.0 mM glutathione, 3.75 g~ albumin, pH
7.45). Kallerhoff et al. (1985) Transplantation 39:485 30 ~m; ned the effect of temperature on pH of organs continuously perfused with two different solutions (Euro-Collins: 10 mM Na+, 115 mM K+, 198 mM glucose, 406 mOsm/L, pH 7.2 at 20OC; HTK: 15 mM Na+, 10 mM K+, 2.0 mM
tryptophan, 180 mM histidine, 30 mM mannitol, 310 mOsm/L, 35 pH 7.3 at 8OC). At incubation temperatures between 50C-wog4e89so ~1~ g 3 21 PCT~S94/~6279 350C, HTK solution maintained pH at consistently highervalues than Euro-Collins solution.
Klebanoff & Phillips (1969) Cryobiology 6:121 describe hypothermic asanguinous perfusion of dogs 5 perfused with buffered Ringer's lactate at 7.1 to 16C.
Segall et al. (U. S. Patent No. 4,923,442) describe a blood substitute capable of maintaining a subject and its organs at temperatures below 200C having four different solutions - a base solution, a cardioplegia-inducing 10 solution, a cardioplegia-maintaining solution, and a recovery solution. The base solution contains electrolytes in physiological concentration, a macromolecular oncotic agent, a conventional biological buffer effective at physiological pH, sugar, and K' 15 ranging from 4-5 mEq. The cardioplegia-inducing solution had a K+ concentration of 25-45 mEq; the cardioplegia-maintenance solution had a K+ concentration of 15-45 mEq;
and the recovery solution had a K' concentration of 6-10 mEq. Segall et al. (U. S. Patent No. 5,130,230) further 20 described the four-solution system, where the recovery solution contains 0-10 mEq K+.

Summary of the Invention This invention features methods of using a single solution suitable to maintain a partially or 25 substantially completely exsanguinated subject alive at normal temperatures or at temperatures substantially below those normally maintained by a m~mm~ l, generally less than 37-380C and greater than -20C, comprising a sub- and/or physiological levels of K+ and Mg'+; physiolo-30 gical Ma', Ca'', Cl-; a macromolecular oncotic agent; an organic carboxylic acid or salt thereof; and a sugar.
The solution of the invention may be used as a plasma extender at normal body temperature. The solution of the invention is also useful to maintain the life or W O 94/28950 ~ ~ ~ 4 3 21 PCTrUS94106279 the biological integrity of a perfused subject and/or its organs during and after exposure to profound hypothermic conditions. The solution can also be used to maintain a euthermic subject in a pressurized environment with 5 increased oxygen concentration up to 100~ 2 for time periods sufficient to permit adequate restoration of the subject's blood components.
The solution according to the invention may be used to perfuse and chill a m~mm~l ian subject to 10 temperatures profoundly hypothermic to the subject's normal temperature. The solution can be used to maintain the subject in profound hypothermia for long periods of time, usually exceeding an hour, from which an intact subject can recover without apparent durable ill effects.
An important distinction of the solution of the present invention is that it does not require multiple solutions for it to be effectively administered to a subject for the purposes of blood substitution, or low temperature maintenance of a m~mm~l ian subject. The 20 solution of the invention may be used at all phases of plasma extension or blood substitution.
Another important distinction of the solution of the present invention is the feature of a subphysiological amount of K' at all steps of 25 administration. This requirement reduces the risk of hyperkalemia-induced heart sufficiency resulting in blood transfusion in primates and hllm~nR
Another important distinction of the solution of the present invention is the absence of a conventional 30 biological buffer. The absence of a conventional biological buffer in the solution confers the important medical advantage of allowing the solution to be terminally heat sterilized without degradation of solution components.

W094/28950 2 L 6 4 ~ 2 1 PCT~S94/06279 The solution of the present invention requires the presence of an organic carboxylic acid, salt, or short chain esters thereof. The organic carboxylic acid, salt or ester thereof is a component of the dynamic buffer 5 system of the solution able to maintain a biologically appropriate pH range when used in a m~mmAl The solution of the present invention requires the presence of a macromolecular oncotic agent sufficient to maintain physiological osmotic pressure. The 10 macromolecular oncotic agent used in the solution of the present invention may be a protein(s) or starch(es).
An advantage of the solution is that it can be used in a m~mmAlian subject during all phases of blood substitution from initial washout of the subject's blood 15 through full substitution of all or substantially all circulating blood.
A feature of the invention is that it may be used to maintain a m~mm~ 1 without blood and also during re-perfusion with blood.

20 Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the"
include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a 25 formulation~ includes mixtures of different formulations and reference to ~the method of treatment" includes reference to equivalent steps and methods known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and 30 scientific terms used herein have the same me~n;ng as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the W094/28950 PCT~S94/06279 ~G~32~

invention, the preferred methods and materials are now described. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to describe and disclose specific information for which the reference was cited in 5 connection with.
Red blood cells of primates contain high concentrations of potassium ion (K+). When primate blood is stored (as is the case with virtually all blood obtained from blood banks), even low levels of lysis of 10 the red blood cells generally result in high potassium ion concentrations. This is due to release of potassium ion from inside the lysed primate red blood cells into the plasma surrounding the cells. Accordingly, the blood will be hyperkalemic when infused. The increased 15 potassium level can be diffused if blood is infused into patients with sufficient circulating blood since the high potassium ion concentration is diluted. However, the problem increases if primate blood is transfused into a maintenance solution of the type described in U.S. Patent 20 4,924,442, which contains high concentrations of potassium. The potassium ion concentration in the transfused blood will not be diluted to safe levels. As a result, cardiac insufficiency may and frequently does occur. Hyperkalemia is also associated with tissue 25 damage resulting from burns, accidents, surgery, chemotherapy, and other physical traumas. The prior art teaches that organ preservation at low temperatures requires the presence of high potassium ion concentrations for the maintenance of tissue integrity.
The solution according to the present invention contains a subphysiological amount of potassium. Thus, the solution allows for dilution of the potassium ion concentration in stored transfused blood. As a result, high concentrations of potassium ion and potential 35 cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac insufficiency caused W094/28950 ~ 3~ PCT~S94/06279 thereby can be more easily controlled. The solution containing a subphysiological amount of potassium is also useful for purposes of blood substitution and low temperature maintenance of a subject. By "subphysiological amount of potassium" is meant between 0-5 mEq/l K+ (0-5 mM), preferably 2-3 mEq/l K' (2-3 mM).
The solution of the present invention comprises a mixture of materials which when placed in aqueous solution may be used to perfuse a subject in need 10 thereof. While the materials may be provided as a dry mixture to which water is added prior to heat sterilization, the solution is preferrably provided in the form of a sterile aqueous solution.
The solution of the present invention may be used 15 as a single solution for all phases of procedures in which a subject's blood is removed and replaced or a subject is cooled. Such phases include hemodilution or plasma extension at normal body temperatures, blood replacement and exchange at hypothermic body 20 temperatures, blood substitution at substantially hypothermic body temperatures, and subject warming.
"Hypothermic body temperatures" are defined as 4-50C
below normal body temperatures of 37-380C. In other words, a hypothermic condition may be considered to start 25 at body temperatures of about 32-350C. "Substantially hypothermic body temperatures" are defined as body temperatures just below the freezing point (-20C) to about lOoC. Therefore, the term "hypothermic body temperature" or "hypothermia" as used herein encompasses 30 body temperatures of about -2 to 30C to about 32-350C.
The solution of the present invention does not include a conventional biological buffer. By "conventional buffer" is meant a compound which in solution, in vitro, maintains pH at a particular range.
35 By "conventional biological buffer" is meant a compound W094/28950 PCT~S94/06279 216432~

which in a cell-free system maintains pH in the biological range of 7-8. Examples of conventional biological buffers include N-2-Hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-

2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid (HEPES), 3-(N-Morpholino) 5 propanesulfonic acid (MOPS), 2-([2-Hydroxy-l/l-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]amino) ethanesulfonic acid (TES),

3-[N-tris(Hydroxy-methyl)methylamino]-2-hydroxyethyl]-1-piperazinepropanesulfonic acid (EPPS), Tris[hydrolymethyl]-aminomethane (THAM), and 10 Tris[Hydroxylmethyl]methyl aminomethane (TRIS).
Conventional biological buffers function independently of normal biological processes, e.g., the conventional buffer is not metabolized in vivo, and are most potent in cell-free systems.
The solution of the present invention uses normal biological components to maintain in vivo biological pH, a concept termed a ~dynamic buffering system". The dynamic buffering system concept rests on the discovery by the inventors that compounds with no intrinsic 20 buffering capacity in the biological range, such as lactate, capable of being metabolized in vivo, act with other solution components to maintain a biologically appropriate pH in an ~n;m~l, even at hypothermic temperatures and at essentially bloodless conditions.
25 The dynamic buffering system of the present invention depends in part on oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide (C2); and allows but does not require additional bicarbonate (NaHCO3). The dynamic buffer of the invention has no or substantially no ability to act as a buffer 30 outside of a biological system, i.e., a dynamic buffer maintains pH in the biological range in vivo but not in a cell free environment. A component of the dynamic buffering system of the invention include a carboxylic acid, salt or ester thereof. What is meant by a 35 carboxylic acid, salt or ester thereof is a compound W094/289~0 ~1 6 4 3 2 1 ~ f .r PCT~S94/06279 having the general structural formula RCOOX, where R is an alkyl, alkenyl, or aryl, branched or straight chained, containing 1 to 30 carabons which carbons may be substituted, and preferably one of the carbon chains that 5 compose the carbon chain of lactate, acetate, citrate, pyruvate, or other biological metabolites; and X is hydrogen or sodium or other biologically compatible ion substituent which can attach at the oxygen position, or is a short straight or branched chain alkyl containing 1-10 4 carbons, e.g., -CH3, -CH2CH3.
As shown in Table 1, a typical conventional buffer solution (25 mM TRIS) that has an initial pH of about 7.7, and maintains a pH above 7.2 with the addition of up to 0.12 mls of a 1.25 M HCl solution. By contrast, the 15 pH of HLB solution (initial pH 7.7) drops below 7.2 with the addition of about 0.01 ml of a 1.25 M HC1 solution.
When the solution of the present invention is used as a blood substitute at hypothermic temperatures, medical grade sterile NaHCO3 is added to the heat 20 sterili~ed solution (HL solution). The solution containing NaHCO3 is called HLB solution. The buffering capacity of HLB solution relative to a conventional biological buffer in a cell-free system is shown in Table 1. Under in vivo conditions with oxygenation, HLB
25 solution is shown to maintain pH above 7.3 in temperatures ranging from 1.6-36.1C (Tables 2 and 3).
When the solution of the invention is used as a plasma extender at normal body temperatures, in vivo pH
is maintained in the biological range without the 30 addition of NaHCO3.
- The absence of a conventional biological buffer in the solution of the invention confers the important medical advantage of allowing the solution to be terminally heat sterilized. Generally, medical solutions 35 are preferred to be terminally heat sterilized prior to W094/28950 - PCT~S94/06279 216~32~

use in a patient. The term "terminally heat sterilized"
or "heat sterilized" as used herein referes to the process involving heating a solution to 120C for 15 minutes under pressure, i.e., maintaining heat and 5 pressure conditions for a period of time sufficient to kill all or substantially all bacteria and inactivate all or substantially all viruses the solution. This procedure is normally performed in an autoclave, and is also known as "autoclaving". The purpose of heat 10 sterilization is to kill possible infectious agents present in the solution. Infectious agents are known to tolerate temperatures up to 100C. It is generally considered by the art that heating a solution under pressure to 120C for about 15 minutes is sufficient to 15 insure sterility.
A11 transplant or blood substitute solutions of which the inventors are aware cannot tolerate terminal heat sterilization. It is known that heat sterilizing a solution having a pH above 7.0 results in substantial 20 degradation of other solution components.
By contrast, the solution of the present invention is designed to be heat sterilizable with m;n;m~l degradation of other solution components, such as sugar.
Solution HL is heat sterilized prior to use. When it is 25 desirable to add NaHCO3 to form HLB solution, NaHCO3 is added as a commercially-available sterile 1 M solution to sterile HL solutoin. Generally, 5 mls of a 1 M NaHCO3 solution is added per liter of HL solution to form 1 l of HLB solution. However, more NaHCO3 may be added.
The HLB solution of the present invention, or its buffering organic acids and salts, may also be used to sustain cultured tissues and cells in vitro. The dynamic buffering system of the solution maintains cultured tissues and cells at the appropriate biological pH. We 35 have shown that the addition of lactate and bicarbonate W094/28950 ~15 ~ 3 2 1 PCT~S94/06279 to cultured cells is sufficient to sustain normal cell growth and morphology.
The solution of the present invention includes an organic carboxylic acid or salt thereof. The term "organic carboxylic acid or salt thereof" includes any carboxylic acid or carboxylic acid derivative capable of being metabolized by the m~mm~l. Examples of carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid salts suitable for use in the solution of the present invention include lactate and 10 sodium lactate, citrate and sodium citrate, gluconate and sodium gluconate, pyruvate and sodium pyruvate, succinate and sodium succinate, and acetate and sodium acetate. In the following Examples describing the use of HLB
solution, sodium lactate is used. When metabolized in vivo, lactate helps maintain bicarbonate levels, and thereby functions as a component of the dynamic buffering system of the solution to maintain an in vivo biological pH.
For purposes of the further description of the invention, the mixture according to the invention will be discussed as an aqueous solution. From the following description of the invention, it is expected that one ordinarily skilled in the art would be enabled to provide the mixture as a dry mixture and make the adjustments to 25 amounts of sodium chloride and organic salt of sodium as necessary to accommodate the amounts of sodium chloride found in normal saline solution, which may be used as a diluent for the dry mixture according to the invention.
The amount of organic salts of sodium is 30 calculated in a manner so as to consider the concentration of sodium ions present in the subject's blood as well as the sodium chloride concentration of any solution to which dry components are added. An amount is added so that the concentration of sodium ion obtained 35 from the organic salt of sodium is sufficient to bring W094/28950 2 ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ I PCT~S94/06279 the concentration of sodium ion in the solution to a concentration about that of physiologically normal plasma. Therefore, when taking into account the amount or concentration of sodium ion obtained from the organic salt of sodium and sodium chloride, the concentration of sodium ion in the solution is about the concentration of sodium ion found in physiologically normal plasma.
The solution also includes a concentration of calcium, sodium and magnesium ion which is within the 10 range of normal physiological concentrations of said ions in plasma. In general, the desired concentration of these ions is obtained from the dissolved chloride salts of calcium, sodium and magnesium and in the case of sodium from a dissolved organic salt of sodium which is 15 also in solution.
The sodium ion concentration is preferably in a range from 70 mM to about 160 mM, and preferably in a range of about 130 to 150 mM.
The concentration of calcium ion is in a range of 20 about 0.5 mM to 4.0 mM, and preferably in a range of about 2.0 mM to 2.5 mM.
The concentration of magnesium ion is in a range of 0 to 10 mM, and preferably in a range of about 0.3 mM
to 0.45 mM. It is important not to include excessive 25 amounts of magnesium ion in the solution according to the invention because high magnesium ion concentrations negatively affect the strength of cardiac contractile activity. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the solution contains subphysiological amounts of Mg".
The concentration of chloride ion is in the range of 70 mM to 160 mM, preferably in the range of 110- 125 mM Cl-.
The solution also includes an amount of simple hexose sugar such as glucose, fructose and galactose, of 35 which glucose is preferred. In the preferred embodiment ~ W094/28950 PCT~S94/06279 ~16~21 of the invention nutritive hexose sugars are used and a mixture of sugars can be used. In general, the concentration of sugar is in a range between 2 mM and 10 mM with concentration of glucose of 5 mM being preferred.
5 At times, it is desirable to increase the concentration of hexose sugar in order to lower fluid retention in the tissues of a subject. Thus the range of hexose sugar may be expanded up to about 50 mM if necessary to prevent or limit edema in the subject under treatment.
The oncotic agent is comprised of molecules whose size is sufficient to prevent their loss from the circulation by traversing the fenestrations of the capillary bed into the interstitial spaces of the tissues of the body. As a group, oncotic agents are exemplified 15 by blood plasma expanders.
Human serum albumin is a blood plasma protein used to expand plasma volume. Also known are polysaccharides, generally characterized as glucan polymers which are used as blood plasma expanders. In general, it is preferred 20 that the polysaccharide is non-antigenic.
Hetastarch (McGaw, Inc.) is an artificial colloid derived from a waxy starch composed almost entirely of amylopectin with hydroxyethyl ether groups introduced into the alpha (1---4) linked glucose units. The colloid 25 properties of a 6~ solution (wt/wt) of Hetastarch approximates that of human serum albumin. Other polysaccharide derivatives may be suitable as oncotic agents in the solutions according to the invention including hydroxymethyl alpha (1---4) or (1---6) 30 polymer~s. Cyclodextrins are suitable oncotic agents.
D-glucose polymers may be used. For example, dextran, which is D-glucose linked predominantly in alpha (1----6) linkage, may be used as the oncotic agent in the solution of the invention. Polysaccharides such as 35 dextran in a molecular weight range of 30,000 to 50,000 W094/28950 PCT~S94/06279 daltons (D) are preferred. Most preferred is Dextran 40 having a molecular weight of about 40,000 D.
High molecular weight polysaccharides, such as Dextran 70, having a molecular weight of about 70,000 D
5 are generally less preferred because they increase the viscosity of the colloidal solution, thereby impairing high flow rates. However, for some uses, high molecular weight dextran solutions are preferred in that they are more effective in preventing tissue swelling due to their 10 lower rates of leakage from capillaries. Thus, such high molecular weight dextran solutions are particularly useful in the treatment of cerebral ischemia at hyperbaric oxygen tensions and in effectively managing cerebral oedema. In such circumstances, it may be 15 desirable to use higher molecular weight polysaccharide such as dextran in a molecular weight range of 50,000 to 70,000 D.
When Dextran 40 is used in the solutions according to the invention, about 8~ Dextran 40 (wt/wt) or about 80 20 grams (g) per liter (l) of water is used. Molarity of the blood substitute according to the invention will be in a range of about 290 to 330 milliMolar with a molarity of about 300 being preferred. Most preferred is a final molarity of about 298 mM.
The concentration of the polysaccharide is sufficient to achieve (when taken together with chloride salts of sodium, calcium and magnesium, organic ion from the organic salt of sodium and hexose sugar discussed above) colloid osmotic pressure approximating that of 30 normal human serum, about 28 mm Hg.
The solution may be used as a circulating solution in conjunction with oxygen or hyperbaric oxygen at normal body temperatures, or with or without hyperbaric oxygen in subjects during procedures. The solution may also be 35 used as a circulating solution in subjects during W094/28950 ~ ~ 6 4 ~ 2 1 PCT~S94/06279 procedures when the subject's body temperature is reduced significantly below the subject's normal temperature.
When warm-blooded subjects are exposed to low temperature conditions during surgical procedures and in cadaver 5 organ donation at low temperature, it is generally desirable to replace the subject's blood with the cold circulating solution of the invention, or the solution circulated for a time, designed to perfuse and maintain the subject and its organs intact during the procedure.
The solution of the present invention may be administered intravenously or intraarterially to a euthermic subject which is placed in a pressurized atmosphere of increased oxygen concentration up to 100~
oxygen or to such a subject undergoing a procedure during 15 which the subject's body temperature is reduced significantly below the subject's normal temperature whether or not hyperbaric oxygen is used. While the solution is being administered to and circulated through the subject, various agents such as cardioplegic agents 20 may be administered either directly into the subject~s circulatory system, administered directly to the subject's myocardium, or added to the circulating solution of the present invention. These components are added to achieve desired physiological effects such as 25 maintaining regular cardiac contractile activity, stopping cardiac fibrillation or completely inhibiting contractile activity of the myocardium or heart muscle.
Cardioplegic agents are materials that cause myocardial contraction to cease and include anesthetics 30 such as lidocaine, procaine and novocaine and monovalent r cations such as potassium ion in concentrations sufficient to achieve myocardial contractile inhibition.
Concentrations of potassium ion sufficient to achieve this effect are generally in excess of 15 mM.

W094/28950 ~ 3~ t PCT~S94/06279 During revival of a subject (after a period of subnormal temperature or cryogenic maintenance using the solution according to the invention to maintain the subject) the subject may be reinfused with a mixture of 5 the solution according to the invention along with blood retained from the subject or obtained from blood donors.
As the subject is warmed, whole blood is infused until the subject achieves an acceptable hematocrit, generally exceeding hematocrits of about 30~. When an acceptable 10 hematocrit is achieved, perfusion is discontinued and the subject is revived after closure of surgical wounds using conventional procedures.
In general, the solution according to the invention is administered using an intravenous line (when 15 the subject is at normal temperature) or to a chilled subject using a pumped circulating device such as a centrifugal pump, roller pump, peristaltic pump or other known and available circulatory pump. The circulating device is connected to the subject via cannulae inserted 20 surgically into appropriate veins and arteries. When the solution is administered to a chilled subject, it is generally administered via an arterial c~nnllla and removed from the subject via a venous cannula and discarded or stored.
The solution may be used in a variety of surgical settings and procedures. It may be useful in delicate neurosurgery where clear surgical fields are imperative and reduced central nervous system activity may be desirable and achieved by performing the procedure on a 30 patient whose core temperature and/or cerebral temperature has been substantially reduced.
The solution may be used to maintain a subject (which has lost a significant amount of blood, e.g. 20 to 98~ of its blood) at normal body temperatures in a 35 pressurized environment at increased oxygen concentration W094/28950 ~ 6 43~1 PCT~S94/06279 above atmospheric oxygen tension up to 100~ oxygen. The subject is maintained in a high oxygen concentration until enough blood components can be synthesized by the subject to support life at atmospheric pressure and 5 oxygen concentration. The solution according to the invention may be used to maintain a subject at temperatures lower than normal body temperature and at a reduced rate of metabolism after traumatic life threatening injury until appropriate supportive or 10 corrective surgical procedures can be performed. In addition the solution may be used to maintain a patient having a rare blood or tissue type until an appropriate matching donor can be found and replacement blood units or other organ can be obtained.
Surprisingly it has been discovered that it is possible to replace substantially all of a mAmmAlian subject's circulating blood with the solution according to the invention and to maintain the subject alive without reinfusing blood into the subject. Substantially 20 all of a mAmmAlian subject's circulating blood is considered to be replaced when the subject's hematocrit drops below 10~. Hematocrit may be lower than 10~ if 2 is provided to the subject, or substantially lower than 10~ in a hyperbaric 2 chamber. The solution according to 25 the invention can of course be used to maintain a subject having a hematocrit in excess of 10~.
The procedure for replacing substantially all of a mAmm~lian subject~s circulating blood may be carried out with the m~mmAl ian subject's body temperature being 30 maintained at its substantially normal temperature. In addition the procedure may be carried out with cooling of the subject and reduction of the mAmmAlian subject's body - temperature below that of its normal temperature.
Cooling may be accomplished by chilling the subject in an 35 ice bath, ice-salt slurry, or cooling blanket. The W094/28950 PCT~S94/06279 ~64321 subject may be further cooled by chilling the solution according to the invention prior to perfusing the subject with the solution.
In the procedure according to the invention for 5 replacing substantially all of a m~mm~l ian subject's circulating blood, it is preferred that the subject is chilled and perfused with the solution, using an arterial catheter to deliver the solution to the subject's circulatory system and a venous catheter to remove blood 10 and the perfusate from the subject. Substantially all of the subject's circulating blood is removed in this manner as determined by measurement of the hematocrit of the effluent from the venous catheter. When substantially all of the subject's circulating blood is removed, 15 perfusion is stopped.
In addition, the procedure for replacing substantially all of the subject's blood may be carried out with the aid of hyperbaric 2 . The subject is placed in a hyperbaric chamber pressurized with oxygen at 20 concentrations exceeding 20~, preferably 100~ oxygen.
The pressure of the hyperbaric chamber is maintained during most of the procedure in a range between 0.5 pounds per square inch over atmospheric pressure to pressures up to about twice atmospheric pressure. In one 25 embodiment, the procedure is performed with the subject in a hyperbaric chamber at hyperbaric pressures of about 0.07 to about 2 atmospheres over ambient pressure (0.5-30 pounds per square inch [psi]) with 100~ oxygen. If necessary, the pressure of the hyperbaric chamber may be 30 reduced to atmospheric pressure during wound closure.
The subject is subsequently maintained at hyperbaric pressure at high oxygen concentration. The pressure is gradually reduced to a lower pressure but one still hyperbaric. Preferably the pressure is maintained below 35 10 psi to about 5 psi for a number of hours to several ~ W094/28950 21 G 432 I PCT~S94/06279 ., ~

days. Subsequently, the pressure is again gradually lowered below 1 psi and preferably to about 0.5 psi and is maintained at this pressure for an additional period of time up to a day or more.
The solution may also be used to maintain the physiological integrity of an organ donor subject immediately after the occurrence of brain death. The subject can be chilled, the subject's blood removed and replaced wlth a circulating solution maintained below 10 37C, or while circulating cold solution according to the invention. Through this use of the solution, ischemia of vital organs can be minimized. By circulating cold solution according to the invention through the subject's circulatory system at low 15 temperature with or without placing the subject in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber, vital organs can be maintained for longer periods of time, thus maximizing the number of organs that can be effectively used from one donor for potenti~l transplant recipients.
In another aspect of the invention, it has been discovered that by using certain adducts, particularly propanediol and high concentration glucose to augment the solution, it may be possible to reduce the temperature of donor organs, and in particular donor hearts, below the 25 freezing point of water (0C) and recover them from freezin~ in a useful state, i.e. a state capable of maintaining coordinated cardiac contraction. Furthermore by using the solution according to the invention with such adducts, it has been possible to reduce the 30 temperature of intact m~mm~l ian donor subjects below the freezing point of water (0C) and restore them from freezing in a state capable of maintaining coordinated cardiac contraction. Other organ systems are also believed to be maintained with a high degree of W094l289~0 ~ L ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ PCT~S94/06279 biological integrity, i.e. in a physiological state capable of maintaining life.
The adducts to the solution include low molecular weight aliphatic polyalcohols. Diols, exemplified by S ethylenediol, propanediol, and butanediol are preferred.
Of these diols propanediol is particularly preferred.
Other polyalcohols that may be suitable as adducts for low temperature, sub-zero C preservation of organ and organ donor subjects are low molecular weight 10 polyethylene glycol. It is preferred in this aspect of the invention that the adduct is added to the solution to a final concentration in a range between about 0.2 Molar to 1 Molar. With respect to propanediol, in particular a range of 0.2M to 0.6M is preferred. A concentration of 15 about 0.4M propanediol is most preferred. 1,2 propanediol is preferred as the adduct to the solution used for low temperature organ and donor preservation according to the invention, although 1,3 propanediol may be used.
The glucose concentration in the solution useful for sub-zero C preservation of organ and organ donor subjects ranges between about 0.6M to about 1.4M. A
concentration of about lM glucose is preferred.
Another adduct that is useful in the solution for 25 low temperature and sub-zero C preservation of organ and organ donor tissues is trimethylamine oxide (TMAO). TMAO
may be added to the solution described immediately above to a final concentration in a range between 0.2M and 7M.
The solution including TMAO when perfused into a subject 30 leads to improved biological integrity of the subject's tissues as evidenced by superior anatomical preservation of the tissues.
The following Examples are intended to illustrate the invention and its use, and are not intended by the inventors to be limiting of the invention.

~\ WO 94t28950 ~16 ~ 3 2 I PCT/US94/06279 EXAMPLES
The following example is put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to carry out 5 the synthesis of the invention and is not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.), but some experimental error and deviation should 10 be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, molecular weight is weight average molecular weight, temperature is in degrees Centigrade, and pressure is at or near atmospheric.

Example 1. Solution Preparation.
Preparation of 10 L of Solution A. Into an appropriate container, add 80 g/L (or 800 g for 10 liters) of pyrogen-free Dextran 40 (Pharmachem or Pharmacia). Add deionized water, bringing the volume up to 6-9 liters. Dissolve the Dextran 40 completely by 20 shaking. The following components may be added in any order, dissolving each completely before the addition of the next. The following reagents may be obtained from chemical supply houses; in this example the listed reagents were obtained from Sigma: NaCl (5.2 g/L), CaCl2 25 (0.29 g/L), MgCl2 (0.40 g/L), glucose (0.9 g/L), Tris (3.03 g/L), and sodium gluconate (6.54 g/L).
Next, the solution is brought to pH 7.80 at room temperature by the dropwise addition of 0. 25M HCl while shaking and monitoring with a pH meter. The solution is 30 then brought to its final desired volume (i.e. 10 liters) by the addition of more deionized water.
- Finally, the solution is pumped through a 0.2~
filter (Gelman, Whatman, or ideally Pall filter units can W094/28950 ~ 4 3 2 ~ ~ PCT~S94/06279 be used) into sterile containers or bags. The bottled and capped solution is stored on ice until used.
The solution may then be prepared as a sterile dry powder in containers suitable for preparation of sterile IV solutions after freeze drying under appropriate conditions.
Preparation of Solution HL. To prepare 50 liters of solution L (BioTime Hextend~-lactate), 3.0 kg of high molecular weight Hetastarch (HES) is added to 25 liters 10 of water. Sufficient NaCl is added to bring the final NaCl concentration to 6.72 g/l. The solution is stirred until both the HES and NaCl are dissolved. The solution may be heated to 50OC if necessary. The total volume is brought to 45 liters and the following components are 15 added and mixed until completely dissolved: CaCl2-2H2O
18.5 g; MgCl2-6H2O 4.5 g; KCl 11.0 g; glucose 45.0 g; and sodium lactate 4.03 ml of a 60~ (wt/wt) solution. The solution is brought up to a volume of 50 liters. The solution is filtered to remove undissolved material and 20 placed in autoclavable containers and heated in an autoclave to a temperature of 120C for 15 minutes.
Solution HLB. To each heat sterilized liter or HL
solution is added 5 ml of a sterile 1 M solution of NaHCO3, medical grade, forming HLB solution (BioTime 25 Hextend~-lactate-bicarbonate).
Solution L. Solution ~ is prepared as described for HL solution above without the addition of Hetastarch (HES).

Example 2. Hamster revived after 1 hour of ice-cold blood-substitution.
A 41 g female hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), approximately 1 month old, was injected i.m. with 0.04 ml of Vetalar, a 100 mg/ml solution of the anesthetic ketamine. The ~n; m~ 1 was packed in crushed ice and W094/28950 2 ~ ~ 4 3 21 PCT~S94/06279 chilled until its rectal temperature was 10C. The animal was removed from the crushed ice and placed ventral side up on a custom-designed stage positioned so that specific portions of the animal could be observed 5 through a stereo-microscope during surgery. Its limbs were secured, and the ~n;m~l was instrumented with EKG
leads and a rectal telethermometer probe.
An incision was made in the right groin region, and the right femoral vein, and then the right femoral 10 artery, were cannulated using specially designed micro-cannulas filled with solution A. After cannulation, 0.02 ml of heparin (lO00 U/ml) in solution A was injected into the animal through the venous cannula, which was then capped.
After the right femoral arterial cannulation, the cannula was connected to a luer-tipped segment of sterile plastic tubing which was connected to a stopcock mounted on the surgical stage. The stopcock was connected to another tubing segment which was in turn connected to a 20 wider, thicker, and more compliant tubing segment passed through the head of a roller pump. The end of this wider tubing segment contained a tube for drawing up fluid from a reservoir. This tube for drawing up fluid from a reservoir termed a "pick-up" herein was fashioned from 25 the luer end of an 18 gauge hypodermic needle. This "pick-up" was covered with blood filter material which was secured by a small rubber "O" ring. The "pick-up"
was inserted into a reservoir of solution A contained by a centrifuge tube immersed in crushed ice. 0.06 ml of lM
30 KCl was added to the solution ~15 ml), yielding a molar concentration of about 4mM KCl. The line was closed using the stopcock to prevent back-bleeding into the - arterial cannula.
The hamster was surrounded with crushed ice, and 35 chilled to 4C. Then 0.2 ml of lM KCl was injected into W094/28950 PCT~S94/06279 ~

the stopcock, which was opened to allow the injected solution to ~low into the line connecting to the arterial cannula, and from there, into the animal's femoral artery. The hamster's heart arrested. The animal was 5 allowed to cool further, and was perfused through the arterial cannula with 8 ml of solution A 4 mM KC1.
Effluent, containing most of the hamster's blood, was collected from the venous cannula. After the hematocrit dropped below 5, the roller pump was turned off for 67 10 minutes.
The hamster was then perfused through the arterial cannula with 8 ml of solution A without KCl, followed by 8 ml of heparinized blood taken from other hamsters by cardiac puncture. An equal amount of effluent was 15 collected from the venous cannula. After the hematocrit exceeded 40~, perfusion with whole blood was ended, and the cannulas removed.
The hamster was warmed with a desk lamp, until it became reactive to stimuli. The cannulas were removed, 20 open blood vessels ligated, and incisions closed.
Further rewarming continued. The ~n;m~l fully recovered, and continued to live for weeks following the experiment.

Example 3. Cardiac Preservation After Sub-æero Storaqe.
A fasted (overnight) female hamster, 40 grams, was 25 injected, i.m., with 0.02 ml of Ketamine anesthetic (100 mg/ml). The hamster was immersed in crushed ice until its body temperature lowered to +14C. It was then placed on a surgical stage and instrumented with EKG
leads and a rectal temperature probe. The carotid artery 30 and jugular vein were exposed surgically while the animal's body temperature was maintained between 10-14C
and cannulas were inserted into the artery and vein. The arterial cannula was attached to tubing connected to a peristaltic pump. The tubing was filled with solution A, W094/28g50 PCT~S94/06279 ~i64321 containing in addition 20 mM KCl. The venous cannula was capped until the animal's body temperature was lowered to 5C using crushed ice and a temperature-controlled stage set at -1.0C.
The animal stopped breathing on its own when its body temperature fell below 10C. Respiration with 100 2 was initiated. At 5C, the venous cannula cap was removed and 3.5 ml of solution A was pumped into the artery at a flow rate of about 0.3 ml/minute.
10 Afterwards, 4.5 ml of a cryoprotective solution composed of solution A and in addition 4 mM KCl, l.OM glucose, 4 propanediol (i.e. 1.8 g glucose + 0.4 g propanediol per 10 ml solution) was infused. During perfusion, the venous effluent was collected. The animal's temperature 15 was lowered gradually to 0C during perfusion.
Respiration was discontinued 5 minutes following the onset of perfusion. At this time, more than 30~ of the subject's blood volume had been removed. The heart continued beating until it eventually stopped. Following 20 perfusion with the cryoprotective solution described in the preceding paragraph, the animal was placed in a sub-O
C NaCl slush (0.6M) solution which was placed in a freezer overnight.
The freezer temperature was kept at an average of -5C. Fifteen minutes after the animal was placed in the freezer, its rectal temperature lowered from O to -1.0C. The ~nlmAl's rectal temperature 12 hours later was -2.5C. The ~nlm~l was then warmed to a temperature of about 2.5C in a Quasar commercial kitchen microwave 30 oven using 7 second pulses with the setting on warm. The pulses were generated 1 minute apart. Eighteen pulses were needed to thaw the animal.
- The animal was again placed on the surgical stage and instrumented with EKG leads and a rectal 35 telethermometer probe. Three and one half ml of solution W094/28950 ~ 1 ~ 4 ~ ~ ~ PCT~S94/06279 A was perfused into the carotid artery at a flow rate of approximately 0.2 ml/min. The animal's body temperature was maintained below 5C. The hamster was then perfused with whole blood, and gradually warmed.
After 2 ml of blood had been infused, and the animal's temperature had climbed to 13C, rhythmic EKG
signals were detected. With continued perfusion and warming, the amplitude of the signals became greater, and they increased in frequency. After 5.5 ml of blood had 10 been infused, and the ~n;m~l ' S temperature had reached 25C, the chest of the animal was opened and its heart was observed to beat continuously.

Example 4. Synthetic Solution Substitutes for Blood In A
H~perbaric Chamber.
A 40 g hamster, previously fasted overnight, was injected with 0.03 ml Ketamine (100 mg/ml) i.m. The hamster was placed in crushed ice, until its body temperature fell below 15C. The hamster was removed ~rom crushed ice, and placed ventral side up on a 20 temperature-controlled stage positioned for microsurgery below a stereo-microscope. The hamster's temperature was maintained between 12-15C.
Following an incision in the right groin area, the right femoral vein and artery were exposed. The femoral 25 vein was cannulated, 0.1 ml of heparin (1000 u/ml) was injected, and the cannula was capped to prevent bleeding.
The right femoral artery was then cannulated, and the cannula was briefly attached to tubing filled with solution A. The tubing was threaded through the head of 30 a peristaltic pump. A small volume of the solution (approximately 0.3 ml) was infused to keep the arterial c~nnllla void of blood. Both the venous and arterial cannulas were secured to the animal with surgical suture.

~ W094/28950 ~16 4 3 21 PCT~S94/06279 The arterial cannula was capped and the animal was moved onto the stage in a hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) chamber. A temperature probe was inserted into the rectum.
The arterial cannula was attached to tubing which passed through a peristaltic pump and into a reservoir.
The tubing and reservoir were filled with solution A
containing 4 mM KCl.
The cap was removed from the venous cannula, and 10 the HBO chamber was closed and pressurized. The peristaltic pump was turned on, and the animal perfused with solution, which replaced most of its blood. This blood was allowed to drain from the animal as a venous effluent. The final chamber pressure was 1.5 atm over 15 ambient pressure, which was kept constant. The flow rate of solution into the animal was about 0.3 ml/min. The hamster was maintained between 14-16C using the temperature-controlled stage on which the hamster was positioned in the HBO chamber.
Cardiac activity and breathing were maintained throughout this period during the perfusion. After 15 ml of solution A containing in addition 4 mM KCl was perfused into the hamster replacing the blood, the chamber was gradually depressurized.
The chamber was then opened, and a hematocrit sample was taken. The hematocrit was 5~. The venous and arterial cannulas were capped and the chamber closed and pressurized to 1.5 atm over ambient pressure.
The ~n; mA 1 continued to breathe on its own in the 30 chamber for 4 hours after the removal of its blood.
After this time, the chamber was depressurized gradually.
Concomitantly, the ~n;m~l was cooled to 12C. The - chamber was opened, and the animal was moved to another surgical stage. Ice was placed on the ~n;m~l, and whole 35 blood was perfused into the animal at a flow rate of 0.2 W094/28950 PCT~S94/06279 ~
2~3'~1 ml/min, as solution was allowed to drain as venous effluent.
After 1 ml of blood was infused, the ice was removed. The hamster's body temperature was at 4C. The 5 animal was then permitted to warm gradually as the hematocrit was raised by continuous blood infusion.
Artificial respiration was initiated after 1 ml of blood was put back in. The ~n;m~l ~ s heart never stopped beating rhythmically. At 21C, the animal was breathing 10 steadily on its own. Artificial respiration was discontinued and warming and blood infusion continued until the animal's temperature reached 25C. The hematocrit was measured to be 40~. Perfusion was discontinued, the cannulas removed, blood vessels ligated 15 and surgical incisions closed.
One hour following the procedure, the ~n;mAl was very active and alert. Four hours after the experiment, the ~n; m~l was eating and drinking. At 24 hours after the completion of the above-described procedure, it 20 appeared completely normal with respect to posture and behavior, and continued to live for weeks after the experiment.

Example 5. Ice-Cold Blood Substitution of a Hamster.
A 46 g hamster, approx. 1 month old, was injected 2S i.m. with 0.02 ml Vetalar, a 100 mg/ml solution of ketamine. The An; m~ 1 was surrounded by crushed ice until its rectal temperature was about 12C. The animal was then removed from the crushed ice and placed ventral side up on an operating stage designed to keep the animal 30 cold, which is under a stereo-microscope. Its limbs were secured, and the ~n m~ 1 was instrumented with EKG leads and a rectal telethermometer probe.
An incision was made in the right groin region. A
cannula was placed in the right femoral vein, and 0.02 ml W094/28950 PCT~S94/06279 ~64321 of heparin solution (250 U/ml) was injected into the animal through the cannula which was then capped. Then the right femoral artery was cannulated. The cannula was connected to a luer-tipped segment of plastic tubing, and 5 the tubing was passed through a peristaltic roller pump and into a reservoir containing solution A containing 0.05 M glucose. At the end of the tubing was inserted an 18G h,ypodermic needle to which a mesh blood filter material was secured at the hub by a rubber "O" ring.
10 The pump was turned on, and fluid in the reservoir was pumped through the tubing into the femoral artery of the animal. When the animal's temperature fell below 9C, ventilation (at 20 breaths/minute) was initiated using 100~ oxygen. The animal was cooled further to a rectal 15 temperature of 4C, and 0.1 ml of 0.2M KCl was injected into the 24 G angiocath which was inserted in the femoral vein. This injection arrested the heart, and EKG signals ceased. The pump was turned on, and solution A was perfused into the artery at approximately 0.2 ml/min 20 while venous effluent was collected. During the perfusion the animal's temperature dropped to near 1C.
After 4 ml of solution was perfused into the animal, the pump was turned off and the An; m~ 1 was kept surrounded by crushed ice in circulatory arrest for 2 hours. Then the 25 ~n;mAl was perfused with approximately 7 ml of whole blood (which was collected from other hamster blood donors) while the ~n;mAl was gradually warmed using a desklamp. During the perfusion venous effluent was collected. The same volume pumped into the artery is 30 collected as venous effluent. At 10C, after the An;mAl remained in cardiac arrest for 3 hours and 11 minutes, heart beats were first observed upon monitoring EKG
signals, Ventilation (6 breaths/ minute) of the animal was then initiated using 100~ oxygen. As the ~n;mAl was 35 further warmed and heart beats became stronger and W094/28950 PCT~S94/06279 ~1~4321 faster, this rate was increased to about 15 breaths/
minute. When the An;m~l's temperature was above 28C the animal began to breathe on its own and became responsive.
Perfusion was discontinued (the hematocrit reading 44~) 5 and cannulas were removed and surgical wounds closed.
This hamster remained alive in apparently normal health for many weeks after the experiment.

Example 6. Recoverv of Heart Beat in an Ice-Cold Hamster.
A fasted (overnight) female hamster, 45 grams, was injected i.m. with 0.03 ml ketamine anesthetic (100 mg/ml). The hamster was immersed in crushed ice until its body temperature lowered to about 14C. The ~ntm~l was then placed on a surgical platform and instrumented 15 with EKG leads and a rectal temperature probe. The carotid artery and jugular vein were exposed surgically using a stereo microscope. The ~ntm~l 's body temperature was maintained between 10-14C. Cannulas were inserted into the carotid artery and jugular vein. The arterial 20 cannula was connected to tubing which passed through a peristaltic pump into a reservoir containing cryoprotective solution composed of solution A
containing, in addition, 11 mM KCl, l.OM glucose and 4 propanediol. The venous cannula was initially capped 25 until the animal's body temperature was lowered to 5C
using crushed ice and a temperature regulated platform set near -1.0C.
The animal stopped breathing on its own as the body temperature fell below 10C. At thiæ time the 30 animal was ventilated at about 15 breaths per minute with 100~ oxygen. When the animal's temperature fell to 5C, the venous cap was removed and the pump was turned on at a flow rate of about 0.20 ml/minute. The animal's heart stopped beating 21 minutes later, and ventilation was ~ W094/28950 21~ 4 3 2 1 PCT~S94/06279 discontinued 5 minutes after the onset of perfusion.
During the perfusion blood was collected as venous effluent. Approximately 4 ml of the cryoprotective solution A was infused into the animal. Then the An;mAl 5 was surrounded by a salt-ice slurry whose temperature was -2.0C. The container that held the slurry and animal was placed inside a temperature bath set at -5.0C. The animal's rectal temperature gradually lowered to -3.4C
in the morning (18 hours after the animal was put in the cooling bath). The container was removed from the cooling bath. The slurry was frozen solid. It was melted using ice-cold water. Upon removing the "slurry~
the animal felt frozen. The animal was then placed in a kitchen microwave oven. The oven was set on warm for 7 15 seconds. The animal was exposed to about 20, 7 second heating cycles over a 20 minute period. This thawed the animal and raised its rectal temperature to about 2C.
The animal was again placed on the surgical platform, and the An;m~l was infused into the carotid 20 artery with solution A . The cryoprotective solution was collected as venous effluent. About 3 ml of solution A
was perfused into the animal at a flow rate of 0.15 ml/minute. Blood which was collected from hamster blood donors was then perfused in at the same flow rate. After 25 2 ml of blood was perfused into the artery of the hamster, the hamster was warmed slowly using a desk lamp.
As blood perfusion and warming continued, the An;mAl's temperature rose above 15C and strong rhythmic EKG
signals were recorded. Upon surgical thoracotomy actual 30 heartbeats could be observed.

Example 7. Svnthetic Solutions as a substitute for Blood - in a Hyperbaric OxYqen Chamber.
A 43 gram female hamster (fasted overnight) was injected, i.m., with 0.02 ml of ketamine (100 mg/ml).

W094/28950 PCT~S94/06279 ~
~ 64~21 The hamster was placed in crushed ice until its body temperature fell to about 14C. The hamster was then placed ventral side up on a temperature-controlled stage positioned for microsurgery below a stereo-microscope.
5 The hamster's temperature was maintained between 12-15C.
Following an incision in the right groin area, the right femoral vein and artery were exposed. The femoral vein was cannulated, 0.1 ml of heparin (250 u/ml) was injected, and the cannula was capped to prevent bleeding.
10 The right femoral artery was then cannulated, and the cannula was attached to tubing passed through a peristaltic pump and into a reservoir filled with solution A. A small volume of the solution (i.e. 0.2 ml) was infused to keep the arterial line void of blood.
15 Both the venous and arterial cannulas are secured to the ~n;m~l The arterial cannula was capped, and the ~n;m~l was transferred onto the temperature-regulated stage of a hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) chamber. The animal' 8 temperature measured rectally was maintained between 13-20 18C. The purpose of maint~;n;ng the hamster in thattemperature range was to keep the ~n;m~l~s activity low while ensuring the animal was breathing on its own and reflexively responsive to stimuli.
The arterial cannula was connected to tubing that 25 passed outside the chamber through a peristaltic pump and into a reservoir (inside the chamber) which contained solution A and 2.5 mM KCl. The cap was removed from the venous cannula, and the pump was turned on at a flow rate of about 0.2 ml/min. As the solution was perfused into 30 the ~n;m~l, venous effluent (blood) was collected. The chamber was quickly closed and gradually pressurized to 20-24 psi (100~ oxygen). After about 1 hour of perfusion under pressure the chamber was gradually depressurized over a period of about 1 hour. Then perfusion was 35 discontinued. A total of about 13 ml of solution was W094/28950 ~l. 6 ~ 3 21 PCT~S94/06279 perfused into the animal. The cannulas were capped after a sample of venous effluent was taken to determine the hematocrit. The ~n 1 m~ 1 was placed again on a surgical platform, and the cannulas were pulled out and wounds 5 tied. ~rhe animal showed some very minimal reflex activity during this time although the animal had little blood and was breathing room air. The animal was quickly placed in a box inside the chamber which was pressurized gradually to about 20 psi. In the chamber was placed food and water for the hamster. A heat lamp was used to warm the chamber and the animal. The pressure in the chamber was gradually lowered (over a 1 hour period) to 5 psi. The animal's activity increased over the one hour period until it became quite active. The animal was 15 maintained in the chamber for about 16 hours at 5 psi.
The pressure was then gradually lowered to 0.5 psi (100 oxygen) and maintained at that pressure 24 hours. Then the animal was taken out of the chamber and was placed in a normal cage. The ~n 1 m~ 1 continued to appear completely 20 normal many weeks following the experiment.

Example 8. Use of Solution A Auqmented with Potassium Chloride to Blood Substitute Primates In this example an 8 kg. juvenile male baboon of the species Papio anubis was injected i.m. with 60 mg of 25 ketamine. A 22 gauge x 1-1/4 in. catheter was inserted in the ~ight cephalic vein, and 3 ml of 2.5~ pentothal was injected i.v. The ~nlm~l was then fitted with an endotracheal tube, placed on a surgical table, and ventilated with a 0.7 - 2.5~ mixture of Flether in 100 30 2~ titrated to the ~n1m~l's activity. The eyes were coated with lacrylube for protection.
The ventilator was set at 18 breaths per minute (bpm), its stroke volume was 240 ml, and the inspiratory/expiratory ratio was 37~. Airway pressure W094/28950 PCT~S94/06279 ~
~1~43~

was maintained at approximately 10 mm Hg, and the volume delivered with each respiration was checked by ~x~;n1ng the airway pressure trace on a CRT or strip-chart recorder. Airway pressure was monitored on-line by 5 computer.
The animal was shaved, and Ringer's lactate drip was initiated i.v. at a flow rate of 1-3 ml/minute with the rate titrated to the animal's arterial blood pressure. Terramycin was administered.
The extracorporeal circuit consisted of a blood oxygenator, blood reservoir and pump and was constructed with a secondary in-line heat exchanger added as close to the animal as possible. It was further equipped with an external ice water reservoir. The ice-water reservoir lS had a pump to supply the oxygenator's built-in heat exchanger, as well as the secondary heat exchanger with circulating ice water. All tubing in contact with blood or blood substitute was sterile. The oxygenator reservoir and circuit was filled with 2 liters of 20 solution A.
KCl (4 ml of 2.0 M) was added to the 2 liters of solution A in an oxygenator reservoir and bypass circuit, yielding a KCl concentration of 4 mM. A SF NIH
catheter for monitoring arterial pressure was introduced 25 into the left brachial artery. To it was attached a 3-way stop-cock (to allow arterial blood sampling every 10-60 minutes throughout the entire procedure). Blood gases, pH, K+ and hematocrit were measured in each sample, and in some cases, electrolytes, and enzymes as 30 well. The catheter was attached to a pressure transducer. The transducer was connected to a computer to monitor central arterial pressure (CAP). Other temperature and pressure parameters were also measured on-line by the same computer.

~ W094/28950 PCT~S94/06279 2~ 6~321 A 6F NIH catheter was inserted into a distal branch o~ the le~t brachial vein to allow computerized monitoring of central venous pressure (CVP). A
thoracotomy was performed, and a 6 F coronary catheter 5 was inserted into the left atrium to monitor left atrial pressure.
A 10 F arterial cannula was placed in the left femoral artery and a 16F venous cannula was placed in the left femoral vein. Methyl prednisolone (80 mg) was 10 introduced i.v. An esophageal tube was inserted, and 3 ml of Maalox was administered. The esophageal tube was fitted with a thermistor probe for recording deep esophageal temperature.
Due to the extensive surgical procedures, the 15 baboon spent about five hours on anesthetic. After the EKG leads were in place, the animal was put in a netted sling and lowered into an insulated ice chest. It was then immersed in crushed ice. After 1 hour and 6 minutes of chilling in crushed ice, body temperature sank to 20 23C. Nipride (25 mg sodium nitroprusside in 500 ml of 5~ aqueous dextrose) infusion was begun at a rate of 6 ml/hr. The ~n;m~l was placed on bypass 17 minutes later, when the temperature had declined to 21C.
At that time, 200 ml of whole blood were removed 25 from the baboon as venous effluent. The clamps were released which isolated the monkey's circulation from the bypass circuit, and 2 liters of solution A, to which were added 2 ml of 2M KCl (final concentration 2 mM KCL), were allowed to blood-substitute the ~n; m~l . Following this, 30 its heart was arrested by the i.v. administration of 15 ml of 2M KCl.
A blood - blood-substitute mixture was - continuously removed as a venous effluent until 4 liters of solution A (to which 22 ml of 2M KCl had been added) 35 replaced the circulating solution. After 50 minutes of W094/28950 PCT~S94/06279 chilled blood substitution, the primate's temperature had declined to 3C. Flow through the ~n;m~l appeared good, and there was little tendency for the pulmonary arterial wedge pressure to elevate along with perfusion of the 5 femoral artery. The cause of this increased flow, and relatively rapid pace of temperature decline, may be related to the use of nitroprusside, and also the relatively sparing use of anesthetics during chilling, which resulted in the animal being somewhat more active 10 as it was cooled.
Following blood-substitution, the ~n;m~l was placed on circulatory standstill for one hour and 40 minutes. At the end of the standstill period, 2 liters of ice-cold solution A was added to the circuit, 15 replacing 2 liters removed as venous effluent. The minimum body temperature recorded was 2.8C. Rewarming was then begun. After 13 minutes of warming, the ~n~m~l ' S body temperature reached 10C, and 800 ml of a 1:3 mixture of blood and blood-substitute, followed by 20 450 ml of a 1:1 mixture, and finally, approximately 1 liter of whole blood was added to the circuit, replacing solution A.
Immediately after blood was introduced into the ~n ; m~ l, heartbeat was detected. Over the next hour and 25 22 minutes, 40 ml of NaHCO3, were introduced i.v.
Mechanical ventilation was begun, and a dopamine drip (200 mg in 250 ml) was administered at 30 ml/hr. CaCl2 (50 mg) was also injected i.v. Approximately one hour later, when the body temperature climbed to near normal, 30 the animal was taken off bypass and placed on a whole blood drip. The ~n;m~l ' S blood gases and blood pressures stabilized in the normal range.
One hour later, the cannulas were removed. Since the animal had been catheterized following a thoracotomy, 35 it was decided that the long term post surgical W094/28950 PCT~S94/06279 216~21 management of the animal would not be attempted, due to the behavioral problems of restraining an untamed baboon while treating potential chest infections. When ventilation was discontinued after another hour, the 5 animal displayed agonal movements and went into cardiac arrest. As the monkey's blood pressures and blood gases had stabilized, it is clear that the animal had the potential to survive after being blood-substituted below 10C (deep esophageal temperature) for 2 hours and 30 10 minutes.

Example 9. Use of Solution A Without Auqmentation in Blood Substitution of Primates In this example an 8 kg juvenile male baboon of the species PaPlo anubis was chilled and blood-15 substituted below 10C for 1 hour and 22 minutes. Priorto chilling and blood replacement, a 4F 60 cm Swan-Ganz arrow wedge catheter was placed in the pulmonary artery via the right femoral vein. This permitted measurement of the pulmonary arterial wedge pressure without 20 performing a thoracotomy.
Keeping the animal anesthetically light, and using nitroprusside when the temperature fell to 28C, improved flow through the bypass circuit. Although the entire procedure went smoothly, an i.v. injection of 50 mg 25 calcium chloride after citrated blood was introduced during warming caused massive clot formation and termination of the experiment. At that time there was no heparin in the cardiovascular system.
Procedure. The baboon was injected i.m. with 70 - 30 mg of ketamine. A 22 gauge x 1-1/4 in. catheter was inserted in the left cephalic vein, and 3 ml of 2.5~
pentothal was injected i.v. The ape was then fitted with an endotracheal tube and moved to the x-ray room. It was placed on an x-ray table, and ventilated with a 1~

W094/28950 PCT~S94/06279 ~ ~432~ -mixture of isofluorane (Flether) in 100~ O~, and a 4F
60 cm arrow wedge catheter was implanted in the pulmonary artery through the right femoral vein.
The ventilator was set at 20 bpm, its stroke 5 volume was 200 ml, and the inspiratory/expiratory ratio was 37~. Airway pressure was maintained at approximately 10 mm Hg, and the volume delivered with each respiration was checked by ~m; ning the airway pressure trace on a CRT or strip-chart recorder. Airway pressure was 10 monitored on-line by computer.
The animal was shaved, and a 1-3 ml/minute Ringer's lactate drip was initiated i.v., with its rate titrated to the ~n;m~l ' S arterial blood pressure.
The extracorporeal circuit was as described in 15 the previous Example. The oxygenator reservoir and circuit was filled with 2 liters of solution A.
A 20 gauge hydromere catheter was placed in the right femoral vein to allow computerized monitoring of central venous pressure (CVP). A 3-way stopcock was 20 placed in-line to allow sampling. A 20 gauge hydromere catheter for monitoring arterial pressure was introduced into the right brachial artery. To it was attached a 3-way stop-cock (to allow arterial blood sampling every 10-60 minutes throughout the entire procedure). Blood 25 gases, pH, K+ and hematocrit were measured in each sample, and in some cases, electrolytes, and enzymes as well. The catheter was attached to a pressure transducer. The transducer was connected to a computer to monitor central arterial pressure (CAP). Other 30 temperature and pressure parameters were also measured on-line by the same computer.
A 14F venous cannula was placed in the left femoral vein, and a 10 F arterial cannula was placed in the left femoral artery. After the venous cannula was 35 implanted, 2.6 ml of heparin was injected i.v. An ~ W094/28950 PCT~S94/06279 ~1~ 4~21 esophageal tube was inserted, and 3 ml of Maalox was administered. The esophageal tube was fitted with a thermistor probe for recording deep esophageal temperature. Methyl prednisolone (80 mg) was introduced 5 i.v. The eyes were coated with lacrylube for protection.
As the animal was anesthetically light, 1 ml of pentothal was administered i.v.
The EKG leads were in place, the animal was put in a netted sling and lowered into an insulated ice chest.
It was then immersed in crushed ice. After 29 minutes of chilling in crushed ice, body temperature sank to 28C.
The animal was kept anesthetically light, Flether being turned off as the temperature dropped below 30C.
Nipride (sodium nitroprusside -- 25 mg in 500 ml of 5 15 aqueous dextrose) infusion was begun at a rate of 20 ml/hr and then increased to 40 ml/hr. Over the next 20 minutes, the Nipride drip was turned on and off sporadically, as the blood pressure and temperature fell.
It was finally turned off when the ~n ~ mA 1 was placed on 20 bypass 27 minutes later and the temperature had declined to 23C. At that time, the clamps were released which isolated the ape's circulation from the bypass circuit, 2 liters of solution A were allowed to blood-substitute the animal, and whole and diluted blood were removed as 25 venous effluent, and saved for revival. Following this, its heart was arrested by the i.v. administration of 10 ml of 2~ KCl.
A blood - blood-substitute mixture was continuously removed as a venous effluent until 4 liters 30 of solution A replaced the circulating solution. After - 39 minutes of chilled blood substitution, the primate's temperature had declined below 4C. Flow through the ~n; mA 1 was rapid. The pressure in the pulmonary circulation, which was readily measured, indicated that W094/28950 PCT~S94/06279 ~1~4321 the circulation was good, and that the wedge pressure catheter was well placed.
After 50 minutes of blood-substitution below 10C, the minimum body temperature recorded was 2.9C.
5 Rewarming was then begun, and after 28 minutes of warming, the animal's body temperature reached 10C, and 750 ml of whole blood were added to the circuit, replacing solution A.
Heartbeat was detected 8 minutes after blood was 10 re-infuæed into the animal. Over the next 30 minutes while the animal warmed, 10 ml of NaHCO3, were introduced i.v. and CaCl2 (50 mg) was also injected i.v., as was 80 mg of methyl prednisolone. Within a few minutes of adding the CaCl2, massive clot formation was evident. It 15 was thought that the blood, which was anti-coagulated with citrate, clotted as a result of adding CaCl2. The experiment was then discontinued.
In this experiment, the rate of flow of blood substitute through the ~n;m~l and bypass circuit appeared 20 high, while the left atrial pressure remained acceptably low. The factors which were thought to contribute to this result were the use of nitroprusside, and the maintenance of a light anesthetic state during the cooling process. 1-2 ml of heparin will be added to the 25 blood prior to its re-introduction into the animal. It is believed that heparinizing the re-introduced blood will eliminate the massive clotting which caused an unexpected end to this experiment.

Example 10. Ice-cold Blood Substitution of a ~oa with Solution HLB.
Place a 25-30 Kg dog on partial cardio-pulmonary bypass. Surface and core cool the dog to near the ice point (1-3C). Replace the dog's blood with solution HLB
hypothermic blood substitute, described in Example 1.

WO94/2B9SU ~ 16 ~ ~ ~1 PCT~S94/06279 Retain the blood for transfusion during rewarming.
Reduce the animal's body temperature to near the ice point (below 4C) and then rewarm. Replace the blood substitute with blood with warming and revive the ~n;m~l.
PreParation. Catheterize the dog by means of the right radial vein, injected iv with pentothal, then fit with an endotracheal tube and ventilate with isofluorane (or Flether) in 100~ 2- Initiate a Ringer's lactate drip at a rate titrated to the dog's arterial blood pressure (approx. 40 ml/hr iv). Place the dog on a cooling blanket cooled with recirculating ice water. Catheterize the right carotid artery to allow for blood pressure (CAP) monitoring, and add a 3-way stopcock in-line to allow arterial blood sampling every 10-60 min. throughout 15 the entire procedure. Insert a foley catheter for urine collection and measure the urine volume throughout the procedure. Implant a 2 lumen, 7 F, Swan Ganz wedge catheter via the right jugular vein or right femoral vein, which is fed through the right heart into the 20 pulmonary artery. Use the distal port to measure pulmonary wedge pressure (PAW), the proximal port is used for central venous pressure (CVP). (If necessary CVP may be measured with a catheter inserted in one of the brachial veins.) Isolate the left femoral artery and 25 vein and prepare for cannulation. Heparinize the animal (approx. 5,000 u). Insert a Biomedicus venous return cannula (15-19 F) in the femoral vein and a Biomedicus arterial cannula (12-15 F) in the femoral artery.
Measure the activated clotting time (ACT) every 45 min.
(until blood substitution) and adjust the heparin such - that it r~m~;n~ greater than 400 sec. Attach a thermocouple approx. midway to an esophageal tube and insert the unit so that the tube enters the stomach. A
second thermocouple is placed rectally. Attach ECG
35 leads. Add Solu-Delta-Cortef (Up~ohn, veterinary W094/28950 PCT~S94/06279 21~2~

prednisolone Na succinate), 80 mg by iv injection. Coat the eyes with Terrimycin (or Lacrylube), and add DiGel (or Maalox, 20 ml) through the esophageal tube.
Measurements. Measure arterial blood gasses, pH
5 and hematocrit in every blood sample, and in some cases electrolytes, enzymes and other chemistries. Monitor esophageal and rectal temperature as well as the arterial inflow and venous return blood temperatures. Monitor CAP, PAW, CVP, ECG, and airway pressure. Temperatures should be displayed digitally and stored as a function of time in a computerized data acquisition system. The pressures and ECG should be displayed as real time waveforms or as numerical data and stored by the computer.
BYPass Circuit Components. The circuit features a Biomedicus centrifugal blood pump and flow meter, a Terumo hollow fiber membrane oxygenator with built-in heat exchanger, Shiley hard shell venous reservoir with filter and a secondary heat exchA~ger with integral 20 bubble trap (Electromedics) located as close to the ~n ~ m~ 1 as possible. A drain segment is located near the inlet of the venous reservoir and terminates with a check valve. This allows rapid and efficient blood/blood-substitute exchanges. There is an A-V shunt segment that 2S allows circulation when not on bypass.
The venous reservoir can be filled from either the 1 liter separatory funnel through the "quick prime" port or from dual infusion bags through one of the cardiotomy ports. The arterial line from the oxygenator to the 30 arterial cannula and the A-V shunt are constructed from 1/4" tubing; the venous return, drain and pump-head lines are 3/8". In those segments where severe bending can occur, heavy-wall tubing is used or the tube is braced with "spiral wrap."

~ W094/28950 PCT~S94/06279 ~1 ~432~

The patient loop is double wrapped and the entire circuit (sans the factory sterilized reservoir, secondary heat exchanger and oxygenator) is ethylene oxide gas sterilized as six basic sections (pump-head, flow meter 5 section, central bypass loop, funnel, infusion line, and gas filter line).
B~Pass Circuit Support. Ice water, pumped from one of two 10 gal. insulated reservoirs, is used to cool the oxygenator and secondary heat exchangers. The other 10 reservoir supplies the cooling blanket. At the onset of surgery, ice water is circulated through the cooling blanket. At the onset of bypass, room temp. water is circulated through the circuit heat exchangers.
Temperature is slowly decreased by adding ice to 15 the reservoir, in quantities sufficient to maintain a 7-10C difference between the esophageal and blood stream temperatures. After blood substitution (i.e. to a hematocrit of less than about 4~) full ice water flow is commenced.
~pon rewarming, ice is removed from the reservoir and the heater is activated. The temperature of the warming stream is limited to a maximum of 10C greater than the venous return temperature, by manual adjustment of the heater thermostat.
The oxygenator is supplied with sterile, filtered 100~ 2-~ lood Substitution. The circuit is primed with 2 liters of solution L (Example 1), and recirculated through the A-V shunt to ensure temperature-gas 30 equilibrium. The cannulas are attached to the arterial and venous lines of the bypass circuit, and the lines remain clamped. The cooling blanket is wrapped around the patient who is surface cooled until a deep esophageal temperature of 35C is reached.

W094/28950 ~ 3 21 PCT~S94/06279 The clamps are removed, and bypass is commenced with the solution L-diluted blood stream at room temperature (approx. 25C). At the onset of cooling, gaseous anesthesia is discontinued, and the dog is 5 managed with 2.5~ pentothal.
The blood stream is gradually cooled until the animal has an esophageal temperature of 20C, at which time blood is removed by clamping the venous return at the reservoir inlet and draining from the drain segment 10 while L solution is infused. During this exchange, an additional 2 liters of L solution is added to the venous reservoir and when the level of L solution drops to 250 ml, approximately 6 liters of HLB is added stepwise until all of the blood is removed (HCT less than 2~, visual 15 observation). Approximately 4 liters of blood/blood-substitute mixtures collected in sterile bottles and retained for reinfusion. The very dilute blood mixture (about 5 1/2 liters) is discarded.
After 4 liters have been exchanged (i.e. after the 20 addition of 2 liters of solution L and 2 liters of solution HLB), 20 meq KCl will be injected via a stopcock on the secondary heat exchanger, to arrest the heart.
During the exchange, the inflow is adjusted such that the PAW is kept below 5 mm Hg and the rate of efflux equals 25 the rate of influx, i.e. as close to isovolemia as possible. At the end of the exchange the final reservoir level will be about 500 ml, the PAW below 5 mm Hg and the CVP less than 5 mm Hg. Flow will be adjusted such that isovolemia will be maintained (constant reservoir level 30 and the above pressure levels, i.e. PAW c5 mm Hg and CVP
~5 mm Hg).
When almost all of the blood is removed (HCT less than 4~, visual observation), the cooling stream can be reduced to ice water temperature (filling the reservoir 35 with ice), and the dog rapidly cooled to its m;n;mllm ~ W094/28950 PCT~S94/06279 ~164321 temperature. If the HCT is observed to rise at any time during cold perfusion, the blood mixture can be removed by exchanging with 2 to 4 liters of solution HLB by the method described above.
During the entire procedure, arterial blood samples are taken and blood gasses, pH, HCT, and in some cases electrolytes, and other blood chemistries monitored.
After about 1-2 hours of blood substituted 10 cooling, the dog's temperature will be about 1-4C, and rewarming will begin. The dog will be rewarmed, by removing the ice from the supply reservoir and warming its contents with the heater which in turn warms the blankets. When the esophageal temp reaches 15C, 15 4 liters of solution L with 25 g mannitol will be exchanged with the solution HLB followed by the 4 liters of collected blood mixture. The effluent will be discarded.
The ~n;m~l will be warmed gently, blood stream 20 temperature differential less than 10C and never above 40C. The heart will spontaneously begin to beat. When the animal's temperatures (esophageal and rectal) reach about 35C, physiological parameters are stabilized, and it can support itself, it can be weaned from the 25 extracorporeal circuit.

Example 11. Revivinq An Ice-Cold Blood-Substituted Doq.
A 26.8 kg male dog was anesthetized with nembutal and intubated. It was moved to the operating room, ventilated, and catheterized with venous, Foley, 30 arterial, and Swan-Ganz catheters, and after i.v.
heparin, its right femoral artery and vein were - cannulated. An esophageal tube was inserted and antacid administered. Temperature sensors were placed in the W094/28950 2 ~ 6 ~ 3 21 PCT~S94/06279 esophagus and the rectum. Methyl predniæolone was injected i.v.
The animal was wrapped in a cooling blanket, and surface cooling initiated. The ~nlm~l ' S cannulas were 5 connected to a bypass circuit, which consisted of a vortex blood pump, an oxygenator with a built-in heat exchanger, a secondary in-line heat exchanger, and a funnel for the rapid administration of blood and blood substitute. Whole blood (225 ml) was removed from the 10 dog and saved for rewarming. Blood volume was quickly replaced with HLB solution. The bypass circuit containing 1.05 liters of HLB solution was opened to the animal, and core cooling began.
Thirty three liters of blood substitute were 15 exchanged. By the time the ice-point was approached, the hematocrit was far below 1~. The an;m~l ' S deep esophageal temperature was below 10C for 4 hours and 5 minutes, with a minimum recorded temperature of o. 70C
(Table 2).
Following the hypothermic period, the animal was warmed. When body temperature climbed past 10C, venous effluent and whole blood previously collected, as well as donor blood, was returned to the circuit; hematocrit increased with increasing temperature. Lidocaine and 25 bicarbonate were administered, the heart defribillated, an ventilation begun. When blood pressure and body temperatures approached normal, the ~n;m~l was weaned from bypass, and protamine and Lasix injected. Several hours after warm-up, the ~n;m~l was conscious and 30 responsive. The ~n; m~l remained alive and well after the procedure.

~ W094/28950 ~ PCT~S94/06279 ~ 1 6 4 3 ~ 1 Example 12. Revivinq an Ice-Cold Blood-Substituted Baboon.
A 24 kg male baboon of the species Papio annubis was anesthetized first with ketamine and acepromazine 5 i.m., then with i.v. pentothal. It was then immobilized with pancuronium bromide. It was intubated, ventilated, and catheterized with venous, Foley, and arterial catheters. The animal was wrapped in a cooling blanket, and surface cooling initiated. After i.v. heparin was 10 administered, the baboon's right femoral artery and bilateral femoral veins were cannulated. Temperature sensors were placed in the esophagus, rectum and brain.
The ~n;m~l was instrumented for EKG, somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and EEG. Dexamethazone was injected 15 i.v.
The ~n;m~1's cannulas were connected to a bypass circuit, which consisted of a vortex blood pump, an oxygenator with a built-in heat P~ch~nger, and a funnel for the rapid administration of blood and blood 20 substitute. Whole blood (300 ml) was removed from the baboon and saved for rewarming. The volume was quickly replaced with 300 ml of physiological saline solution.
The bypass circuit, containing 2 liters of Plasmalyte (commercially available electrolyte solution), was opened 25 to the animal and core cooling begun.
After the deep esophageal temperature declined below 13C, another 2 liters of Plasmalyte cont~;n;ng 12.5 g of mannitol, was added to the circuit, replacing the mixture of blood and Plasmalyte which previously 30 filled the circuit. This diluted blood was saved for use during warming. Immediately afterwards, 10 liters of HLB
solution were added, replacing the Plasmalyte. By the - time the ice-point was reached, the hematocrit was far below 1~. When the ~n; m~ 1 reached brain temperature of 35 3. 40C and deep esophageal temperature of 2. 80C, the blood W094/28950 ~ 1~ 4 3 21 PCT~S94/06279 pump was stopped and the animal was maintained under a condition of circulatory arrest (standstill) for 45 minutes. After this period, circulation was resumed.
Following the hypothermic period, 4.2 liters of 5 HLB solution were added to the bypass circuit, and the animal warmed. When body temperature reached 15C, 2 liters of Plasmalyte were added to the circuit to replace the HLB solution. Mannitol (6.25 g/l) was added to the Plasmalyte in the circuit. Additionally, venous effluent 10 and whole blood previously collected, as well as donor blood cells and fresh-frozen plasma, were returned to the circuit; the animal's hematocrit increased with increasing body temperature. Another 12.5 g of mannitol were added to the circuit. When the esophageal and 15 rectal temperatures approached normal, the heart fibrillated during warming and began beating.
Ventilation was begun. When blood pressure and body temperatures approached normal, the ~n; m~l was injected with protamine i.v., weaned from bypass, its cannulas and 20 catheters removed, and its incisions closed.
The animal's deep esophageal temperature had been below 15C for 3 hours, and below lOoC for 2 hours 17 minutes, with a minimum recorded temperature of 2. 80C
(Table 3). The following morning, the ~n;m~l was able to 25 sit erect in its cage and pick up and eat pieces of banana, as well as drink apple juice. It rem~;ned alive and well until sacrificed more than one week later for histological evaluation.

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W094/~950 ~6 4~2 PCT~S94/06~79 The invention described above and claimed herein below embodies novel solutions that may be useful in a number of procedures. Those ordinarily skilled in the art may be capable in light of the teaching of the 5 specification and claims to make certain additions or modifications to the invention without departing from the essence of the invention disclosed.
=

Claims (10)

CLAIMS:

1. A solution suitable for use as a blood substitute, comprising:
0 - 5 mM K+ ;
concentration; of Na+, Mg++, Ca++, Cl-, which are physiological or subphysiological concentrations;
a macromolecular oncotic agent;
an organic carboxylic acid, salt, or ester thereof;
and a sugar, with the proviso that said solution does not include more than 5 mM K+, and with the further proviso that said solution does not include a conventional biological buffer.

2. The solution of claim 1, wherein K+ is present in the concentration range of 2-3 mM.

3. The solution of claim 1 or 2, wherein Na+ is present in the concentration range of 130-150 mM, Mg++ is present in the concentration range of 0.20-0.45 mM, Ca++ is present in the concentration of 2.0-2.5 mM, and said sugar is a simple hexose sugar selected from the group consisting of glucose, fructose, or galactose, or a mixture thereof.

4. The solution of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein said organic carboxylic acid, salt or ester thereof is represented by the formula RCOOX, wherein R is an alkyl, alkenyl, or aryl, having a branched or straight chain containing 1 to 30 carbons which carbons may be substituted; and X is a hydrogen or sodium or other biologically compatible ion substituent which can attach at the oxygen position, or is a short straight or branched chain alkyl containing 1 to 4 carbons.

5. The solution of claim 4, wherein said organic carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of lactate, acetate, pyruvate, and citrate.

6. The solution of claim 2 further comprising NaHCO3.

7. A method for providing a heat sterilized blood substitute comprising: raising the temperature of a solution comprising:
(a) 0-5 mM K+;
(b) concentrations of Na+, Mg++, Ca++, Cl-, which are physiological or subphysiological concentrations;
(c) a macromolecular oncotic agent; and (d) a sugar;
with the proviso that said solution does not include a conventional biological buffer;
under pressure and for a period of time sufficient to kill all or substantially all bacteria and inactivate all or substantially all viruses in solution to produce said heat sterilized blood substitute.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein said solution is infused into a subject as a blood substitute or plasma extender.

9. The method of claim 7 or 8 with the proviso that said solution does not include more than 5 mM K+, and with the further proviso that said solution does not include a conventional biological buffer.

10. The method of any one of claims 7 to 9, wherein said method further comprises adding to said heat sterilized.
solution an organic carboxylic acid, salt or ester thereof.