CA2191742C - Process for determining the harmonic oscillations of the fundamental component of an electric signal - Google Patents
Process for determining the harmonic oscillations of the fundamental component of an electric signal Download PDFInfo
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- CA2191742C CA2191742C CA002191742A CA2191742A CA2191742C CA 2191742 C CA2191742 C CA 2191742C CA 002191742 A CA002191742 A CA 002191742A CA 2191742 A CA2191742 A CA 2191742A CA 2191742 C CA2191742 C CA 2191742C
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000001131 transforming effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 17
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R23/00—Arrangements for measuring frequencies; Arrangements for analysing frequency spectra
- G01R23/16—Spectrum analysis; Fourier analysis
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a process for determining harmonic oscillations of a fundamental component of an electrical signal, wherein the signal is sampled with a sampling frequency corresponding to a multiple of the fundamental component's frequency. The sampled values of the signal are subjected, after analog-to-digital conversion, to a discrete Fourier transformation to determine the harmonic oscillations. The sampling is performed with a non-integer multiple of the frequency of the fundamental component and the discrete Fourier transformation is performed while the frequency resolution is increased over several periods of the fundamental component to determine the harmonic oscillations.
Description
. ~ 2~19174~
.r .., Revised acres ~ ,LE, "~ o TFi~S AP~'IENDEU
_ . __ __TRANSLATION
Description Process for determining the harmonic-oscillations of the fundamental component of an electrical signal The invention._conrern~a process for determining the harmonic oscillations of the fundamental component of an electrical signal, wherein the signal is -sampled with a sampling frequency corresponding to a multiple of the fundamental component's frequency and the-sampled values of the signal are subjected,_after analog-digital- conversion, to a Discrete Fourier Transformation (DFT)_to determine the harmonic oscillations_ A process of this kind is described in the-journal-"Blektronik" 2, 1/23/1987, pp. 89 - 96, in particular pp_ 92 - 93_ In this prior art process, the electrical signal is -sampled with a-sampling rate corresponding to an integer multiple of the-..fundamental component's frequency after analog pre-f~Ltering: According to an-example given, sampling is performed at a sampling rate of 2_56 kHz, and the spectral lines up to the sixth harmonic oscillation are determined in addition to the spectral line of-a 160 Hz fundamental frequency. The spectral lines of the higher harmonics are greater than half the sampling rate (Nyquist frequency) and-for real input signals provide the same values as the first eight spectral lines due to mirroring on-the Nyquist frequency_ The spectral lines of the higher harmonics can thus not be selected and determined with the prior=art process for a sampling frequency of 2_56- kHz. If these spectral-lines are also to be determined, this would require; in the prior-art process, a two times greater sampling frequency; i.e.; a sampling-frequency of ~=I2 kHz.
The object of the invention is to provide a pracess for determining the harmonic oscillations o~ a fundamental frequency-of an electrical signal allowing relatively simple determination even ofhigher-order harmonics.
To achieve this object, in a process according to: the invention, sampling is carried out with a non-integer multiple of the fundamental frequency, and the discrete Fourier transformation-is performed by increasing the frequency resolution over several periods of the fundamental frequency to determine the harmonic oscillations-The invention is based on the recognition that, when sampling is performed with a non-integer multiple of the fundamental frequency, the higher harmonics are mirrored on a Nyquist frequency,--which does notcoincide.with a harmonic, but is-located between-two adjacent harmonics-This results in that.the higher harmonics mirrored on such a Nyquist frequericy fall into the "gaps"-.between the -lower-order harmonics and thus can be measured and selected.
It is however required, in order to obtain reproducible measuring results, that the discrete Fourier transformation be carried out over a time intexval corresponding to several periods of the fundamental frequency.
In general it can be established that a sampling frequency f,, is used according to the invention, which sampling frequency can be described by the following relationship -(1) f" = N~ * fY - (1) In this--equation (1), f~, denotes the frequency of the fundamental frequency ofthe el-ectrical signalto be analyzed. N' can be described by the fol lowing equation (2):
N' = M/L (2) where M is an odd integer and L is an integer with L 2 I.
For example, if M = 21and L = 2 are selected, this means that a sampling frequency f" will be used according to the invention, which is equal to 10.5 Mmes the fundamental frequency f". In this case, a discrete Fourier transfozznationmust be performed over L periods, i.e., in the present case, over two periods.-An important advantage of the process according to the invention consists of the possibility of determining harmonic oscillations of a relatively high order by using a -relatively low sampling frequency. This reduces the cost of measuring the harmonic or fundamental frequencies in an electrical signal. The longer measuring time over several periods of the fundamental frequency can-often-easily be taken into account, so that this does not represent a problem in most applications.
The frequency of the fundamental frequency of an electrical signal is often subject to fluctuations; this is true, for example, for electrical signals derived from the current or the voltage of an electric supply line. In order to also be able to.use the process according to the invention-for such electrical signals and obtain accurate measurement results, in an improved version of the invention a measured value that provides the instantaneous frequency of the fundamental frequency of the electrical signal is obtained with a frequency measurement device supplied with the sampled -values; the measured value is multiplied by a factor n, to obtain a derived measured value, with n being equal to the quotient of a selected sampling frequency over the nominal frequency of the fundamental frequency of the electrical signal, and sampling is performed with a sampling frequency corresponding to the derived measured value.
The important advantage of this embodiment of the process according to the invention is that, independently of the instantaneous frequency of the analog electrical signal analyzed, a sampling frequency corresponding to n times the instantaneous frequency of the electrical signal is used. This considerably increases the measurement accuracy, since the same number of samplings is always performed per period of the electrical signal even for electrical signal frequencies that are different from the nominal frequency. Therefore, for this improved version of the process according to the invention, the sampling frequency is matched to the obtained frequency of the fundamental component.
This type of matching the sampling frequency to the frequency of the fundamental component of an electrical signal is the subject of the older German Offenlegungsschrift 4,330,179 A1 published March 16, 1995.
In the process according to the invention, the derived measured value can be supplied to the clock input of an analog-digital converter used for analog-digital conversion in different ways. Direct supply, for example, is one option.
It is considered advantageous, however, in order to obtain the highest possible accuracy, to form, in another embodiment of the process according to the invention, an intermediary value corresponding to the quotient of magnitude of the clock frequency of a clock generator and the intermediary value providing the derived measured value in a quotient device, and to set the divider ratio of a frequency divider arranged between the clock generator and the clock input of an analog-digital converter used for analog-digital conversion so that the sampling frequency corresponding to the derived measured value is supplied to the clock input. In this way it is ensured that the sampling frequency is always derived anew from the clock frequency of the clock generator.
In order to achieve a smoothly operating process according to the invention, it is advantageous to modify the divider ratio as soon as possible after the elapse of a few periods of the electrical signal.
In the process according to the invention the frequency measuring device is advantageously a digital frequency meter in order to achieve the highest possible measurement accuracy.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method for determining harmonic oscillations of a fundamental component of an electrical signal, the fundamental component having a fundamental frequency, the method comprising the steps of: sampling the electrical signal using a sampling frequency to generate first sampled values, the sampling frequency corresponding to a non-integer multiple of the fundamental frequency; converting the first sampled values into second sampled values using an analog-to-digital converter;
transforming the second sampled values of the electrical signal using a discrete Fourier transformation to obtain the harmonic oscillations of the electrical signal, the discrete Fourier transformation being performed over a plurality of periods of the fundamental component to increase frequency resolution;
supplying the second sampled values to a frequency meter;
obtaining a first measured value corresponding to an instantaneous frequency of the fundamental component using the frequency meter; multiplying the first measured value by a predetermined factor to generate a second measured value, the predetermined factor being a quotient of a selected sampling frequency and a nominal frequency of the fundamental component;
and determining the sampling frequency as a function of the second measured value, the electrical signal being sampled at the sampling frequency.
The invention is explained in the drawing, where Figure 1 is a diagram for further explanation of the prior process described above, Figure 2 is another diagram to explain the process according to the invention, Figure 3 is a table explaining the mirroring of the harmonics in the fundamental band, and Figure 4 illustrate a device for carrying out the process according to the invention in the form of a block diagram.
In Figure 1 the spectral lines of a fundamental frequency fgr 6a with the value A, and harmonic oscillations 2fu through 5f~, are plotted against the freduency, assuming, for the sake of simplicity, that the harmonics also have a value of A,.
Figure 1 further shows that a sampling frequency f;~ is-used, which corresponds to twice the frequency of the fourth harmonic Sf~; the fourth harmonic is therefore the Nyquist frequency f~,.-Then iri the prior-art process,-the fifth through eigth-harmonics (6fa through 9f~,) are mirrored on-the Nyquist frequency fm, as can be seen ,from the lines with arrows of Figure 1_ This means that spectral lines with an amplitude of 2*A, are obtained for frequencies-f~, through 5f~
once-it is assumed that the harmonics 6f~, through 9fu have the same amplitudes A, as the harmonics f~ through Sf~,. The illustration of-Figure 1 therefore clearly shows that in the prior-art process only the harmonics up to the fifth harmonic can be determined with a sampling frequency corresponding to twice the Nyquist frequency fny. -In Figures 2 the spectral lines of the fundamental frequencies f~,-up to the fourth harmonic Sf~-are-plotted against the frequency f; it is now assumed that a sampling frequency of f" is used, which can be des-cribed by the following equation (3) -f,, = N'*fa [(3)]
where N' is selected equal to 10.5. The Nyquist frequency is now 5.25*f~, so that the higher harmonics-are mirrored on this frequency with the result that the sixth through ninth harmonics fall in the gaps right in the middle among the lower order harmonics; this makes it possible to determine up to the ninth harmonic 9fg; however, only a sampling frequency 10.5 times the fundamental frequency can be used.
~~ 2191742 For determining the spectral lines using the discrete Fourier-transformation, a time interval equal to two periods of the fundamental frequency must be used in order to ensure that the measurement result can be obtained independently of when the first sampling is done with regard to the variation of the fundamental frequency over time. Accordingly, when N' is selected equal to 10_33, for example, the measurement is done using the discrete Fourier transformation over three fundamental frequencies in order-to accurately determine all spectral components.
If, for example, the process according to the invention is used to determine harmonic oscillations of an electrical signal derived from a current or a voltage in-a 60 Hz electric power supply line, the-relationships illustrated in Figure 3 are obtained for a sampling frequency corresponding to I6_5 times the line frequency of 60 Hz. The left-hand column (k) provides the components of the discrete Fourier.
transformation, while column 2 shows the spectral lines SLu below the Nyquist frequency first in Hz and then as the corresponding harmonic. "DC" denotes a DC component, "H16"
denotes-the 16th harmonic, i_e., the 15th higher harmonic, "H1" denotes the 60 Hz fundamental frequency, etc_ The spectral lines Sh in the frequency band below the Nyquist frequency of 495 Hz are shown inthe rightmost column of Figure 3_ The arrow in another column indicates that the spectral lines SIb shown in the column to the right are mirrored on the Nyquist frequency. The characters in italics in the SL" column designate the spectral lines obtained by mirroring on the Nyquist frequency. Figure 3clearly shows that, even with a sampling frequency of orily 99fl Hz, spectral Lines up to the 16th harmonic H16, i_e_, up to 960 Hz, can be determined with the process according-to the invention.
According to Figure 4, an electrical signal U to be analyzed is sampled with a sampling device 1 at a sampling frequency selected according to the above explanations. The sampled values are converted to digital values in an analog-digital converter 2; the digital values obtained are subjected to a discrete Fourier transformation in a downstream data processing system 3. Then the spectral lines can be displayed, for example, on a monitor 4 as shown in Figure 2; of course, the spectral lines can also be printed out on a suitable peripheral device.
In order to accurately determine even harmonics in an electrical signal U with a fluctuating frequency of its fundamental component, the arrangement having components 1 through 4 is supplemented according to Figure 4 with a sampling signal generator 5 and a clock generator 6. Sampling signal generator 5 has, on its input side, a digital frequency meter 7, which can be designed and can operate, for example, as described in detail in the paper by J. Heydeman and E.N. Luf "Microprocessor-Based Underfrequency Relaying," Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, published in IEEE
Conference Publication No. 24, Third International Conference on Development in Power System Protection, 1985, pp. 24-28.
Preferable is, however, an arrangement as described in the older German patent specification 4,211,946 Cl published September 23, 1933 or the corresponding international application WO 93/20454 published October 14, 1993. Digital frequency meter 7 has clock generator 6, which transmits a clock frequency fQ to digital frequency meter 7. A measured value fNist, providing the instantaneous frequency of signal U, appears then at the output of digital frequency meter 7.
Measured value fNist is supplied to a multiplicator 9, where it is multiplied by a factor n.- This factor n is the ratio between a selected sampling frequency f~ to the nominal frequency of-the fundamental component of the analog electrical signal U_ For a voltage in an-electric power supply line as an analog electrical signal-U, the nominal frequency is, for example, 60 Hz; it corresponds to the nominal frequency. The selected sampling frequency fA is, for example, 990 Hz, so that the factor n has the value 16.5. ._ _ At the output of multiplicator 9, a derived measured value f,"o~ appears, which corresponds to a set sampling frequency;
in the above numerical example, this frequency, in the case where voltage U has the exact frequency of 60--Hz, is therefore 990 Hz_ If-, however, the instantaneous frequency is found to be 59.5 Hz, for example, at the output of the digital frequency meter,-the measured value f";" = 59.5 Hz, then a set sampling frequency of 981_75 Hz is obtained, since the derived measured value f,,,e"=n*fNe,. The derived measured value ~",o" is supplied to a downstream quotient device 10, which also receives signals at a frequency fQ
from clock generator 6. An intermediary value Z is then obtained at the output of quotient device 10; this value can be described by the following relationship:
fQ / f",o~ = Z
The dividing ratio of a downstream frequency divider 11, whose one other input is connected to clock generator 6, is modified with this intermediary value Z_ Therefore at the output of frequency divider 1I a signal with a frequency f,,;"
is obtained, which can be described with the following equation.
. ~ ~ 2i 91742 f~;" = fQ * (f"~~ / fQ) -Frequency--F,,s, [sic7, however, corresponds-to the set sampling freguency, which ensures that analog-digital converter 2 is always clocked with a frequency fN" that exactly corresponds to n times the instantaneous frequency of the electrical signal U. The output of frequency divider 11 is connected to clock inputs 12 and 13-of-sampling device 1 and analog-digital converter 2.
In order to maintain the operation of the process illustrated stable, analog-digital converter 2 is not immediately supplied with the recently matched sampling frequency upon a change in measured value fN"" but a delay is generated in'a manner not shown, which can be, for example, on the order of magnitude of four periods of the electrical signal U. Only after the elapse of four-periods of signal U will then a change in measured value fK, affect the sampling frequency f,~".
.r .., Revised acres ~ ,LE, "~ o TFi~S AP~'IENDEU
_ . __ __TRANSLATION
Description Process for determining the harmonic-oscillations of the fundamental component of an electrical signal The invention._conrern~a process for determining the harmonic oscillations of the fundamental component of an electrical signal, wherein the signal is -sampled with a sampling frequency corresponding to a multiple of the fundamental component's frequency and the-sampled values of the signal are subjected,_after analog-digital- conversion, to a Discrete Fourier Transformation (DFT)_to determine the harmonic oscillations_ A process of this kind is described in the-journal-"Blektronik" 2, 1/23/1987, pp. 89 - 96, in particular pp_ 92 - 93_ In this prior art process, the electrical signal is -sampled with a-sampling rate corresponding to an integer multiple of the-..fundamental component's frequency after analog pre-f~Ltering: According to an-example given, sampling is performed at a sampling rate of 2_56 kHz, and the spectral lines up to the sixth harmonic oscillation are determined in addition to the spectral line of-a 160 Hz fundamental frequency. The spectral lines of the higher harmonics are greater than half the sampling rate (Nyquist frequency) and-for real input signals provide the same values as the first eight spectral lines due to mirroring on-the Nyquist frequency_ The spectral lines of the higher harmonics can thus not be selected and determined with the prior=art process for a sampling frequency of 2_56- kHz. If these spectral-lines are also to be determined, this would require; in the prior-art process, a two times greater sampling frequency; i.e.; a sampling-frequency of ~=I2 kHz.
The object of the invention is to provide a pracess for determining the harmonic oscillations o~ a fundamental frequency-of an electrical signal allowing relatively simple determination even ofhigher-order harmonics.
To achieve this object, in a process according to: the invention, sampling is carried out with a non-integer multiple of the fundamental frequency, and the discrete Fourier transformation-is performed by increasing the frequency resolution over several periods of the fundamental frequency to determine the harmonic oscillations-The invention is based on the recognition that, when sampling is performed with a non-integer multiple of the fundamental frequency, the higher harmonics are mirrored on a Nyquist frequency,--which does notcoincide.with a harmonic, but is-located between-two adjacent harmonics-This results in that.the higher harmonics mirrored on such a Nyquist frequericy fall into the "gaps"-.between the -lower-order harmonics and thus can be measured and selected.
It is however required, in order to obtain reproducible measuring results, that the discrete Fourier transformation be carried out over a time intexval corresponding to several periods of the fundamental frequency.
In general it can be established that a sampling frequency f,, is used according to the invention, which sampling frequency can be described by the following relationship -(1) f" = N~ * fY - (1) In this--equation (1), f~, denotes the frequency of the fundamental frequency ofthe el-ectrical signalto be analyzed. N' can be described by the fol lowing equation (2):
N' = M/L (2) where M is an odd integer and L is an integer with L 2 I.
For example, if M = 21and L = 2 are selected, this means that a sampling frequency f" will be used according to the invention, which is equal to 10.5 Mmes the fundamental frequency f". In this case, a discrete Fourier transfozznationmust be performed over L periods, i.e., in the present case, over two periods.-An important advantage of the process according to the invention consists of the possibility of determining harmonic oscillations of a relatively high order by using a -relatively low sampling frequency. This reduces the cost of measuring the harmonic or fundamental frequencies in an electrical signal. The longer measuring time over several periods of the fundamental frequency can-often-easily be taken into account, so that this does not represent a problem in most applications.
The frequency of the fundamental frequency of an electrical signal is often subject to fluctuations; this is true, for example, for electrical signals derived from the current or the voltage of an electric supply line. In order to also be able to.use the process according to the invention-for such electrical signals and obtain accurate measurement results, in an improved version of the invention a measured value that provides the instantaneous frequency of the fundamental frequency of the electrical signal is obtained with a frequency measurement device supplied with the sampled -values; the measured value is multiplied by a factor n, to obtain a derived measured value, with n being equal to the quotient of a selected sampling frequency over the nominal frequency of the fundamental frequency of the electrical signal, and sampling is performed with a sampling frequency corresponding to the derived measured value.
The important advantage of this embodiment of the process according to the invention is that, independently of the instantaneous frequency of the analog electrical signal analyzed, a sampling frequency corresponding to n times the instantaneous frequency of the electrical signal is used. This considerably increases the measurement accuracy, since the same number of samplings is always performed per period of the electrical signal even for electrical signal frequencies that are different from the nominal frequency. Therefore, for this improved version of the process according to the invention, the sampling frequency is matched to the obtained frequency of the fundamental component.
This type of matching the sampling frequency to the frequency of the fundamental component of an electrical signal is the subject of the older German Offenlegungsschrift 4,330,179 A1 published March 16, 1995.
In the process according to the invention, the derived measured value can be supplied to the clock input of an analog-digital converter used for analog-digital conversion in different ways. Direct supply, for example, is one option.
It is considered advantageous, however, in order to obtain the highest possible accuracy, to form, in another embodiment of the process according to the invention, an intermediary value corresponding to the quotient of magnitude of the clock frequency of a clock generator and the intermediary value providing the derived measured value in a quotient device, and to set the divider ratio of a frequency divider arranged between the clock generator and the clock input of an analog-digital converter used for analog-digital conversion so that the sampling frequency corresponding to the derived measured value is supplied to the clock input. In this way it is ensured that the sampling frequency is always derived anew from the clock frequency of the clock generator.
In order to achieve a smoothly operating process according to the invention, it is advantageous to modify the divider ratio as soon as possible after the elapse of a few periods of the electrical signal.
In the process according to the invention the frequency measuring device is advantageously a digital frequency meter in order to achieve the highest possible measurement accuracy.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method for determining harmonic oscillations of a fundamental component of an electrical signal, the fundamental component having a fundamental frequency, the method comprising the steps of: sampling the electrical signal using a sampling frequency to generate first sampled values, the sampling frequency corresponding to a non-integer multiple of the fundamental frequency; converting the first sampled values into second sampled values using an analog-to-digital converter;
transforming the second sampled values of the electrical signal using a discrete Fourier transformation to obtain the harmonic oscillations of the electrical signal, the discrete Fourier transformation being performed over a plurality of periods of the fundamental component to increase frequency resolution;
supplying the second sampled values to a frequency meter;
obtaining a first measured value corresponding to an instantaneous frequency of the fundamental component using the frequency meter; multiplying the first measured value by a predetermined factor to generate a second measured value, the predetermined factor being a quotient of a selected sampling frequency and a nominal frequency of the fundamental component;
and determining the sampling frequency as a function of the second measured value, the electrical signal being sampled at the sampling frequency.
The invention is explained in the drawing, where Figure 1 is a diagram for further explanation of the prior process described above, Figure 2 is another diagram to explain the process according to the invention, Figure 3 is a table explaining the mirroring of the harmonics in the fundamental band, and Figure 4 illustrate a device for carrying out the process according to the invention in the form of a block diagram.
In Figure 1 the spectral lines of a fundamental frequency fgr 6a with the value A, and harmonic oscillations 2fu through 5f~, are plotted against the freduency, assuming, for the sake of simplicity, that the harmonics also have a value of A,.
Figure 1 further shows that a sampling frequency f;~ is-used, which corresponds to twice the frequency of the fourth harmonic Sf~; the fourth harmonic is therefore the Nyquist frequency f~,.-Then iri the prior-art process,-the fifth through eigth-harmonics (6fa through 9f~,) are mirrored on-the Nyquist frequency fm, as can be seen ,from the lines with arrows of Figure 1_ This means that spectral lines with an amplitude of 2*A, are obtained for frequencies-f~, through 5f~
once-it is assumed that the harmonics 6f~, through 9fu have the same amplitudes A, as the harmonics f~ through Sf~,. The illustration of-Figure 1 therefore clearly shows that in the prior-art process only the harmonics up to the fifth harmonic can be determined with a sampling frequency corresponding to twice the Nyquist frequency fny. -In Figures 2 the spectral lines of the fundamental frequencies f~,-up to the fourth harmonic Sf~-are-plotted against the frequency f; it is now assumed that a sampling frequency of f" is used, which can be des-cribed by the following equation (3) -f,, = N'*fa [(3)]
where N' is selected equal to 10.5. The Nyquist frequency is now 5.25*f~, so that the higher harmonics-are mirrored on this frequency with the result that the sixth through ninth harmonics fall in the gaps right in the middle among the lower order harmonics; this makes it possible to determine up to the ninth harmonic 9fg; however, only a sampling frequency 10.5 times the fundamental frequency can be used.
~~ 2191742 For determining the spectral lines using the discrete Fourier-transformation, a time interval equal to two periods of the fundamental frequency must be used in order to ensure that the measurement result can be obtained independently of when the first sampling is done with regard to the variation of the fundamental frequency over time. Accordingly, when N' is selected equal to 10_33, for example, the measurement is done using the discrete Fourier transformation over three fundamental frequencies in order-to accurately determine all spectral components.
If, for example, the process according to the invention is used to determine harmonic oscillations of an electrical signal derived from a current or a voltage in-a 60 Hz electric power supply line, the-relationships illustrated in Figure 3 are obtained for a sampling frequency corresponding to I6_5 times the line frequency of 60 Hz. The left-hand column (k) provides the components of the discrete Fourier.
transformation, while column 2 shows the spectral lines SLu below the Nyquist frequency first in Hz and then as the corresponding harmonic. "DC" denotes a DC component, "H16"
denotes-the 16th harmonic, i_e., the 15th higher harmonic, "H1" denotes the 60 Hz fundamental frequency, etc_ The spectral lines Sh in the frequency band below the Nyquist frequency of 495 Hz are shown inthe rightmost column of Figure 3_ The arrow in another column indicates that the spectral lines SIb shown in the column to the right are mirrored on the Nyquist frequency. The characters in italics in the SL" column designate the spectral lines obtained by mirroring on the Nyquist frequency. Figure 3clearly shows that, even with a sampling frequency of orily 99fl Hz, spectral Lines up to the 16th harmonic H16, i_e_, up to 960 Hz, can be determined with the process according-to the invention.
According to Figure 4, an electrical signal U to be analyzed is sampled with a sampling device 1 at a sampling frequency selected according to the above explanations. The sampled values are converted to digital values in an analog-digital converter 2; the digital values obtained are subjected to a discrete Fourier transformation in a downstream data processing system 3. Then the spectral lines can be displayed, for example, on a monitor 4 as shown in Figure 2; of course, the spectral lines can also be printed out on a suitable peripheral device.
In order to accurately determine even harmonics in an electrical signal U with a fluctuating frequency of its fundamental component, the arrangement having components 1 through 4 is supplemented according to Figure 4 with a sampling signal generator 5 and a clock generator 6. Sampling signal generator 5 has, on its input side, a digital frequency meter 7, which can be designed and can operate, for example, as described in detail in the paper by J. Heydeman and E.N. Luf "Microprocessor-Based Underfrequency Relaying," Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, published in IEEE
Conference Publication No. 24, Third International Conference on Development in Power System Protection, 1985, pp. 24-28.
Preferable is, however, an arrangement as described in the older German patent specification 4,211,946 Cl published September 23, 1933 or the corresponding international application WO 93/20454 published October 14, 1993. Digital frequency meter 7 has clock generator 6, which transmits a clock frequency fQ to digital frequency meter 7. A measured value fNist, providing the instantaneous frequency of signal U, appears then at the output of digital frequency meter 7.
Measured value fNist is supplied to a multiplicator 9, where it is multiplied by a factor n.- This factor n is the ratio between a selected sampling frequency f~ to the nominal frequency of-the fundamental component of the analog electrical signal U_ For a voltage in an-electric power supply line as an analog electrical signal-U, the nominal frequency is, for example, 60 Hz; it corresponds to the nominal frequency. The selected sampling frequency fA is, for example, 990 Hz, so that the factor n has the value 16.5. ._ _ At the output of multiplicator 9, a derived measured value f,"o~ appears, which corresponds to a set sampling frequency;
in the above numerical example, this frequency, in the case where voltage U has the exact frequency of 60--Hz, is therefore 990 Hz_ If-, however, the instantaneous frequency is found to be 59.5 Hz, for example, at the output of the digital frequency meter,-the measured value f";" = 59.5 Hz, then a set sampling frequency of 981_75 Hz is obtained, since the derived measured value f,,,e"=n*fNe,. The derived measured value ~",o" is supplied to a downstream quotient device 10, which also receives signals at a frequency fQ
from clock generator 6. An intermediary value Z is then obtained at the output of quotient device 10; this value can be described by the following relationship:
fQ / f",o~ = Z
The dividing ratio of a downstream frequency divider 11, whose one other input is connected to clock generator 6, is modified with this intermediary value Z_ Therefore at the output of frequency divider 1I a signal with a frequency f,,;"
is obtained, which can be described with the following equation.
. ~ ~ 2i 91742 f~;" = fQ * (f"~~ / fQ) -Frequency--F,,s, [sic7, however, corresponds-to the set sampling freguency, which ensures that analog-digital converter 2 is always clocked with a frequency fN" that exactly corresponds to n times the instantaneous frequency of the electrical signal U. The output of frequency divider 11 is connected to clock inputs 12 and 13-of-sampling device 1 and analog-digital converter 2.
In order to maintain the operation of the process illustrated stable, analog-digital converter 2 is not immediately supplied with the recently matched sampling frequency upon a change in measured value fN"" but a delay is generated in'a manner not shown, which can be, for example, on the order of magnitude of four periods of the electrical signal U. Only after the elapse of four-periods of signal U will then a change in measured value fK, affect the sampling frequency f,~".
Claims (4)
1. A method for determining harmonic oscillations of a fundamental component of an electrical signal, the fundamental component having a fundamental frequency, the method comprising the steps of: sampling the electrical signal using a sampling frequency to generate first sampled values, the sampling frequency corresponding to a non-integer multiple of the fundamental frequency; converting the first sampled values into second sampled values using an analog-to-digital converter;
transforming the second sampled values of the electrical signal using a discrete Fourier transformation to obtain the harmonic oscillations of the electrical signal, the discrete Fourier transformation being performed over a plurality of periods of the fundamental component to increase frequency resolution;
supplying the second sampled values to a frequency meter;
obtaining a first measured value corresponding to an instantaneous frequency of the fundamental component using the frequency meter; multiplying the first measured value by a predetermined factor to generate a second measured value, the predetermined factor being a quotient of a selected sampling frequency and a nominal frequency of the fundamental component;
and determining the sampling frequency as a function of the second measured value, the electrical signal being sampled at the sampling frequency.
transforming the second sampled values of the electrical signal using a discrete Fourier transformation to obtain the harmonic oscillations of the electrical signal, the discrete Fourier transformation being performed over a plurality of periods of the fundamental component to increase frequency resolution;
supplying the second sampled values to a frequency meter;
obtaining a first measured value corresponding to an instantaneous frequency of the fundamental component using the frequency meter; multiplying the first measured value by a predetermined factor to generate a second measured value, the predetermined factor being a quotient of a selected sampling frequency and a nominal frequency of the fundamental component;
and determining the sampling frequency as a function of the second measured value, the electrical signal being sampled at the sampling frequency.
2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of: forming an intermediary value corresponding to a quotient of a clock frequency of a clock generator and the second measured value, the intermediary value being formed in a quotient device; and setting a divider ratio of a frequency divider coupled between the clock generator and a clock input of the analog-to-digital converter, the divider ratio being set to supply the second sampling frequency to the clock input using the intermediary value.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the divider ratio is changed after a plurality of periods of the electrical signal have elapse.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the frequency meter is a digital frequency meter.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DEP4420348.9 | 1994-06-01 | ||
| DE4420348A DE4420348C1 (en) | 1994-06-01 | 1994-06-01 | Determn. of harmonics of fundamental oscillation of electrical signal |
| PCT/DE1995/000671 WO1995033211A1 (en) | 1994-06-01 | 1995-05-16 | Process for determining the harmonic oscillations of the fundamental component of an electric signal |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2191742A1 CA2191742A1 (en) | 1995-12-07 |
| CA2191742C true CA2191742C (en) | 2001-12-18 |
Family
ID=6520303
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002191742A Expired - Fee Related CA2191742C (en) | 1994-06-01 | 1995-05-16 | Process for determining the harmonic oscillations of the fundamental component of an electric signal |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US5889398A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0763209B1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2191742C (en) |
| DE (2) | DE4420348C1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1995033211A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4420348C1 (en) * | 1994-06-01 | 1995-09-21 | Siemens Ag | Determn. of harmonics of fundamental oscillation of electrical signal |
| DE19637676C2 (en) * | 1996-09-05 | 2000-01-05 | Siemens Ag | Arrangement for determining fundamental and harmonics of an electrical measured variable |
| DE10113786C2 (en) * | 2001-03-21 | 2003-05-15 | Siemens Ag | Sampling method for an input signal with a fundamental frequency |
| US6751564B2 (en) | 2002-05-28 | 2004-06-15 | David I. Dunthorn | Waveform analysis |
| US6963184B2 (en) * | 2002-09-26 | 2005-11-08 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Adaptable spatial notch filter |
| US7756651B2 (en) * | 2006-05-05 | 2010-07-13 | Elster Electricity, Llc | Fractional sampling of electrical energy |
| US20090287428A1 (en) * | 2008-05-13 | 2009-11-19 | Elster Electricity, Llc | Fractional samples to improve metering and instrumentation |
| CN105372492B (en) * | 2014-08-31 | 2018-06-22 | 常州昊云工控科技有限公司 | Signal frequency measuring method based on three DFT plural number spectral lines |
| DE102016010634B3 (en) * | 2016-09-05 | 2018-01-11 | Gerd Bumiller | System and method for measuring the mains frequency of electrical power supply networks with high accuracy and fast response |
| CN112858781A (en) * | 2020-12-31 | 2021-05-28 | 华立科技股份有限公司 | Harmonic detection system |
| CN114243889A (en) * | 2021-12-28 | 2022-03-25 | 深圳市伊力科电源有限公司 | Uninterruptible power supply load adaptability regulation control method and system |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS63101767A (en) * | 1986-10-20 | 1988-05-06 | Toshiba Corp | Waveform analyzing method |
| EP0276332A1 (en) * | 1986-12-30 | 1988-08-03 | S.A. Acec Transport | Method and device to decode a signal code |
| US4928251A (en) * | 1987-04-27 | 1990-05-22 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Method and apparatus for waveform reconstruction for sampled data system |
| US4918381A (en) * | 1989-04-06 | 1990-04-17 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Automated method for determining total harmonic distortion |
| US5099194A (en) * | 1991-03-06 | 1992-03-24 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Digital frequency measurement receiver with bandwidth improvement through multiple sampling of real signals |
| DE4211946C1 (en) * | 1992-04-06 | 1993-09-23 | Siemens Ag, 80333 Muenchen, De | |
| DE4330179C2 (en) * | 1993-08-31 | 1995-06-29 | Siemens Ag | Digital method for determining a measured variable from an electrical signal |
| US5508605A (en) * | 1994-05-24 | 1996-04-16 | Alliedsignal Inc. | Method for measuring RF pulse frequency |
| DE4420348C1 (en) * | 1994-06-01 | 1995-09-21 | Siemens Ag | Determn. of harmonics of fundamental oscillation of electrical signal |
| EP0809194A3 (en) * | 1996-03-28 | 1998-10-07 | Simmonds Precision Products Inc. | Universal narrow band signal conditioner |
| US5999573A (en) * | 1997-08-29 | 1999-12-07 | Ericsson Inc. | Wideband channelization with variable sampling frequency |
-
1994
- 1994-06-01 DE DE4420348A patent/DE4420348C1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1995
- 1995-05-16 CA CA002191742A patent/CA2191742C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-05-16 DE DE59501721T patent/DE59501721D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-05-16 EP EP95918534A patent/EP0763209B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-05-16 WO PCT/DE1995/000671 patent/WO1995033211A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1995-05-16 US US08/750,234 patent/US5889398A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-10-08 US US09/168,501 patent/US6329806B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0763209A1 (en) | 1997-03-19 |
| EP0763209B1 (en) | 1998-03-25 |
| US6329806B1 (en) | 2001-12-11 |
| DE4420348C1 (en) | 1995-09-21 |
| US5889398A (en) | 1999-03-30 |
| WO1995033211A1 (en) | 1995-12-07 |
| DE59501721D1 (en) | 1998-04-30 |
| CA2191742A1 (en) | 1995-12-07 |
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