CA2219270C - Encryption for modulated backscatter systems - Google Patents

Encryption for modulated backscatter systems Download PDF

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Publication number
CA2219270C
CA2219270C CA002219270A CA2219270A CA2219270C CA 2219270 C CA2219270 C CA 2219270C CA 002219270 A CA002219270 A CA 002219270A CA 2219270 A CA2219270 A CA 2219270A CA 2219270 C CA2219270 C CA 2219270C
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Canada
Prior art keywords
signal
tag
encrypted
interrogator
modulated
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Expired - Fee Related
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CA002219270A
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French (fr)
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CA2219270A1 (en
Inventor
John Austin Maclellan
Giovanni Vannucci
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Nokia of America Corp
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Lucent Technologies Inc
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/12—Transmitting and receiving encryption devices synchronised or initially set up in a particular manner
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
    • H04L9/3271—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials using challenge-response
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/24—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
    • H04K1/00—Secret communication
    • H04K1/04—Secret communication by frequency scrambling, i.e. by transposing or inverting parts of the frequency band or by inverting the whole band
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/74—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems
    • G01S13/75—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems using transponders powered from received waves, e.g. using passive transponders, or using passive reflectors
    • G01S13/751—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems using transponders powered from received waves, e.g. using passive transponders, or using passive reflectors wherein the responder or reflector radiates a coded signal
    • G01S13/756—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems using transponders powered from received waves, e.g. using passive transponders, or using passive reflectors wherein the responder or reflector radiates a coded signal using a signal generator for modifying the reflectivity of the reflector
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L2209/00—Additional information or applications relating to cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
    • H04L2209/56—Financial cryptography, e.g. electronic payment or e-cash
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L2209/00—Additional information or applications relating to cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
    • H04L2209/80—Wireless
    • H04L2209/805—Lightweight hardware, e.g. radio-frequency identification [RFID] or sensor

Abstract

The present invention enables a Tag and Interrogator to exchange proprietary information using Modulated BackScatter (MBS) technology. This invention discloses a method for encrypting the RFID user's PIN and thereby making the interception and the subsequent illegal use of RFID accounts at least as difficult as a present day ATM cards. For example, the encryption method can be based upon the US Digital Encryption Standard (DES), either first or third level.
The Tag's personal encryption key is only known by the financial database and the RFID Tag. This method can be applied to any type of financial, debt, identification, or credit card.

Description

ENCRYPTION FOR MODULATED BACKSCATTER SYSTEMS
Field of the Invention This invention relates to wireless communication systems and, more particularly, to a wireless communication system which uses digital encryption encoding to ensure secure transmission of private information using modulated backscatter technology.
Related Patents START Related subject matter is disclosed in the following U.S.
patents assigned to the Assignee hereof: U.S. Patent No. 5,940,006; U.S.
Patent No.
5,649,296; and U.S. Patent No. 5,649,295. Related subject matter is also disclosed in the following applications assigned to the same assignee hereof: U.S. Patent No.
5,873,025; U.S. Patent No. 5,649,295; U.S. Patent No. 5,649,296; and U.S.
Patent No.5,940,006.
Background of the Invention Radio Frequency II)entification (RF1D) systems are used for identification and/or tracking of equipment, inventory, or living things. RFID
systems are radio communication systems that communicate between a radio transceiver, called an Interrogator, and a number of inexpensive devices called Tags.
In RFID systems, the Interrogator communicates to the Tags using modulated radio signals, and the Tags respond with modulated radio signals. The Interrogator first transmits an amplitude modulatE;d signal to the Tag. Then, the Interrogator transmits a Continuous-Wave (CW) radio signal to the Tag. The Tag then moduhites the CW
signal, using Modulated BackScattering (NfBS), where the antenna is electrically switched, by the Tag's modulating signal, from being an absorber of RF' radiation to being a reflector of RF radiation; thereby encoding the Tag's information onto the CW radio signal. The Interrogator demodulates the incoming modulated radio signal and decodes the Tag's information message.
Over the next decade an enormous growth in the number anal proliferation of RFID applications is expected. Many emerging applications will be of a financial nature and will require, for example, that a user's Personal Identification Number (PIN) cannot be intercepted by a hostile eavesdropper.
The cellular phone industry is presently under siege by network pirates and industry losses are quoted to be approaching one billion dollars annually. So as not to repeat this particular failing of the cellular industry, RFID system designers shnuld consider network security a top priority. There are three major security issues when transfernng data in a wireless system:
1. A legitimate Tag and a legitimate Interrogator are involved in a communication session transferring sensitive data that a hostile eavesdropper would like to intercept.
2. A legitimate Interrogator would be queried by a fraudulent Tag trying to obtain service, such as to acquire data stored in the network or in an application Processor. (This is similar to the; case of someone stealing cellular air time.) 3. A legitimate Tag would be queried by a fraudulent Interr~~gator trying to acquire data stored in the Tag's memory (like stealing the PIN number from a cellular telephone).
This invention discloses a method for encrypting both the data in a Tag's memory and the data stored in an Application Processor, where b~~
transferring only ciphered data between network endpoints, one can thwart all three ;security breaches outlined above. This nnethod encrypts the RFID user's PIN and therefore makes the interception and the subsequent illegal use of RFID data at le~~st as difficult as for present day ATM cards. The encryption method can be based upon the US Digital Encryption Standard (DES), either first or third level. The Tag's personal encryption key is only known by the financial database and the RFID
Tag.
This method can be applied to any type of financial, debt, identification or credit card.
Summary of the Invention In accordance with the present invention, a MBS radio communication system comprises an Interrogator which generates a first modulated signal by modulating a first information signal onto a radio carrier signal.
The Interrogator transmits the first modulated signal to at least one remote Tag of the system. The remote Tag receives and processes the received first modulated signal.
A second information signal backscatter-modulates the reflection of the first modulated signal, the reflected signal being a second modulated signal. The Interrogator receives and demodulates the second modulated signal to obtain the second information signal. In one embodiment, demodulation utilizes a homodyne detector and the first modulated signal as the local oscillator source for the homodyne detector. In another embodiment, the second information signal is modulated onto a subcarrier, which is then backscatter-modulated onto the modulated signal. The Interrogator communicates the second information signal to an Application Processor; the second information signal contains private information known only to the Tag and to the Application Processor. Both the Tag and Application Processor use digital encryption techniques to cipher the end-to-end communications of the private information.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of radio communication, comprising: transmitting a radio signal from am interrogator to a tag; in the tag, modulating a reflection of the radio signal using, at least in part, a unique identifier, thereby forming a reflected radio signal modulated by the unique identifier; in the interrogator, receiving and demodulating the reflected radio signal modulated by the unique identifier, thereby recovering the unique identifier; in the interrogator, generating a random, challenge, and transmitting the random, challenge and the unique identifier to an application processor; and in the interrogator, modulating the radio signal using the random challenge, thereby forming a radio signal modulated by the random challenge, - 3a -thereby forming a radio signal modulated by the random challenge, and transmitting to the tag the radio signal modulated by the random challenge.
The present disclosure outlines three levels of security for which, depending on the RFID application, an Application Processor, at least one Interrogator, and at least one Tag can exchange information: The first level is the ''Normal" mode, where a Tag and Interrogator exchange the RFID of the Tag. The second level is to transmit and detect a "secure" RFID between a Tag and Application Processor, using the Interrogator as a "wireless-to-wiredline"
converter.
The third level is the transfer of secure messages between a Tag and Application Processor. This can include downloading new information to a Tag; this is a ''Read/Write" Tag where the data stored in memory is sensitive, i.e., cash stored on a debit card.
Brief Description of the Drawing In the drawing, FIG. 1 shows a black diagram of an illustrative Radio Freciuency Identification (RF117) system;
FIG. 2 shows a black diagram of an illustrative Interrogator Unit used in the RFID system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 shows a black diagram of a Tag Unit used in the RhID system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 shows the flow of information between the Tag, Interrogator and the Application Processor vs. time during a secure message transfer;
FIG. 5 shows a black diagram of how a Tag's processor and the Application Processor processor calculate the random query response;
FIG. 6 shows the flow of information between the Applications Processor, the Interrogator, and at least one Tag, where the Application, Processor is writing new information to the 'tag's memory.
Detailed Description One class of RFID applications involves using RFID techn~~logy to read information from a Tag affixed to a container or pallet. In this application, the container is moved across the reading field of an Interrogator. The reading field is defined as that volume of space within which a successful transaction c~~n take plaice.
While the Tag is in the reading :field, the Interrogator and Tag must complete their information exchange before the Tag moves out of the Interrogation fielid.
Since the Tag is moving through the readiing field, the RFID system has only a limited amount of time to successfully complete; the transaction.
Normal Mode With reference to FIG. l, there is shown an overall block diagram of an illustrative RF117 system useful for describing the application of the present invention. An Application Processor 101 communicates over Local Aria Network (LAN) 102 to a plurality of Interrogators 103-104. The Application Processor and the Interrogator functions may be present in the same device, or separate. Tn this disclosure we refer to the logica~.l functions performed by each device. 'Che Interrogators may then each cornmunicate with one or more of the Tags 105-107.
For example, the Interrogator 103 receives an information signal, typicaly from an Application Processor 101. The; Interrogator 103 takes this informatia~n signal and Processor 200 (FIG. 2) properly formats a downlink message (Information Signal ~ CA 02219270 1997-10-23 v 200a) to be sent to the Tag. With joint reference to FIGS. l and 2, Radio Signal Source 201 generates a radio sii;nal, the Modulator 202 modulates the hnformation Signal 200a onto the radio signa, and the Transmitter 203 sends this modulated signal via Antenna 204, illustratively using amplitude modulation, to a 'Tag.
The reason amplitude modulation is a common choice is that the Tag can demodulate such a signal with a single, inexpensive nonlinear device (such as a diode).
In the Tag 105 (see FIG. 3), the Antenna 301 (frequently a loop or patch antenna) receives the modulated signal. This signal is demodulated, dirExtly to baseband, using the Detector/Modulator 302, which, illustratively, coul~3 be a single Schottky diode. The diode should be appropriately biased with the proper current level in order to match the impedance of the diode and the Antenna 301 such that losses of the radio signal are minimized. The result of the diode detector is essentially a demodulation of th,e incoming signal directly to baseband. The Information Signal 200a is then amplified, by Amplifier 303, and synchronization recovered in Clock and Frame Recovery Circuit 304. The Clock Recovery Circuit 304 can be enhanced by having the Interrogator send the amplitude modulated signal using Manchester encoding. Tl:~e resulting information is sent to a Processor 305.
The Processor 305 is typically am inexpensive 8-bit microprocessor; the Clock Recovery Circuit 304 can be implemented in an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) which works together with Processor 305. The Processor 305 generates an Information Signal 306 to be sent from the Tag 105 back tn the Interrogator (such as Interrogator 103). This Information Signal 306 (under control of Clock Recovery and Frame synchronization 304) is sent to a Modulator Control Circuit 307, which uses the Information Signal 306 to modulate a subca~rrier frequency generated by the subc:arrier Frequency Source 308. The Frequency Source 308 could be a crystal oscillatoa~ separate from the Processor 305, or it could be a frequency source derived from signals present inside the Processor 305,, such as a divisor of the primary clock fre~luency of the Processor. The Modulate~3 Subcarrier Signal 311 is used by Detector/:Modulator 302 to modulate the modulated signal received from Tag 105 to produce a modulated backscatter signal, also referred to herein as a reflected signal. This is accomplished by switching on and off the Schottky diode using the Modulated Subcarrier Signal 311, thereby changing the reflectance of Antenna 301. A lBattery 310 or other power supply provides power to the circuitry of Tag 105.
Secure Mode The present invention enables a Tag and Interrogator to exchange proprietary information using M:BS technology. FIG. 4 shows the exchange of information over time between a Tag, Interrogator and the Application processor using digital encryption techniqraes. The Interrogation of a Tag can be initiated 5 merely by a Tag coming into Radio Frequency (RF) proximity of the In terrogator, depending on the exact service or specific application. In any case, the 'tag senses the Interrogator's signal 401 and broadcasts its RFID 402. The Interrogator, which has no knowledge of the Tag's PIN or encryption key, sends the information along to the Application Processor, as identified by the type of ID number presented by the 10 Tag. The Interrogator also ge'herates a random number which it passes t~~
both the Tag and Application Processor. The random number is chosen by the Interrogator 103 and is previously unknown to both the Tag and Application Processor. The Application Processor in turn looks up the appropriate identification infi~rmation and, using the encryption inforniation associated with the Tag's 1D
information, 15 generates a response that is functionally based upon the RFID user's PIhT
(encryption key) and the random number sent by the Interrogator 405. Subsequently the Interrogator has also sent the sane random number back to the Tag 404 and expects the same functionally based response 406. In this scenario, further transactions are allowed to continue between the. Tag and Application Processor, through the 20 Interrogator, only if the Processor and Tag return the same response to the random query. In this case, the Interrogator notifies the Tag and the Application Processor whether the transaction is accepted or rejected 409, 410. Note that in this scenario, no information about the Tag's :PIN or encryption key has been transmi~aed anywhere in the network. The encryption key is only known by the Tag; and 25 Application Processor, which ane distributed when the Tag is issued. Also, all data is encrypted before transmission on any part of the network. The only infi~rmation that is not protected is the Tag's B7 number, which by itself is not useful to ;gin eavesdropper and is treated as public information. Therefore, all three s~rcurity issues outlined above are addressed by this method of user authentication and subsequent 30 data transmission.
The security provided by the encryption method outlined hare is that the response to the Interrogator's random number is based on a "one-way function"
which produces the appropriate response. A one-way function is characterized by the fact that an eavesdropper that sees the output of the function cannot reconstruct 35 the input (the secret PIN, in this case) even knowing the particular function. Both the Application Processor and the Tag use the same function, which is determined by the encryption key, to cipher and decipher the information data. FIG. 5a shows a b _?_ Tag, using a one way function, <:alculating the response to a random que:ry.
In FIG.
Sb, the "first round" of a DES encryption process is shown. In a DES level one code, there au~e 16 coding rounds to encrypt 64 bits of data. The exact function is unique to each user's database entry since it depends on the particular user's encrjrption key.
For example, with today's technology, a 64 bit PIN can be encrypted u;~ing a DES
level one function by a 8 bit microprocessor in approximately 1 ms. Thus it is a cost effective way to implement digital encryption and still be able to manufacture simple and cheap RFID Tags.
It is important to design system security that will be effective over the entire lifetime of the RF117 system. As pointed out above, cellular network designers did not foresee the technical advancements and cost reductions of RF
measurement equipment and the proliferation of cheap, powerful and portable compm;ers.
Therefore, one issue that must be addressed is what level of security carp the NIBS
system provide agaunst future attacks? Another implementation issue that will greatly effect the time response of the RFID system are the network and.
processing delays of the RF air interface and the connection to the authentication/tzansaction database.
Secua~e Messages .
The previous example (FIG. 4) demonstrates how a Tag caui exchange sensitive information with an Application Processor. FIG. 6 shows hove the Application Processor can chan,~ge the information stored on a Read/Write RF1D
Tag.
After the completion of the Tag authentication procedures described above, the Application Processor may find it necessary to change the information s,tore~d on the Tag. (For example, the remaining total on a debit card or the air waybill on an airline cargo container.) In this case the Application Processor will digitally encrypt all the command messages auld :information messages with the "encryption key"
of the particular Tag. After completing all of the data transmission, the Ta;g will decrypt all of the new data and store it in memory. However, the RF channel is an unreliable medium acid will generally create errors in the data transmission stream.
Since only the endpoints of the network have the ability to decipher the information, unnecessary delay would be added if data, corrupted by wireless transmission, would need to be retransmitted between the endpoints. Since the Interrogator ~~nly has knowledge of the Tag's ID and not the PIN or encryption key, it needs ~i mechanism to ensure the Tag has received aal the information correctly when transmitting over the radio channel.

_g_ Therefore, the Intearogator should add earor detection and/or forward error correction coding to the transmitted data. This will allow any nee~3ed retransmissions to be only between the Tag and Interangator, thereby reducing retransmission latency. For example, the Intearogator can calculate and add a CRC
byte or bytes to the end of each transmitted packet, allowing both error detection and limited error correction. The Tag will in turn calculate the CRC for each received message packet and only ask for reta~ansmission of corrupted packets.
Therefore, it is possible to send encrypted data between the Application Processor and a Tag without the: need. to pass encryption keys (PINs) over the wireless air interface. Since all data is encrypted before transmission ta~
the Interrogator over the wired line" this method provides end-to-end security for the MBS system.
This leads to two immediate advantages: First, different applications can use different encryption algorithms, which can depend on the level .of security the application needs or the maacimum delay time an application can tolerate during information exchange. Since only the end points cipher, the data can be: a priori encrypted and stored in memory thereby reducing latency. Second, as computers and microprocessors, the tools used by hostile eavesdroppers, become more powerful, the encryption algorithms can gracefully be updated by each ~;enea~ation 20 release of the MBS system. Since only the Tag and the particular Application Processor entry for the Tag need to be updated, there is no need to modify any other parts of the MBS system.
Using the above tex;hniques as an example, an inexpensive, short-range, bi-directional digitally encrypted radio communications channel is implemented.
Implementation is made inexpensive by using, e.g., such Tag components as a Schottky diode, an amplifier to lboost the signal strength, bit and frame synchronization circuits, an inexpensive 8-bit microprocessor, subcarrie:r generation circuits, and a battery. Most of these items are, already manufactured in quantities of millions for other applications, ;ind thus are not overly expensive.
30 The present invention outlines three levels of security for vahich, depending on the RFID application, an Application Processor, at least one Interrogator and at least one Tai; can exchange information: The first level is the "Normal" mode, where a Tag and Intearogator exchange the RF117 of the;, Tag.
The second level is to transmit and detect a "secure" RFID between a Tag and 35 Application Processor, using thE: Interrogator as a "wireless-to-wiredlinn"
converter.
The third level is the transfer of secure messages between a Tag and Application Processor. This can include downloading new infoamation to a Tag; this is a "Read/Write" Tag where the data stored in memory is sensitive, such a~; cash stored on a debit card What has been described is merely illustrative of the applic;~tion of the principles of the present invention. Other arrangements and methods. can be 5 implemented by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

Claims (9)

1. A method of radio communication, comprising:
transmitting a radio signal from an interrogator to a tag;
in the tag, modulating a reflection of the radio signal using, at least in part, a unique identifier, thereby forming a reflected radio signal modulated by the unique identifier;
in the interrogator, receiving and demodulating the reflected radio signal modulated by the unique identifier, thereby recovering the unique identifier;
in the interrogator, generating a random challenge, and transmitting the random challenge and the unique identifier to an application processor;
and in the interrogator, modulating the radio signal using the random challenge, thereby forming a radio signal modulated by the random challenge, and transmitting to the tag the radio signal modulated by the random challenge.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
in the tag, modulating the reflection of the radio signal using an encrypted signal, thereby forming a reflected radio signal modulated by the encrypted signal;
in the interrogator, receiving and demodulating the reflected radio signal modulated by the encrypted signal, thereby obtaining the encrypted signal; and transmitting the encrypted signal to the application processor.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising:
in the tag, generating a subcarrier signal, and modulating the subcarrier signal using the encrypted signal, thereby forming a subcarrier signal modulated by the encrypted signal; and the step of modulating the reflection of the radio signal using the encrypted signal is carried out using the subcarrier signal modulated by the encrypted signal.
4. The method of claim 3, further comprising, in the application processor:

deciphering the encrypted signal, thereby generating an information signal; and storing the information signal.
5. The method of claim l, further comprising:
in the application processor, generating a first encrypted response using at least the random challenge and the unique identifier;
transmitting the first encrypted response to the interrogator;
in the tag, generating a second encrypted response using at least the random challenge, and modulating the reflection of the radio signal using the second encrypted response, thereby forming a reflected radio signal modulated by the second encrypted response;
in the interrogator, receiving the first encrypted response from the application processor, demodulating the reflected radio signal modulated by the second encrypted response to recover the second encrypted response, and comparing the first and second encrypted response; and indicating acceptance or rejection of the result of the comparing step.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
in the tag, generating a subcarrier signal, and modulating the subcarrier signal using the unique identifier, thereby forming a subcarrier signal modulated by the unique identifier; and in the tag, step of modulating the reflection of the radio signal using, at least in part, the unique identifier is carried out by using the subcarrier signal modulated by the unique identifier.
7. The method of claim l, further comprising:
transmitting an encrypted information signal from the application processor to the interrogator;
in the interrogator, adding the unique identifier to the encrypted information signal, thereby forming an addressed information signal;
adding cyclic redundant check coding to the addressed information signal, thereby forming a message signal;

modulating the radio signal with the message signal, thereby forming a radio signal modulated by the message signal;
transmitting the radio signal modulated by the message signal to the tag;
in the tag, demodulating the radio signal modulated by the message signal, thereby recovering the message signal;
in the tag, calculating and removing the cyclic redundant check code from the message signal, thereby recovering the addressed information signal;
in the tag, removing the unique identifier from the addressed information signal, thereby recovering the encrypted information signal; and in the tag, storing the encrypted information signal.
8. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
in the tag, decrypting the encrypted information signal, thereby forming unencrypted information; and storing the unencrypted information.
9. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
in the tag, determining whether there are transmission errors based upon the cyclic redundant check coding, and generating a negative acknowledgment signal when there are transmission errors;
in the tag, modulating the reflection of the radio signal using the negative acknowledgement signal, thereby forming a reflected radio signal modulated by the negative acknowledgement signal;
in the interrogator, demodulating the reflected radio signal modulated by the negative acknowledgement signal, thereby recovering the negative acknowledgement signal;
deciding, based on the contents of the negative acknowledgment signal, whether re-transmission should occur;
modulating the radio signal with the message signal, thereby forming the radio signal modulated by the message signal; and transmitting to the tag the radio signal modulated by the message signal.
CA002219270A 1996-12-31 1997-10-23 Encryption for modulated backscatter systems Expired - Fee Related CA2219270C (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US777,832 1996-12-31
US08/777,832 US6130623A (en) 1996-12-31 1996-12-31 Encryption for modulated backscatter systems

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CA2219270A1 (en) 1998-06-30
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JPH10209913A (en) 1998-08-07
US6130623A (en) 2000-10-10
EP0853288B1 (en) 2000-07-12
DE69702493D1 (en) 2000-08-17
EP0853288A2 (en) 1998-07-15
KR19980064776A (en) 1998-10-07

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