CA2170394C - Process for conditioning substances - Google Patents

Process for conditioning substances Download PDF

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Publication number
CA2170394C
CA2170394C CA002170394A CA2170394A CA2170394C CA 2170394 C CA2170394 C CA 2170394C CA 002170394 A CA002170394 A CA 002170394A CA 2170394 A CA2170394 A CA 2170394A CA 2170394 C CA2170394 C CA 2170394C
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Prior art keywords
substance
process according
mixture
alpha
lactose
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CA002170394A
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French (fr)
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CA2170394A1 (en
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Eva Ann-Christin Trofast
Lars-Erik Briggner
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AstraZeneca AB
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Astra AB
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/007—Pulmonary tract; Aromatherapy
    • A61K9/0073—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy
    • A61K9/0075—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy for inhalation via a dry powder inhaler [DPI], e.g. comprising micronized drug mixed with lactose carrier particles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
    • A61K31/137—Arylalkylamines, e.g. amphetamine, epinephrine, salbutamol, ephedrine or methadone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/141—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers
    • A61K9/145—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers with organic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C205/00—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton
    • C07C205/45—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by at least one doubly—bound oxygen atom, not being part of a —CHO group
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C225/00—Compounds containing amino groups and doubly—bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton, at least one of the doubly—bound oxygen atoms not being part of a —CHO group, e.g. amino ketones
    • C07C225/22—Compounds containing amino groups and doubly—bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton, at least one of the doubly—bound oxygen atoms not being part of a —CHO group, e.g. amino ketones having amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C233/00—Carboxylic acid amides
    • C07C233/01—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C233/30—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by doubly-bound oxygen atoms
    • C07C233/33—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by doubly-bound oxygen atoms with the substituted hydrocarbon radical bound to the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group by a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
    • C07C255/49—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton
    • C07C255/56—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton containing cyano groups and doubly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the carbon skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
    • C07C311/01—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C311/02—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
    • C07C311/08—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the sulfonamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
    • C07C45/61—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups
    • C07C45/67—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton
    • C07C45/68—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C49/00—Ketones; Ketenes; Dimeric ketenes; Ketonic chelates
    • C07C49/587—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring
    • C07C49/753—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring containing ether groups, groups, groups, or groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C65/00—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six—membered aromatic rings and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups
    • C07C65/32—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six—membered aromatic rings and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups containing keto groups
    • C07C65/40—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six—membered aromatic rings and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups containing keto groups containing singly bound oxygen-containing groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
    • C07C69/76—Esters of carboxylic acids having a carboxyl group bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C69/94—Esters of carboxylic acids having a carboxyl group bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring of polycyclic hydroxy carboxylic acids, the hydroxy groups and the carboxyl groups of which are bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/28—Radicals substituted by singly-bound oxygen or sulphur atoms
    • C07D213/30—Oxygen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/36—Radicals substituted by singly-bound nitrogen atoms
    • C07D213/38—Radicals substituted by singly-bound nitrogen atoms having only hydrogen or hydrocarbon radicals attached to the substituent nitrogen atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/36—Radicals substituted by singly-bound nitrogen atoms
    • C07D213/40—Acylated substituent nitrogen atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D239/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings
    • C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D239/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D239/32—One oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atom
    • C07D239/42—One nitrogen atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D271/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D271/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
    • C07D271/06—1,2,4-Oxadiazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-oxadiazoles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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    • C07D271/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D271/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
    • C07D271/10—1,3,4-Oxadiazoles; Hydrogenated 1,3,4-oxadiazoles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
    • C07D277/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D277/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D277/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D277/24—Radicals substituted by oxygen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D285/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D275/00 - C07D283/00
    • C07D285/01—Five-membered rings
    • C07D285/02—Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated thiadiazoles
    • C07D285/04—Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated thiadiazoles not condensed with other rings
    • C07D285/12—1,3,4-Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated 1,3,4-thiadiazoles
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    • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D333/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D333/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom
    • C07D333/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D333/38—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
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    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
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    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
    • C07C2601/06—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring
    • C07C2601/08—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring the ring being saturated
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    • C07C2601/12—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring
    • C07C2601/14—The ring being saturated

Abstract

The present invention relates to a process for providing a stable crystallinic form to a fine-grained substance or a substance mixture, which can be produced, stored and used while maintaining the aerodynamic properties required for inhalation of such a substance or a substance mixture, by a) in case of a substance mixture, preparing a homogeneous mixture of the substances; b) micronizing, direct precipitating or diminishing by any conventional method the substance or substance mixture into a particle size required for inhalation, the particle size being less than 10 µm; c) optionally preparing a homogeneous mixture of the desired substances when each substance has been introduced from stage b) as separate fine-grained particles; d) conditioning said substance or substance mixture by treatment with a water containing vapour phase in a controlled fashion; and e) drying.

Description

217094..
Process for conditioning substances Field of the invention The present invention relates to a process for providing a fine-grained substance or mixture of substances in stable, crystalline and unagglomerated form. Such substance or substances can be produced, stored and used while the aerodynamic properties required for inhalation of such a substance or mixture of substances are maintained.
The substance or mixture has improved physicochemical properties in the dry state, thereby facilitating the technical handling and significantly increase the medical value of the substance or mixture of substances.
Background of the invention There are presently several effective drugs available for the treatment of patients with asthma or other respiratory disorders. It has been recognized treat these drugs should be given by the inhaled route whenever possible.
The ideal delivery system for inhalable drugs would be a user- and environment- friendly multidose inhaler giving accurate doses of a stable formulation with good aerodynamic behaviour of the particles.
During the past few years, there have been frequent demonstrations of the fact that the appropriate selection of the most suitable crystalline modification can sj.gnificantly influence the clinical results of a given chemical substance.
The chemical and physical stability of a solid in a particular dosage form can be improved by presenting the substances) in the appropriate crystal form. The solid state phase transformation of the substance in a dosage form A' can dramatically alter the pharmaceutical properties of the formulation. The solid state phase of the administered substances) can influence such important factors as biaavailab111ty and physicochemical stability (specific surface area, particle size etc). Chemical stability in solid state and hygroscopicity are often closely related to crystallinity.
Solid state transformations may occur during mechanical processing e.g. micronizatian. In a micronization process, disruption or activation of the crystalline structure often leads to varying degrees of disorders through the formation of defects or amorphous regions. Such regions are often sensitive to external effects, e.g. moisture. It is necessary to establish the conditions whereby different forms of a substance might be converted to a single stable form thus eliminating differences in solid state properties and subsequent different physicochemical and pharmaceutical propert ies .
The increasing production and use of fine powders in the pharmaceutical industry has highlighted the need of reliable methods far assessing their physicochemical and technical handling. Mixing of cohesive powders will be influenced by the interparticulate forces between particles of the same species and also between part icles of different species. Since fine powders agglomerate, the mixture will often be inhomogeneous, particularly a minor component will show a skewed distribution. One reason could be that the agglomerates of the minor component are not completely A

dispersed into their component particles; see further Chem.
Eng. (1973), 12-19. Cohesive powders are thus very difficult to mix to a homogeneous mixture in an accurate way, especially when one component is present only as a small f ract ion .
Substances will often be obtained in an amorphous state and/or a metastable crystalline form when spray drying, freeze drying, rapid solvent quenching or when using controlled precipitation. The use of an amorphous form or metastable crystalline form is often limited due to its thermodynamic instability. It is therefore a desire to convert the amorphous form or the metastable crystalline form to a more stable crystalline state. For crystalline substances, a comminution operation step will give amorphous regions of the particle making the particle more sensitive to moisture and chemical degradation. The present invention deals with such physical changes, or more importantly, how to anticipate them and the means by which these solid state phenomena can be handled.
The rearrangement or conditioning of a water-soluble substance, amorphous or partly amorphous, using a solvent like ethanol, acetone or the like has been described in Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 508 969 where single compounds have been treated. However, that method is not applicable for some substances containing crystal water, since organic solvents will eliminate the water thereby changing the properties of the substance considerably. It has been understood that water-soluble substances could not be A

conditioned by water while keeping the particle distribution of a fine-grained substance intact.
References:
Amorphous-to-Crystalline Transformation of Sucrose, Phar. Res., 7 (12), 1278 (1990) by J.T Carstensen and K. Van Scoik.
Effect of Surface Characteristics of Theophylline Anhydrate Powder on Hydroscopic Stability, J. Pharm.
Pharmacol. 42, 606 (1990) bu M. Otsuka et al.
Process for conditioning of water-soluble substances, Eur. Pat. Appl. 508969 by J. Trofast et al.
The molecular basis of moisture effect on the physical and chemical stability of drugs in the solid state, Int. J. Pharm. 62 (1990), 87-95 by C. Ahlneck and G. Zografi.
Brief description of the invention The invention provides a fine-grained substance or substance mixture, which can be produced, stored and used while maintaining the aerodynamic properties required for inhalation of such a substance or substance mixture, conditioning the substance or mixture in a controlled process, thereby facilitating the technical handling and significantly increasing the medical value of the substance or mixture.
In one aspect, the invention provides a process for providing a fine-grained substance in stable, crystalline and unagglomerated form, which process comprises: (a) conditioning the fine-grained substance with water vapour at a temperature of between 10 and 60°C and at a relative humidity of greater than 50% in a controlled fashion; and then (b) drying the conditioned substance and isolating dried, conditioned, fine-grained particles of the substance.
Detailed description of the invention The present invention provides a reliable process for providing a stable crystallinic form to a fine-grained substance or a substance mixture, which can be produced, stored and used while maintaining the aerodynamic 4a properties required for inhalation of such a substance or substance mixture.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a process aprocess for providing a fine-grained substance in stable, crystalline and unagglomerated form, which process comprises:
(a) conditioning the fine-grained substance with water vapour in a controlled fashion; and then (b) drying the conditioned substance and isolating dried, conditioned, fine-grained particles of the substance.
In a preferred embodiment the process according to the present invention comprises the following steps:
a) in case of a substance mixture, preparing a homogeneous mixture of the substances;
b) micronizing, direct precipitating or diminishing by any convenient method the substance or substance mixture into a particle size required for inhalation, the particle size being less than l0um;
c) optionally preparing a homogeneous mixture of the desired substances when each substance has been introduced from stage b) as separate fine-grained part icles;
d) conditioning said substance or substance mixture by treatment with a water containing vapour phase in a controlled fashion; and e) drying.
The conditioning step is carried out by treatment A

21~~~~ ~
with a water containing vapour phase. Said water containing vapour phase is a water vapour phase with or without any organic solvent vapour present.
The conditioning step is carried out at a temperature/relative humidity combination, which suppresses the glass temperature of substances involved below the process temperature. The glass temperature (Tg) is the temperature at which the mobility of an amorphous material undergoes changes from an immobile glassy state to mobile rubbery state (phase transition).
The conditioning is generally carried out at a temperature between 0 and 100°C, preferably between 10 and 50°C. For practical reasons the conditioning is often performed at ambient temperature. The relative humidity (RH) at which the conditioning is carried out is chosen sa that the phase transition occurs, mainly above 35$ RH, preferably above 50~ RH, and most preferably above 75~ RH. The time used is considerably influenced by the batch size, relative humidity and packing etc and may be from minutes to days.
The formulation may include, e.g. a substance which enhances the absorption of a pharmacologically active drug in the lung. The enhancers used can be any of a number of compounds which act to enhance absorption through the layer of epithelial cell lining the alveoli of the lung and into the adjacent pulmonary vasculature. Among the substances with known absorption-enhancing properties are surfactants, such as alkali salts of fatty acids, sodium taura-dihydrofusidate lecithins, sodium glycocholate, sodium 21~~~~
taurocholate, octylglucopyranoside and the like.
Other additives may be carriers, diluents, antioxidants, buffer salts and the like, all of which may be treated according to the process of the present invention.
The accuracy and reproducibility of doses are often not sufficient when using very small Bases in an inhalatian device. Therefore very potent drugs may be diluted with a carrier in order to get an amount of pawder sufficient to obtain a reliable and reproducible dose. Such a carrier may be carbohydrates like lactose, glucose, fructose, galactose, trehalose, sucrose, maltose, raffinose, maltitol, melezitase, starch, xylitol, mannitol, myoinosital, and the like or a hydrate of any one thereof (preferably lactose and mannitol) and amino acids such as alanine, betaine and the like.
Coarser particles having a size above 10 ~m may also be conditioned using the process according to the present invention.
The present invention may be applied to for example the following pharmacologically active substances:
Formoterol (e. g. as fumarate) and salmeterol (e. g.
as xinafoate) are highly selective long-acting /32- adrenergic agonists having bronchospasmolytic effect and are effective in the treatment of reversible obstructive lung ailments of various genesis, particularly asthmatic conditions.
Salbutamol (e.g. as sulphase), bambuterol (e.g. as hydrochloride), terbutaline (e. g. as sulphate), fenoterol (e. g. as hydrobromide), clenbuterol (e. g. as hydrochloride), procaterol (e.g. as hydrochloride), bitolteral (e.g. as _ 7 _ mesylate and broxaterol are highly selective J32-adrenergic agonists and ipratropium bromide is an anticholinergic bronchodilator. Examples of antiinflammatory glucocorticoids are budesonide, (22R)-6a,9a-difluoro-l1p,21-dihydroxy-16a,17a-propylmethylenedioxy-4-pregnen-3,20-dione, fluticasone (e. g. as propionate ester), beclomethasone (e. g.
as dipropionate ester), tipredane, momethasane and the like.
Several of the compounds could be in the form of pharmacologically acceptable esters, salts, solvates, such as hydrates, or solvates of such esters or salts, if any.
The preferred substances to which the invention is to be applied are terbutaline sulphate, salbutamol sulphate, fenoterol hydrobromide, ipratropium bromide, bambuterol hydrochloride, formoterol fumarate and salmeterol xinafoate, and their solvates, especially their hydrates.
The most preferred substance mixture to which the invention is to be applied is formoterol (as formoterol fumarate dihydrate/lactose (monohydrate), although the same principle may be applied to combinations such as salbutamol (as salbutamol sulphate)/lactose, terbutaline (as terbutaline sulphate)/lactose, ipratropium bromide/lactose, budesonide/lactose, (22R)-6a,9a-difluoro-113,21-dihydroxy-16a,17a-propylmethylenedioxy-4-pregnen-3,20-dione/mannitol, (22R)-6a,9a-difluoro-113,21-dihydroxy-16a,17a-propylmethylenedioxy-4-pregnen-3,20-dione/myoinositol and (22R)-6a,9a-difluoro-11/3,21-dihydroxy-16a,17a-propylmethylenedioxy-4-pregnen-3,20-dione/lactose. When one of the components is rather insoluble in water, it is _ g _ A

217039 4 _ possible to use an organic solvent as a conditioning agent for one compound and water vapour as a conditioning agent for the other one in the conditioning step. In that case the conditioning may be carried out in a two step procedure wherein the first step is conditioning with an organic solvent followed by conditioning by water vapour in a second step; or vice versa.
The rearrangements or conditioning of the substance or substance mixture, amorphous or partly amorphous, involves treatment of the substances) with a water containing vapour phase in a controlled fashion. This conditioning step is to be performed in a defined environment with controlled and adjustable humidity, e.g. a column using inert gas and/or organic solvent vapour containing the required amount of water vapour. The packing of the substance or substance mixture affects the time needed as well as the result of the conditioning. The tendency of caking is affecting the number and size of particles. In case of a substance mixture, it is usually an advantage to mix the substances before the micronizing step in order to ensure a homogeneous mixture when using small ratios between the drug substance and the addit ive .
With the present invention it is possible to condition two or more substances in the same process while the particle distribution is maintained and this is from a technical standpoint a great advantage.
The ratio between the substances in a substance mixture is between 1:1 and 1:1000, preferably between 1:1 and _ g _ 1:500, and most preferred between 1:1 and 1:200 in the case where one substance is a pharmacologically active substance and the other one is an additive.
The particle size of the fine-grained substances should be identical before and after the conditioning step as measured by different instruments like Malvern Master Sizer, Coulter Counter or a microscope.
It is also of utmost importance that the particles obtained are wellydefined in size and distribution as well as having small batch to batch variations in order to obtain , agglomerates that will completely disintegrate into its primary particles in the inhaler used.
The invent ion also provides a reliable process, where the drug formulation of a single drug substance or a comb~.nation of a drug substance/additive, preferably formoterol fumarate dihydrate/lactose can be conveniently and reproducibly prepared.
For some material such as formoterol/lactose, where the Tg (the glass transition temperature, the temperature at which~the mobility of an amorphous substance undergoes changes from an immobile glassy state to mobile rubbery state) ~or water sensitivity is markedly different for the drug substance and the additive, the process can be performed i~ two consecutive steps, i.e. conditioning of one substance' at one temperature/RH combination followed by conditioning at a higher temperature/RH for the second substance.
The mixing step is preferably performed before the micronization step in order to ensure the content uniformity or in a single step using a vibratory ball mill as reported by I. Krycer and J. A. Hersey in Int. J. Pharm. 6, 119-129 (1980). It is also possible to mix the substances after micranization or after each substance has been conditioned.
In some instances it has been possible to use infrared spectroscopy in order to study the conversion of an amorphous form or a partly crystalline form into a stable crystalline form. Other methods available include BET gas adsorption, X-ray powder diffraction, isothermal microcalorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
We have found that BET gas adsorption and isothermal microcalorimetry are the best methods far distinguishing the different forms of the tested compounds.
When a substance or substance mixture is agglomerated and used as such, a drop of about 70-80~ of the respirable particles is found when exposed to high humidity.
It has astonishly been found that a drop of only about 25-30~
occurs when a substance or substance mixture has been conditioned (at 50~ RH for formoterol fumarate dihydrate/lactose mixture) before agglomeration and exposed to high humidity. After further conditioning at 75~ RH a drop of only 5-10~ of the respirable particles will occur, There is no difference in particle distribution as measured by a Malvern instrument before and after conditioning at 75~
RH. If the conditioning is performed with the agglomerated product the particle distribution is considerably worse and the formulation useless in an inhalation device.
Experimental procedure 217039 ~ ~.
1. Mixing the drug substance or the additive or a mixture thereof in a deffined ratio.
2. Micronizing the mixture.
3. Conditioning at a temperature/relative humidity combination, which suppresses the glass temperature of substances involved below the process temperature. The glass temperature (Tg) is the temperature at which the mobility of an amorphous material undergoes changes from an immobile glassy state to mobile rubbery state.
4. Drying with dry nitrogen or air, or in vacuum.
EXAMPLES
The invention is further illustrated but not limited by the following examples performed according to the described experimental procedure. Several batches of each substance or substance mixture have been measured. The data represents a comparison of the heat (J!g) given off by non-conditioned and conditioned substances when subjected to a water containing vapour phase. The experiments are performed by using a Thermal Activity Monitor 2277 (Thermometrics AB, Sweden).
Example 1 Salbutamol sulphate (25$)/lactose (75~
Conditioned at relative humidity (RH) 50-60 ~ RH
Non-conditioned substance (J/g) 5-8 Conditioned substance (J/g) <0.5 Example 2 Ipratropium bromide (6~)/lactose (94~) Conditioned at relative humidity (RH) 50-60 ~ RH

2'17439 4 Non-conditioned substance (J/g) 6-8 Conditioned substance (J/g) <0.5 Example 3 Formoterol fumarate dihvdrate Conditioned at relative humidity (RH) 75 ~ RH

Non-conditioned substance (J/g) Conditioned substance (J/g) <0.5 Example 4 Lactose (see Figure 1) Conditioned at relative humidity (RH) 50 ~ RH

Non-conditioned substance (J/g) 10-14 Conditioned substance (J/g) <0.5 Example 5 Melezitose Conditioned at relative humidity (RH) 50 ~ RH

Non-conditioned substance (J/g) 12 Conditioned substance (J/g) <0.5 Example 6 Formoterol fumarate dihvdrate (2~)/lactose ( 98$) Conditioned at relative humidity (RH) 50 ~ RH

Non-conditioned substance (J/g) 10-14 Conditioned substance (J/g) <0.5 During a recrystallization a large amount of heat is evolved, and by monitoring the calometrical signal the sample is checked for any amorphous content. Figure 1 shows micronised lactose before (I) and after (II) conditioning.

Thus, a complete crystallinity has been obta ined during the conditioning according to the invention.

A'

Claims (24)

CLAIMS:
1. A process for providing a fine-grained substance in stable, crystalline and unagglomerated form, which process comprises:
(a) conditioning the fine-grained substance with water vapour at a temperature of between 10 and 60°C and at a relative humidity of greater than 50% in a controlled fashion; and then (b) drying the conditioned substance and isolating dried, conditioned, fine-grained particles of the substance.
2. A process according to claim 1 which includes the step of reducing the particles of the substance to less than µm prior to the conditioning step.
3. A process according to claim 1 which includes the step of isolating dried, conditioned particles of the fine-grained substance of less than 10 µm.
4. A process according to claim 1, wherein the fine grained substance is in admixture with a second fine-grained substance.
5. A process according to claim 1, wherein step (a) is performed in a one step procedure.
6. A process according to claim 1, wherein step (a) is performed in a multistep procedure using different relative humidity/temperature combinations.
7. A process according to claim 1, wherein the sub-stance is a single drug substance.
8. A process according to claim 1 wherein the substance is a combination of a drug substance and an additive.
9. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the substance is selected from the group consisting of formoterol, salmeterol, salbutamol, bambuterol, terbutaline, fenoterol, clenbuterol, procaterol, bitolterol, broxaterol, ipratropium bromide, budesonide, (22R)-6.alpha.,9.alpha.-difluoro-11.beta.,21-dihydroxy-16.alpha.,17.alpha.-propylmethylenedioxy-4-pregnen-3,20-dione, fluticasone, beclomethasone, tipredane, momethasone, and pharmacologically acceptable esters, salts and solvates thereof and a solvate of such esters or salts.
10. A process according to claim 9, wherein the sub-stance is selected from the group consisting of formoterol fumarate, salmeterol xinafoate, salbutarnol sulphate, bambuterol hydrochloride, terbutaline sulphate, fenoterol hydrobromide, clenbuterol hydrochloride, procaterol hydrochloride, bitolterol mesylate, fluticasone propionate, beclomethasone dipropionate and a solvate of any one thereof.
11. A process according to claim 8, wherein the additive is selected from the group consisting of lactose, glucose, fructose, galactose, trehalose, sucrose, maltose, raffinose, maltitol, melezitose, starch, xylitol, mannitol, myoinositol and a hydrate of any one thereof, and an amino acid.
12. A process according to claim 8, wherein the additive is selected from the group consisting of lactose, and mannitol and a hydrate of either thereof.
13. A process according to claim 8, wherein the additive is selected from the group consisting of an enhancer, an antioxidant and a buffer salt.
14. A process according to claim 8, wherein the additive is an enhancer selected from the group consisting of an alkali salt of a fatty acid, sodium taurodihydrofusidate, a lecithin, sodium glycocholate, sodium taurocholate and octylglucopyranoside.
15. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 8 and to 14, wherein the substance is a mixture of formoterol/
lactose.
16. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 8 and 10 to 14, wherein the substance is a mixture of salbutamol/
lactose.
17. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 8 and 10 to 14, wherein the substance is a mixture of budesonide/lactose.
18. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 8 and 10 to 14, wherein the substance is a mixture of (22R)-6.alpha.,9.alpha.-difluoro-11.beta.,21-dihydroxy-16.alpha.,17.alpha.-propylmethylenedioxy-4-pregnen-3,20-dione/mannitol.
19. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 8 and 10 to 14, wherein the substance is a mixture of (22R)-6.alpha.,9.alpha.-difluoro-11.beta.,21-dihydroxy-16.alpha.,17.alpha.-propylmethylenedioxy-4-pregnen-3,20-dione/lactose.
20. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 8 and 10 to 14, wherein the substance is a mixture of formoterol fumarate dihydrate/lactose.
21. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 8 and 10 to 14, wherein the substance is a mixture of salbutamol sulphate/lactose.
22. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 8 and 10 to 14, wherein the substance is a mixture of terbutaline sulphate/lactose.
23. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 8 and 10 to 14, wherein the conditioning is carried out at a relative humidity above 75%.
24. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 8 and 10 to 14, wherein the substance comprises a drug and an additive in a ratio of between 1:1 and 1:500.
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