CA2217741A1 - Synthesis of glycopolymers - Google Patents
Synthesis of glycopolymers Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2217741A1 CA2217741A1 CA002217741A CA2217741A CA2217741A1 CA 2217741 A1 CA2217741 A1 CA 2217741A1 CA 002217741 A CA002217741 A CA 002217741A CA 2217741 A CA2217741 A CA 2217741A CA 2217741 A1 CA2217741 A1 CA 2217741A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- glycopolymer
- endo
- glcnac
- transglycosylation
- reaction mixture
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 229920000550 glycopolymer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-QTVWNMPRSA-N D-mannopyranose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-QTVWNMPRSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 241001524175 Glutamicibacter protophormiae Species 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical group CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 53
- 238000005918 transglycosylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 50
- 230000006098 transglycosylation Effects 0.000 claims description 49
- 102000009112 Mannose-Binding Lectin Human genes 0.000 claims description 17
- 108010087870 Mannose-Binding Lectin Proteins 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920005654 Sephadex Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000012507 Sephadex™ Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229930182470 glycoside Natural products 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002338 glycosides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 21
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 20
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 20
- 239000000370 acceptor Substances 0.000 description 20
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- OVRNDRQMDRJTHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-acelyl-D-glucosamine Natural products CC(=O)NC1C(O)OC(CO)C(O)C1O OVRNDRQMDRJTHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- OVRNDRQMDRJTHS-FMDGEEDCSA-N N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine Chemical compound CC(=O)N[C@H]1[C@H](O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O OVRNDRQMDRJTHS-FMDGEEDCSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229950006780 n-acetylglucosamine Drugs 0.000 description 18
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 16
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 15
- 108010048090 soybean lectin Proteins 0.000 description 14
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 12
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 11
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 10
- 150000002482 oligosaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 229920001542 oligosaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 108091003079 Bovine Serum Albumin Proteins 0.000 description 6
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- XXROGKLTLUQVRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N allyl alcohol Chemical compound OCC=C XXROGKLTLUQVRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229940098773 bovine serum albumin Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- -1 3- (N-acryloylamino)-propyl Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- PSGQCCSGKGJLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-2h-chromen-2-one Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C1OC(=O)C=C2C PSGQCCSGKGJLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920002307 Dextran Polymers 0.000 description 4
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000002523 gelfiltration Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002772 monosaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 230000036515 potency Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HNSDLXPSAYFUHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CC(S(O)(=O)=O)C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC HNSDLXPSAYFUHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 102000007698 Alcohol dehydrogenase Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108010021809 Alcohol dehydrogenase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium acetate Chemical compound N.CC(O)=O USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000005695 Ammonium acetate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004382 Amylase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 102000003846 Carbonic anhydrases Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108090000209 Carbonic anhydrases Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102000003886 Glycoproteins Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108090000288 Glycoproteins Proteins 0.000 description 3
- KWYHDKDOAIKMQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine Chemical compound CN(C)CCN(C)C KWYHDKDOAIKMQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 102000004160 Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108090000608 Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229940043376 ammonium acetate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 235000019257 ammonium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium peroxydisulfate Substances [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910001870 ammonium persulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 238000006911 enzymatic reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- SHZGCJCMOBCMKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-mannomethylose Natural products CC1OC(O)C(O)C(O)C1O SHZGCJCMOBCMKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-IOVATXLUSA-N D-xylopyranose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1COC(O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-IOVATXLUSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PNNNRSAQSRJVSB-SLPGGIOYSA-N Fucose Natural products C[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)C=O PNNNRSAQSRJVSB-SLPGGIOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102000005744 Glycoside Hydrolases Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010031186 Glycoside Hydrolases Proteins 0.000 description 2
- SHZGCJCMOBCMKK-DHVFOXMCSA-N L-fucopyranose Chemical compound C[C@@H]1OC(O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O SHZGCJCMOBCMKK-DHVFOXMCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MBLBDJOUHNCFQT-LXGUWJNJSA-N N-acetylglucosamine Natural products CC(=O)N[C@@H](C=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO MBLBDJOUHNCFQT-LXGUWJNJSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229930182475 S-glycoside Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008351 acetate buffer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003480 eluent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002523 lectin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000010807 negative regulation of binding Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrobenzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000636 p-nitrophenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(=C([H])C([H])=C1*)[N+]([O-])=O 0.000 description 2
- 239000008363 phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- DKVBOUDTNWVDEP-NJCHZNEYSA-N teicoplanin aglycone Chemical compound N([C@H](C(N[C@@H](C1=CC(O)=CC(O)=C1C=1C(O)=CC=C2C=1)C(O)=O)=O)[C@H](O)C1=CC=C(C(=C1)Cl)OC=1C=C3C=C(C=1O)OC1=CC=C(C=C1Cl)C[C@H](C(=O)N1)NC([C@H](N)C=4C=C(O5)C(O)=CC=4)=O)C(=O)[C@@H]2NC(=O)[C@@H]3NC(=O)[C@@H]1C1=CC5=CC(O)=C1 DKVBOUDTNWVDEP-NJCHZNEYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003569 thioglycosides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris Chemical compound OCC(N)(CO)CO LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 2
- KXEZMFBYNCMTDN-JTFAZQEDSA-N 1-[(3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-amino-2,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]ethanone Chemical group CC(=O)[C@]1(N)C(O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O KXEZMFBYNCMTDN-JTFAZQEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SLRMQYXOBQWXCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2154-56-5 Chemical compound [CH2]C1=CC=CC=C1 SLRMQYXOBQWXCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IRLPACMLTUPBCL-KQYNXXCUSA-N 5'-adenylyl sulfate Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OS(O)(=O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O IRLPACMLTUPBCL-KQYNXXCUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010062271 Acute-Phase Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000011767 Acute-Phase Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010088751 Albumins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000009027 Albumins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102000002260 Alkaline Phosphatase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108020004774 Alkaline Phosphatase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000186063 Arthrobacter Species 0.000 description 1
- DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Asparagine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC(N)=O DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010074051 C-Reactive Protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000003930 C-Type Lectins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000342 C-Type Lectins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100032752 C-reactive protein Human genes 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N Deuterium Chemical compound [2H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012286 ELISA Assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 244000039154 Erica Species 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-REOHCLBHSA-N L-asparagine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(N)=O DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000004856 Lectins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090001090 Lectins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108010059712 Pronase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000950638 Symphysodon discus Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000036142 Viral infection Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N alpha-D-galactose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VAZSKTXWXKYQJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)OOS([O-])=O VAZSKTXWXKYQJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005571 anion exchange chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000427 antigen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000036639 antigens Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091007433 antigens Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N arabinose Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C=O PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001230 asparagine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000009582 asparagine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-D-Pyranose-Lyxose Natural products OC1COC(O)C(O)C1O SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008827 biological function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000011088 calibration curve Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108091008400 carbohydrate binding proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000023852 carbohydrate binding proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000033383 cell-cell recognition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011208 chromatographic data Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000021310 complex sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052805 deuterium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002016 disaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008034 disappearance Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002118 epoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013613 expression plasmid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930182830 galactose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000001641 gel filtration chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000013595 glycosylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006206 glycosylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- HOQADATXFBOEGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N isofenphos Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(NC(C)C)OC1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OC(C)C HOQADATXFBOEGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 210000002540 macrophage Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002703 mannose derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004949 mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- ITFSNTMIZQUALH-BYBYOKTNSA-N n-[(2r,3r,4s,5r)-6-[(2s,3s,4s,5s,6r)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2r,3s,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-bis[[(2r,3s,4s,5r,6r)-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4-bis[[(2r,3s,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydro Chemical compound O([C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]([C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1)O)O[C@H]([C@H](C=O)NC(=O)C)[C@H](O[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H](O[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1)O[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1)O)[C@@H](CO[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1)O[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1)O)O[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1)O)[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O ITFSNTMIZQUALH-BYBYOKTNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930014626 natural product Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000000655 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- OQUKIQWCVTZJAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol;sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O.OC1=CC=CC=C1 OQUKIQWCVTZJAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000000159 protein binding assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009738 saturating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000005629 sialic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010421 standard material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003011 styrenyl group Chemical class [H]\C(*)=C(/[H])C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004149 tartrazine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004043 trisaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000009385 viral infection Effects 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
- C07H3/00—Compounds containing only hydrogen atoms and saccharide radicals having only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
- C07H3/06—Oligosaccharides, i.e. having three to five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0006—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid
- C08B37/0024—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid beta-D-Glucans; (beta-1,3)-D-Glucans, e.g. paramylon, coriolan, sclerotan, pachyman, callose, scleroglucan, schizophyllan, laminaran, lentinan or curdlan; (beta-1,6)-D-Glucans, e.g. pustulan; (beta-1,4)-D-Glucans; (beta-1,3)(beta-1,4)-D-Glucans, e.g. lichenan; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0027—2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-glucans; Derivatives thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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Abstract
Neoglycoconjugates and new intermediates for the synthesis thereof are synthesized by use of Endo-.beta.-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Arthrobacter protophormiae (Endo-A) in a medium containing organic solvent. Such methods allow for the synthesis of novel glycoconjugates including high mannose glycopolymers.
Description
~YNl~SIS OF G~YCOPOLYMERS
R~r~,RQUND OF T~E lNV~NllON
O 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to glycopolymers and to methods and compositions for synthesi~ing glycopolymers. More particularly, it relates to use of Endo-~-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Arthrobacter protorhormiae, to produce neoglycoconjugates containing high-mannose type ch~ ; n .~ , 2. Backqround Information Carbohydrates possess important biological functions, such as cell-cell recognition (Wassarman, 1991; Patankar et al, 1993; and Lasky et al., 1992), lectin binding (Lee, 1988; and Lee et al., 1991, Pure & Appl.
Chem.), viral infection (Glick et al., 1991; and Toogood et al., 1991). Studies of carbohydrate functions require structurally well-defined and highly pure compounds which are usually difficult to obtain from the natural sources. Consequently, synthesis and construction of neoglycoconjugates (proteins, lipids and other types of compounds that have been derivatized with mono- or oligosaccharides) have rapidly gained attention during the past decade ~Lee, 1994). Chemical syntheses of neoglycoconjugates have been aggressively developed, but they usually involve multiple, laborious steps. Synthesis of high mannose type oligosaccharides has proven to be especially difficult, even with enzymatic methods.
Endo-$-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Arthrobacter protophormiae (Endo-A) is a glycosidase which performs both hydrolytic and W 096137502 PCTrUS96/06382 transglycosylation functions. This enzyme cleaves the glycosidic bond in the core GlcNAc~1,4GlcNAc residues of high mannose type and hybrid type N-linked sugar ch~;n~ in glycoprotein (Takegawa et al., 1989) and also transfers oligosacharide to some mono- and disaccharides ~Takegawa et al., l991a, l991b). (High mannose type compounds are compounds with only 2-acetylglucosamine residues immediately adjacent to the asparagine, with the r~m~; n~er of the chain being branched and usually consisting of mannose only, although further modifications with xylose and fucose are sometimes seen. A complex type compound is one consisting of N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, and sometimes lS fucose and sialic acids. A hybrid type compound is a hybrid of the two.) The efficiency of the transglycosylation reaction can be markedly increased by addition of organic solvents such as acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), to the reaction solution. For example, when transglycosylation activity o~ Endo-A is measured using Mang-GlcNAc2Asn as the donor and GlcNAc as acceptor, the ratio of transglycosylation to hydrolysis is 1:2 in aqueous medium, but when 30 acetone is added, transglycosylation will be performed to near completion. This characteristic makes it possible to synthesize novel glycosides and neoglycoconjugates with high efficency and purity.
Using this method we have synthesized several functional intermediates for neoglyco-conjugates, one of which was converted into a glycopolymer with pendant MangGlcNAc2 chains. The glycopolymer thus prepared displays a drastically greater inhibition of binding by mannose-binding protein from liver over the monomer oligo-W O 96/37502 PCTrUS96106382 saccharide.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention provides neoglyco-conjugates and new ~unctional intermediates for neoglycoconjugates synthesized by means of Endo-A
in reaction mixtures cont~;n;ng organic solvent.
This invention further provides synthetic high mannose type and hybrid type glycopolymers that have a high degree of purity.
This invention further provides a glycopolymer with pendant MangGlcNAc2 ch~;n~ with much greater inhibition of mannose binding protein (MBP) from liver than the monomer oligosaccharide.
This invention still further pro~ides a method of synthesizing neoglycocongugates and their functional intermediates.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1. Optimization of Endo-A
transglycosylation conditions. The optimum levels of the enzyme (A) and the acetone content (B) for transglycosylation were determined by the reactions carried out in a mixture of 11.6 nmol MangGlcNAc2Asn (donor), 4 ~mol GlcNAc-NAP
(acceptor) and various amounts of the enzyme (A) or 2.2 mU enzyme ~B) in 10 ~1 of 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 6.0) containing 30~ acetone (A) or different concentrations of acetone (B). The reaction mixtures were incubated at 37 C for 15 min and the products were analyzed with HPAEC-PAD.
(O): substrate; (-): transglycosylation product;
(~): hydrolytic product.
Fig. 2. Synthesis of MangGlcNAc2-NAP by Endo-A transglycosylation. The reaction was with W 096/37502 PCTrUS96/06382 5.75 ~mol MangGlcNAc2Asn, 2 mmol GlcNAc-NAP and 1.1 U of the enzyme in 5 ml of 10 mM ~3mlroI~; um acetate buffer (pH 6.0) containing 35~ acetone at 37~C for 15 min. After lyophilization, a sample equivalent to 0.7 nmol of MangGlcNAc2 oligosaccharide was injected into the HPAEC-PAD system for analysis.
The elution was performed with 100 mM NaOH and a linear gradient of NaOAc: 0 to 10~ in 20 min. A:
transglycosylation product, MangGlcNAc2-NAP; B:
hydrolytic product, Man9GlcNAc; C: remaining substrate, MangGlcNAc2Asn.
Fig. 3. lH-NMR (300 MHz) Analysis of GlcNAc-NAP (A) and MangGlcNAc2-NAP (B). The labile hydrogens in sample were exchanged with deuterium by repeating a cycle of dissolving in D2O followed by lyophilization three times before measurement.
The analyses were done in D2O using acetone (2.225 ppm) as internal standard at 25~C.
Fig. 4. Gel filtration of the glycopolymer on Sephadex G-50. The sample (1 ml) was applied onto a Sephadex G-50 column (2.5 x 90 cm), and eluted with water. The flow rate was approximately 30 ml/hr, and 4 ml fractions were collected. The neutral sugar was determined by the phenol-H2SO4 method (dotted line, absorbance at 480 nm), and GlcNAc was monitored by the absorbance at 220 nm (solid line). a: Indicates the fractions combined as the glycopolymer.
Fig. 5. 1H-NMR (600 MHz) Analysis of the glycopolymer. The chemical shifts measured in D2O
at 60~C were based on the HDO signal at 4.441 ppm.
*: Denotes the signals from the polymer back bone.
Fig. 6. Glycopolymer having MangGlcNAc2 sugar chain.
Fig. 7. Petermination of molecular weight of the glycopolymer by HPGFC. HPGFC was performed with a size exclusion column (7.5 x 600 W 096/37502 PCTrUS~G/~3~?
mm) and 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.3 M NaCl as an eluent at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Effluent was monitored by absorbance at 220 nm. O: glycopolymer; O: reference compounds;
~ 5 1: Blue dextran (2,000,000); 2: B-amylase (200,000); 3: alcohol dehydrogenase (150,000); 4:
albumin bo~ine serum (66,000) and 5: carbonic anhydrase (29,000).
Fig. 8. Inhibition of binding by serum-and liver-MBP-CRDs by the glycopolymer. The fitted curves were obtained using the program A~FIT (De ~ean et al., 1978). Concentrations of SBA and glycopolymer are expressed on the bases of MangGlcNAc2. ~: SBA + serum MBP-CRD; ~: SBA +
li~er MBP-CRD; ~: glycopolymer + serum MBP-CRD;
o: glycopolymer + liver MBP-CRD.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE lNv~NlION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The following abbreviations are used in the specification:
Bn: benzyl; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CRD:
carbohydrate recognition domain; DMF: N,N-dimethyl formamide; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; Endo-A:
Endo-~-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase from Arthrobacter protophormiae; GlcNAc:
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine; lH-NMR: 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; HPAEC-PAD: high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detector; HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography; HPGFC: high performance gel filtration chromatography; Man:
mannose; MBP: mannose-binding protein; 4mU:
4-methylumbelliferyl; NAP: 3- (N-acryloylamino)-propyl; pNP: p-nitrophenyl; SBA: soybean agglutinin.
W O 96/37502 PCTrUS9GIC~.?, All monosaccharides used are of the D-configuration.
Experimental Procedures Materials Endo-A was purified as described by Takegawa et al. (1989). MangGlcNAc2Asn was prepared from soybean agglutinin by exhaustive Pronase digestion, followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and further HPLC purification using a graphitized carbon column (Fan et al., 1994).
Glycoamidase A was from Seikagaku A~erica, Inc.
(Rockville, MD). GlcNAc was purchased from Pfanstiehl Laboratories, Inc. (Waukegan, IL).
R~r~,RQUND OF T~E lNV~NllON
O 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to glycopolymers and to methods and compositions for synthesi~ing glycopolymers. More particularly, it relates to use of Endo-~-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Arthrobacter protorhormiae, to produce neoglycoconjugates containing high-mannose type ch~ ; n .~ , 2. Backqround Information Carbohydrates possess important biological functions, such as cell-cell recognition (Wassarman, 1991; Patankar et al, 1993; and Lasky et al., 1992), lectin binding (Lee, 1988; and Lee et al., 1991, Pure & Appl.
Chem.), viral infection (Glick et al., 1991; and Toogood et al., 1991). Studies of carbohydrate functions require structurally well-defined and highly pure compounds which are usually difficult to obtain from the natural sources. Consequently, synthesis and construction of neoglycoconjugates (proteins, lipids and other types of compounds that have been derivatized with mono- or oligosaccharides) have rapidly gained attention during the past decade ~Lee, 1994). Chemical syntheses of neoglycoconjugates have been aggressively developed, but they usually involve multiple, laborious steps. Synthesis of high mannose type oligosaccharides has proven to be especially difficult, even with enzymatic methods.
Endo-$-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Arthrobacter protophormiae (Endo-A) is a glycosidase which performs both hydrolytic and W 096137502 PCTrUS96/06382 transglycosylation functions. This enzyme cleaves the glycosidic bond in the core GlcNAc~1,4GlcNAc residues of high mannose type and hybrid type N-linked sugar ch~;n~ in glycoprotein (Takegawa et al., 1989) and also transfers oligosacharide to some mono- and disaccharides ~Takegawa et al., l991a, l991b). (High mannose type compounds are compounds with only 2-acetylglucosamine residues immediately adjacent to the asparagine, with the r~m~; n~er of the chain being branched and usually consisting of mannose only, although further modifications with xylose and fucose are sometimes seen. A complex type compound is one consisting of N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, and sometimes lS fucose and sialic acids. A hybrid type compound is a hybrid of the two.) The efficiency of the transglycosylation reaction can be markedly increased by addition of organic solvents such as acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), to the reaction solution. For example, when transglycosylation activity o~ Endo-A is measured using Mang-GlcNAc2Asn as the donor and GlcNAc as acceptor, the ratio of transglycosylation to hydrolysis is 1:2 in aqueous medium, but when 30 acetone is added, transglycosylation will be performed to near completion. This characteristic makes it possible to synthesize novel glycosides and neoglycoconjugates with high efficency and purity.
Using this method we have synthesized several functional intermediates for neoglyco-conjugates, one of which was converted into a glycopolymer with pendant MangGlcNAc2 chains. The glycopolymer thus prepared displays a drastically greater inhibition of binding by mannose-binding protein from liver over the monomer oligo-W O 96/37502 PCTrUS96106382 saccharide.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention provides neoglyco-conjugates and new ~unctional intermediates for neoglycoconjugates synthesized by means of Endo-A
in reaction mixtures cont~;n;ng organic solvent.
This invention further provides synthetic high mannose type and hybrid type glycopolymers that have a high degree of purity.
This invention further provides a glycopolymer with pendant MangGlcNAc2 ch~;n~ with much greater inhibition of mannose binding protein (MBP) from liver than the monomer oligosaccharide.
This invention still further pro~ides a method of synthesizing neoglycocongugates and their functional intermediates.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1. Optimization of Endo-A
transglycosylation conditions. The optimum levels of the enzyme (A) and the acetone content (B) for transglycosylation were determined by the reactions carried out in a mixture of 11.6 nmol MangGlcNAc2Asn (donor), 4 ~mol GlcNAc-NAP
(acceptor) and various amounts of the enzyme (A) or 2.2 mU enzyme ~B) in 10 ~1 of 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 6.0) containing 30~ acetone (A) or different concentrations of acetone (B). The reaction mixtures were incubated at 37 C for 15 min and the products were analyzed with HPAEC-PAD.
(O): substrate; (-): transglycosylation product;
(~): hydrolytic product.
Fig. 2. Synthesis of MangGlcNAc2-NAP by Endo-A transglycosylation. The reaction was with W 096/37502 PCTrUS96/06382 5.75 ~mol MangGlcNAc2Asn, 2 mmol GlcNAc-NAP and 1.1 U of the enzyme in 5 ml of 10 mM ~3mlroI~; um acetate buffer (pH 6.0) containing 35~ acetone at 37~C for 15 min. After lyophilization, a sample equivalent to 0.7 nmol of MangGlcNAc2 oligosaccharide was injected into the HPAEC-PAD system for analysis.
The elution was performed with 100 mM NaOH and a linear gradient of NaOAc: 0 to 10~ in 20 min. A:
transglycosylation product, MangGlcNAc2-NAP; B:
hydrolytic product, Man9GlcNAc; C: remaining substrate, MangGlcNAc2Asn.
Fig. 3. lH-NMR (300 MHz) Analysis of GlcNAc-NAP (A) and MangGlcNAc2-NAP (B). The labile hydrogens in sample were exchanged with deuterium by repeating a cycle of dissolving in D2O followed by lyophilization three times before measurement.
The analyses were done in D2O using acetone (2.225 ppm) as internal standard at 25~C.
Fig. 4. Gel filtration of the glycopolymer on Sephadex G-50. The sample (1 ml) was applied onto a Sephadex G-50 column (2.5 x 90 cm), and eluted with water. The flow rate was approximately 30 ml/hr, and 4 ml fractions were collected. The neutral sugar was determined by the phenol-H2SO4 method (dotted line, absorbance at 480 nm), and GlcNAc was monitored by the absorbance at 220 nm (solid line). a: Indicates the fractions combined as the glycopolymer.
Fig. 5. 1H-NMR (600 MHz) Analysis of the glycopolymer. The chemical shifts measured in D2O
at 60~C were based on the HDO signal at 4.441 ppm.
*: Denotes the signals from the polymer back bone.
Fig. 6. Glycopolymer having MangGlcNAc2 sugar chain.
Fig. 7. Petermination of molecular weight of the glycopolymer by HPGFC. HPGFC was performed with a size exclusion column (7.5 x 600 W 096/37502 PCTrUS~G/~3~?
mm) and 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.3 M NaCl as an eluent at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Effluent was monitored by absorbance at 220 nm. O: glycopolymer; O: reference compounds;
~ 5 1: Blue dextran (2,000,000); 2: B-amylase (200,000); 3: alcohol dehydrogenase (150,000); 4:
albumin bo~ine serum (66,000) and 5: carbonic anhydrase (29,000).
Fig. 8. Inhibition of binding by serum-and liver-MBP-CRDs by the glycopolymer. The fitted curves were obtained using the program A~FIT (De ~ean et al., 1978). Concentrations of SBA and glycopolymer are expressed on the bases of MangGlcNAc2. ~: SBA + serum MBP-CRD; ~: SBA +
li~er MBP-CRD; ~: glycopolymer + serum MBP-CRD;
o: glycopolymer + liver MBP-CRD.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE lNv~NlION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The following abbreviations are used in the specification:
Bn: benzyl; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CRD:
carbohydrate recognition domain; DMF: N,N-dimethyl formamide; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; Endo-A:
Endo-~-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase from Arthrobacter protophormiae; GlcNAc:
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine; lH-NMR: 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; HPAEC-PAD: high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detector; HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography; HPGFC: high performance gel filtration chromatography; Man:
mannose; MBP: mannose-binding protein; 4mU:
4-methylumbelliferyl; NAP: 3- (N-acryloylamino)-propyl; pNP: p-nitrophenyl; SBA: soybean agglutinin.
W O 96/37502 PCTrUS9GIC~.?, All monosaccharides used are of the D-configuration.
Experimental Procedures Materials Endo-A was purified as described by Takegawa et al. (1989). MangGlcNAc2Asn was prepared from soybean agglutinin by exhaustive Pronase digestion, followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and further HPLC purification using a graphitized carbon column (Fan et al., 1994).
Glycoamidase A was from Seikagaku A~erica, Inc.
(Rockville, MD). GlcNAc was purchased from Pfanstiehl Laboratories, Inc. (Waukegan, IL).
3-(N-acryloylamino)-propyl ~-D-GlcNAc (GlcNAc-NAP) and GlcNAc-O-(CH2)3CH=CH2 were gifts from Dr.
Shin-Ichiro Nishimura of Hokkaido University, Japan. These can be synthesized using the procedures described by Nish;m~lra et al. (1990) and Nishimura et al. (1994a). Benzyl ~-GlcNAc, 4-methylumbelliferyl ~-GlcNAc, p-nitrophenyl ~-GlcNAc, GlcNAc-S-(CH2)6NH2, GlcNAc-_-CH2CH=CH2, GlcNAc-O(CH2)3NHCOCH=CH2, GlcNAc-S-CH2CN, GlcNAc-S-(CH2)3CH3, (GlcNAc-S-CH2CH2CH2) 2 and GlcNAc-S-CH2CONHCH2CH(OMe) 2 were synthesized in this laboratory as described by Lee et al. (1992).
Recombinant rat MBP-CRDs from serum and liver were expressed and purified according to the method of Quesenberry and Drickamer (1992) using expression plasmid-bearing bacterial strains which were gifts from Dr. Kurt Drickamer of Columbia University.
Methods Enzvmatic reaction.
A typical enzyme reaction for transglycosylation was performed in a mixture of 3 nmol MangGLcNAc2Asn, 4 ~mol acceptor and 0.9 mU of Endo-A in a total volume of 20 ~l with 25 mM
ammonium acetate buffer (pH 6.0) containing 30~
acetone. (Other organic solvents such as DMSO and DMF can also be used, with concentrations adjusted by routine experimentation to optimize the reaction.) After incubation at 37 C for 15 min, the reaction was terminated by boiling for 3 min.
in a water bath. The buffer was removed with a Speedvac using a vacuum pump. The reaction mixture was analysized using an HPAEC-PAD system (see below).
Hiqh ~erformance anion exchanae chromatoara~hy (HPAEC).
An HPAEC system consisting of a Bio-LC
(Dionex Corp., Sunnyvale, CA) equipped with a pulsed amperometric detector (PAD-II) was used for analysis of the reaction products. The chromatographic data were analyzed using an AI-450 chromatography software (Dionex). The Endo-A
reaction products were separated using a Dionex CarboPac PA-I column (4 x 250 mm) eluted at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min with 100 mM sodium hydroxide and a gradient of sodium acetate from 30 mM to 80 mM developed in 30 min. Between runs the column was washed for 5 min. with a solution of 100 mM
sodium hydroxide/200 mM sodium acetate and allowed to equilibrate for 15 min. The PAD sensitivity was set at lK. The quantitative determination of MangGlcNAc and MangGlcNAc2 was carried out by comparison with standard materials obtained by complete digestion of MangGlcNAc2Asn by Endo-A and Man9GlcNAc2AsnPhe by Glycoamidase A. The quantity of transglycosylation products using acceptors other than N-acetyl-glucosamine was estimated by subtraction of the remaining substrate and hydrolysis product from the starting substrate.
W 096/37502 PCTrUS96/06382 TransqlycosYlation by Endo-A usinq GlcNAc-NAP as accePtOr A mixture consisting of 5.8 ~mol of MangGlcNAczAsn, 2 mmol of GlcNAc-NAP and 1.1 U of enzyme in 5 ml of 10 mM NH40Ac buffer (pH 6.0) containing 35~ of acetone was incubated at 37-C
for 15 min. After stopping the reaction by placement in a boiling water bath for 3 min., the sample was applied to a Sephadex G-25 column (2 x 140 cm), and eluted with 0.1 M acetic acid. The effluent was monitored by uv absorption at 229 nm, and the neutral sugar was determined by the phenol sulfuric acid method (McKelvy and Lee, 1969). The fractions containing high molecular weight materials were combined and lysophilized to yield 10.5 mg white powder.
PreParation of qlYcoPolvmer ha~inq Pendant chains of hiah mannose tv~e oliqosaccharide The white powder obtained from gel filtration was used as starting material for polymerization without further purification. A
small amount of the white powder (7.2 mg, ca. 3.25 ~mol MangGlcNAc2-NAP) was dissolved in 0.3 ml H20, followed by deaeration with a water aspirator for 30 min. Acrylamide (8.4 mg, 118 pmol), ammonium persulfate (APS, 0.14 ~mol) and N, N, N', N~-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED, 6.6 ~Lmol) were added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for three days, during which time, the same amounts of APS and TEMED were added to the reaction mixture daily for 2 days, and the reaction was finally completed by incubation of the mixture at 55 C for 3 hr. The reaction mixture was applied to a column (2.5 x 90 cm) of Sephadex G-50 and eluted with H20. The fractions containing the glycopolymer were combined and ~ = = ~ =
W O 96/37502 PCTrUS96/06382 lyophilized to obtain 5.3 mg of white powder.
~stimation of molecular weiqht of the qlyco~ol~mer by HPGFC
The HPGFC was performed with a Gilson HPLC system equipped with a size exclusion column (TSK-Gel G2000SW, 7.5 x 600 mm, TosoHaas, ND and a W detector (Model V4 ~ ISCO). The eluent was 0.1 M
phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.3 M NaCl and the effluent was monitored at 220 nm. The standard compounds for molecular weight estimation were i) blue dextran (MW = 2,000,000); ii) ~-amylase (MW = 200,000); iii) alcohol dehydrogenase (MW = 150,000); iv) bovine serum albumin (MW = 66,000) and v) carbonic anhydrase (MW = 29,000).
MBP bindina of the alycoPolYmer The solid-phase binding studies were carried out essentially as described by Quesenberry and Drickamer (1992), with some minor modifications. All steps were carried out at 4 C.
Briefly, CRD (50 ~l) was coated onto individual polystyrene wells (Immulon 4 Removawell Strips by Dynatech, from Fisher Scientific). After incubating overnight, a blocking solution of 1~
BSA in 1.25 M NaCl/25 mM CaC12~25 mM Tris (pH 7.8) was added and allowed to react for 2 hours.
Ligands and inhibitors were in 0.5~ BSA in the above Tris buffer for binding and inhibition. The reference ligand used was 12sI-[mannose30-BSA] (ca.
2000 cpm/~g), radiolabelled by the Choloramine T
method (Lee et al., l991, J. Biol . Chem. ) Approximately 500 cpm/well reference ligand was incubated for 20 hr with or without inhibitors at various concentrations. The well contents were then removed, washed, and counted in a Packard -W 096/37502 PCTrUS~6/06~2 M;n;lX; gamma counter. Counts were corrected for background (counts remaining in a blocked well which was not coated with CRD), and the data were analyzed using the program ALLFIT (De Lean et al., 1978) to determine I50 values (concentration of test ligand required for 50~ inhibition) using a logistic e~uation for curve fitting.
H Nuclear maqnetic resonance spectroscopy 300 MHz NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AMX 300 spectrometer and measurement of a 600 MHz NMR was performed on a Bruker AM-600 spectrometer. The chemical shifts were based on acetone (~ = 2.225 ppm) as an internal standard.
The samples were prepared by three cycles of dissolving in D20 and lyophilizing followed by dissolving the residue in O.S ml of high purity D20 (99.96~ D) immediately before measurement. The 300 MHz data were recorded at 25-C and the 600 MHz data at 60-C.
Results Transal~cosylation of Endo-A to water-miscible alcohols The transglycosylation by Endo-A using MangGlcNAc2Asn as donor to various water-miscible alcohols was tested. The reactions in Table l were carried out in 20 ~l of 25 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 6.0) with 30~ of alcohol (v/v) containing 3 nmol MangGlcAc2Asn (donor) and 3 mU
enzyme at 37~C for 10 min. The products were determined by HPAEC using MangGlcNAc and MangGlcNAc2 as reference compounds.
W O 96/37502 PCT~US~G/0~82 Table 1. Tran~glycosylation of MangGlcNAc to alcohols by endo-A
Alcohol Hydrolysis') TranQglycosylation'~
(30% ~/~) (~) (%) ~O 94.1 0.0 MeOH 33.2 . 64.0 EtOH 45.5 46.9 PrOH 4.5 8.0 iPrOH 72.4 9.6 Allyl alcohol 0.0 0.0 Glycerol 27.8 56.5 ') Ba~ed on the starting donor substrate.
As can be seen in the Table, the enzyme transferred oligosaccharide to MeOH and EtOH with 64~ and 47~ yield, respectively, with hydrolysis levels of 33~ and 46~. The anomeric configuration of the product with MeOH was found to be ~ by lH-NMR (data not shown). PrOH (8~ yield) and iso-PrOH (10~ yield) could also serve as acceptors of transglycosylation, but allyl alcohol could not function as an acceptor. The enzyme appeared stable in 30~ MeOH and EtOH, but unstable in 30 PrOH and allyl alcohol, (the total enzyme activities [combined hydrolysis and ~ transglycosylation activities] in MeOH and EtOH
were shown to be similar to that in H2O, but much lower in the higher alcohols.) Glycerol was found to be as good an acceptor as MeOH or EtOH, with W O 96/37502 PCTrUS~G/06~82 the transglycosylation yield as high as 57~.
Transalycosylation of Endo-A to various GlcNAc qlycosides.
The transglycosylation of Endo-A to some functionalized GlcNAc glycosides was efficient as shown in Table 2. When acceptor concentration was 0.2 M, Endo-A transferred MangGlcNAc to GlcNAc-O-(CH2)6NH2 (93~ of the converted substrate), GlcNAc-O-CH2CH=CH2 (99~), GlcNAc-O-(CH2)3CH=CH2 (90~) and GlcNAc-O-(CH2)3NHCOCH=CH2 (78~) with yields of 81~, 81~, 84~ and 70~ of the starting substrate,.
respectively. The reactions were performed in 20 ~l of 25 mM ~mmop~um acetate buffer (pH 6.0) with 30~ acetone containing 3 nmol MangGlcNAc2Asn, 0.88 mU enzyme and the designated acceptor at 37~C for 15 min. The analyses were by HPAEC using 100 mM
NaOH with a linear gradient of NaOAc increasing from 30 to 80 mM in 30 min.
W 096/37502 PCTrUS~ 3 ~ 0 ~ ~ . . , N ~t 1~'1 _l -Ui N ~i 0 ~ O~ 1~ t' N ~i r ~ ~ ~ ~ Q
4J 'i ' .
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r' ~I
~ .
~ _ N o ~ IJ N N ~ N N N V N
V ' ~ ~ ~O as a~ ,0 0 0 0 0 ,0 ~IS o ; ~S
~ ~ r 4J ~ ..
O r V ~ q~ ~ S
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" ~ C " ~) 0 ~ .
~, a u U v ~: Z Z 01 0101 01 0 c~ ~ c) c E Z~ c c~ c~ c\ ~ ~ ~ R
W 096137~02 PCTAUS96/06382 Because of the low solubility, the concentration of benzyl ~-GlcNAc used was 0.05 M, and 4mU
B-GlcNAc and pNP ~-GlcNAc were used under saturating conditions (below 0.05 M). Even at these concentrations, the enzyme could transfer 67~, 66~ and 33~, respectively, of the starting oligosaccharide chain to them and the transglycosylation indices (the percentage of transglycosylation product to digested substrate) were found to be 82~, 77~ and 42~, respectively.
The thio-glycosides of GlcNAc are good acceptors for Endo-A transglycosylation. When GlcNAc-S-CH2CN, GlcNAc-S(CH2)3CH3 and GlcNAc-S-CH2CONHCH2CH(OMe) 2 were used as acceptors at 0.2 M, the transglycosylation indices were 88~, 86~ and 95~, with yields of 83~, 78~ and 81~, respectively. A divalent thio-glycoside of GlcNAc, (GlcNAc-S-CH2CH2CH2) 2l could be also used as acceptor for Endo-A transglycosylation at low concentratiou (below 0.05 M) with 50~
transglycosylation index and 43~ yield.
Optimization of the reaction conditions for a laraer scale transalYcosylation bv Endo-A.
In order to perform the transglyco-sylation on a larger scale, optimum levels o~ the enzyme and acetone content were examined for the transglycosylation at higher concentrations of W 096/37502 PCTrUS96/06382 substrate. As shown in Fig. lA, the hydrolytic product increased in proportion to the amount of enzyme. The yield of transglycosylation product increased upon addition of the enzyme up to 2.2 mU, then decreased as more enzyme was added. When 2.2 mU of enzyme was used, only 5.6~ substrate remained. On the other hand, the transglycosylation product increased and the hydrolytic product decreased as the acetone content was increased up to 35~ (Fig. lB). In 35 acetone, 86~ transglycosylation and 7~ hydrolysis were observed by HPAEC analysis. Although no hydrolytic product was found in the 40~ acetone medium, the efficiency of the reaction was lower compared with those in other media, because a greater amount of the substrate (64~ of starting substrate) remained.
Svnthesis of MangGlcNAc2-NAP bY transalvcosvlation activity of Endo-A.
To prepare MangGlcNAc2-NAP in a quantity useful for polymerization, the reaction scale was raised 500-fold over that in the optimum conditions described above. Transglycosylation product, MangGlcNAc2-NAP, was more than 90~ by HPAEC (Fig. 2), and the hydrolysis product as well as the starting donor substrate were barely detected. The unreacted acceptor was recovered by W 096/37502 PCT~US96/OÇ~X2 gel filtration on a Sephadex G-25 column and the MangGlcNAc2-NAP was analyzed by lH-NMR analysis and used for polymerization without further purification.
lH-NMR was used to indentify the transglycosylation product. As shown in Fig. 3A, the signals of the acceptor were completely assigned by the decoupling technique. The H-4 signal of GlcNAc was found at 3.436 ppm and the anomeric proton signal was around 4.495 ppm. On the other hand, the lH-NMR analysis of the transglycosylation product showed ten new anomeric proton signals, suggesting that the high mannose type sugar chain was transfered to the acceptor.
The lH-NMR assignments based on the reference values (Vliegenthart et al., 1983) are listed in Table 3. The lH-NMR data for GlcNAc-NAP and MangGlcNAc2-NAP were recorded on a 300 MHz spectrometer in D2O at 25~C using acetone as internal standard (~=2.225 ppm). The chemical shifts o~ MangGlcNAc2-polymer were recorded on a 600 MHz spectrometer in D2O at 60~C and relative to HDO (~=4.441 ppm).
-CA 022l774l l997-l0-08 W 096/37502 PCT~US96/06382 Ta'ole 3. ~H-NMR Dat~ of GlCNAc-NAP, M-n,~ -NAP ~nd the glycopolymer h~ving ~n,Ol r~~~ pendant chains.
Residue ~n~ -GlcNAc-NAP M-n t~ n t~
No . ') A8nb) NAPpolymer 5~-1 of 1 5.092 4.~95 4.4754.510 2 4.610 - 4.5794.611 NAc o~ 1 2.015 2.032 2.0212.041 2 2.067 - 2.0602.070 ~-1 of 3 ~4.77 - 4.7444 763 0 4 5.334 - 5.3245.322 4~ 4.869 - ~.8594.874 A 5.404 - 5.3955.379 B 5.143 - 5.1355.122 C 5.308 - 5.3005.Z90 15 D, 5.049 - 5.0345.057 D2 5.061 - 5.0345.073 D, 5.042 - 5.0345.057 C~ of a - 6.163 5.7391.701 a' - 5.748 6.1611.701 b - 6.27B 6.262--2.307 c - 3.301 3.2913.136 d _ 1.802 1.791-1.701 e - 3.944u.k.''u.k.
e' - 3.630 u.k. u.k ~I The number were the same as described in Fig. 3 b~ Cited from the published report (17).
'' u k : Unknown v W 096/37502 PCTrUS96106382 The anomeric signals agreed with those found from MangGlcNAc2Asn except two GlcNAc anomeric protons which appeared at higher field than those from the reference compound. This is because the linkages between GlcNAc and the aglycon in the former is an N-amide bond, and in the latter, an O-glycosidic bond. The coupling constant of GlcNAc-2 anomeric proton was 7.8 Hz, indicating that the linkage newly formed by Endo-A
transglycosylation is in the ~-configuration. The H-4 signal of GlcNAc at the "reducing end" at 3.436 ppm could no longer be seen, in agreement with results obtained with methyl ~-GlcNAc and indicating that the linkage occurs at the 4-OH of the GlcNAc. Mass spectrometry analysis showed the expected molecular weight of the transglyco-sylation product.
Polymerization of MangGlcNAc2-NAP with acrYlamide.
A glycopolymer was obt~;ne~ from MangGlcNAc2-NAP and acrylamide using TEMED and ASP
as catalysts. The fractions containing the polymer eluted at the void volume of the Sephadex G-50 column (Fig. 4) were pooled and lyophilized.
Completion of the polymerization was indicated by lH-NMR analysis (Fig. 5) which revealed disappearance of the signals at 6.2 ppm and 5.7 ppm, attributable to the unsaturated bond o~ the aglycon and the acrylamide monomer. The NMR also showed the existence of 11 anomeric proton signals, and the chemical shifts were similar to those found from the monomer (Table 3), confirming that the polymer contains MangGlcNAc2-sugar chains.
The sugar content of the polymer was estimated to be 37~ by the phenol-H2SO4 method using mannose as standard. There~ore, the ratio o~ sugar side ch~in.~: to acrylamide residues is estimated to be W 096/37S02 PCTrUS96/06382 1:44 as shown in Fig. 6.
Other compounds having a double bond at the terminal position (e.g. GlcNAc-O-CH2CH=CH and other representative compounds shown in Table 2) can be polymerized in essentially the same way.
In addition to acrylamide, other monomers (including, for example, styrene derivatives, vinyl, epoxide and ethylen;m;ne type compounds and other compounds with unsaturated bonds) can also ~10 be polymerized.
Determination of the molecular weiqht of the qlvcopolymer The molecular weight of the glycopolymer was estimated by HPGFC using blue dextran, B-amylase. alcohol dehydrogenase, bovine serum albumin and carbonic anhydrase as reference compounds. The polymer appeared near the void volume, and the retention volume was slightly greater than blue dextran (molecular weight =
2,000,000). According to the calibration curve (Fig. 7), the molecular weight is between 1,500,000 and 2,000,000.
Inhibition of mannose-bindinq ~roteins bY the alycopolymer.
A solid-phase binding assay was carried out on serum- and liver-MBP-CRDs, using the MangGlcNAc2glycopolymer and soybean agglutinin (SBA), which contains the same MangGlcNAc2. The results of the assay are shown in Fig. 8. In the concentration range of SBA tested, no significant inhibition of the serum-MBP-CRD was observed. For the liver-MBP-CRD, however, an Iso value of 13.2 ~M
based on MangGlcNAc2 or 0.4 mg/ml of SBA was obtained. However, the glycopolymer showed an Iso of 3.5 ~M for the serum-MBP-CRD, and an Iso of 74.5 W 096/37502 PCT~US~6/06~2 nM for the liver-~3P-CRD. In terms of the whole glycopolymer, the I50 values would be approximately 2.0 x 10-2 mg/ml for the serum-MBP-CRD and 3.8 x 10-4 mg/ml for the liver-MBP-CRD, respectively.
The magnitude of inhibitory potency enhancement of the glycopolymer over the precursor cannot be calculated with certainty for the serum form of MBP-CRD, because MangGlcNAc2 hardly inhibits this MBP-CRD. However, for the liver form, an enhancement was about 18o-fold based on the MangGlcNAc2, and ca. 1,000-fold based on the moleculars, although the sugar content of the glycopolymer was only 5.6-fold higher than SBA.
Discus~ion Endo-A demonstrates an efficient transglycosylation activity (~ 90%) in 30%
acetone, much higher than the 10-30% reported for other glycosidases (Bardales et al., 1989; Sakai et al., 1992; Cantacuzene et al., 1991; Nilsson, 1987 and 1989; Usui and Murata, 1988; and Usui et al., 1994). This finding has been utilized to synthesize neoglycoconjugate intermediates which are ~men~hle to further reactions.
Endo-A also transfers MangGlcNAc to alcohols such as MeOH, EtOH and PrOH. The transglycosylation to MeOH (64~ yield) and EtOH
(47% yield) compares favorably with those by ~-xylosidase, ~- and ~-glucosidase and ~-galactosidase (20-60~) from various sources (Shinoyama et al., 1988; and Shinoyama and Yasai, 1988). However, transglycosylations to PrOH and iPrOH were not as effective as to MeOH and EtOH.
Interestingly, although the total enzyme activity was lower in PrOH than in iPrOH, transglyco-sylation to PrOH was greater than to iPrOH.
Glycerol was also a good acceptor for Endo-A
W O 96/37502 PCT~US9610G382 transglycosylation. Endo-B-N-acetylglucosaminidase F (Trimble et al., 1986) and Endo-~-N-acetylgalactosaminidase from Di pl ococcus pneumoniae ~Bardales and Bhav~n~n~An, 1989) have been reported to transfer an oligosaccharide to the Cl(3) hydroxyl o~ glycerol.
Several GlcNAc derivatives having functionalized aglycons useful for synthesis of neoglycoconjugates were tested as acceptors for Endo-A transglycosylation. The yields based on the starting donor substrate were found to be greater than 80~ with 0.2 M acceptor and about 50 when 0.05 M or less was used in our system. The yield of transglycosylation can be further improved if higher acceptor concentrations are employed.
Endo-A transglycosylation is also effective at higher concentrations of reactants, as shown in Table 2. In the larger-scale transglycosylation to GlcNAc-NAP, transglycosylation yield (~ 90~) was even hiyher than those at the analytical scale reaction. A
similar yield (89~) can be obtained from the transglycosylation to GlcNAc~-OMe on a similar scale (4 ~mol).
An Endo-A transglycosylation product, MangGlcNAc2-NAP, was further polymerized with acrylamide to form a glycopolymer. Glycopolymers having di- or trisaccharide have been synthesized by chemical or chemo-enzymatic method recently (Kochetkov, 1984; Nishimura et al, 1991; Nishimura et al., 1994a and 1994b; Kobayashi et al., 1994;
and Fukase et al., 1994), but to our knowledge this is the first time glycopolymers with highly complex sugar chains have been synthesized. The high efficiency of Endo-A transglycosyla~ion provides an easier way to synthesize such W 096/37502 PCTÇUS96/06382 neoglycoconjugates.
Clustering of monosaccharides by attachment to a simple branched peptides enhances inhibitory potencies for some C-type lectins (Lee and Lee, 1987; and Lee et al., 1992). An affinity enhancement achieved by multi~alent ligands over monovalent ones that is greater than would be expected from a simple effect of a local concentration increase is termed the "glycoside cluster effect". Formation of glycopolymers is convenient way to provide glycoside clustering (Lee and Lee, 1994). In the instant invention, a dramatic increase in the inhibition of MBP-CRDs in comparison with that by the native glycoprotein (SBA) which contains the same MangGlcNAc2 oligosaccharide is demonstrated. In the case of the liver MBP-CRD, an approximately 180-fold enhancement of inhibitory potency over the native glycoprotein (SBA) was attained by the glycopolymer. Similarly, although no significant inhibition of the serum MBP-CRD was observed for SBA, the glycopolymer derived from its oligosaccharide demonstrated a surprisingly strong inhibitory potency (Iso=3.5 ~M). This is a good example of "macro-" vs. "micro-clustering" (Lee, 1993). ["Micro-clustering" describes a condition where the spatial arrangement of the target sugars is such that the distances between combining sites are small--e.g. 1.5 to 3.0 nM; "macro-cluster"
describes a condition where the spatial arrangement is such that the distances are much greater (e.g. 50-100 nM, as here)]
It will be apparent that the compounds described herein have many potential uses. In addition to their utility in the study of carbohydrate function and metabolism, the various compounds may also be used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, for example as antigens or for the measurement or isolation o~ specific carbohydrate binding proteins.
Measurement of MBP in a serum sample MBP is one of the acute phase proteins produced by liver in response to invading microorganisms or other foreign agents (Reid, 1983, Sastry et al., 1991). MBP binds to these agents, leading to their destruction either directly or through the participation of macrophages. The MangGlcNAc2 glycopolymer of the present invention has a much greater binding affinity than natural products containing mannose, and should thus be useful for diagnosis in a manner similar to that of C-reactive protein (Oyamada et al, 1992; Ohtake, 1993).
To measure the amount of MBP in a serum sample, the following procedure can be used:
1) The MangGlcNAc2 glycopolymer of Fig. 6 is conjugated to an enzyme commonly used for ELISA assays, for example alkaline phosphatase or ~-galactosidase.
2) A monoclonal antibody against MBP which does not affect its ability to bind mannose is placed in a well to coat its sur~ace. Such antibodies can be made using standard techniques known to the skilled practitioner, for example as described by Quesenberry and Drickamer (1992). A sample of serum to be tested is placed in the coated well and incubated under conditions favorable for binding of MBP to the antibody.
3) The unbound material is removed by suitable washing, and the glycopolymer-phosphatase complex of (1) is placed in the well. The MBP bound to the antibody W 096/37502 PCT/U~5''OG382 now binds the glycopolymer, acquiring the phosphatase activity. Upon addition of a suitable substrate, the level of phosphatase activity is a measure of the MBP in the serum sample.
Alternatively, the well can be coated with the unconjugated glycopolymer, the serum sample added, and bound MBP reacted with anti-MBP
conjugated to phosphatase or another ~uitable enzyme. The level of MBP can then be determined, as before, by the bound enzymatic activity.
While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and perferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed enbodiment, but is intended to cover various modifications included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
The references earlier mentioned are more fully identified hereafter, and are hereby incorporated by reference and relied upon.
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Shin-Ichiro Nishimura of Hokkaido University, Japan. These can be synthesized using the procedures described by Nish;m~lra et al. (1990) and Nishimura et al. (1994a). Benzyl ~-GlcNAc, 4-methylumbelliferyl ~-GlcNAc, p-nitrophenyl ~-GlcNAc, GlcNAc-S-(CH2)6NH2, GlcNAc-_-CH2CH=CH2, GlcNAc-O(CH2)3NHCOCH=CH2, GlcNAc-S-CH2CN, GlcNAc-S-(CH2)3CH3, (GlcNAc-S-CH2CH2CH2) 2 and GlcNAc-S-CH2CONHCH2CH(OMe) 2 were synthesized in this laboratory as described by Lee et al. (1992).
Recombinant rat MBP-CRDs from serum and liver were expressed and purified according to the method of Quesenberry and Drickamer (1992) using expression plasmid-bearing bacterial strains which were gifts from Dr. Kurt Drickamer of Columbia University.
Methods Enzvmatic reaction.
A typical enzyme reaction for transglycosylation was performed in a mixture of 3 nmol MangGLcNAc2Asn, 4 ~mol acceptor and 0.9 mU of Endo-A in a total volume of 20 ~l with 25 mM
ammonium acetate buffer (pH 6.0) containing 30~
acetone. (Other organic solvents such as DMSO and DMF can also be used, with concentrations adjusted by routine experimentation to optimize the reaction.) After incubation at 37 C for 15 min, the reaction was terminated by boiling for 3 min.
in a water bath. The buffer was removed with a Speedvac using a vacuum pump. The reaction mixture was analysized using an HPAEC-PAD system (see below).
Hiqh ~erformance anion exchanae chromatoara~hy (HPAEC).
An HPAEC system consisting of a Bio-LC
(Dionex Corp., Sunnyvale, CA) equipped with a pulsed amperometric detector (PAD-II) was used for analysis of the reaction products. The chromatographic data were analyzed using an AI-450 chromatography software (Dionex). The Endo-A
reaction products were separated using a Dionex CarboPac PA-I column (4 x 250 mm) eluted at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min with 100 mM sodium hydroxide and a gradient of sodium acetate from 30 mM to 80 mM developed in 30 min. Between runs the column was washed for 5 min. with a solution of 100 mM
sodium hydroxide/200 mM sodium acetate and allowed to equilibrate for 15 min. The PAD sensitivity was set at lK. The quantitative determination of MangGlcNAc and MangGlcNAc2 was carried out by comparison with standard materials obtained by complete digestion of MangGlcNAc2Asn by Endo-A and Man9GlcNAc2AsnPhe by Glycoamidase A. The quantity of transglycosylation products using acceptors other than N-acetyl-glucosamine was estimated by subtraction of the remaining substrate and hydrolysis product from the starting substrate.
W 096/37502 PCTrUS96/06382 TransqlycosYlation by Endo-A usinq GlcNAc-NAP as accePtOr A mixture consisting of 5.8 ~mol of MangGlcNAczAsn, 2 mmol of GlcNAc-NAP and 1.1 U of enzyme in 5 ml of 10 mM NH40Ac buffer (pH 6.0) containing 35~ of acetone was incubated at 37-C
for 15 min. After stopping the reaction by placement in a boiling water bath for 3 min., the sample was applied to a Sephadex G-25 column (2 x 140 cm), and eluted with 0.1 M acetic acid. The effluent was monitored by uv absorption at 229 nm, and the neutral sugar was determined by the phenol sulfuric acid method (McKelvy and Lee, 1969). The fractions containing high molecular weight materials were combined and lysophilized to yield 10.5 mg white powder.
PreParation of qlYcoPolvmer ha~inq Pendant chains of hiah mannose tv~e oliqosaccharide The white powder obtained from gel filtration was used as starting material for polymerization without further purification. A
small amount of the white powder (7.2 mg, ca. 3.25 ~mol MangGlcNAc2-NAP) was dissolved in 0.3 ml H20, followed by deaeration with a water aspirator for 30 min. Acrylamide (8.4 mg, 118 pmol), ammonium persulfate (APS, 0.14 ~mol) and N, N, N', N~-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED, 6.6 ~Lmol) were added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for three days, during which time, the same amounts of APS and TEMED were added to the reaction mixture daily for 2 days, and the reaction was finally completed by incubation of the mixture at 55 C for 3 hr. The reaction mixture was applied to a column (2.5 x 90 cm) of Sephadex G-50 and eluted with H20. The fractions containing the glycopolymer were combined and ~ = = ~ =
W O 96/37502 PCTrUS96/06382 lyophilized to obtain 5.3 mg of white powder.
~stimation of molecular weiqht of the qlyco~ol~mer by HPGFC
The HPGFC was performed with a Gilson HPLC system equipped with a size exclusion column (TSK-Gel G2000SW, 7.5 x 600 mm, TosoHaas, ND and a W detector (Model V4 ~ ISCO). The eluent was 0.1 M
phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.3 M NaCl and the effluent was monitored at 220 nm. The standard compounds for molecular weight estimation were i) blue dextran (MW = 2,000,000); ii) ~-amylase (MW = 200,000); iii) alcohol dehydrogenase (MW = 150,000); iv) bovine serum albumin (MW = 66,000) and v) carbonic anhydrase (MW = 29,000).
MBP bindina of the alycoPolYmer The solid-phase binding studies were carried out essentially as described by Quesenberry and Drickamer (1992), with some minor modifications. All steps were carried out at 4 C.
Briefly, CRD (50 ~l) was coated onto individual polystyrene wells (Immulon 4 Removawell Strips by Dynatech, from Fisher Scientific). After incubating overnight, a blocking solution of 1~
BSA in 1.25 M NaCl/25 mM CaC12~25 mM Tris (pH 7.8) was added and allowed to react for 2 hours.
Ligands and inhibitors were in 0.5~ BSA in the above Tris buffer for binding and inhibition. The reference ligand used was 12sI-[mannose30-BSA] (ca.
2000 cpm/~g), radiolabelled by the Choloramine T
method (Lee et al., l991, J. Biol . Chem. ) Approximately 500 cpm/well reference ligand was incubated for 20 hr with or without inhibitors at various concentrations. The well contents were then removed, washed, and counted in a Packard -W 096/37502 PCTrUS~6/06~2 M;n;lX; gamma counter. Counts were corrected for background (counts remaining in a blocked well which was not coated with CRD), and the data were analyzed using the program ALLFIT (De Lean et al., 1978) to determine I50 values (concentration of test ligand required for 50~ inhibition) using a logistic e~uation for curve fitting.
H Nuclear maqnetic resonance spectroscopy 300 MHz NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AMX 300 spectrometer and measurement of a 600 MHz NMR was performed on a Bruker AM-600 spectrometer. The chemical shifts were based on acetone (~ = 2.225 ppm) as an internal standard.
The samples were prepared by three cycles of dissolving in D20 and lyophilizing followed by dissolving the residue in O.S ml of high purity D20 (99.96~ D) immediately before measurement. The 300 MHz data were recorded at 25-C and the 600 MHz data at 60-C.
Results Transal~cosylation of Endo-A to water-miscible alcohols The transglycosylation by Endo-A using MangGlcNAc2Asn as donor to various water-miscible alcohols was tested. The reactions in Table l were carried out in 20 ~l of 25 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 6.0) with 30~ of alcohol (v/v) containing 3 nmol MangGlcAc2Asn (donor) and 3 mU
enzyme at 37~C for 10 min. The products were determined by HPAEC using MangGlcNAc and MangGlcNAc2 as reference compounds.
W O 96/37502 PCT~US~G/0~82 Table 1. Tran~glycosylation of MangGlcNAc to alcohols by endo-A
Alcohol Hydrolysis') TranQglycosylation'~
(30% ~/~) (~) (%) ~O 94.1 0.0 MeOH 33.2 . 64.0 EtOH 45.5 46.9 PrOH 4.5 8.0 iPrOH 72.4 9.6 Allyl alcohol 0.0 0.0 Glycerol 27.8 56.5 ') Ba~ed on the starting donor substrate.
As can be seen in the Table, the enzyme transferred oligosaccharide to MeOH and EtOH with 64~ and 47~ yield, respectively, with hydrolysis levels of 33~ and 46~. The anomeric configuration of the product with MeOH was found to be ~ by lH-NMR (data not shown). PrOH (8~ yield) and iso-PrOH (10~ yield) could also serve as acceptors of transglycosylation, but allyl alcohol could not function as an acceptor. The enzyme appeared stable in 30~ MeOH and EtOH, but unstable in 30 PrOH and allyl alcohol, (the total enzyme activities [combined hydrolysis and ~ transglycosylation activities] in MeOH and EtOH
were shown to be similar to that in H2O, but much lower in the higher alcohols.) Glycerol was found to be as good an acceptor as MeOH or EtOH, with W O 96/37502 PCTrUS~G/06~82 the transglycosylation yield as high as 57~.
Transalycosylation of Endo-A to various GlcNAc qlycosides.
The transglycosylation of Endo-A to some functionalized GlcNAc glycosides was efficient as shown in Table 2. When acceptor concentration was 0.2 M, Endo-A transferred MangGlcNAc to GlcNAc-O-(CH2)6NH2 (93~ of the converted substrate), GlcNAc-O-CH2CH=CH2 (99~), GlcNAc-O-(CH2)3CH=CH2 (90~) and GlcNAc-O-(CH2)3NHCOCH=CH2 (78~) with yields of 81~, 81~, 84~ and 70~ of the starting substrate,.
respectively. The reactions were performed in 20 ~l of 25 mM ~mmop~um acetate buffer (pH 6.0) with 30~ acetone containing 3 nmol MangGlcNAc2Asn, 0.88 mU enzyme and the designated acceptor at 37~C for 15 min. The analyses were by HPAEC using 100 mM
NaOH with a linear gradient of NaOAc increasing from 30 to 80 mM in 30 min.
W 096/37502 PCTrUS~ 3 ~ 0 ~ ~ . . , N ~t 1~'1 _l -Ui N ~i 0 ~ O~ 1~ t' N ~i r ~ ~ ~ ~ Q
4J 'i ' .
O -,~
a ~ _ ~1 0 O ~ N ~~ '7 ~ ~ O V
r' ~I
~ .
~ _ N o ~ IJ N N ~ N N N V N
V ' ~ ~ ~O as a~ ,0 0 0 0 0 ,0 ~IS o ; ~S
~ ~ r 4J ~ ..
O r V ~ q~ ~ S
~ ~ O V
~ O
" ~ C " ~) 0 ~ .
~, a u U v ~: Z Z 01 0101 01 0 c~ ~ c) c E Z~ c c~ c~ c\ ~ ~ ~ R
W 096137~02 PCTAUS96/06382 Because of the low solubility, the concentration of benzyl ~-GlcNAc used was 0.05 M, and 4mU
B-GlcNAc and pNP ~-GlcNAc were used under saturating conditions (below 0.05 M). Even at these concentrations, the enzyme could transfer 67~, 66~ and 33~, respectively, of the starting oligosaccharide chain to them and the transglycosylation indices (the percentage of transglycosylation product to digested substrate) were found to be 82~, 77~ and 42~, respectively.
The thio-glycosides of GlcNAc are good acceptors for Endo-A transglycosylation. When GlcNAc-S-CH2CN, GlcNAc-S(CH2)3CH3 and GlcNAc-S-CH2CONHCH2CH(OMe) 2 were used as acceptors at 0.2 M, the transglycosylation indices were 88~, 86~ and 95~, with yields of 83~, 78~ and 81~, respectively. A divalent thio-glycoside of GlcNAc, (GlcNAc-S-CH2CH2CH2) 2l could be also used as acceptor for Endo-A transglycosylation at low concentratiou (below 0.05 M) with 50~
transglycosylation index and 43~ yield.
Optimization of the reaction conditions for a laraer scale transalYcosylation bv Endo-A.
In order to perform the transglyco-sylation on a larger scale, optimum levels o~ the enzyme and acetone content were examined for the transglycosylation at higher concentrations of W 096/37502 PCTrUS96/06382 substrate. As shown in Fig. lA, the hydrolytic product increased in proportion to the amount of enzyme. The yield of transglycosylation product increased upon addition of the enzyme up to 2.2 mU, then decreased as more enzyme was added. When 2.2 mU of enzyme was used, only 5.6~ substrate remained. On the other hand, the transglycosylation product increased and the hydrolytic product decreased as the acetone content was increased up to 35~ (Fig. lB). In 35 acetone, 86~ transglycosylation and 7~ hydrolysis were observed by HPAEC analysis. Although no hydrolytic product was found in the 40~ acetone medium, the efficiency of the reaction was lower compared with those in other media, because a greater amount of the substrate (64~ of starting substrate) remained.
Svnthesis of MangGlcNAc2-NAP bY transalvcosvlation activity of Endo-A.
To prepare MangGlcNAc2-NAP in a quantity useful for polymerization, the reaction scale was raised 500-fold over that in the optimum conditions described above. Transglycosylation product, MangGlcNAc2-NAP, was more than 90~ by HPAEC (Fig. 2), and the hydrolysis product as well as the starting donor substrate were barely detected. The unreacted acceptor was recovered by W 096/37502 PCT~US96/OÇ~X2 gel filtration on a Sephadex G-25 column and the MangGlcNAc2-NAP was analyzed by lH-NMR analysis and used for polymerization without further purification.
lH-NMR was used to indentify the transglycosylation product. As shown in Fig. 3A, the signals of the acceptor were completely assigned by the decoupling technique. The H-4 signal of GlcNAc was found at 3.436 ppm and the anomeric proton signal was around 4.495 ppm. On the other hand, the lH-NMR analysis of the transglycosylation product showed ten new anomeric proton signals, suggesting that the high mannose type sugar chain was transfered to the acceptor.
The lH-NMR assignments based on the reference values (Vliegenthart et al., 1983) are listed in Table 3. The lH-NMR data for GlcNAc-NAP and MangGlcNAc2-NAP were recorded on a 300 MHz spectrometer in D2O at 25~C using acetone as internal standard (~=2.225 ppm). The chemical shifts o~ MangGlcNAc2-polymer were recorded on a 600 MHz spectrometer in D2O at 60~C and relative to HDO (~=4.441 ppm).
-CA 022l774l l997-l0-08 W 096/37502 PCT~US96/06382 Ta'ole 3. ~H-NMR Dat~ of GlCNAc-NAP, M-n,~ -NAP ~nd the glycopolymer h~ving ~n,Ol r~~~ pendant chains.
Residue ~n~ -GlcNAc-NAP M-n t~ n t~
No . ') A8nb) NAPpolymer 5~-1 of 1 5.092 4.~95 4.4754.510 2 4.610 - 4.5794.611 NAc o~ 1 2.015 2.032 2.0212.041 2 2.067 - 2.0602.070 ~-1 of 3 ~4.77 - 4.7444 763 0 4 5.334 - 5.3245.322 4~ 4.869 - ~.8594.874 A 5.404 - 5.3955.379 B 5.143 - 5.1355.122 C 5.308 - 5.3005.Z90 15 D, 5.049 - 5.0345.057 D2 5.061 - 5.0345.073 D, 5.042 - 5.0345.057 C~ of a - 6.163 5.7391.701 a' - 5.748 6.1611.701 b - 6.27B 6.262--2.307 c - 3.301 3.2913.136 d _ 1.802 1.791-1.701 e - 3.944u.k.''u.k.
e' - 3.630 u.k. u.k ~I The number were the same as described in Fig. 3 b~ Cited from the published report (17).
'' u k : Unknown v W 096/37502 PCTrUS96106382 The anomeric signals agreed with those found from MangGlcNAc2Asn except two GlcNAc anomeric protons which appeared at higher field than those from the reference compound. This is because the linkages between GlcNAc and the aglycon in the former is an N-amide bond, and in the latter, an O-glycosidic bond. The coupling constant of GlcNAc-2 anomeric proton was 7.8 Hz, indicating that the linkage newly formed by Endo-A
transglycosylation is in the ~-configuration. The H-4 signal of GlcNAc at the "reducing end" at 3.436 ppm could no longer be seen, in agreement with results obtained with methyl ~-GlcNAc and indicating that the linkage occurs at the 4-OH of the GlcNAc. Mass spectrometry analysis showed the expected molecular weight of the transglyco-sylation product.
Polymerization of MangGlcNAc2-NAP with acrYlamide.
A glycopolymer was obt~;ne~ from MangGlcNAc2-NAP and acrylamide using TEMED and ASP
as catalysts. The fractions containing the polymer eluted at the void volume of the Sephadex G-50 column (Fig. 4) were pooled and lyophilized.
Completion of the polymerization was indicated by lH-NMR analysis (Fig. 5) which revealed disappearance of the signals at 6.2 ppm and 5.7 ppm, attributable to the unsaturated bond o~ the aglycon and the acrylamide monomer. The NMR also showed the existence of 11 anomeric proton signals, and the chemical shifts were similar to those found from the monomer (Table 3), confirming that the polymer contains MangGlcNAc2-sugar chains.
The sugar content of the polymer was estimated to be 37~ by the phenol-H2SO4 method using mannose as standard. There~ore, the ratio o~ sugar side ch~in.~: to acrylamide residues is estimated to be W 096/37S02 PCTrUS96/06382 1:44 as shown in Fig. 6.
Other compounds having a double bond at the terminal position (e.g. GlcNAc-O-CH2CH=CH and other representative compounds shown in Table 2) can be polymerized in essentially the same way.
In addition to acrylamide, other monomers (including, for example, styrene derivatives, vinyl, epoxide and ethylen;m;ne type compounds and other compounds with unsaturated bonds) can also ~10 be polymerized.
Determination of the molecular weiqht of the qlvcopolymer The molecular weight of the glycopolymer was estimated by HPGFC using blue dextran, B-amylase. alcohol dehydrogenase, bovine serum albumin and carbonic anhydrase as reference compounds. The polymer appeared near the void volume, and the retention volume was slightly greater than blue dextran (molecular weight =
2,000,000). According to the calibration curve (Fig. 7), the molecular weight is between 1,500,000 and 2,000,000.
Inhibition of mannose-bindinq ~roteins bY the alycopolymer.
A solid-phase binding assay was carried out on serum- and liver-MBP-CRDs, using the MangGlcNAc2glycopolymer and soybean agglutinin (SBA), which contains the same MangGlcNAc2. The results of the assay are shown in Fig. 8. In the concentration range of SBA tested, no significant inhibition of the serum-MBP-CRD was observed. For the liver-MBP-CRD, however, an Iso value of 13.2 ~M
based on MangGlcNAc2 or 0.4 mg/ml of SBA was obtained. However, the glycopolymer showed an Iso of 3.5 ~M for the serum-MBP-CRD, and an Iso of 74.5 W 096/37502 PCT~US~6/06~2 nM for the liver-~3P-CRD. In terms of the whole glycopolymer, the I50 values would be approximately 2.0 x 10-2 mg/ml for the serum-MBP-CRD and 3.8 x 10-4 mg/ml for the liver-MBP-CRD, respectively.
The magnitude of inhibitory potency enhancement of the glycopolymer over the precursor cannot be calculated with certainty for the serum form of MBP-CRD, because MangGlcNAc2 hardly inhibits this MBP-CRD. However, for the liver form, an enhancement was about 18o-fold based on the MangGlcNAc2, and ca. 1,000-fold based on the moleculars, although the sugar content of the glycopolymer was only 5.6-fold higher than SBA.
Discus~ion Endo-A demonstrates an efficient transglycosylation activity (~ 90%) in 30%
acetone, much higher than the 10-30% reported for other glycosidases (Bardales et al., 1989; Sakai et al., 1992; Cantacuzene et al., 1991; Nilsson, 1987 and 1989; Usui and Murata, 1988; and Usui et al., 1994). This finding has been utilized to synthesize neoglycoconjugate intermediates which are ~men~hle to further reactions.
Endo-A also transfers MangGlcNAc to alcohols such as MeOH, EtOH and PrOH. The transglycosylation to MeOH (64~ yield) and EtOH
(47% yield) compares favorably with those by ~-xylosidase, ~- and ~-glucosidase and ~-galactosidase (20-60~) from various sources (Shinoyama et al., 1988; and Shinoyama and Yasai, 1988). However, transglycosylations to PrOH and iPrOH were not as effective as to MeOH and EtOH.
Interestingly, although the total enzyme activity was lower in PrOH than in iPrOH, transglyco-sylation to PrOH was greater than to iPrOH.
Glycerol was also a good acceptor for Endo-A
W O 96/37502 PCT~US9610G382 transglycosylation. Endo-B-N-acetylglucosaminidase F (Trimble et al., 1986) and Endo-~-N-acetylgalactosaminidase from Di pl ococcus pneumoniae ~Bardales and Bhav~n~n~An, 1989) have been reported to transfer an oligosaccharide to the Cl(3) hydroxyl o~ glycerol.
Several GlcNAc derivatives having functionalized aglycons useful for synthesis of neoglycoconjugates were tested as acceptors for Endo-A transglycosylation. The yields based on the starting donor substrate were found to be greater than 80~ with 0.2 M acceptor and about 50 when 0.05 M or less was used in our system. The yield of transglycosylation can be further improved if higher acceptor concentrations are employed.
Endo-A transglycosylation is also effective at higher concentrations of reactants, as shown in Table 2. In the larger-scale transglycosylation to GlcNAc-NAP, transglycosylation yield (~ 90~) was even hiyher than those at the analytical scale reaction. A
similar yield (89~) can be obtained from the transglycosylation to GlcNAc~-OMe on a similar scale (4 ~mol).
An Endo-A transglycosylation product, MangGlcNAc2-NAP, was further polymerized with acrylamide to form a glycopolymer. Glycopolymers having di- or trisaccharide have been synthesized by chemical or chemo-enzymatic method recently (Kochetkov, 1984; Nishimura et al, 1991; Nishimura et al., 1994a and 1994b; Kobayashi et al., 1994;
and Fukase et al., 1994), but to our knowledge this is the first time glycopolymers with highly complex sugar chains have been synthesized. The high efficiency of Endo-A transglycosyla~ion provides an easier way to synthesize such W 096/37502 PCTÇUS96/06382 neoglycoconjugates.
Clustering of monosaccharides by attachment to a simple branched peptides enhances inhibitory potencies for some C-type lectins (Lee and Lee, 1987; and Lee et al., 1992). An affinity enhancement achieved by multi~alent ligands over monovalent ones that is greater than would be expected from a simple effect of a local concentration increase is termed the "glycoside cluster effect". Formation of glycopolymers is convenient way to provide glycoside clustering (Lee and Lee, 1994). In the instant invention, a dramatic increase in the inhibition of MBP-CRDs in comparison with that by the native glycoprotein (SBA) which contains the same MangGlcNAc2 oligosaccharide is demonstrated. In the case of the liver MBP-CRD, an approximately 180-fold enhancement of inhibitory potency over the native glycoprotein (SBA) was attained by the glycopolymer. Similarly, although no significant inhibition of the serum MBP-CRD was observed for SBA, the glycopolymer derived from its oligosaccharide demonstrated a surprisingly strong inhibitory potency (Iso=3.5 ~M). This is a good example of "macro-" vs. "micro-clustering" (Lee, 1993). ["Micro-clustering" describes a condition where the spatial arrangement of the target sugars is such that the distances between combining sites are small--e.g. 1.5 to 3.0 nM; "macro-cluster"
describes a condition where the spatial arrangement is such that the distances are much greater (e.g. 50-100 nM, as here)]
It will be apparent that the compounds described herein have many potential uses. In addition to their utility in the study of carbohydrate function and metabolism, the various compounds may also be used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, for example as antigens or for the measurement or isolation o~ specific carbohydrate binding proteins.
Measurement of MBP in a serum sample MBP is one of the acute phase proteins produced by liver in response to invading microorganisms or other foreign agents (Reid, 1983, Sastry et al., 1991). MBP binds to these agents, leading to their destruction either directly or through the participation of macrophages. The MangGlcNAc2 glycopolymer of the present invention has a much greater binding affinity than natural products containing mannose, and should thus be useful for diagnosis in a manner similar to that of C-reactive protein (Oyamada et al, 1992; Ohtake, 1993).
To measure the amount of MBP in a serum sample, the following procedure can be used:
1) The MangGlcNAc2 glycopolymer of Fig. 6 is conjugated to an enzyme commonly used for ELISA assays, for example alkaline phosphatase or ~-galactosidase.
2) A monoclonal antibody against MBP which does not affect its ability to bind mannose is placed in a well to coat its sur~ace. Such antibodies can be made using standard techniques known to the skilled practitioner, for example as described by Quesenberry and Drickamer (1992). A sample of serum to be tested is placed in the coated well and incubated under conditions favorable for binding of MBP to the antibody.
3) The unbound material is removed by suitable washing, and the glycopolymer-phosphatase complex of (1) is placed in the well. The MBP bound to the antibody W 096/37502 PCT/U~5''OG382 now binds the glycopolymer, acquiring the phosphatase activity. Upon addition of a suitable substrate, the level of phosphatase activity is a measure of the MBP in the serum sample.
Alternatively, the well can be coated with the unconjugated glycopolymer, the serum sample added, and bound MBP reacted with anti-MBP
conjugated to phosphatase or another ~uitable enzyme. The level of MBP can then be determined, as before, by the bound enzymatic activity.
While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and perferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed enbodiment, but is intended to cover various modifications included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
The references earlier mentioned are more fully identified hereafter, and are hereby incorporated by reference and relied upon.
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Claims (11)
1. A neoglycoconjugate prepared by a method which includes the step of synthesizing a glycoside in a reaction mixture comprising Endo-.beta.-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Arthrobacter protophormiae and an organic solvent.
2. A monomer or intermediate for neoglycoconjugate synthesis which is synthesized by means of Endo-.beta.-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Arthrobacter protophormiae in a reaction mixture containing an organic solvent, said monomer or intermediate being selected from the group consisting of R-G1cNAc-O-(CH2)3NHCOCH=CH2 , R-G1cNAc-O-CH2CH=CH2, R-GlcNAc-O-(CH2) 3 CH=CH2 , R-G1CNAC-S -CH2CN, R-G1cNAc-S-CH2CONHCH2CH(OMe) 2 and R-G1cNAc-O-(CH2)6NH2 , where R represents ManxG1cNAc and x is an integer between 3 and 12, inclusive.
3. The monomer of claim 2 wherein the organic solvent is acetone.
4. The monomer of claim 2, wherein x is an integer between 6 and 9, inclusive.
5. The monomer of claim 3, wherein x = 9.
6. A glycopolymer that contains high mannose type sugar chains and whose synthesis comprises i) combining a donor and an acceptor in a reaction mixture containing Endo-.beta.-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Arthrobacter protophormiae and organic solvent, ii) incubating the reaction mixture under suitable conditions to produce a transglycosylation product, iii) purification of said transglycosylation product of the reaction mixture on a Sephadex column, and iv) polymerization of said transglycosylation product.
7. The glycopolymer of claim 6 where polymerization is achieved by use of acrylamide.
8. A glycopolymer with pendant Man9GlcNAc2 chains which inhibits mannose binding protein from liver.
9. The glycopolymer shown in Figure 6.
10. A method of synthesizing a glycopolymer containing mannose comprising the steps of i) combining a donor and an acceptor in a reaction mixture containing Endo-.beta.-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Arthrobacter protophormiae and organic solvent, ii) incubating the reaction mixture under suitable conditions such that a transglycosylation product is produced, and iii) polymerization of said transglycosylation product.
11. The method according to claim 10 where said glycopolymer is a glycopolymer with pendant Man9GlcNAc2 chains.
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EP0814093B1 (en) * | 1996-06-19 | 2003-05-07 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Polymeric compound comprising glycopolymer and a method for decomposing the same |
US6770468B1 (en) | 1999-09-14 | 2004-08-03 | Genzyme Glycobiology Research Institute, Inc. | Phosphodiester-α-GlcNAcase of the lysosomal targeting pathway |
US6537785B1 (en) | 1999-09-14 | 2003-03-25 | Genzyme Glycobiology Research Institute, Inc. | Methods of treating lysosomal storage diseases |
US6905856B2 (en) | 2001-12-21 | 2005-06-14 | Genzyme Glycobiology Research Institute, Inc. | Soluble GlcNAc phosphotransferase |
US6800472B2 (en) | 2001-12-21 | 2004-10-05 | Genzyme Glycobiology Research Institute, Inc. | Expression of lysosomal hydrolase in cells expressing pro-N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphodiester α-N-acetyl glucosimanidase |
AU2003241531A1 (en) * | 2002-05-21 | 2003-12-12 | Emory University | Multivalent polymers with chain-terminating binding groups |
US6740509B2 (en) * | 2002-05-22 | 2004-05-25 | Ikuko Ishii Karakasa | Method for the production of mucin-type glycopeptide |
EP1650226A4 (en) * | 2003-07-28 | 2011-06-15 | Yasuhiro Kajihara | Aminated complex-type sugar chain derivatives and process for the production thereof |
US20090117154A1 (en) * | 2005-09-14 | 2009-05-07 | University Of Maryland Biotechnolgy Institute | Synthetic polyvalent carbohydrates as components of microbicides |
EP2138586A1 (en) * | 2008-06-24 | 2009-12-30 | Cognis IP Management GmbH | Process for the regioselective preparation of disaccharides or oligosaccharides |
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JP3122520B2 (en) * | 1992-03-13 | 2001-01-09 | 生化学工業株式会社 | 2-Aminopyridine derivative, production method thereof and fluorescent labeling agent |
JP3532593B2 (en) * | 1993-08-24 | 2004-05-31 | 麒麟麦酒株式会社 | Method for producing carbohydrate or complex carbohydrate |
DE69521074T2 (en) * | 1994-03-30 | 2001-09-13 | Takara Shuzo Co | Transglycosylation process for the production of a carbohydrate or a glycoconjugate |
-
1995
- 1995-05-22 US US08/445,865 patent/US5663254A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1996
- 1996-05-08 EP EP96920138A patent/EP0827506A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-05-08 CA CA002217741A patent/CA2217741A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-05-08 CN CN96193865A patent/CN1184482A/en active Pending
- 1996-05-08 JP JP8535690A patent/JPH11505263A/en active Pending
- 1996-05-08 KR KR1019970707998A patent/KR19990008468A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-05-08 AU AU58538/96A patent/AU713678B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-05-08 WO PCT/US1996/006382 patent/WO1996037502A1/en active Search and Examination
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1997
- 1997-04-15 US US08/838,132 patent/US5807943A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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AU713678B2 (en) | 1999-12-09 |
CN1184482A (en) | 1998-06-10 |
EP0827506A4 (en) | 2002-05-22 |
JPH11505263A (en) | 1999-05-18 |
US5663254A (en) | 1997-09-02 |
KR19990008468A (en) | 1999-01-25 |
WO1996037502A1 (en) | 1996-11-28 |
US5807943A (en) | 1998-09-15 |
AU5853896A (en) | 1996-12-11 |
EP0827506A1 (en) | 1998-03-11 |
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