CA2176184A1 - Hydrocarbon gas processing - Google Patents
Hydrocarbon gas processingInfo
- Publication number
- CA2176184A1 CA2176184A1 CA002176184A CA2176184A CA2176184A1 CA 2176184 A1 CA2176184 A1 CA 2176184A1 CA 002176184 A CA002176184 A CA 002176184A CA 2176184 A CA2176184 A CA 2176184A CA 2176184 A1 CA2176184 A1 CA 2176184A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- stream
- column
- pressure
- cooled
- expanded
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
- F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
- F25J3/0228—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream
- F25J3/0238—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream separation of CnHm with 2 carbon atoms or more
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
- F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
- F25J3/0204—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the feed stream
- F25J3/0209—Natural gas or substitute natural gas
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
- F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
- F25J3/0204—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the feed stream
- F25J3/0219—Refinery gas, cracking gas, coke oven gas, gaseous mixtures containing aliphatic unsaturated CnHm or gaseous mixtures of undefined nature
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
- F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
- F25J3/0228—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream
- F25J3/0233—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream separation of CnHm with 1 carbon atom or more
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
- F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
- F25J3/0228—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream
- F25J3/0242—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream separation of CnHm with 3 carbon atoms or more
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2200/00—Processes or apparatus using separation by rectification
- F25J2200/02—Processes or apparatus using separation by rectification in a single pressure main column system
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2200/00—Processes or apparatus using separation by rectification
- F25J2200/70—Refluxing the column with a condensed part of the feed stream, i.e. fractionator top is stripped or self-rectified
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2205/00—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
- F25J2205/02—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using simple phase separation in a vessel or drum
- F25J2205/04—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using simple phase separation in a vessel or drum in the feed line, i.e. upstream of the fractionation step
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2210/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
- F25J2210/06—Splitting of the feed stream, e.g. for treating or cooling in different ways
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2210/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
- F25J2210/12—Refinery or petrochemical off-gas
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2235/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure or for conveying of liquid process streams
- F25J2235/60—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure or for conveying of liquid process streams the fluid being (a mixture of) hydrocarbons
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2240/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for expanding of process streams
- F25J2240/02—Expansion of a process fluid in a work-extracting turbine (i.e. isentropic expansion), e.g. of the feed stream
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
- F25J2270/90—External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH3, unspecified external refrigeration
Abstract
A process for the recovery of ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene and heavier hydrocarbon components from a hydrocarbon gas stream is disclosed. The stream is cooled to partially condense it, then separated to provide a first vapor stream and a first condensed stream. The first vapor stream is divided into first and second streams, then the first stream is combined with the first condensed stream.
The combined stream is cooled and expanded to an intermediate pressure to partially condense it, then separated to provide a second vapor stream and a second condensed stream. The second vapor stream is cooled at the intermediate pressure to condense substantially all of it and is thereafter expanded to the fractionation tower pressure and supplied to the fractionation tower at a top feed position. The second condensed stream is subcooled at the intermediate pressure, expanded to the tower pressure, and is supplied to the column at a first mid-column feed position. The second stream is expanded to the tower pressure and is then supplied to the column at a second mid-column feed position. The quantities and temperatures of the feeds to the column are effective to maintain the column overhead temperature at a temperature whereby the major portion of the desired components is recovered. In an alternative embodiment, the combined stream is cooled at essentially inlet pressure to partially condense it, then separated at pressure to provide the second vapor stream and the second condensed stream.
The combined stream is cooled and expanded to an intermediate pressure to partially condense it, then separated to provide a second vapor stream and a second condensed stream. The second vapor stream is cooled at the intermediate pressure to condense substantially all of it and is thereafter expanded to the fractionation tower pressure and supplied to the fractionation tower at a top feed position. The second condensed stream is subcooled at the intermediate pressure, expanded to the tower pressure, and is supplied to the column at a first mid-column feed position. The second stream is expanded to the tower pressure and is then supplied to the column at a second mid-column feed position. The quantities and temperatures of the feeds to the column are effective to maintain the column overhead temperature at a temperature whereby the major portion of the desired components is recovered. In an alternative embodiment, the combined stream is cooled at essentially inlet pressure to partially condense it, then separated at pressure to provide the second vapor stream and the second condensed stream.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/477,444 US5555748A (en) | 1995-06-07 | 1995-06-07 | Hydrocarbon gas processing |
US08/477,444 | 1995-06-07 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2176184A1 true CA2176184A1 (en) | 1996-12-08 |
CA2176184C CA2176184C (en) | 2004-07-13 |
Family
ID=23895939
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA002176184A Expired - Fee Related CA2176184C (en) | 1995-06-07 | 1996-05-09 | Hydrocarbon gas processing |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5555748A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2176184C (en) |
Families Citing this family (82)
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US5983664A (en) * | 1997-04-09 | 1999-11-16 | Elcor Corporation | Hydrocarbon gas processing |
US5890378A (en) * | 1997-04-21 | 1999-04-06 | Elcor Corporation | Hydrocarbon gas processing |
US5881569A (en) * | 1997-05-07 | 1999-03-16 | Elcor Corporation | Hydrocarbon gas processing |
TW366409B (en) * | 1997-07-01 | 1999-08-11 | Exxon Production Research Co | Process for liquefying a natural gas stream containing at least one freezable component |
US6237365B1 (en) * | 1998-01-20 | 2001-05-29 | Transcanada Energy Ltd. | Apparatus for and method of separating a hydrocarbon gas into two fractions and a method of retrofitting an existing cryogenic apparatus |
US6182469B1 (en) | 1998-12-01 | 2001-02-06 | Elcor Corporation | Hydrocarbon gas processing |
US6354105B1 (en) | 1999-12-03 | 2002-03-12 | Ipsi L.L.C. | Split feed compression process for high recovery of ethane and heavier components |
US6266977B1 (en) | 2000-04-19 | 2001-07-31 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Nitrogen refrigerated process for the recovery of C2+ Hydrocarbons |
CA2423699C (en) * | 2000-10-02 | 2008-11-25 | Elcor Corporation | Hydrocarbon gas processing |
US6712880B2 (en) | 2001-03-01 | 2004-03-30 | Abb Lummus Global, Inc. | Cryogenic process utilizing high pressure absorber column |
US6526777B1 (en) | 2001-04-20 | 2003-03-04 | Elcor Corporation | LNG production in cryogenic natural gas processing plants |
US6742358B2 (en) * | 2001-06-08 | 2004-06-01 | Elkcorp | Natural gas liquefaction |
US6425266B1 (en) * | 2001-09-24 | 2002-07-30 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Low temperature hydrocarbon gas separation process |
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US6823692B1 (en) | 2002-02-11 | 2004-11-30 | Abb Lummus Global Inc. | Carbon dioxide reduction scheme for NGL processes |
US7377127B2 (en) * | 2002-05-08 | 2008-05-27 | Fluor Technologies Corporation | Configuration and process for NGL recovery using a subcooled absorption reflux process |
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US7484385B2 (en) | 2003-01-16 | 2009-02-03 | Lummus Technology Inc. | Multiple reflux stream hydrocarbon recovery process |
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US6889523B2 (en) | 2003-03-07 | 2005-05-10 | Elkcorp | LNG production in cryogenic natural gas processing plants |
US7107788B2 (en) * | 2003-03-07 | 2006-09-19 | Abb Lummus Global, Randall Gas Technologies | Residue recycle-high ethane recovery process |
FR2855526B1 (en) * | 2003-06-02 | 2007-01-26 | Technip France | METHOD AND INSTALLATION FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS PRODUCTION OF A NATURAL GAS THAT CAN BE LIQUEFIED AND A CUTTING OF NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS |
US7155931B2 (en) * | 2003-09-30 | 2007-01-02 | Ortloff Engineers, Ltd. | Liquefied natural gas processing |
US9360249B2 (en) * | 2004-01-16 | 2016-06-07 | Ihi E&C International Corporation | Gas conditioning process for the recovery of LPG/NGL (C2+) from LNG |
US7159417B2 (en) * | 2004-03-18 | 2007-01-09 | Abb Lummus Global, Inc. | Hydrocarbon recovery process utilizing enhanced reflux streams |
US7204100B2 (en) * | 2004-05-04 | 2007-04-17 | Ortloff Engineers, Ltd. | Natural gas liquefaction |
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US9080810B2 (en) * | 2005-06-20 | 2015-07-14 | Ortloff Engineers, Ltd. | Hydrocarbon gas processing |
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US8499581B2 (en) * | 2006-10-06 | 2013-08-06 | Ihi E&C International Corporation | Gas conditioning method and apparatus for the recovery of LPG/NGL(C2+) from LNG |
US7777088B2 (en) | 2007-01-10 | 2010-08-17 | Pilot Energy Solutions, Llc | Carbon dioxide fractionalization process |
US8590340B2 (en) * | 2007-02-09 | 2013-11-26 | Ortoff Engineers, Ltd. | Hydrocarbon gas processing |
US9869510B2 (en) * | 2007-05-17 | 2018-01-16 | Ortloff Engineers, Ltd. | Liquefied natural gas processing |
US8919148B2 (en) * | 2007-10-18 | 2014-12-30 | Ortloff Engineers, Ltd. | Hydrocarbon gas processing |
US9243842B2 (en) | 2008-02-15 | 2016-01-26 | Black & Veatch Corporation | Combined synthesis gas separation and LNG production method and system |
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US11473837B2 (en) | 2018-08-31 | 2022-10-18 | Uop Llc | Gas subcooled process conversion to recycle split vapor for recovery of ethane and propane |
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US11643604B2 (en) | 2019-10-18 | 2023-05-09 | Uop Llc | Hydrocarbon gas processing |
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US2880592A (en) * | 1955-11-10 | 1959-04-07 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Demethanization of cracked gases |
US3292380A (en) * | 1964-04-28 | 1966-12-20 | Coastal States Gas Producing C | Method and equipment for treating hydrocarbon gases for pressure reduction and condensate recovery |
US4171964A (en) * | 1976-06-21 | 1979-10-23 | The Ortloff Corporation | Hydrocarbon gas processing |
US4157904A (en) * | 1976-08-09 | 1979-06-12 | The Ortloff Corporation | Hydrocarbon gas processing |
US4278457A (en) * | 1977-07-14 | 1981-07-14 | Ortloff Corporation | Hydrocarbon gas processing |
US4519824A (en) * | 1983-11-07 | 1985-05-28 | The Randall Corporation | Hydrocarbon gas separation |
US4617039A (en) * | 1984-11-19 | 1986-10-14 | Pro-Quip Corporation | Separating hydrocarbon gases |
US4698081A (en) * | 1986-04-01 | 1987-10-06 | Mcdermott International, Inc. | Process for separating hydrocarbon gas constituents utilizing a fractionator |
US4687499A (en) * | 1986-04-01 | 1987-08-18 | Mcdermott International Inc. | Process for separating hydrocarbon gas constituents |
US4710214A (en) * | 1986-12-19 | 1987-12-01 | The M. W. Kellogg Company | Process for separation of hydrocarbon gases |
US4854955A (en) * | 1988-05-17 | 1989-08-08 | Elcor Corporation | Hydrocarbon gas processing |
US4869740A (en) * | 1988-05-17 | 1989-09-26 | Elcor Corporation | Hydrocarbon gas processing |
US4889545A (en) * | 1988-11-21 | 1989-12-26 | Elcor Corporation | Hydrocarbon gas processing |
US5275005A (en) * | 1992-12-01 | 1994-01-04 | Elcor Corporation | Gas processing |
-
1995
- 1995-06-07 US US08/477,444 patent/US5555748A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1996
- 1996-05-09 CA CA002176184A patent/CA2176184C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US5555748A (en) | 1996-09-17 |
CA2176184C (en) | 2004-07-13 |
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