CA2224706C - Automatic power control system for a code division multiple access (cdma) communications system - Google Patents
Automatic power control system for a code division multiple access (cdma) communications system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2224706C CA2224706C CA002224706A CA2224706A CA2224706C CA 2224706 C CA2224706 C CA 2224706C CA 002224706 A CA002224706 A CA 002224706A CA 2224706 A CA2224706 A CA 2224706A CA 2224706 C CA2224706 C CA 2224706C
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- signal
- reverse
- power
- spread
- apc
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/24—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts
- H04B7/26—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts at least one of which is mobile
- H04B7/2628—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts at least one of which is mobile using code-division multiple access [CDMA] or spread spectrum multiple access [SSMA]
- H04B7/2637—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts at least one of which is mobile using code-division multiple access [CDMA] or spread spectrum multiple access [SSMA] for logical channel control
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
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- G06F13/14—Handling requests for interconnection or transfer
- G06F13/36—Handling requests for interconnection or transfer for access to common bus or bus system
- G06F13/368—Handling requests for interconnection or transfer for access to common bus or bus system with decentralised access control
- G06F13/374—Handling requests for interconnection or transfer for access to common bus or bus system with decentralised access control using a self-select method with individual priority code comparator
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
- Y02D10/00—Energy efficient computing, e.g. low power processors, power management or thermal management
Abstract
An automatic power control (APC) system for a spread-spectrum communications system includes an automatic forward power control (AFPC) system, and an automatic reverse power control (ARPC) system. In the AFPC, each subscriber unit (SU) measures a forward signal-to-noise ratio of a respective forward channel information signal to generate a respective forward channel error signal which includes a measure of the uncorrelated noise in the channel and a measure of the error between the respective forward signal-to-noise ration and a pre determined signal-to-noise value. A control signal generated from the respective forward channel error signal is transmitted as part of a respective reverse channel information signal. A base unit includes AFPC receivers which receive respective reverse channel information signals and extract the forward channel error signals therefrom to adjust the power levels of the respective forward spread-spectrum signals. In the ARPC system, each base measures a reverse signal-to-noise ratio of each of the respective reverse channel information signals and generates a respective reverse channel error signal which includes a measure of the uncorrelated noise in the channel and a measure of the error between the respective reverse signal-to-noise ratio and a pre determined signal-to-noise value. The base unit transmits a control signal generated from the respective reverse channel error signal as a part of a respective forward channel information signal. Each SU includes an ARPC
receiver which receives the forward channel information signal and extracts the respective reverse error signal to adjust the reverse transmit power level of the respective reverse spread-spectrum signal.
receiver which receives the forward channel information signal and extracts the respective reverse error signal to adjust the reverse transmit power level of the respective reverse spread-spectrum signal.
Description
W O 97/02665 PCTrUS96/11060 AUTOMATIC POWER CONTROL SYSTEM FOR A CODE DIVISION
MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA) COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Providing quality teleco...~ s-tion services to user groups which are cls~cifip~as remote, such as rural telephone systems and telephone systems in developing countries, has proved to be a rhsllPnge over recent years. These needs have been partially ~ fied 5 by wireless radio services, such as fixed or mobile frequency division multiplex (FDM), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiplex (TDM), time division multiple a ccess (TDMA) systems, combinstion frequency . nd time division systems (FD/TDMA), and other land mobile radio systems. Usually, these remote services are faced with more potential users th. n c.~n be ~u~l ~d sim~ ; n-~ously by their 10 frequency or spect~l bandwidth capacity.
Recognizing these limit~tion~, recent adv~lces in wireless co "",~ ic~tion~ haveused spread spectlum mo~ tion te~hniqlles to provide ~imlllt~n~olls c4.. l~.ir~tion by multiple users through a single co . . . I.-ir~tions ch~nnel Spread *,ecLlulll mo ~ tion refers to mo~ ting a hlrc,ll,laLion signal with a spreading code signal; the spreading code 5 signal being gel er~ d by a code gel-el,lt--r where the period Tc of the spreading code is subst~nti~lly less than the period of the inform~tion data bit or symbol signal. The code may modulate the carrier frequency upon which the hlfo....;1l;on has been sent, called frequency-hopped spreading, or may directly modulate the signal by multiplying the spreading code with the hlfo. .~ ;on data signal, called direct-seq~lenr,e spreading (DS).
20 Spread-~ecL-ulll mor~ tion produces a signal having a bandwidth that is su~ lly greater than that required to transmit the information signal. Syllclllollous reception and despreading of the signal at the l~ceiver ~lemo~lul~tor recovers the original hlro - ~lion The synchronous demodulator uses a reference signal to ~llclll~,ni~ the despreading circuits to the input spread-spectrum modulated signal to recover the carrier and inform~tion signals. The lerel~llce signal can be a spreading code which is not m~~ t~d by an inrc,....i1l;on signal.
Spread-spectrum motllll~tioll in wireless nt;lwoll~ offers many advantages because multiple users may use the same frequency band with minim~l h~lrele.~ce to each user's 5 ,~iver. In ~i-lition~ spread ~ecLlul-l mo~ tiQn reduces effects from other sources of hlL~Irt;.~,llce. Also, sy,lchrvncws spread-s~ecL,ulll mlxlul~ti-~n and ~em~ tiQnt~hni~lues may be e~r~n~lPd by providing multiple n es~e ~h~nn~lc for a user, e~ch spread with a dirrelent spreading code, while still ~ c~"il~;"g only a single ,~,rt;,~nce signal to the user.
0 Another problem ~csoci~lr~tl with multiple access, spread- ,~ecllulll Cc~.. ir~tion systems is the need to reduce the total t~ncmitted power of users in the system, since users may have limited available power. An ~c~ led problem re~rliring power control in spread-s~ecLIulll systems is related to the inherent Cl~ Lr-l ;Cti~'. of spread-;,~ lulll systems ~at one user's spread-s~e;llunl signal is received by another user as noise with a 15 certain power level. ~o~cequently, users t~ncmittin,~ with high levels of signal power may hl~lrele with other users' reception. Also, if a user moves relative to ~Ic~lhel user's geographic location, signal fading and distortion require that the users adjust ~eir tr~ncmit power level to m~int~in a particular signal quality, and to ...~ i.. ~e power that the base station lcceives from all users. Finally, because it is possible for the spread-20 ~ecl~ulll system to have more remote users than can be SU~ d cimnll~usly~ thepower control system should also employ a caL~a~;ily m~n~gemt~nt mPth~ which rejects lition~l users when the ~ system power level is reached.
Prior spread-spectrum systems have employed a base station that measures a l~ived signal and sends an adaptive power control (APC) signal to the remote users.
25 Remote users include a trAn~mitt~r with an ;~ IiC gain control ~AGC) circuit which responds to the APC signal. In such systems the base station monitors the overall system power or the power received from each user, and sets the APC signal accordingly. This open loop system pcLrollllance may be hllpr~)ved by in-luAing a mea~ul~lllent of the signal power received by the remote user from the base station, and tr~n~mitting an APC signal 30 b~ck to the base station to err~~ e a closed loop power control method.
W O 97102665 PCTrUS96/11060 These power control systems, however, exhibit seve~l disadv~nt~s~ First, the base station must ~.~~ comple~c power control algc,~ s, illClt~lS~g the amount of p~ ,s~ in the base station. .Sec~n~, the system actually e~peri~nces several types of power v~ri~tion variation in the noise power caused by ch~nginf~: mlmbe.r,c of users and s v~ tionc in the received signal power of a particular bearer ~hs~nn.ol These v~ri~ti--nc occur with ~lirÇclcnl frequency, so simple power control ~ C can be ~!;---i,~ only to one of the two types of variation. Finally, these power algu i~ s tend to drive the overall system power to a relatively high level. Cons~quPntly, there is a need for a spread-spectrum power control method that rapidly responds to çh~ng~s in bearer ch~nnel 10 power levels, while cimt~lt~n.o~usly m~kin~ adjnctm~.ntc to all users' tr~ncmit power in - r~,~u lse t~ ~h~nges in the nulllbel of users. Also, there is a need for an illl~ ved spread-spectrum c~ tic-n system employing a closed loop power control system whichminimi7~S the system's overall power requirements while ...~ a ~rrie~ BER at the individual remote receivers. In addition, such a system should control the initial 15 tr~n~mit power level of a remote user and m~n~e total system capacity.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention in~ des a system and method for closed loop power cont~ol (APC) for a base radio carrier station (RCS) and a group of s~l,se- ;be units (SUs) of a spread-s~e~ ul,l co...."~ tion system. The SUs tr~ncmjt spread-~e;~lu"~ci~n~lc, the RCS acquires the spread-*JeL;llul" signals, and dle RCS detects the received power level of the spread-spectrum signals plus any i,~ Çe;~ g signal inclutling noise. The APC system inrhl~les the RCS and a plurality of SUs, wl-elch- the RCStr~n~mit~ a plurality of rOlw~ ch~nn~l infc~ll"~lion signals to the SUs as a plurality of Çc"VVal~ ch~nrPl spread-~ec~,u"" signals having a ~ ecLivt: ~lw~rd tr~ncmit power 2s level, and each SU tr~n~mit~ to the base station at least one reverse spread-s~ecllu,ll signal having a l~e~;live reverse t~n~mit power level and at least one reverse channel spread-sl,ec;~ulll signal inrlu(les a reverse ch~nnPI hlro""~ n signal.
J The APC inrl~lPs an ~ o.. ~ rolwald power control (AFPC) system, and an o,..~ic rwerse power control IARPC) system. The AFPC has the steps of each SU
30 mP~ rins~ a ÇOlwald signal-to-noise ratio of the respective rolw~d ch~nnP-I inrc,....~l;on signal, gelle~ g a l~,syecLive Ç~ v~d chA-nnFI error signal which inrh~lAS a measure of the Ço-~v~d error bGIwGGl~ the lGsye;livG forward signal-t~noise ratio and a pre-~letPrrnin~ signal-t~}noise value. The rulw~ h~nnel error signal also in~ des a lllea~u-G of the uncollGlated noise in the ~Ah~nn l. The lG~ye~Liv-e folw~d ~h~nnPI error S signal is t~ncmitt~F~ by the SU as part of a ~~,sl,e;li~ reverse ch~nn~ lr(J~ ;c~n signal.
The RCS inlAh~ s a plural number of AFPC rGcGivGl~ for l~ivillg the reverse ~~h~nn~l i..ro- . ..~l ;on signals and e~ the rOl w~ ch~nn~l error signals from the ~ eclive reverse eh~nnF~l h ~ rO....~1 ion signals.The RCS also adjusts the le~Liv-e rO.~ ~ncmit power level of each one of the ,GsyecLive rulwd~d spread-~ye ;Llu... signals ~yonsive to 0 the respective rclw~ error signal.
The portion of the ARPC system in the RCS mea~ul~,s a reverse signal-t~noise ratio of each of the respective reverse ch~A~nnel hlro~ l;on .cign_lc, ~r~F,~ S a ~Dyecli~e reverse ch~nnF-l error signal which inrllldF~s a measure of the error be~w~n the I~D~eC~iVe reverse ch~nnF,l signal-to-noise ratio and a l.,~ec;live pre-~etennineA signal-to-noise lS value. The reverse ch~nnF,l error signal also inrlll(les a measure of the ull~l-.,la~d noise in the ch~nnel The RCU tr~ncmitC the respective reverse Gh~nnF~,l error signal as a part of a respect,ive forward rh~nn~l i--fo. ,. .~tion signal. Each SU inr~ des an ARPC receiver which receives the Ço~w~-~ channel inform~tion signal, F;~ the IGs~LivG reverse error signal from the rO. wdrd çh~nnçl hlrO. ---~1 ;on signal, and adjusts the reverse t~ncmit 20 power level of the ~Gs~e.;~iv-e reverse spread-spectrum signal lG~nsi~e to ~e l~,~yeCliVG
reverse error signal.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a block rli~gr~m of a code division multiple access co..l........... ,~ tion system accorling to the present invention.
MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA) COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Providing quality teleco...~ s-tion services to user groups which are cls~cifip~as remote, such as rural telephone systems and telephone systems in developing countries, has proved to be a rhsllPnge over recent years. These needs have been partially ~ fied 5 by wireless radio services, such as fixed or mobile frequency division multiplex (FDM), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiplex (TDM), time division multiple a ccess (TDMA) systems, combinstion frequency . nd time division systems (FD/TDMA), and other land mobile radio systems. Usually, these remote services are faced with more potential users th. n c.~n be ~u~l ~d sim~ ; n-~ously by their 10 frequency or spect~l bandwidth capacity.
Recognizing these limit~tion~, recent adv~lces in wireless co "",~ ic~tion~ haveused spread spectlum mo~ tion te~hniqlles to provide ~imlllt~n~olls c4.. l~.ir~tion by multiple users through a single co . . . I.-ir~tions ch~nnel Spread *,ecLlulll mo ~ tion refers to mo~ ting a hlrc,ll,laLion signal with a spreading code signal; the spreading code 5 signal being gel er~ d by a code gel-el,lt--r where the period Tc of the spreading code is subst~nti~lly less than the period of the inform~tion data bit or symbol signal. The code may modulate the carrier frequency upon which the hlfo....;1l;on has been sent, called frequency-hopped spreading, or may directly modulate the signal by multiplying the spreading code with the hlfo. .~ ;on data signal, called direct-seq~lenr,e spreading (DS).
20 Spread-~ecL-ulll mor~ tion produces a signal having a bandwidth that is su~ lly greater than that required to transmit the information signal. Syllclllollous reception and despreading of the signal at the l~ceiver ~lemo~lul~tor recovers the original hlro - ~lion The synchronous demodulator uses a reference signal to ~llclll~,ni~ the despreading circuits to the input spread-spectrum modulated signal to recover the carrier and inform~tion signals. The lerel~llce signal can be a spreading code which is not m~~ t~d by an inrc,....i1l;on signal.
Spread-spectrum motllll~tioll in wireless nt;lwoll~ offers many advantages because multiple users may use the same frequency band with minim~l h~lrele.~ce to each user's 5 ,~iver. In ~i-lition~ spread ~ecLlul-l mo~ tiQn reduces effects from other sources of hlL~Irt;.~,llce. Also, sy,lchrvncws spread-s~ecL,ulll mlxlul~ti-~n and ~em~ tiQnt~hni~lues may be e~r~n~lPd by providing multiple n es~e ~h~nn~lc for a user, e~ch spread with a dirrelent spreading code, while still ~ c~"il~;"g only a single ,~,rt;,~nce signal to the user.
0 Another problem ~csoci~lr~tl with multiple access, spread- ,~ecllulll Cc~.. ir~tion systems is the need to reduce the total t~ncmitted power of users in the system, since users may have limited available power. An ~c~ led problem re~rliring power control in spread-s~ecLIulll systems is related to the inherent Cl~ Lr-l ;Cti~'. of spread-;,~ lulll systems ~at one user's spread-s~e;llunl signal is received by another user as noise with a 15 certain power level. ~o~cequently, users t~ncmittin,~ with high levels of signal power may hl~lrele with other users' reception. Also, if a user moves relative to ~Ic~lhel user's geographic location, signal fading and distortion require that the users adjust ~eir tr~ncmit power level to m~int~in a particular signal quality, and to ...~ i.. ~e power that the base station lcceives from all users. Finally, because it is possible for the spread-20 ~ecl~ulll system to have more remote users than can be SU~ d cimnll~usly~ thepower control system should also employ a caL~a~;ily m~n~gemt~nt mPth~ which rejects lition~l users when the ~ system power level is reached.
Prior spread-spectrum systems have employed a base station that measures a l~ived signal and sends an adaptive power control (APC) signal to the remote users.
25 Remote users include a trAn~mitt~r with an ;~ IiC gain control ~AGC) circuit which responds to the APC signal. In such systems the base station monitors the overall system power or the power received from each user, and sets the APC signal accordingly. This open loop system pcLrollllance may be hllpr~)ved by in-luAing a mea~ul~lllent of the signal power received by the remote user from the base station, and tr~n~mitting an APC signal 30 b~ck to the base station to err~~ e a closed loop power control method.
W O 97102665 PCTrUS96/11060 These power control systems, however, exhibit seve~l disadv~nt~s~ First, the base station must ~.~~ comple~c power control algc,~ s, illClt~lS~g the amount of p~ ,s~ in the base station. .Sec~n~, the system actually e~peri~nces several types of power v~ri~tion variation in the noise power caused by ch~nginf~: mlmbe.r,c of users and s v~ tionc in the received signal power of a particular bearer ~hs~nn.ol These v~ri~ti--nc occur with ~lirÇclcnl frequency, so simple power control ~ C can be ~!;---i,~ only to one of the two types of variation. Finally, these power algu i~ s tend to drive the overall system power to a relatively high level. Cons~quPntly, there is a need for a spread-spectrum power control method that rapidly responds to çh~ng~s in bearer ch~nnel 10 power levels, while cimt~lt~n.o~usly m~kin~ adjnctm~.ntc to all users' tr~ncmit power in - r~,~u lse t~ ~h~nges in the nulllbel of users. Also, there is a need for an illl~ ved spread-spectrum c~ tic-n system employing a closed loop power control system whichminimi7~S the system's overall power requirements while ...~ a ~rrie~ BER at the individual remote receivers. In addition, such a system should control the initial 15 tr~n~mit power level of a remote user and m~n~e total system capacity.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention in~ des a system and method for closed loop power cont~ol (APC) for a base radio carrier station (RCS) and a group of s~l,se- ;be units (SUs) of a spread-s~e~ ul,l co...."~ tion system. The SUs tr~ncmjt spread-~e;~lu"~ci~n~lc, the RCS acquires the spread-*JeL;llul" signals, and dle RCS detects the received power level of the spread-spectrum signals plus any i,~ Çe;~ g signal inclutling noise. The APC system inrhl~les the RCS and a plurality of SUs, wl-elch- the RCStr~n~mit~ a plurality of rOlw~ ch~nn~l infc~ll"~lion signals to the SUs as a plurality of Çc"VVal~ ch~nrPl spread-~ec~,u"" signals having a ~ ecLivt: ~lw~rd tr~ncmit power 2s level, and each SU tr~n~mit~ to the base station at least one reverse spread-s~ecllu,ll signal having a l~e~;live reverse t~n~mit power level and at least one reverse channel spread-sl,ec;~ulll signal inrlu(les a reverse ch~nnPI hlro""~ n signal.
J The APC inrl~lPs an ~ o.. ~ rolwald power control (AFPC) system, and an o,..~ic rwerse power control IARPC) system. The AFPC has the steps of each SU
30 mP~ rins~ a ÇOlwald signal-to-noise ratio of the respective rolw~d ch~nnP-I inrc,....~l;on signal, gelle~ g a l~,syecLive Ç~ v~d chA-nnFI error signal which inrh~lAS a measure of the Ço-~v~d error bGIwGGl~ the lGsye;livG forward signal-t~noise ratio and a pre-~letPrrnin~ signal-t~}noise value. The rulw~ h~nnel error signal also in~ des a lllea~u-G of the uncollGlated noise in the ~Ah~nn l. The lG~ye~Liv-e folw~d ~h~nnPI error S signal is t~ncmitt~F~ by the SU as part of a ~~,sl,e;li~ reverse ch~nn~ lr(J~ ;c~n signal.
The RCS inlAh~ s a plural number of AFPC rGcGivGl~ for l~ivillg the reverse ~~h~nn~l i..ro- . ..~l ;on signals and e~ the rOl w~ ch~nn~l error signals from the ~ eclive reverse eh~nnF~l h ~ rO....~1 ion signals.The RCS also adjusts the le~Liv-e rO.~ ~ncmit power level of each one of the ,GsyecLive rulwd~d spread-~ye ;Llu... signals ~yonsive to 0 the respective rclw~ error signal.
The portion of the ARPC system in the RCS mea~ul~,s a reverse signal-t~noise ratio of each of the respective reverse ch~A~nnel hlro~ l;on .cign_lc, ~r~F,~ S a ~Dyecli~e reverse ch~nnF-l error signal which inrllldF~s a measure of the error be~w~n the I~D~eC~iVe reverse ch~nnF,l signal-to-noise ratio and a l.,~ec;live pre-~etennineA signal-to-noise lS value. The reverse ch~nnF,l error signal also inrlll(les a measure of the ull~l-.,la~d noise in the ch~nnel The RCU tr~ncmitC the respective reverse Gh~nnF~,l error signal as a part of a respect,ive forward rh~nn~l i--fo. ,. .~tion signal. Each SU inr~ des an ARPC receiver which receives the Ço~w~-~ channel inform~tion signal, F;~ the IGs~LivG reverse error signal from the rO. wdrd çh~nnçl hlrO. ---~1 ;on signal, and adjusts the reverse t~ncmit 20 power level of the ~Gs~e.;~iv-e reverse spread-spectrum signal lG~nsi~e to ~e l~,~yeCliVG
reverse error signal.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a block rli~gr~m of a code division multiple access co..l........... ,~ tion system accorling to the present invention.
2~ Figure 2 is a flow-chart (li~gr~m of an exemplary m; ;~ .re power control algoli~,.., of the present invention.
Figure 3 is a flow-chart ~ gr~m of an exemplary ~ o,..;~l;c rc,~ rd power control alg~ of the present invention.
Wo 97/02665 CA 02224706 1997 - 12 - 15 PCTtUS96/11060 Figure 4 is a flow~hart ~ r~m of an exemplary ~ e reverse power control algoliLIIlll of the present invention.
Figure S is a block ~i~gr~m of an exemplary closed loop power control system of the present invention when the bearer ch~nnel is established.
s Figure 6 is a block ~ ~nn of an exemplary closed loop power control system of the present invention dluring the process of establishing the bearer ch~nn DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT
The system of the present invention provides local-loop telephone service using radio link ~ Lwc;t;ll one or more base st~tionc and multiple remote ~uI,~-il~r units.
0 In the e"~ yla,y embo lim~nt, one radio link is ~lfsl;l ;bed for a base station cu~ tin~ with a fi~ced sl1bscriber unit (FSU), but the system is equally applicable to systems including multiple base stations with radio links to both FSUs and Mobile Subscriber Units (MSUs). Con~equently, the remote subscriber units are referred to herein as Subscriber Units (SUs).
Referring to Figure 1, Base Station (BS) 101 provides call c~ ;on to a local ~Y~h~n~e (LE) 103 or any other telephone nG~W~Ik switching in~G,~ce, and inr~ l.os a Radio Carrier Station (RCS) 104. One or more RCSs 104, 105, 110 GQ~ f CI to a Radio Distribution Unit (RDU) 102 through links 131, 132, 137, 138, 139, and RDU 102 intlorf~ s with LE 103 by tr~n~mittin~ and receiving call set-up, control, and il,fo-."~lion signals through telco links 141, 142, 150. SUs 116, 119 co"",.-~ tç with the RCS 104 through RF links 161, 162, 163, 164, 16~. ~ltern~tively, another embo~lim~nt of the invention incll1des several SUs and a ~master" SU with fim~tiorl~lity similar to the RCS.
Such an emb~limto-nt may or may not have cQnn~tion to a local telephone network.
~lthough the described embodiment uses dirfGIGI~ spread-s~ , bandwidths centel~ d around a carrier for the t~n~mit and receive spread-s~eel,ulll ch~nn~l~, the present method is readily e~t~nded to systems using multiple spread-SLJCGllUIII bandwidths for the t~n~mit ch~nnPl~ and multiple spread--S~;Llulll bandwidths for the receive rh~nnPI~ ~ltern~tively, because spread-s~e;llulll co.. ~ tion systems have ~e inherent feature that one user's tr~n~mi~ion appears as noise to another user's despreading receiver, an embodiment can employ the same spread-sl,eeL.I~l,l ch~nnel for both the tr~n~mit and receive path ch~nnP-l~. In o~er words, Uplink and ~ownlinktr~n~mi~sion~ can occupy the same frequency band. An em~limPnt of the invention may also employ multiple spread ~L~e~iLlUlll ch~nn~l~ which need not be ~ r~nt in rl~uulcy.
5 In this embo~limrnt any eh~nn~l may be used for Uplink, Downlink or Uplink and Downlink tr~n~mi~siQn In the ~u;lllpl~ embo lim~nt the spread binary symbol illrc,~ ion is t~n.~mitted over the radio links 161 to 165 using O~ r~tllre Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) mo~ tion with Nyquist Pulse Shaping, ~lth~ gh other m~hll~ti-)n t~o~hni~es may be 10 used, including, but not limited to, Offset QPSK (OQPSK), luinimllm Shift Keying (MSK), M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK) and t~u$~;~n Phase Shift Keying (GPSK).
The CDMA demodulator in either the RCS or the SU despreads the received signal with bL~ iale p~ g to combat or exploit mnltir~th prop~tio~
effects. p~r~meterS conr~min~ the received power level are used to ~en~tr the 5 ~lltom~tic Power Control (APC) illfo, . . .~l ;on which, in turn, is tr~n~mittP~ to the other end. The APC infc,llllation is used to control transmit power of the ~ O...~I;C rlJlw~d power control (AFPC) and ~lltom~tic reverse power control (ARPC) links. In ~IklitiQIl, each RCS 104, 105 and 110 can perform ~ n~l.r~ Power Control (MPC), in a lll~lllel similar to APC, to adjust the initial t~n~mit power of each SU 111, 112, 115, 117 and 118. Demodulation is coherent where the pilot signal provides the phase reference.
The tr~n~mit power levels of the radio inltlr~ce be~weell RCS 104 and SUs 111, 112, 11~, 117 and 118 are controlled using two dirr~r~llt closed loop power control algOLil~ S. The ~utom~tiC Forward Power Control (AFPC) ~etermines the Downlink 2~ tr~n~mit power level, and the ~utom~tir Reverse Power Control (ARPC) det~rmines the Uplink tr~n~mit power level. The logical control ch~nnPl by which SU 111 and RCS 104, for e~ample, ~ srt;l power control hlro-...hl;on O~t;ldleS at least a 16 kHz update rate.
Other embo-1im~o-nt~ may use a faster 32 kHz update rate. These algcli~lllls ensure that the tr~n~mit power of a user m~int~in~ an ac~ble Bit-Error Rate (BER)",lhi-,~ c the WO 97/0266S CA 0 2 2 2 4 7 0 6 l 9 9 7 - l 2 - l 5 PCT/~JS96/11060 system power at a mh~;...l.... to conserve power, and m~int~inc the power level of all SUs 111, 112, 115, 117 and 118, as received by RCS 104, at a nearly equal level.
In ~ lition, the system inr.l~ldes an option~l ".;,il~lr.l~nr~ power algc,lill,lll that is used during the inactive mode of a SU. When SU 111 is inactive or ~..~,~d-down to c~,l,se.ve power, ~e unit may ocr~ion~lly activate itself and adjust its initial ~,,,,.c.,.il power level sefflng in re~on~e to a ~,.Ai.~ Anr~ power control signal from RCS 104. The power signal is dPt~onnin~od by the RCS 104 by ...P~ the l~,ved power level of SU 111 and present system power level and c~lr3~l~tin~ the .~ ~.y initial t~n~mit power. The metho~ shortens the c~nnel ~~ itiQn time of SU 111 when it islo turned on to begin a ~ ir~l;o~ The metho~ also pl.,~_nLs the tr~ncmit power level of SU 111 from becoming too high and hl~lrt;li~g with other cll~nnPI~ during the initial t~n~mi~ion before the closed loop power control adjusts the t~n~mit power to a level a~lu~liale for the other mp~s~ge traffic in the rh~nnPI
The RCS 104 obtains ~yllchn~ on of its clock from an hl~lr~ce line such as, but not limited to, E1, T1, or HDSL i"~,r~s. Each RCS can also ~e.~ itsown intPrn:~l clock signal from an oscill~t( r which may be re~ tecl by a GlobalPositioning System (GPS) Icceiv~r. The RCS 104 ge~ s a Global Pilot Code for a rh~nnPl ha~ing a spreading code but no data mo~ tion, which can be acquired by remote SUs 111 through 118. All tr~n~mi~ion ch~nnPl.~ of the RCS are ~.yllchl'olluus wi~
20 the Pilot Gh~nnel, and spreading code phases of code gener~tors (not shown) used for Logical commnni~tion channels within RCS 104 are also s~llch~ ous with the Pilotchannel's spreading code phase. Similarly, SUs 111 through 118 which receive the Global Pilot Code of RCS 104 sy"cl.,uni~e the spreading and de-spreading code phases of the code ~e~ (not shown) of the SUs to the Global Pilot Code.
25 ~ l ColDmunication Channels A 'channel' of the prior art is usually regarded as a c~.. ~ tion~ path that is part of an interface and that can be r~i~tin~ h~l from other paths of the hl~lr~ce WiLUU~ regard to its c~nt~.nt In the case of CDMA, howe~;r, se~ - c4.. -.i~ic~l;0n~
paths are tii~tin~ h-o.d only by their cont~nt The term 'logical çh~nnPl~ is used to 30 ~ tin~ h the se~)~.,.le data streams, which are logically equivalent to ch~nnp-l~ in the WO 97/02665 CA O 2 2 2 4 7 0 6 19 9 7 - 12 - 15 PCTtUS96tllO60 cCllvçl~l;Qn~l sense. All logical channels and sub-ch~nnPl~ of the present invention are mapped to a common 64 kilo-symbols per second (ksym/s) QPSK stream. Some ch~nnPIc are ~,lcl~ iLed to ~C~ ~IPd pilot codes which are gr~r.~ and p~lr.,.l-, a similar rul~lioll to the system Global Pilot Code. The system pilot signals are not, ho.5 concidered logical cl~ Flc Several logical cc~ .;c~tiQn rh~nnPlc are used over the RF
cc~ r~tiQn link bGLw~ll the RCS and SU. Each logical co.. l~ir~tion ch~nn~l either has a fi~ed, pre-~lPtP-rminPd spreading code or a dyn~mir~lly ~sigrlp~l spreading code. For both pre-~ ...;..ed and ~ccignPd codes, the code phase is ~--chlu..ous with the Pilot 0 Code. Logical col."..l-l-ir~tiQn rh~nnPlc are divided into two groups: the Global Ch~nnPI
(GC) group and the ~csignPd Ch~nnPI (AC) group. The GC group inrlll.ies c~ c which are either t~n~miltP~ from the base station RCS to all the remote SUs or from any SU to the RCS of the base station regardless of the SU's identity. These ch~nnplc typically contain il~ro~ tion of a given type for all users. These ch~nnPIc include the 5 rh~nnPlc used by the SUs to gain system access. Ch~nnPIc in the ~c~ignP~1 Ch~nnPIc (AC) group are those channels ~lPrlirz~tp~d to c~ ir~tiQn be~wGell the RCS and a particular SU.
General The power control feature of the present invention is used to minimi7~ the tr~n~mit power used belw~n an RCS and any SUs with which it is in co...",ll"it~tion The power control subre~ that updates tr~ncmit power during bearer ch~nnel co~-~-Pclion is defined 2s as ;~ ".~ power control (APC). APC data is l~-sr~l.Gd from the RCS to an SU on the rO.w~ APC ch~nnel and from an SU to the RCS on the reverse APC ch~nnPI When there is no active data link between the two, the ~ e~ -r~ power control sub~ealu-G
(MPC) controls the t~n~mit power of the SU.
CA 02224706 l997-l2-l5 W O 97/02665 PCT~US96/11060 Tr~n~mit power levels of ro~ d and reverse ~cci nPd ch~nnPl~ and reverse global ch~nnP-l~ are controlled by the APC algc~ to ~ ill sllffirient signal power to i,lLelrc.cllce noise power ratio (SIR) on those ch~nnPl~, and to stabili~ and minimi7P
system output power. The present invention uses a closed loop power control system in s which a l~iver controls its ~x~ -d t~n~mitter to illclY ... ~ lly raise or lower its ~n~mit power. This control is cO ~vcycd to the ~ tPd tr~n~mitter via the power control signal on the APC ch~nr~-l. The l~i~er makes the ~1PI-;'';OII to ill~il~ or decrease the t~n~mittPr's power based on two error signals. One error signal is an in~lir~tion of the dir~lcnce ~ Lw~n the measured and required despread signal powers, 10 and the other error signal is an indication of the average ,~ei~ed total power.
As used in the ~iescribed embodiment of the invention, the term near-end power control is used to refer to adjusting the tr~ncmitter's output power in a~cor~ ce with the APC signal received on the APC channel from the other end. This means the reverse power control for the SU and forward power control for the RCS; and the termfar-0zd 5 APC is used to refer to rOl vvard power control for the SU and reverse power control for the RCS (adjusting the t~n~mit power of the unit at the o~o~i~e end of the ch~nnf~l).
In order to conserve power, the SU modem tt-.rminS~t~s t~n~mi~sion and powers-down while waiting for a call, defined as the sleep phase. Sleep phase is t~o~nin~ted by an awaken signal from the SU controller. Responsive to this signal, the SU modem~0 ~ ition circuit autom~tir~lly enters the re~r-gni~ition phase, and begins the process of -irin~ the downlink pilot, as described below.
Closed Loop Power Control AlgoIithms The near-end power control includrs two steps: first, set the initial tr~ncmit power;
se~n~l, co~ y adjust t~n~mit power a~ di,lg to h,ro~ ;on l~iv~;d from the far-25 end using APC.
For the SU, initial transmit power is set to a minimnm value and then ramped up,for example, at a rate of 1 dB/ms until either a ramp-up timer e~pires (not shown) or the RCS ch~n~es the co"~,slJonding traffic light value on the FBCH to ~red" in~ir~ting the RCS has locked to the SU's short pilot signal (SAXPI). Expiration of the timer causes 30 the SAXPT tr~n~mi~sion to be shut down, unless the traffic light value is set to red first, W O 97/02665 CA 02224706 1997-12-15 PCT~US96/11060 in which case the SU continl~Ps to ramp-up t~n~mit power but at a much lower rate ~an before the 'Lred" signal was ~lPtP~t~l For the RCS, initial t~n-~mit power is set at a fixed value, co~ ing to the minimllm value nP~ for reliable oper~tion as detP~minP~l e~ lly for the s service type and the current llull~ber of system users. Global ch~nnPI~, such as the Global Pilot or, the fast broadcast ch~nnPl (FBCH), are always tr~n~mittP~d at the fi~ed initial power, whereas traffic ch~nnP-l~ are switched to APC.
The APC signal is tr~n~mitt~P"l as one bit signals on the APC channel. The one-bit signal l~,plC~lll:i a cc, ~ (l to h,clcase (signal is logic-high) or declca3c (signal is logic-10 IOW) the ~ Pcl f~n~mit power. In the ~Pscribed ~ml~imPnt the 64 kbps APC datastream is not en~ P~l or interl~p~ved.
Far-end power control con~i~t~ of the near-end t~n~mitting power control information for the far-end to use in adjusting its t~n~mit power.
The APC algo.illllll causes the RCS or the SU to t~n~mit +1 if the following inPqll~lity holds, otherwise -1 (logic-low).
al el - a2 ez > O (1) Here, the error signal el is c~ t~l as el = Pd-- ( 1 + SNRREF) PN (2) where Pd iS the despread signal plus noise power, PN is the despread noise power, and 20 SNRREF is the desired despread signal to noise ratio for the particular service type; and e2 = Pr- Po (3) where Pr is a measure of the received power and Po is the 5~..k~ ;r gain control (AGC) circuit set point. The weights al and a2 in equation (30) are chosen for each service type and for the APC update rate.
25 M~ t~nlanoe Power Control During the sleep phase of the SU, the hl~lrclellce noise power of the CDMA RF
channel ch~nges As an ~ltern~tive to ~e initial power ramp-up method described above, the present invention may include a m~inlel~AI--e power control feature (MPC) which WO 97102665 pcT/uss6lllo6o perio lic~lly adjusts the SU's initial t~ncmit power w}th respect to the i~lL .~.~ce noise power of the CDMA ch~nnPl. The MPC is the process ~I.el~r the tr~ncmit power level of an SU is m~intainPd within close proximity of the minimllm level required for the RCS
to detect the SU's signal. The MPC process cc,ll,pe~ s for low frequency ch~nges in the s required SU tr~n~mit power.
The IIIAilll.~ lU'~ control feature uses two global ch~nnPl~ one is called the status ch~nnçl (STCH) on reverse link, and the other is called the check-up ch~nnPl (CUCH) on ro~w~d link. The signals tr~ncmitt~P~l on these çh~nnPl~ carry no data and they are cl the same way the short codes used in initial power ramp-up are ge~ ed. The o STCH and CUCH codes are ge~-c. ", ~ from a "reserved" branch of the global code gPnPr~t~r.
The MPC process is as follows. At rantlom intervals, the SU sends a symbol length spreading code periodically for 3 ms on the status ch~nnçl (STCH). If the RCS
detects the se~uPnr~, it replies by senfling a symbol length code ~q~uPn~e within the next 5 3 ms on the check-up channel (CUCH). When the SU detects ~e rP-~n~e from the RCS, it reduces its t~n~mit power by a particular step si~. If the SU does not detect any response from the RCS within the 3 ms period, it hl~l~s its tr~ncmit power by the step si~. Using this method, the RCS response is t~n~mittPrl at a power level that is enough to ...~ a 0.99 detP~tion pn~bability at all SU's.
The rate of change of traffic load and the number of active users is related to the total i~ Çt;lcilce noise power of the CDMA ch~nnPl The update rate and step si~ of the ",si"l~."~nr~ power update signal for the present invention is ~1PtPrmin~l by using qu~Plling theory mPtho-l~ well known in t~e art of cc,.. U~ tion theory. By modeling the call origination process as an exponential r~n-lonl variable with mean 6.0 mins, mlmçric~l cc""~u~ion shows the ...~ .ce power level of a SU should be updated once every 10 se~n-l~ or less t~ be able to follow the çhan~S in hllGlrG~nce level using 0.5 dB step si~. Modeling the call origin~tiQ~ process as a Poisson ran~lom variable with G~inlel~li~lal times, arrival rate of 2x10~ per second per user, service rate of 1/360 per second, and the total subscriber population is 600 in the RCS service area also yields by ..
W 097/02665 PCT~US96/11060 mlmrric~ u~ion that an update rate of once every 10 sç~on~lc is ~rri~-if .-l when 0.5 dB step size is used.
re power adinctm~nt is pc;lro,l"ed penollir~lly by the SU which ch~n~f s from sleep phase to awake phase and pe,r~ s the MPC L~l~S~'7. C~Q~ e~ Y~ the s process for the MPC feature is shown in Figure 2 and is as follows: Fir~ct, at step 201, signals are e~rh~ngt~d between the SU and the RCS m~ a !~ power level that is close to the required level for ~letestion the SU periodically sends a symbol length spreading code in the STCH, and the RCS sends periodically a symbol length spreading code in the CUCH as response.
lo Next, at step 202, if the SU receives a response within 3 ms after the STCH
m~.~ge it sent, it d~,~ases its tr~n~mit power by a particular step si~ at step 203; but if the SU does not receive a responee within 3 ms after the STCH meS~ge7 it hl~ilGases its tr~nemit power by the same step size at step 204.
The SU waits, at step 205, for a period of time before senAin~ ;~wlL~,. STCH
mes~e~ this time period is determined by a random pllxess which averages 10 ~4n~1e.
Thus, the t~nemit power of the STCH mre~geS from the SU is adjusted based on the RCS ~~7~nse periodically, and the tr~nemit power of the CUCH meS~s from the RCS is fixed.
Mapping of Power Control Signal to Logical Channels For APC
Power control signals are mapped to specifi~d Logical Ch~nnrle for controlling t~n~mit power levels of fc,lw~-d and reverse ~c~i~nrd çh~nnrle. Reverse global çh~nnrl~
are also controlled by the APC algoli~Z~ to m~int~in suffirient signal power to hl~lrt;,~ ce noise power ratio (SIR) on those reverse ch~nn~le, and to stabili~ and minimi~ system output power. The present invention uses a closed loop power control method in which a receiver perio-lir~lly decides to incremP-nt~lly raise or lower the output power of the t~nemitter at the other end. The method also conveys that ~ri~io~ back to the .e~e-live~ tranemitter Table 1: APC Signal Channel ~ nmto.nt~
O 97S0266~ PCT~US96J11060 Link Call/Co~nP~ti- n Power Control Method Ch~nnP-ls and Status Signals Initial Value Cnn~imla Reverse link Being Established as detP-rrnin~P~ by APC bits in AXCH power raînping rww~d APC
c~h~nnP.l AXPr Reverse link In-Progress level established APC bits in APC, OW, during call set-up folw~ APC
ch~nnP, TRCH, pilot signal rulw~d link In-P~ ;ss fixed value APC bits in APC, OW, reverse APC
ch~nnp~l TRCH
I~ol ~ rd and reverse links are indepen~ently controlled. For a call/c4~mP~ ;on in process, forward link traffic ch~nnel (TRCH) APC, and Order Wire (OW) power is controlled by the APC bits tr~n~mittPcl on the reverse APC ch~nnPl. During the call/connP~tirJ~n establi~hmP-nt process, reverse link access ch~nnP,l (AXCH) power is also controlled by the APC bits tr~n~mitte~ on the rO.~ard APC ch~nnPl. Table 11 llmm~ri7Ps the specifir power control methotl~ for the controlled ch~nnPl~
The required SIRs of the ~ 1 ch~nnPI~ TRCH, APC and OW and reverse ~si nP~ pilot signal for any particular SU are fixed in ~>r~>lLion to each other and these çh~nnP,ls are subject to nearly i~entir~l fading, therefore, they are power controlled together.
Automatic Fo~ Power Control W O 97/02665 PCTrUS96/11060 The AFPC system ~ ..pl~ to ...~ the miniml-m required SIR on the r~lw~
Gh~nnel~ during a call/co~...~l;Qn- The AFPC 1~U1~iVt; process shown in Figure 3consists of the steps of having an SU form the two error signals el and e2 in step 301 where el = Pd-(l + SNR~EF) PN (4) e2 = Pr- Po (5) and PdiS the despread signal plus noise power, PN is the despread noise power, SNRREF is the required signal to noise ratio for the service type, Pr is a measure of the total received power, and PO is the AGC set point. Ne~t, the SU modem forms the combined error lo signal a1e1+a2e2 in step 302. Here, the weights a1 and a2 are chosen for each service type and APC update rate. In step 303, the SU hard limits the combined error signal and forms a single APC bit. The SU t~n~mit~ the APC bit to the RCS in step 304 and RCS
modem receives the bit in step 305. The RCS inc,cases or decl~ases its ~n~mit power to the SU in step 306 and the algc,i~ repeats starting from step 301.
Automatic Reverse Power Control The ARPC system m~int~in~ the minimum required SIR on the reverse Gh~nn~ to minimi7P, the total system reverse output power, during both call/cQin~ ;Q~ establi~hm~nt and while the call/conn~ction is in progress. The ARPC recursive process shown in Figure 4 begins at step 401 where the RCS modem forms the two error signals el and e2 in step 401 where el = Pd - ( 1 + SNRREF) PN (6) e2 = Pn- Po (7) and Pd iS the despread signal plus noise power, PN is the despread noise power, SNRREF is the r~;re~ ce signal to noise ratio for the service type, Pn is a measure of the average total power received by the RCS, and PO is the AGC set point. The RCS modem forms the combined error signal alel+a2e2 in step 402 and hard limits this error signal to ~lPt~rmine a single APC bit in step 403. The RCS tr~n~mit~ the APC bit to the SU in step 404, and the bit is received by the SU in step 405. Finally, SU adjusts its transmit power CA 02224706 1997-12-lS
WO g7102665 PCTIUS96/11060 accor.li,lg to the received APC bit in step 406, and the process repeats starting from step 401.
Table 2: Symbols/Thresholds Used for APC Co~ u~lion Service or Call Type Call/ConnP,cti~n Symbol (and Threshold) Used for Status APC Dec~ on Don't care Being Established AXCH
ISDN D SU In-Progress one 1/64 KBPS symbol from TRCH
(ISDN-D) ISDN lB~D SU In-Progress TRCH (ISDN-B) ISDN 2B+D SU In-P,ugr~ss TRCH (one ISDN-B) POTS SU (64 KBPSIn-Progress one 1/~KBPS symbol from TRCH, PCM) use 64 KBPS PCM threshold POTS SU (32 KBPSIn-Progress one 1/64 KBPS symbol from TRCH, ADPCM) use 32 KBPS ADPCM threshold Silent M~ .. ee Call In-Progress OW (contin~lolnc during a (any SU) I~lAi~ Al~e call) SIR and ~rnlt;r'e ~.h~ln~l Types The required SIR for ch~nnPlc on a link is a function of c-h~nn~-l format (e.g.
TRCH, OW), service type (e.g. ISDN B, 32 kb/s ADPCM POTS), and the number of symbols over which data bits are distributed (e.g. two 64 kb/s symbols are integr~t.od to form a single 32 kb/s ADPCM POTS symbol). Despreader output power corresponding to the required SIR for each ch~nnel and service type is predeterrnine~l While a0 call/cc,...~ ;on is in ~r~g~ S, several user CDMA logical ch~nnPl~ are concul~ ly active; each of these ch~nn~o-lc ll~ulsre,~ a symbol every symbol period. The SIR of the symbol from the nomin~lly highest SIR channel is measured, cu~ a,cd to a threshold and used to determin~- the APC step up/down decision each symbol period. Table 2 intlic~t~s the symbol (and threshold) used for the APC colllpu~ion by service and call type.
W O 97/02665 PCTnUS96/11060 APC Parameters APC h,rc,~ ion is always co,-~eyed as a single bit of i.lf(~ ;on, and the APC
Data Rate is equivalent to the APC Update Rate. The APC update rate is 64 kb/s. This rate is high enough to aCco~ o~l~tp- e~pectP-d Rayleigh and Doppler fades, and allow for a relatively high (~0.2) Bit Error Rate (BER) in the Uplink and Downlink APC ch~nn~
which minimi7~s cal,aeily devoted to the APC.
The power step up/down in~ l by an APC bit is nomin~lly be~wwl~ 0.1 and 0.01 dB. The dynamic range for power control is 70 dB on the reverse link and 12 dB on the fo,w~d link for the exemplary embodiment of the present system.
0 An Alternative EmlJo~ ~.' forMulti~ L; APC Il,ro~ d1;on The dPAi~'~tp~l APC and OW logical channels described previously can also be multiplexed together in one logical ch~nnel The APC il~ro~ on is tran~mitt~Pd at 64 kb/s. contimlo~lsly wht,Gas the OW inrollllaLion occurs in data bursts. The ~ ",~
multiplexed logical channel in~ lu~l~s the unencoded, non-interleaved 64 kb/s. APC
inforrn~tion on, for example, the In-phase ch~nnPl and the OW infonn~tion on theQuadrature channel of the QPSK signal.
Closed Loop Power Control Impl~ t~
The closed loop power control during a call c4nn~ction responds to two ~lirrelGl,t variations in overall system power. First, the system responds to local behavior such as ~h~n~es in power level of an SU, and second, the system responds to ch~ngPs in the power level of the entire group of active users in the system.
The Power Control system of the exemplary embodiment of the present invention is shown in Figure 5. As shown, the circuitry used to adjust the trAn~mitted power is similar for the RCS (shown as the RCS power control module 501) and SU (shown as the SU power control module 502). Beginning with the RCS power control module 501, the reverse link RF ch~nnp~l signal is received at the RF ~ and demo~ t~cl to produce the reverse CDMA signal RMCH which is applied to the variable gain amplifier (VGA1) 510. The output signal of VGA1 510 is provided to the ~ltom~tic Gain Control (AGC) wo 97l02665 ~cT/uss6lllo6o Circuit 511 which produces a variable gain amplifier control signal int~ the VGA1 510.
This signal m~int~in~ the level of the output signal of VGA1 510 at a near c~l.c~ value.
The output signal of VGA1 is despread by the desyl~ad-~eTnllltirlexer (demux) 512, which produces a despread user ~Psc~ signal MS and a Ço~w~ APC bit. The Çolward 5 APC bit is applied to the intlogr~tor 513 to produce the Forward APC control signal. The r~J~w~d APC control signal controls the rolw~d Link VGA2 514 and ,,,z;~ ;,,c therOlw~ Link RF rh~nn~ol signal at a mil~ level l-~e-s--~ for c4.. ~ ir~
The signal power of the despread user mes~ge signal MS of the RCS power mo-11l1e 501 is measured by the power measul~ cnt circuit 515 to produce a signal power 0 in~ tion The output of the VGA1 is also despread by the AUX despreader which despreads the signal by using an uilcollelated spreading code, and hence obtains a despread noise signal. The power me~ur~...ent of this signal is multiplied by 1 plus the required signal to noise ratio (SNRR) to form the threshold signal S1. The ~lirrG.cllce belw~ll the despread signal power and the threshold value S1 is produced by the subtracter 516. This ~lirrGlt;..ce is the error signal ESl, which is an error signal relating to the particular SU ~n~mit power level. Similarly, the control signal for the VGAl 510 is applied to the rate scaling circuit 517 to reduce the rate of the control signal for VGA1 510. The output signal of scaling circuit 517 is a scaled system power level signal SP1.
The Threshold Compute logic 518 cc...,~u~s the System Signal Threshold SST value from the RCS user ~h~nn~l power dat~ signal (RCSUSR). The complement of the Scaled system power level signal, SP1, and the System Signal Power Threshold value SST are applied to the adder 519 which produces second error signal ES2. This error signal is related to the system tr~n~mit power level of all active SUs. The input Error signals ES1 and ES2 are combined in the combiner ~20 produce a combined error signal input to ~e 2~ delta morl~ ~r (DM1) 521, and the output signal of the DM1 is the reverse APC bit stream signal, having bits of value + 1 or -1, which for the present invention is ~n~mitted as a 64kb/sec signal.
The Reverse APC bit is applied to the spreading circuit 522, and the output signal of the spreading circuit 522 is the spread-~ec;llulll Çc,lwa~d APC m~s~ge signal.
rolw~rd OW and Traffic signals are also provided to spreading circuits 523, 524,producing Çolw~rd traffic mes~ge signals 1, 2, . . N. The power level of the ~lW~d CA 02224706 l997-l2-l5 W O 97/02665 PCTrUS96/11060 APC signal, the Çc"w~d OW, and traffic meC~ge signals are adjusted by the ~ /e amplifiers 525, 526 and 527 to produce the power level ~ sted rc,lw~f~l APC, OW, and TRCH ~h~nn~lc signals. These signals are combined by the adder 528 and applied to the VAG2 514, which produces fc,lw~d link RF ch~nnel signal.
The Ç~lwa~ link RF ~h~nnlol signal inrhltlin~ the spread rc,lw~d APC signal is received by the RF ~ of the SU, and demor~ t~l to produce the Çolw~ud CDMA
signal FMCH. This signal is provided to the variable gain amplifier (VGA3) 540. The output signal of VGA3 is applied to the Au~olllaLic Gain Control Circuit (AGC) 541 which produces a variable gain amplifier control signal to VGA3 540. This signal0 m~int~inc the level of the output signal of VGA3 at a near conct~nt level. The output signal of VAG3 540 is despread by the despread demux 542, which produces a despread user mçs~ge signal SUMS and a reverse APC bit. The reverse APC bit is applied to the integrator 543 which produces the Reverse APC control signal. This reverse APC control signal is provided to the Reverse APC VGA4 544 to m~int~in the Reverse link RF
channel signal at a mi"i",l-." power level.
The despread user m~s~ge signal SUMS is also applied to the power mea~.~,clllentcircuit 545 producing a power mea~ul~ .llent signal, which is added to the complement of threshold value S2 in the adder 546 to produce error signal ES3. The signal ES3 is an error signal relating to the RCS t~ncmit power level for the particular SU. To obtain threshold S2, the despread noise power intlic~tion from the AUX despreader is multiplied by 1 plus the desired signal to noise ratio SNRR. The AUX despreader despreads the input data using an uncorrelated spreading code, hence its output is an incli~tiQn of the despread noise power.
Similarly, the control signal for the VGA3 is applied to the rate scaling circuit to reduce the rate of the control signal for VGA3 in order to produce a scaled received power level RP1 (see Fig. 5). The threshold COllllJULe circuit CC~ u~S the received signal threshold RST from SU measured power signal SUUSR. The complement of the scaled received power level RP1 and the received signal threshold RST are applied to the adder which produces error signal ES4. This error is related to the RCS transmit power to all other SUs. The input error signals ES3 and ES4 are combined in the combiner and input WC~ 97~2665 PCTIUS96/11060 to the delta modulator DM2 547, and the output signal of DM2 547 is the Ç~,~w~r~ APC
bit stream signal, with bits having value of value + 1 or -1. In the e~
embo~limPnt of the present invention, this signal is t~n~mittP~ as a 64kb/sec signal.
The r~ APC bit stream signal is applied to the spreading circuit 2948, to s produce the output reverse spread~ ull- APC signal. Reverse OW and Traffic sigltals are also input to spreading circuits 549, 550, producing reverse OW and traffic mçs~
signals 1, 2, . . N, and the reverse pilot is ~e~ l by the reverse pilot ~.~r ~ 551.
The power level of the reverse APC m-os~e signal, reverse OW m~o.C.S~e signal, reverse pilot, and the reverse traffic me~e signals are adjusted by amplifiers 552, 553, 554, o 555 to produce the signals which are combined by the adder 556 and input to the reverse APC VGA4 544. It is this VGA4 544 which produces the reverse link RF ch~nn~.l signal.
During the call connection and bearer ~h~nnçl establichmPns process, the closed loop power control of the present invention is modified, and is shown in Figure 6. As shown, the circuits used to adjust the tr~n~mitt~d power are dirre~el~t for the RCS, shown 15 as the Initial RCS power control module 601; and for the SU, shown as the Initial SU
power control module 602. Beginning with the Initial RCS power control module 601, the reverse link RF channel signal is received at the RF ~ ",~ and ~l~mo~ tP~(l producing the reverse CDMA signal IRMCH which is received by the first variable gain amplifier (VGA1~ 603. The output signal of VGA1 is ~l~tected by the ~ ic Gain 20 Control Circuit (AGCl) 604 which provides a variable gain amplifier control signal to VGA1 603 to . . .~ - the level of the output signal of VAG1 at a near c~ -l value.
The output signal of VGA1 is despread by the despread ~emtlltirlexer 605, which produces a despread user mes~e signal IMS. The Forward APC control signal, ISET,is set to a fi~ed value, and is applied to the Fol~d Link Variable Gain Amplifier 25 (VGA2) 606 to set the Forward Link RF ch~nnel signal at a predetermined level.
The signal power of the despread user mes~ge signal IMS of the Initial RCS
power module 601 is measured by the power measure circuit 607, and the output power me~ult;~llent is subtracted from a threshold value S3 in the subL.~c~r 608 to produce error signal ES5, which is an error signal relating to the t~n~mit power level of a 30 particular SU. The threshold S3 is c~ ul~te~1 by multiplying the despread power W O 97/02665 PCTrUS96/11060 me~ulGlllent obtained from the AUX despreader by 1 plus the desired signal to noise ratio SNRR. The AUX despreader despreads the signal using an uncorrelated spreading code, hence its output signal is an int1ir~tioll of despread noise power. Similarly, the VGA1 control signal is applied to the rate scaling circuit 609 to reduce the rate of the s VGA1 control signal in order to produce a scaled system power level signal SP2. The threshold ~l~l~uLaLion logic 610 ~lPtennines an Initial System Signal Threshold value (ISST) ~lll~uLGd from the user ch~nnel power data signal (IRCSUSR). The cc,~plelllent of the scalGd system power level signal SP2 and the (ISST) are provided to the adder 611 which produces a second error signal ES6, which is an error signal relating to the system o t~n-~mit power level of all active SUs. The value of ISST is the desired ~n~mit power for a system having the particular col-fi~-ration. The input Error sign~ls ES5 and ES6 are combined in the combiner 612 produce a combined error signal input to the delta modulator (DM3~ 613. DM3 produces the initial reverse APC bit stream signal, having bits of value + 1 or -1, which for the present invention is tr~n~mitted as a 64kb/sec signal.
The Reverse APC bit stream signal is applied to the spreading circuit 614, to produce the initial spread-~e~;llulll forward APC signal. The control ch~nnel (CTCH) inform~tion is spread by the spreader 616 to form the spread CTCH mes~ge signal. The spread APC and CTCH signals are scaled by the amplifiers 615 and 617, and combined by the combiner 618. The combined signal is applied to VAG2 606, which produces the 20 rolw~d link RF ch~nnel signal.
The r~lw~d link RF ch~nnPl signal including the spread folw~d APC signal is received by the RF ~n~nn~ of the SU, and demodulated to produce the initial l~l~d CDMA signal (IFMCH) which is applied to the variable g~un amplifier (VGA3) 620. The output signal of VGA3 is detected by the ~ o...~l;c Gain Control Circuit (AGC2) 621 25 which produces a variable gain amplifier control signal for the VGA3 620. This signal C the output power level of the VGA3 620 at a near constant value. The output signal of VAG3 is despread by the despread ~lPmllltir)lexer 622, which produces an initial reverse APC bit that is dependent on the output level of VGA3. The reverse APC bit is processed by the integrator 623 to produce the Reverse APC control signal. The Reverse 30 APC control signal is provided to the Reverse APC VGA4 624 to m~int~in Reverse link RE~ ch~nnel signal at a defined power level.
CA 02224706 l997-l2-l5 W O 97/0~665 PCT~US96J11060 The global channel AXCH signal is spread by the spreading circuits 625 to provide the spread AXCH channel signal. The reverse pilot gelle,~Lor 626 provides a reverse pilot signal, and the signal power of AXCH and the reverse pilot signal are adjusted by the le~ec~ e amplifiers 627 and 628. The spread AXCH channel signal and the reverse pilot s signal are added by the adder 629 to produce reverse link CDMA signal. The reverse link CDMA signal is received by the reverse APC VGA4 624, which produces the reverse link RF ch~nnPI signal ou~ut to the RF t~ncmitter.
System C~ -t~
The system cayacily m~n~gçmPnt algorithm of the present invention optimi~s the 0 m~xi"-~.--- user c~ y for an RCS area, called a cell. When the SU comes within a certain value of m~ .... t~n~mit power, the SU sends an alarm mPs~ to the RCS.
The RCS sets the traffic lights which control access to the system, to "red" which, ~
previously described, is a flag that inhibits access by the SU's. This c~ n~litil?n remains in effect until the ~l~rming SU termin~te~s its call, or until the tr~n~mit power of the ~l~rming s SU, measured at the SU, is a value less than the m~imllm trAn~mit power. When multiple SUs send alarm m~ ~s, the conc~ition remains in effect until either all calls from ~l~rming SUs termin~te, or until the transmit power of the ~l~rming SU, measured at the SU, is a value less than the m~ximllm t~n~mit power. An ~Itern~tive embodiment measures the bi~ error rate measurements from the Forward Error Correction (FEC)20 d~roder, and holds the RCS traffic lights at "red" until the bit error rate is less than a predetermined value.
The blocking strategy of the present invention includes a method which uses the power control inrc,~ a~ion tr~n~mitte~ from the RCS to an SU, and the received power me~ulc;lllents at the RCS. The RCS measures its tran~mit power level, detects that a 25 m~xi"""" vahle is reached, and determines when to block new users. An SU p.el,alillg to enter the system blocks itself if the SU reaches the m~xi,,,,l,,, transmit power before s~lrre~.sfi-l completion of a bearer channel ~cignment Each additional user in the system has the effect of hlc~ g the noise level for all other users, which decreases the signal to noise ratio (SNR) that each user experiences.
30 The power comtrol algorithm m~int~in~ a desired SNR for each user. Therefore, in the -W O 97/02665 rCT~US96/11060 ~hsPnre of any other limit~tion~ A~l-lition of a new user into the system has only a effect and the desired SNR is reg~inP-cl.
The tr~ncmit power me~~ ent at the RCS is done by mP~cllling either the root mean square (rms) value of the b~ l combined signal or by ...P~ the t~n~mit power of the RF signal and feeding it back to digital control circuits. The t~ncmit power me~u,el,lent may also be made by the SUs to determinP- if the unit has r~rhP~ its x;~ t~n~mit power. The SU t~n~mit power level is det~P-rminP,d by ...P~ the control signal of the RF amplifier, and scaling the value based on the service type, such as plain old telephone service (POTS), FAX, or integrated services digital nelwolk 10 (ISDN).
The inform~tion that an SU has reached the ...~xi... ~.. power is ~n~mittPd to the RCS by the SU in a mes~ge on the ~ nPd Channels. The RCS also determinPs the c~n-lition by measuring reverse APC ch~n~Ps beeause, if the RCS sends APC mPsc~Ps to the SU to increase SU t~n~mit power, and the SU transmit power measured at the RCS is not increased, the SU has reached the Ill;1xillllllll t~n~mit power.
The RCS does not use traffic lights to block new users who have fini~hP~l ramping-up using the short codes. These users are blocked by denying them ~e dial tone and lefflng them time out. The RCS sends all l's (go down comm~n~) on ~e APC Ch~nnPIto make the SU lower its t-~n~mit power. The RCS also sends either no CTCH mes~p20 or a mps~ge with an invalid address which would force the FSU to ~h~nllon the access procedure and start over. The SU does not start the ~rqni~it~ process immP~i~tPly bec~ e the traffic lights are red.
When the RCS reaches its t~n~mit power limit, it el~fol~es blocking in the same l,l~mer as when an SU reaches its t~n~mit power limit. The RCS turns off all the traffic lights on the FBCH, starts s~n~ling all 1 APC bits (go down CO~ An(~:) to those users who have completed their short code ramp-up but have not yet been given dial tone, and either sends no CTCH mes~ to these users or sends m~ Ps with invalid addresses to force them to ~h~nrl-~n the access process.
The self blocking al~li~ , of the SU is as follows. When the SU starts 30 t~n~mitting the AXCH, the APC starts its power control operation using the AXCH and W ~ 971~2665 PCTrUS96J11060 the SU t~n~mit power h.cleases. While the ~n~mit power is i~ casillg under ~e control of the APC, it is monitored by the SU controller. If the t~n~mit power limit is reached, the SU ~h~nf~r)n~ the access procedure and starts over.
~ lthough the invention has been ~l~scribe~l in terms of an exemplary embo limP-nt, s it is un~1erstood by those skilled in the art that the invention may be p-~rtir~:l with mo~lifir~tion~ to the embo liment ~at are within the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims:
Figure 3 is a flow-chart ~ gr~m of an exemplary ~ o,..;~l;c rc,~ rd power control alg~ of the present invention.
Wo 97/02665 CA 02224706 1997 - 12 - 15 PCTtUS96/11060 Figure 4 is a flow~hart ~ r~m of an exemplary ~ e reverse power control algoliLIIlll of the present invention.
Figure S is a block ~i~gr~m of an exemplary closed loop power control system of the present invention when the bearer ch~nnel is established.
s Figure 6 is a block ~ ~nn of an exemplary closed loop power control system of the present invention dluring the process of establishing the bearer ch~nn DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT
The system of the present invention provides local-loop telephone service using radio link ~ Lwc;t;ll one or more base st~tionc and multiple remote ~uI,~-il~r units.
0 In the e"~ yla,y embo lim~nt, one radio link is ~lfsl;l ;bed for a base station cu~ tin~ with a fi~ced sl1bscriber unit (FSU), but the system is equally applicable to systems including multiple base stations with radio links to both FSUs and Mobile Subscriber Units (MSUs). Con~equently, the remote subscriber units are referred to herein as Subscriber Units (SUs).
Referring to Figure 1, Base Station (BS) 101 provides call c~ ;on to a local ~Y~h~n~e (LE) 103 or any other telephone nG~W~Ik switching in~G,~ce, and inr~ l.os a Radio Carrier Station (RCS) 104. One or more RCSs 104, 105, 110 GQ~ f CI to a Radio Distribution Unit (RDU) 102 through links 131, 132, 137, 138, 139, and RDU 102 intlorf~ s with LE 103 by tr~n~mittin~ and receiving call set-up, control, and il,fo-."~lion signals through telco links 141, 142, 150. SUs 116, 119 co"",.-~ tç with the RCS 104 through RF links 161, 162, 163, 164, 16~. ~ltern~tively, another embo~lim~nt of the invention incll1des several SUs and a ~master" SU with fim~tiorl~lity similar to the RCS.
Such an emb~limto-nt may or may not have cQnn~tion to a local telephone network.
~lthough the described embodiment uses dirfGIGI~ spread-s~ , bandwidths centel~ d around a carrier for the t~n~mit and receive spread-s~eel,ulll ch~nn~l~, the present method is readily e~t~nded to systems using multiple spread-SLJCGllUIII bandwidths for the t~n~mit ch~nnPl~ and multiple spread--S~;Llulll bandwidths for the receive rh~nnPI~ ~ltern~tively, because spread-s~e;llulll co.. ~ tion systems have ~e inherent feature that one user's tr~n~mi~ion appears as noise to another user's despreading receiver, an embodiment can employ the same spread-sl,eeL.I~l,l ch~nnel for both the tr~n~mit and receive path ch~nnP-l~. In o~er words, Uplink and ~ownlinktr~n~mi~sion~ can occupy the same frequency band. An em~limPnt of the invention may also employ multiple spread ~L~e~iLlUlll ch~nn~l~ which need not be ~ r~nt in rl~uulcy.
5 In this embo~limrnt any eh~nn~l may be used for Uplink, Downlink or Uplink and Downlink tr~n~mi~siQn In the ~u;lllpl~ embo lim~nt the spread binary symbol illrc,~ ion is t~n.~mitted over the radio links 161 to 165 using O~ r~tllre Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) mo~ tion with Nyquist Pulse Shaping, ~lth~ gh other m~hll~ti-)n t~o~hni~es may be 10 used, including, but not limited to, Offset QPSK (OQPSK), luinimllm Shift Keying (MSK), M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK) and t~u$~;~n Phase Shift Keying (GPSK).
The CDMA demodulator in either the RCS or the SU despreads the received signal with bL~ iale p~ g to combat or exploit mnltir~th prop~tio~
effects. p~r~meterS conr~min~ the received power level are used to ~en~tr the 5 ~lltom~tic Power Control (APC) illfo, . . .~l ;on which, in turn, is tr~n~mittP~ to the other end. The APC infc,llllation is used to control transmit power of the ~ O...~I;C rlJlw~d power control (AFPC) and ~lltom~tic reverse power control (ARPC) links. In ~IklitiQIl, each RCS 104, 105 and 110 can perform ~ n~l.r~ Power Control (MPC), in a lll~lllel similar to APC, to adjust the initial t~n~mit power of each SU 111, 112, 115, 117 and 118. Demodulation is coherent where the pilot signal provides the phase reference.
The tr~n~mit power levels of the radio inltlr~ce be~weell RCS 104 and SUs 111, 112, 11~, 117 and 118 are controlled using two dirr~r~llt closed loop power control algOLil~ S. The ~utom~tiC Forward Power Control (AFPC) ~etermines the Downlink 2~ tr~n~mit power level, and the ~utom~tir Reverse Power Control (ARPC) det~rmines the Uplink tr~n~mit power level. The logical control ch~nnPl by which SU 111 and RCS 104, for e~ample, ~ srt;l power control hlro-...hl;on O~t;ldleS at least a 16 kHz update rate.
Other embo-1im~o-nt~ may use a faster 32 kHz update rate. These algcli~lllls ensure that the tr~n~mit power of a user m~int~in~ an ac~ble Bit-Error Rate (BER)",lhi-,~ c the WO 97/0266S CA 0 2 2 2 4 7 0 6 l 9 9 7 - l 2 - l 5 PCT/~JS96/11060 system power at a mh~;...l.... to conserve power, and m~int~inc the power level of all SUs 111, 112, 115, 117 and 118, as received by RCS 104, at a nearly equal level.
In ~ lition, the system inr.l~ldes an option~l ".;,il~lr.l~nr~ power algc,lill,lll that is used during the inactive mode of a SU. When SU 111 is inactive or ~..~,~d-down to c~,l,se.ve power, ~e unit may ocr~ion~lly activate itself and adjust its initial ~,,,,.c.,.il power level sefflng in re~on~e to a ~,.Ai.~ Anr~ power control signal from RCS 104. The power signal is dPt~onnin~od by the RCS 104 by ...P~ the l~,ved power level of SU 111 and present system power level and c~lr3~l~tin~ the .~ ~.y initial t~n~mit power. The metho~ shortens the c~nnel ~~ itiQn time of SU 111 when it islo turned on to begin a ~ ir~l;o~ The metho~ also pl.,~_nLs the tr~ncmit power level of SU 111 from becoming too high and hl~lrt;li~g with other cll~nnPI~ during the initial t~n~mi~ion before the closed loop power control adjusts the t~n~mit power to a level a~lu~liale for the other mp~s~ge traffic in the rh~nnPI
The RCS 104 obtains ~yllchn~ on of its clock from an hl~lr~ce line such as, but not limited to, E1, T1, or HDSL i"~,r~s. Each RCS can also ~e.~ itsown intPrn:~l clock signal from an oscill~t( r which may be re~ tecl by a GlobalPositioning System (GPS) Icceiv~r. The RCS 104 ge~ s a Global Pilot Code for a rh~nnPl ha~ing a spreading code but no data mo~ tion, which can be acquired by remote SUs 111 through 118. All tr~n~mi~ion ch~nnPl.~ of the RCS are ~.yllchl'olluus wi~
20 the Pilot Gh~nnel, and spreading code phases of code gener~tors (not shown) used for Logical commnni~tion channels within RCS 104 are also s~llch~ ous with the Pilotchannel's spreading code phase. Similarly, SUs 111 through 118 which receive the Global Pilot Code of RCS 104 sy"cl.,uni~e the spreading and de-spreading code phases of the code ~e~ (not shown) of the SUs to the Global Pilot Code.
25 ~ l ColDmunication Channels A 'channel' of the prior art is usually regarded as a c~.. ~ tion~ path that is part of an interface and that can be r~i~tin~ h~l from other paths of the hl~lr~ce WiLUU~ regard to its c~nt~.nt In the case of CDMA, howe~;r, se~ - c4.. -.i~ic~l;0n~
paths are tii~tin~ h-o.d only by their cont~nt The term 'logical çh~nnPl~ is used to 30 ~ tin~ h the se~)~.,.le data streams, which are logically equivalent to ch~nnp-l~ in the WO 97/02665 CA O 2 2 2 4 7 0 6 19 9 7 - 12 - 15 PCTtUS96tllO60 cCllvçl~l;Qn~l sense. All logical channels and sub-ch~nnPl~ of the present invention are mapped to a common 64 kilo-symbols per second (ksym/s) QPSK stream. Some ch~nnPIc are ~,lcl~ iLed to ~C~ ~IPd pilot codes which are gr~r.~ and p~lr.,.l-, a similar rul~lioll to the system Global Pilot Code. The system pilot signals are not, ho.5 concidered logical cl~ Flc Several logical cc~ .;c~tiQn rh~nnPlc are used over the RF
cc~ r~tiQn link bGLw~ll the RCS and SU. Each logical co.. l~ir~tion ch~nn~l either has a fi~ed, pre-~lPtP-rminPd spreading code or a dyn~mir~lly ~sigrlp~l spreading code. For both pre-~ ...;..ed and ~ccignPd codes, the code phase is ~--chlu..ous with the Pilot 0 Code. Logical col."..l-l-ir~tiQn rh~nnPlc are divided into two groups: the Global Ch~nnPI
(GC) group and the ~csignPd Ch~nnPI (AC) group. The GC group inrlll.ies c~ c which are either t~n~miltP~ from the base station RCS to all the remote SUs or from any SU to the RCS of the base station regardless of the SU's identity. These ch~nnplc typically contain il~ro~ tion of a given type for all users. These ch~nnPIc include the 5 rh~nnPlc used by the SUs to gain system access. Ch~nnPIc in the ~c~ignP~1 Ch~nnPIc (AC) group are those channels ~lPrlirz~tp~d to c~ ir~tiQn be~wGell the RCS and a particular SU.
General The power control feature of the present invention is used to minimi7~ the tr~n~mit power used belw~n an RCS and any SUs with which it is in co...",ll"it~tion The power control subre~ that updates tr~ncmit power during bearer ch~nnel co~-~-Pclion is defined 2s as ;~ ".~ power control (APC). APC data is l~-sr~l.Gd from the RCS to an SU on the rO.w~ APC ch~nnel and from an SU to the RCS on the reverse APC ch~nnPI When there is no active data link between the two, the ~ e~ -r~ power control sub~ealu-G
(MPC) controls the t~n~mit power of the SU.
CA 02224706 l997-l2-l5 W O 97/02665 PCT~US96/11060 Tr~n~mit power levels of ro~ d and reverse ~cci nPd ch~nnPl~ and reverse global ch~nnP-l~ are controlled by the APC algc~ to ~ ill sllffirient signal power to i,lLelrc.cllce noise power ratio (SIR) on those ch~nnPl~, and to stabili~ and minimi7P
system output power. The present invention uses a closed loop power control system in s which a l~iver controls its ~x~ -d t~n~mitter to illclY ... ~ lly raise or lower its ~n~mit power. This control is cO ~vcycd to the ~ tPd tr~n~mitter via the power control signal on the APC ch~nr~-l. The l~i~er makes the ~1PI-;'';OII to ill~il~ or decrease the t~n~mittPr's power based on two error signals. One error signal is an in~lir~tion of the dir~lcnce ~ Lw~n the measured and required despread signal powers, 10 and the other error signal is an indication of the average ,~ei~ed total power.
As used in the ~iescribed embodiment of the invention, the term near-end power control is used to refer to adjusting the tr~ncmitter's output power in a~cor~ ce with the APC signal received on the APC channel from the other end. This means the reverse power control for the SU and forward power control for the RCS; and the termfar-0zd 5 APC is used to refer to rOl vvard power control for the SU and reverse power control for the RCS (adjusting the t~n~mit power of the unit at the o~o~i~e end of the ch~nnf~l).
In order to conserve power, the SU modem tt-.rminS~t~s t~n~mi~sion and powers-down while waiting for a call, defined as the sleep phase. Sleep phase is t~o~nin~ted by an awaken signal from the SU controller. Responsive to this signal, the SU modem~0 ~ ition circuit autom~tir~lly enters the re~r-gni~ition phase, and begins the process of -irin~ the downlink pilot, as described below.
Closed Loop Power Control AlgoIithms The near-end power control includrs two steps: first, set the initial tr~ncmit power;
se~n~l, co~ y adjust t~n~mit power a~ di,lg to h,ro~ ;on l~iv~;d from the far-25 end using APC.
For the SU, initial transmit power is set to a minimnm value and then ramped up,for example, at a rate of 1 dB/ms until either a ramp-up timer e~pires (not shown) or the RCS ch~n~es the co"~,slJonding traffic light value on the FBCH to ~red" in~ir~ting the RCS has locked to the SU's short pilot signal (SAXPI). Expiration of the timer causes 30 the SAXPT tr~n~mi~sion to be shut down, unless the traffic light value is set to red first, W O 97/02665 CA 02224706 1997-12-15 PCT~US96/11060 in which case the SU continl~Ps to ramp-up t~n~mit power but at a much lower rate ~an before the 'Lred" signal was ~lPtP~t~l For the RCS, initial t~n-~mit power is set at a fixed value, co~ ing to the minimllm value nP~ for reliable oper~tion as detP~minP~l e~ lly for the s service type and the current llull~ber of system users. Global ch~nnPI~, such as the Global Pilot or, the fast broadcast ch~nnPl (FBCH), are always tr~n~mittP~d at the fi~ed initial power, whereas traffic ch~nnP-l~ are switched to APC.
The APC signal is tr~n~mitt~P"l as one bit signals on the APC channel. The one-bit signal l~,plC~lll:i a cc, ~ (l to h,clcase (signal is logic-high) or declca3c (signal is logic-10 IOW) the ~ Pcl f~n~mit power. In the ~Pscribed ~ml~imPnt the 64 kbps APC datastream is not en~ P~l or interl~p~ved.
Far-end power control con~i~t~ of the near-end t~n~mitting power control information for the far-end to use in adjusting its t~n~mit power.
The APC algo.illllll causes the RCS or the SU to t~n~mit +1 if the following inPqll~lity holds, otherwise -1 (logic-low).
al el - a2 ez > O (1) Here, the error signal el is c~ t~l as el = Pd-- ( 1 + SNRREF) PN (2) where Pd iS the despread signal plus noise power, PN is the despread noise power, and 20 SNRREF is the desired despread signal to noise ratio for the particular service type; and e2 = Pr- Po (3) where Pr is a measure of the received power and Po is the 5~..k~ ;r gain control (AGC) circuit set point. The weights al and a2 in equation (30) are chosen for each service type and for the APC update rate.
25 M~ t~nlanoe Power Control During the sleep phase of the SU, the hl~lrclellce noise power of the CDMA RF
channel ch~nges As an ~ltern~tive to ~e initial power ramp-up method described above, the present invention may include a m~inlel~AI--e power control feature (MPC) which WO 97102665 pcT/uss6lllo6o perio lic~lly adjusts the SU's initial t~ncmit power w}th respect to the i~lL .~.~ce noise power of the CDMA ch~nnPl. The MPC is the process ~I.el~r the tr~ncmit power level of an SU is m~intainPd within close proximity of the minimllm level required for the RCS
to detect the SU's signal. The MPC process cc,ll,pe~ s for low frequency ch~nges in the s required SU tr~n~mit power.
The IIIAilll.~ lU'~ control feature uses two global ch~nnPl~ one is called the status ch~nnçl (STCH) on reverse link, and the other is called the check-up ch~nnPl (CUCH) on ro~w~d link. The signals tr~ncmitt~P~l on these çh~nnPl~ carry no data and they are cl the same way the short codes used in initial power ramp-up are ge~ ed. The o STCH and CUCH codes are ge~-c. ", ~ from a "reserved" branch of the global code gPnPr~t~r.
The MPC process is as follows. At rantlom intervals, the SU sends a symbol length spreading code periodically for 3 ms on the status ch~nnçl (STCH). If the RCS
detects the se~uPnr~, it replies by senfling a symbol length code ~q~uPn~e within the next 5 3 ms on the check-up channel (CUCH). When the SU detects ~e rP-~n~e from the RCS, it reduces its t~n~mit power by a particular step si~. If the SU does not detect any response from the RCS within the 3 ms period, it hl~l~s its tr~ncmit power by the step si~. Using this method, the RCS response is t~n~mittPrl at a power level that is enough to ...~ a 0.99 detP~tion pn~bability at all SU's.
The rate of change of traffic load and the number of active users is related to the total i~ Çt;lcilce noise power of the CDMA ch~nnPl The update rate and step si~ of the ",si"l~."~nr~ power update signal for the present invention is ~1PtPrmin~l by using qu~Plling theory mPtho-l~ well known in t~e art of cc,.. U~ tion theory. By modeling the call origination process as an exponential r~n-lonl variable with mean 6.0 mins, mlmçric~l cc""~u~ion shows the ...~ .ce power level of a SU should be updated once every 10 se~n-l~ or less t~ be able to follow the çhan~S in hllGlrG~nce level using 0.5 dB step si~. Modeling the call origin~tiQ~ process as a Poisson ran~lom variable with G~inlel~li~lal times, arrival rate of 2x10~ per second per user, service rate of 1/360 per second, and the total subscriber population is 600 in the RCS service area also yields by ..
W 097/02665 PCT~US96/11060 mlmrric~ u~ion that an update rate of once every 10 sç~on~lc is ~rri~-if .-l when 0.5 dB step size is used.
re power adinctm~nt is pc;lro,l"ed penollir~lly by the SU which ch~n~f s from sleep phase to awake phase and pe,r~ s the MPC L~l~S~'7. C~Q~ e~ Y~ the s process for the MPC feature is shown in Figure 2 and is as follows: Fir~ct, at step 201, signals are e~rh~ngt~d between the SU and the RCS m~ a !~ power level that is close to the required level for ~letestion the SU periodically sends a symbol length spreading code in the STCH, and the RCS sends periodically a symbol length spreading code in the CUCH as response.
lo Next, at step 202, if the SU receives a response within 3 ms after the STCH
m~.~ge it sent, it d~,~ases its tr~n~mit power by a particular step si~ at step 203; but if the SU does not receive a responee within 3 ms after the STCH meS~ge7 it hl~ilGases its tr~nemit power by the same step size at step 204.
The SU waits, at step 205, for a period of time before senAin~ ;~wlL~,. STCH
mes~e~ this time period is determined by a random pllxess which averages 10 ~4n~1e.
Thus, the t~nemit power of the STCH mre~geS from the SU is adjusted based on the RCS ~~7~nse periodically, and the tr~nemit power of the CUCH meS~s from the RCS is fixed.
Mapping of Power Control Signal to Logical Channels For APC
Power control signals are mapped to specifi~d Logical Ch~nnrle for controlling t~n~mit power levels of fc,lw~-d and reverse ~c~i~nrd çh~nnrle. Reverse global çh~nnrl~
are also controlled by the APC algoli~Z~ to m~int~in suffirient signal power to hl~lrt;,~ ce noise power ratio (SIR) on those reverse ch~nn~le, and to stabili~ and minimi~ system output power. The present invention uses a closed loop power control method in which a receiver perio-lir~lly decides to incremP-nt~lly raise or lower the output power of the t~nemitter at the other end. The method also conveys that ~ri~io~ back to the .e~e-live~ tranemitter Table 1: APC Signal Channel ~ nmto.nt~
O 97S0266~ PCT~US96J11060 Link Call/Co~nP~ti- n Power Control Method Ch~nnP-ls and Status Signals Initial Value Cnn~imla Reverse link Being Established as detP-rrnin~P~ by APC bits in AXCH power raînping rww~d APC
c~h~nnP.l AXPr Reverse link In-Progress level established APC bits in APC, OW, during call set-up folw~ APC
ch~nnP, TRCH, pilot signal rulw~d link In-P~ ;ss fixed value APC bits in APC, OW, reverse APC
ch~nnp~l TRCH
I~ol ~ rd and reverse links are indepen~ently controlled. For a call/c4~mP~ ;on in process, forward link traffic ch~nnel (TRCH) APC, and Order Wire (OW) power is controlled by the APC bits tr~n~mittPcl on the reverse APC ch~nnPl. During the call/connP~tirJ~n establi~hmP-nt process, reverse link access ch~nnP,l (AXCH) power is also controlled by the APC bits tr~n~mitte~ on the rO.~ard APC ch~nnPl. Table 11 llmm~ri7Ps the specifir power control methotl~ for the controlled ch~nnPl~
The required SIRs of the ~ 1 ch~nnPI~ TRCH, APC and OW and reverse ~si nP~ pilot signal for any particular SU are fixed in ~>r~>lLion to each other and these çh~nnP,ls are subject to nearly i~entir~l fading, therefore, they are power controlled together.
Automatic Fo~ Power Control W O 97/02665 PCTrUS96/11060 The AFPC system ~ ..pl~ to ...~ the miniml-m required SIR on the r~lw~
Gh~nnel~ during a call/co~...~l;Qn- The AFPC 1~U1~iVt; process shown in Figure 3consists of the steps of having an SU form the two error signals el and e2 in step 301 where el = Pd-(l + SNR~EF) PN (4) e2 = Pr- Po (5) and PdiS the despread signal plus noise power, PN is the despread noise power, SNRREF is the required signal to noise ratio for the service type, Pr is a measure of the total received power, and PO is the AGC set point. Ne~t, the SU modem forms the combined error lo signal a1e1+a2e2 in step 302. Here, the weights a1 and a2 are chosen for each service type and APC update rate. In step 303, the SU hard limits the combined error signal and forms a single APC bit. The SU t~n~mit~ the APC bit to the RCS in step 304 and RCS
modem receives the bit in step 305. The RCS inc,cases or decl~ases its ~n~mit power to the SU in step 306 and the algc,i~ repeats starting from step 301.
Automatic Reverse Power Control The ARPC system m~int~in~ the minimum required SIR on the reverse Gh~nn~ to minimi7P, the total system reverse output power, during both call/cQin~ ;Q~ establi~hm~nt and while the call/conn~ction is in progress. The ARPC recursive process shown in Figure 4 begins at step 401 where the RCS modem forms the two error signals el and e2 in step 401 where el = Pd - ( 1 + SNRREF) PN (6) e2 = Pn- Po (7) and Pd iS the despread signal plus noise power, PN is the despread noise power, SNRREF is the r~;re~ ce signal to noise ratio for the service type, Pn is a measure of the average total power received by the RCS, and PO is the AGC set point. The RCS modem forms the combined error signal alel+a2e2 in step 402 and hard limits this error signal to ~lPt~rmine a single APC bit in step 403. The RCS tr~n~mit~ the APC bit to the SU in step 404, and the bit is received by the SU in step 405. Finally, SU adjusts its transmit power CA 02224706 1997-12-lS
WO g7102665 PCTIUS96/11060 accor.li,lg to the received APC bit in step 406, and the process repeats starting from step 401.
Table 2: Symbols/Thresholds Used for APC Co~ u~lion Service or Call Type Call/ConnP,cti~n Symbol (and Threshold) Used for Status APC Dec~ on Don't care Being Established AXCH
ISDN D SU In-Progress one 1/64 KBPS symbol from TRCH
(ISDN-D) ISDN lB~D SU In-Progress TRCH (ISDN-B) ISDN 2B+D SU In-P,ugr~ss TRCH (one ISDN-B) POTS SU (64 KBPSIn-Progress one 1/~KBPS symbol from TRCH, PCM) use 64 KBPS PCM threshold POTS SU (32 KBPSIn-Progress one 1/64 KBPS symbol from TRCH, ADPCM) use 32 KBPS ADPCM threshold Silent M~ .. ee Call In-Progress OW (contin~lolnc during a (any SU) I~lAi~ Al~e call) SIR and ~rnlt;r'e ~.h~ln~l Types The required SIR for ch~nnPlc on a link is a function of c-h~nn~-l format (e.g.
TRCH, OW), service type (e.g. ISDN B, 32 kb/s ADPCM POTS), and the number of symbols over which data bits are distributed (e.g. two 64 kb/s symbols are integr~t.od to form a single 32 kb/s ADPCM POTS symbol). Despreader output power corresponding to the required SIR for each ch~nnel and service type is predeterrnine~l While a0 call/cc,...~ ;on is in ~r~g~ S, several user CDMA logical ch~nnPl~ are concul~ ly active; each of these ch~nn~o-lc ll~ulsre,~ a symbol every symbol period. The SIR of the symbol from the nomin~lly highest SIR channel is measured, cu~ a,cd to a threshold and used to determin~- the APC step up/down decision each symbol period. Table 2 intlic~t~s the symbol (and threshold) used for the APC colllpu~ion by service and call type.
W O 97/02665 PCTnUS96/11060 APC Parameters APC h,rc,~ ion is always co,-~eyed as a single bit of i.lf(~ ;on, and the APC
Data Rate is equivalent to the APC Update Rate. The APC update rate is 64 kb/s. This rate is high enough to aCco~ o~l~tp- e~pectP-d Rayleigh and Doppler fades, and allow for a relatively high (~0.2) Bit Error Rate (BER) in the Uplink and Downlink APC ch~nn~
which minimi7~s cal,aeily devoted to the APC.
The power step up/down in~ l by an APC bit is nomin~lly be~wwl~ 0.1 and 0.01 dB. The dynamic range for power control is 70 dB on the reverse link and 12 dB on the fo,w~d link for the exemplary embodiment of the present system.
0 An Alternative EmlJo~ ~.' forMulti~ L; APC Il,ro~ d1;on The dPAi~'~tp~l APC and OW logical channels described previously can also be multiplexed together in one logical ch~nnel The APC il~ro~ on is tran~mitt~Pd at 64 kb/s. contimlo~lsly wht,Gas the OW inrollllaLion occurs in data bursts. The ~ ",~
multiplexed logical channel in~ lu~l~s the unencoded, non-interleaved 64 kb/s. APC
inforrn~tion on, for example, the In-phase ch~nnPl and the OW infonn~tion on theQuadrature channel of the QPSK signal.
Closed Loop Power Control Impl~ t~
The closed loop power control during a call c4nn~ction responds to two ~lirrelGl,t variations in overall system power. First, the system responds to local behavior such as ~h~n~es in power level of an SU, and second, the system responds to ch~ngPs in the power level of the entire group of active users in the system.
The Power Control system of the exemplary embodiment of the present invention is shown in Figure 5. As shown, the circuitry used to adjust the trAn~mitted power is similar for the RCS (shown as the RCS power control module 501) and SU (shown as the SU power control module 502). Beginning with the RCS power control module 501, the reverse link RF ch~nnp~l signal is received at the RF ~ and demo~ t~cl to produce the reverse CDMA signal RMCH which is applied to the variable gain amplifier (VGA1) 510. The output signal of VGA1 510 is provided to the ~ltom~tic Gain Control (AGC) wo 97l02665 ~cT/uss6lllo6o Circuit 511 which produces a variable gain amplifier control signal int~ the VGA1 510.
This signal m~int~in~ the level of the output signal of VGA1 510 at a near c~l.c~ value.
The output signal of VGA1 is despread by the desyl~ad-~eTnllltirlexer (demux) 512, which produces a despread user ~Psc~ signal MS and a Ço~w~ APC bit. The Çolward 5 APC bit is applied to the intlogr~tor 513 to produce the Forward APC control signal. The r~J~w~d APC control signal controls the rolw~d Link VGA2 514 and ,,,z;~ ;,,c therOlw~ Link RF rh~nn~ol signal at a mil~ level l-~e-s--~ for c4.. ~ ir~
The signal power of the despread user mes~ge signal MS of the RCS power mo-11l1e 501 is measured by the power measul~ cnt circuit 515 to produce a signal power 0 in~ tion The output of the VGA1 is also despread by the AUX despreader which despreads the signal by using an uilcollelated spreading code, and hence obtains a despread noise signal. The power me~ur~...ent of this signal is multiplied by 1 plus the required signal to noise ratio (SNRR) to form the threshold signal S1. The ~lirrG.cllce belw~ll the despread signal power and the threshold value S1 is produced by the subtracter 516. This ~lirrGlt;..ce is the error signal ESl, which is an error signal relating to the particular SU ~n~mit power level. Similarly, the control signal for the VGAl 510 is applied to the rate scaling circuit 517 to reduce the rate of the control signal for VGA1 510. The output signal of scaling circuit 517 is a scaled system power level signal SP1.
The Threshold Compute logic 518 cc...,~u~s the System Signal Threshold SST value from the RCS user ~h~nn~l power dat~ signal (RCSUSR). The complement of the Scaled system power level signal, SP1, and the System Signal Power Threshold value SST are applied to the adder 519 which produces second error signal ES2. This error signal is related to the system tr~n~mit power level of all active SUs. The input Error signals ES1 and ES2 are combined in the combiner ~20 produce a combined error signal input to ~e 2~ delta morl~ ~r (DM1) 521, and the output signal of the DM1 is the reverse APC bit stream signal, having bits of value + 1 or -1, which for the present invention is ~n~mitted as a 64kb/sec signal.
The Reverse APC bit is applied to the spreading circuit 522, and the output signal of the spreading circuit 522 is the spread-~ec;llulll Çc,lwa~d APC m~s~ge signal.
rolw~rd OW and Traffic signals are also provided to spreading circuits 523, 524,producing Çolw~rd traffic mes~ge signals 1, 2, . . N. The power level of the ~lW~d CA 02224706 l997-l2-l5 W O 97/02665 PCTrUS96/11060 APC signal, the Çc"w~d OW, and traffic meC~ge signals are adjusted by the ~ /e amplifiers 525, 526 and 527 to produce the power level ~ sted rc,lw~f~l APC, OW, and TRCH ~h~nn~lc signals. These signals are combined by the adder 528 and applied to the VAG2 514, which produces fc,lw~d link RF ch~nnel signal.
The Ç~lwa~ link RF ~h~nnlol signal inrhltlin~ the spread rc,lw~d APC signal is received by the RF ~ of the SU, and demor~ t~l to produce the Çolw~ud CDMA
signal FMCH. This signal is provided to the variable gain amplifier (VGA3) 540. The output signal of VGA3 is applied to the Au~olllaLic Gain Control Circuit (AGC) 541 which produces a variable gain amplifier control signal to VGA3 540. This signal0 m~int~inc the level of the output signal of VGA3 at a near conct~nt level. The output signal of VAG3 540 is despread by the despread demux 542, which produces a despread user mçs~ge signal SUMS and a reverse APC bit. The reverse APC bit is applied to the integrator 543 which produces the Reverse APC control signal. This reverse APC control signal is provided to the Reverse APC VGA4 544 to m~int~in the Reverse link RF
channel signal at a mi"i",l-." power level.
The despread user m~s~ge signal SUMS is also applied to the power mea~.~,clllentcircuit 545 producing a power mea~ul~ .llent signal, which is added to the complement of threshold value S2 in the adder 546 to produce error signal ES3. The signal ES3 is an error signal relating to the RCS t~ncmit power level for the particular SU. To obtain threshold S2, the despread noise power intlic~tion from the AUX despreader is multiplied by 1 plus the desired signal to noise ratio SNRR. The AUX despreader despreads the input data using an uncorrelated spreading code, hence its output is an incli~tiQn of the despread noise power.
Similarly, the control signal for the VGA3 is applied to the rate scaling circuit to reduce the rate of the control signal for VGA3 in order to produce a scaled received power level RP1 (see Fig. 5). The threshold COllllJULe circuit CC~ u~S the received signal threshold RST from SU measured power signal SUUSR. The complement of the scaled received power level RP1 and the received signal threshold RST are applied to the adder which produces error signal ES4. This error is related to the RCS transmit power to all other SUs. The input error signals ES3 and ES4 are combined in the combiner and input WC~ 97~2665 PCTIUS96/11060 to the delta modulator DM2 547, and the output signal of DM2 547 is the Ç~,~w~r~ APC
bit stream signal, with bits having value of value + 1 or -1. In the e~
embo~limPnt of the present invention, this signal is t~n~mittP~ as a 64kb/sec signal.
The r~ APC bit stream signal is applied to the spreading circuit 2948, to s produce the output reverse spread~ ull- APC signal. Reverse OW and Traffic sigltals are also input to spreading circuits 549, 550, producing reverse OW and traffic mçs~
signals 1, 2, . . N, and the reverse pilot is ~e~ l by the reverse pilot ~.~r ~ 551.
The power level of the reverse APC m-os~e signal, reverse OW m~o.C.S~e signal, reverse pilot, and the reverse traffic me~e signals are adjusted by amplifiers 552, 553, 554, o 555 to produce the signals which are combined by the adder 556 and input to the reverse APC VGA4 544. It is this VGA4 544 which produces the reverse link RF ch~nn~.l signal.
During the call connection and bearer ~h~nnçl establichmPns process, the closed loop power control of the present invention is modified, and is shown in Figure 6. As shown, the circuits used to adjust the tr~n~mitt~d power are dirre~el~t for the RCS, shown 15 as the Initial RCS power control module 601; and for the SU, shown as the Initial SU
power control module 602. Beginning with the Initial RCS power control module 601, the reverse link RF channel signal is received at the RF ~ ",~ and ~l~mo~ tP~(l producing the reverse CDMA signal IRMCH which is received by the first variable gain amplifier (VGA1~ 603. The output signal of VGA1 is ~l~tected by the ~ ic Gain 20 Control Circuit (AGCl) 604 which provides a variable gain amplifier control signal to VGA1 603 to . . .~ - the level of the output signal of VAG1 at a near c~ -l value.
The output signal of VGA1 is despread by the despread ~emtlltirlexer 605, which produces a despread user mes~e signal IMS. The Forward APC control signal, ISET,is set to a fi~ed value, and is applied to the Fol~d Link Variable Gain Amplifier 25 (VGA2) 606 to set the Forward Link RF ch~nnel signal at a predetermined level.
The signal power of the despread user mes~ge signal IMS of the Initial RCS
power module 601 is measured by the power measure circuit 607, and the output power me~ult;~llent is subtracted from a threshold value S3 in the subL.~c~r 608 to produce error signal ES5, which is an error signal relating to the t~n~mit power level of a 30 particular SU. The threshold S3 is c~ ul~te~1 by multiplying the despread power W O 97/02665 PCTrUS96/11060 me~ulGlllent obtained from the AUX despreader by 1 plus the desired signal to noise ratio SNRR. The AUX despreader despreads the signal using an uncorrelated spreading code, hence its output signal is an int1ir~tioll of despread noise power. Similarly, the VGA1 control signal is applied to the rate scaling circuit 609 to reduce the rate of the s VGA1 control signal in order to produce a scaled system power level signal SP2. The threshold ~l~l~uLaLion logic 610 ~lPtennines an Initial System Signal Threshold value (ISST) ~lll~uLGd from the user ch~nnel power data signal (IRCSUSR). The cc,~plelllent of the scalGd system power level signal SP2 and the (ISST) are provided to the adder 611 which produces a second error signal ES6, which is an error signal relating to the system o t~n-~mit power level of all active SUs. The value of ISST is the desired ~n~mit power for a system having the particular col-fi~-ration. The input Error sign~ls ES5 and ES6 are combined in the combiner 612 produce a combined error signal input to the delta modulator (DM3~ 613. DM3 produces the initial reverse APC bit stream signal, having bits of value + 1 or -1, which for the present invention is tr~n~mitted as a 64kb/sec signal.
The Reverse APC bit stream signal is applied to the spreading circuit 614, to produce the initial spread-~e~;llulll forward APC signal. The control ch~nnel (CTCH) inform~tion is spread by the spreader 616 to form the spread CTCH mes~ge signal. The spread APC and CTCH signals are scaled by the amplifiers 615 and 617, and combined by the combiner 618. The combined signal is applied to VAG2 606, which produces the 20 rolw~d link RF ch~nnel signal.
The r~lw~d link RF ch~nnPl signal including the spread folw~d APC signal is received by the RF ~n~nn~ of the SU, and demodulated to produce the initial l~l~d CDMA signal (IFMCH) which is applied to the variable g~un amplifier (VGA3) 620. The output signal of VGA3 is detected by the ~ o...~l;c Gain Control Circuit (AGC2) 621 25 which produces a variable gain amplifier control signal for the VGA3 620. This signal C the output power level of the VGA3 620 at a near constant value. The output signal of VAG3 is despread by the despread ~lPmllltir)lexer 622, which produces an initial reverse APC bit that is dependent on the output level of VGA3. The reverse APC bit is processed by the integrator 623 to produce the Reverse APC control signal. The Reverse 30 APC control signal is provided to the Reverse APC VGA4 624 to m~int~in Reverse link RE~ ch~nnel signal at a defined power level.
CA 02224706 l997-l2-l5 W O 97/0~665 PCT~US96J11060 The global channel AXCH signal is spread by the spreading circuits 625 to provide the spread AXCH channel signal. The reverse pilot gelle,~Lor 626 provides a reverse pilot signal, and the signal power of AXCH and the reverse pilot signal are adjusted by the le~ec~ e amplifiers 627 and 628. The spread AXCH channel signal and the reverse pilot s signal are added by the adder 629 to produce reverse link CDMA signal. The reverse link CDMA signal is received by the reverse APC VGA4 624, which produces the reverse link RF ch~nnPI signal ou~ut to the RF t~ncmitter.
System C~ -t~
The system cayacily m~n~gçmPnt algorithm of the present invention optimi~s the 0 m~xi"-~.--- user c~ y for an RCS area, called a cell. When the SU comes within a certain value of m~ .... t~n~mit power, the SU sends an alarm mPs~ to the RCS.
The RCS sets the traffic lights which control access to the system, to "red" which, ~
previously described, is a flag that inhibits access by the SU's. This c~ n~litil?n remains in effect until the ~l~rming SU termin~te~s its call, or until the tr~n~mit power of the ~l~rming s SU, measured at the SU, is a value less than the m~imllm trAn~mit power. When multiple SUs send alarm m~ ~s, the conc~ition remains in effect until either all calls from ~l~rming SUs termin~te, or until the transmit power of the ~l~rming SU, measured at the SU, is a value less than the m~ximllm t~n~mit power. An ~Itern~tive embodiment measures the bi~ error rate measurements from the Forward Error Correction (FEC)20 d~roder, and holds the RCS traffic lights at "red" until the bit error rate is less than a predetermined value.
The blocking strategy of the present invention includes a method which uses the power control inrc,~ a~ion tr~n~mitte~ from the RCS to an SU, and the received power me~ulc;lllents at the RCS. The RCS measures its tran~mit power level, detects that a 25 m~xi"""" vahle is reached, and determines when to block new users. An SU p.el,alillg to enter the system blocks itself if the SU reaches the m~xi,,,,l,,, transmit power before s~lrre~.sfi-l completion of a bearer channel ~cignment Each additional user in the system has the effect of hlc~ g the noise level for all other users, which decreases the signal to noise ratio (SNR) that each user experiences.
30 The power comtrol algorithm m~int~in~ a desired SNR for each user. Therefore, in the -W O 97/02665 rCT~US96/11060 ~hsPnre of any other limit~tion~ A~l-lition of a new user into the system has only a effect and the desired SNR is reg~inP-cl.
The tr~ncmit power me~~ ent at the RCS is done by mP~cllling either the root mean square (rms) value of the b~ l combined signal or by ...P~ the t~n~mit power of the RF signal and feeding it back to digital control circuits. The t~ncmit power me~u,el,lent may also be made by the SUs to determinP- if the unit has r~rhP~ its x;~ t~n~mit power. The SU t~n~mit power level is det~P-rminP,d by ...P~ the control signal of the RF amplifier, and scaling the value based on the service type, such as plain old telephone service (POTS), FAX, or integrated services digital nelwolk 10 (ISDN).
The inform~tion that an SU has reached the ...~xi... ~.. power is ~n~mittPd to the RCS by the SU in a mes~ge on the ~ nPd Channels. The RCS also determinPs the c~n-lition by measuring reverse APC ch~n~Ps beeause, if the RCS sends APC mPsc~Ps to the SU to increase SU t~n~mit power, and the SU transmit power measured at the RCS is not increased, the SU has reached the Ill;1xillllllll t~n~mit power.
The RCS does not use traffic lights to block new users who have fini~hP~l ramping-up using the short codes. These users are blocked by denying them ~e dial tone and lefflng them time out. The RCS sends all l's (go down comm~n~) on ~e APC Ch~nnPIto make the SU lower its t-~n~mit power. The RCS also sends either no CTCH mes~p20 or a mps~ge with an invalid address which would force the FSU to ~h~nllon the access procedure and start over. The SU does not start the ~rqni~it~ process immP~i~tPly bec~ e the traffic lights are red.
When the RCS reaches its t~n~mit power limit, it el~fol~es blocking in the same l,l~mer as when an SU reaches its t~n~mit power limit. The RCS turns off all the traffic lights on the FBCH, starts s~n~ling all 1 APC bits (go down CO~ An(~:) to those users who have completed their short code ramp-up but have not yet been given dial tone, and either sends no CTCH mes~ to these users or sends m~ Ps with invalid addresses to force them to ~h~nrl-~n the access process.
The self blocking al~li~ , of the SU is as follows. When the SU starts 30 t~n~mitting the AXCH, the APC starts its power control operation using the AXCH and W ~ 971~2665 PCTrUS96J11060 the SU t~n~mit power h.cleases. While the ~n~mit power is i~ casillg under ~e control of the APC, it is monitored by the SU controller. If the t~n~mit power limit is reached, the SU ~h~nf~r)n~ the access procedure and starts over.
~ lthough the invention has been ~l~scribe~l in terms of an exemplary embo limP-nt, s it is un~1erstood by those skilled in the art that the invention may be p-~rtir~:l with mo~lifir~tion~ to the embo liment ~at are within the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims:
Claims (2)
1. An automatic maintenance power control (MPC) system for a multiple access, spread-spectrum communication system for maintaining the initial transmit power of a subscriber unit, comprising a base station and a plurality of inactive subscriber units, wherein the base station transmits a plurality of forward inactive channel information signals to a plurality of subscriber units as a plurality of forward channel spread-spectrum signals, and each of inactive subscriber units periodically transmits to the base station at least one reverse spread-spectrum signal including a reverse channel information signal;
the base station comprises:
a) a plurality of reverse signal measuring means, each reverse signal measuring means comprising: means for measuring a reverse signal-to-noise ratio of the respective reverse channel information signal of each of the inactive subscriber units; a plurality of reverse error generating means, each reverse error generating means for generating a respective reverse channel error signal representing a difference between the respective reverse channel signal-to-noise ratio and a respective pre-determined signal-to-noise value of each of the inactive subscriber units;
b) a system noise measuring means for measuring a system noise power level of the spread-spectrum system comprising: means for receiving a plurality of reverse spread-spectrum signals; means far combining the received spread-spectrum signals with an uncorrelated despreading signal to produce a noise signal; and means for measuring a power level of the noise signal to produce a system noise power signal;
c) means for multiplying the difference signal by the system noise power signal to generate the reverse channel error signal; and d) a plurality of transmitting means, each transmitting means for transmitting a respective reverse channel error signal as a part of a respective forward channel information signal to each of the inactive subscriber units; and each subscriber unit comprises an MPC receiving means for receiving a respective one of the forward channel information signals and extracting the respective reverse error signal from the forward channel information signal, and a subscriber transmit power adjustment means for selectively adjusting the reverse transmit power level of the respective reverse spread-spectrum signal responsive to the presence or absence of the respective reverse error signal.
the base station comprises:
a) a plurality of reverse signal measuring means, each reverse signal measuring means comprising: means for measuring a reverse signal-to-noise ratio of the respective reverse channel information signal of each of the inactive subscriber units; a plurality of reverse error generating means, each reverse error generating means for generating a respective reverse channel error signal representing a difference between the respective reverse channel signal-to-noise ratio and a respective pre-determined signal-to-noise value of each of the inactive subscriber units;
b) a system noise measuring means for measuring a system noise power level of the spread-spectrum system comprising: means for receiving a plurality of reverse spread-spectrum signals; means far combining the received spread-spectrum signals with an uncorrelated despreading signal to produce a noise signal; and means for measuring a power level of the noise signal to produce a system noise power signal;
c) means for multiplying the difference signal by the system noise power signal to generate the reverse channel error signal; and d) a plurality of transmitting means, each transmitting means for transmitting a respective reverse channel error signal as a part of a respective forward channel information signal to each of the inactive subscriber units; and each subscriber unit comprises an MPC receiving means for receiving a respective one of the forward channel information signals and extracting the respective reverse error signal from the forward channel information signal, and a subscriber transmit power adjustment means for selectively adjusting the reverse transmit power level of the respective reverse spread-spectrum signal responsive to the presence or absence of the respective reverse error signal.
2. The automatic maintenance power control (MPC) system of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of active subscriber units each of which transmits substantially continuous active information signals and wherein the plurality of reverse spread-spectrum signals includes the plurality of active information signals.
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA002376313A CA2376313C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | System capacity control |
CA002378873A CA2378873C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Self blocking for a subscriber unit |
CA002376319A CA2376319C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Noise level estimation |
CA002378885A CA2378885C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Signal blocking for a base radio control station |
CA002365087A CA2365087C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Automatic power control system for a code division multiple access (cdma) communications system |
CA002376321A CA2376321C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Maintenance power control for a subscriber unit |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US77595P | 1995-06-30 | 1995-06-30 | |
US60/000,775 | 1995-06-30 | ||
PCT/US1996/011060 WO1997002665A2 (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Automatic power control system for a code division multiple access (cdma) communications system |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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CA002376321A Division CA2376321C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Maintenance power control for a subscriber unit |
CA002376313A Division CA2376313C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | System capacity control |
CA002378885A Division CA2378885C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Signal blocking for a base radio control station |
CA002376319A Division CA2376319C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Noise level estimation |
CA002378873A Division CA2378873C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Self blocking for a subscriber unit |
CA002365087A Division CA2365087C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Automatic power control system for a code division multiple access (cdma) communications system |
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CA2224706C true CA2224706C (en) | 2002-10-01 |
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CA002378885A Expired - Lifetime CA2378885C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Signal blocking for a base radio control station |
CA2848679A Expired - Lifetime CA2848679A1 (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Noise level estimation |
CA002376313A Expired - Lifetime CA2376313C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | System capacity control |
CA002224706A Expired - Lifetime CA2224706C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Automatic power control system for a code division multiple access (cdma) communications system |
CA002376321A Expired - Lifetime CA2376321C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Maintenance power control for a subscriber unit |
CA002376319A Expired - Lifetime CA2376319C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Noise level estimation |
CA2645140A Expired - Lifetime CA2645140C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Noise level estimation |
CA002378873A Expired - Lifetime CA2378873C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Self blocking for a subscriber unit |
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CA002365087A Expired - Lifetime CA2365087C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Automatic power control system for a code division multiple access (cdma) communications system |
CA002378885A Expired - Lifetime CA2378885C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Signal blocking for a base radio control station |
CA2848679A Expired - Lifetime CA2848679A1 (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Noise level estimation |
CA002376313A Expired - Lifetime CA2376313C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | System capacity control |
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CA002376319A Expired - Lifetime CA2376319C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Noise level estimation |
CA2645140A Expired - Lifetime CA2645140C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Noise level estimation |
CA002378873A Expired - Lifetime CA2378873C (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Self blocking for a subscriber unit |
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1996
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- 1996-06-27 AT AT96923527T patent/ATE216826T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-06-27 ES ES99126232T patent/ES2147547T1/en active Pending
- 1996-06-27 DE DE69635315T patent/DE69635315T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 ES ES02005246T patent/ES2366343T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 JP JP50523097A patent/JP3478342B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 ES ES01118805T patent/ES2173053T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 CA CA002365087A patent/CA2365087C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 DE DE0986187T patent/DE986187T1/en active Pending
- 1996-06-27 ES ES99126233T patent/ES2147548T1/en active Pending
- 1996-06-27 DE DE0984577T patent/DE984577T1/en active Pending
- 1996-06-27 ES ES99122088T patent/ES2146567T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 KR KR1019970709938A patent/KR100454188B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-06-27 AT AT02005245T patent/ATE306751T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-06-27 US US08/669,769 patent/US5796776A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 DE DE0835593T patent/DE835593T1/en active Pending
- 1996-06-27 ES ES99122098T patent/ES2146570T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 ES ES96923527T patent/ES2144384T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 KR KR1020057021648A patent/KR100625757B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-06-27 DE DE69620884T patent/DE69620884T2/en not_active Revoked
- 1996-06-27 WO PCT/US1996/011060 patent/WO1997002665A2/en active Application Filing
- 1996-06-27 WO PCT/US1996/011063 patent/WO1997002714A2/en active Application Filing
- 1996-06-27 ES ES99122091T patent/ES2146568T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 WO PCT/US1996/011059 patent/WO1997002675A2/en active Search and Examination
- 1996-06-27 AT AT99122091T patent/ATE285640T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-06-27 ES ES10182350T patent/ES2398375T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 ES ES96923525T patent/ES2167584T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 ES ES09015385.9T patent/ES2437178T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 AT AT96923525T patent/ATE209834T1/en active
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- 1996-06-27 DK DK99122097T patent/DK0986187T3/en active
- 1996-06-27 DE DE1213854T patent/DE1213854T1/en active Pending
- 1996-06-27 US US08/669,770 patent/US5991329A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 US US08/669,771 patent/US5912919A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 AU AU64013/96A patent/AU6401396A/en not_active Abandoned
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- 1996-06-27 AU AU63429/96A patent/AU6342996A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-06-27 AT AT99122097T patent/ATE288152T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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- 1996-06-27 CN CNA2006101007677A patent/CN1909387A/en active Pending
- 1996-06-27 CA CA2848679A patent/CA2848679A1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 1996-06-27 CN CNA2006101007732A patent/CN1905389A/en active Pending
- 1996-06-27 DE DE0986186T patent/DE986186T1/en active Pending
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- 1996-06-27 CA CA002376313A patent/CA2376313C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 ES ES02005247T patent/ES2234940T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 EP EP99122088A patent/EP0986186B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 US US08/669,776 patent/US5748687A/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-06-27 EP EP10179480A patent/EP2259450A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-06-27 DK DK01113684T patent/DK1158702T3/en active
- 1996-06-27 DK DK99122098T patent/DK0986188T3/en active
- 1996-06-27 DK DK96923525T patent/DK0835568T3/en active
- 1996-06-27 CN CNB021439710A patent/CN1254933C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 CA CA002224706A patent/CA2224706C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 DE DE69634390T patent/DE69634390T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 AT AT02005244T patent/ATE289715T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-06-27 JP JP50523297A patent/JP3493374B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 DE DE0991205T patent/DE991205T1/en active Pending
- 1996-06-27 EP EP10182389A patent/EP2285168A3/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-06-27 DK DK01118805T patent/DK1156593T3/en active
- 1996-06-27 AT AT02005247T patent/ATE289714T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-06-27 KR KR1020067002780A patent/KR100687596B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-06-27 DE DE69634346T patent/DE69634346T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 CN CNA2006101007747A patent/CN1905390A/en active Pending
- 1996-06-27 DE DE69638368T patent/DE69638368D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 ES ES02005244T patent/ES2234939T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 DE DE69634389T patent/DE69634389T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 EP EP02005244A patent/EP1213854B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 DE DE1213846T patent/DE1213846T1/en active Pending
- 1996-06-27 DE DE0996239T patent/DE996239T1/en active Pending
- 1996-06-27 EP EP99122091A patent/EP0984577B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 CN CN96195906A patent/CN1095257C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 AT AT01118805T patent/ATE307426T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-06-27 EP EP99126232A patent/EP0996239A3/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-06-27 ES ES99122097T patent/ES2146569T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 EP EP01118805A patent/EP1156593B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 DE DE69635287T patent/DE69635287T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 KR KR10-2001-7003286A patent/KR100383225B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-06-27 AT AT02005246T patent/ATE508536T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-06-27 MY MYPI20024350A patent/MY127923A/en unknown
- 1996-06-27 DK DK02005247T patent/DK1213846T3/en active
- 1996-06-27 DK DK02005246.0T patent/DK1213845T3/en active
- 1996-06-27 CA CA002376321A patent/CA2376321C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 US US08/669,775 patent/US5799010A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 EP EP10182350A patent/EP2273689B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 CN CNA2006101007751A patent/CN1905391A/en active Pending
- 1996-06-27 DK DK09015385.9T patent/DK2164184T3/en active
- 1996-06-27 CA CA002376319A patent/CA2376319C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 EP EP99122098A patent/EP0986188B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 EP EP99126233A patent/EP0991205A3/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-06-27 CN CN2005101181058A patent/CN1790932B/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 KR KR1020047005320A patent/KR100582482B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-06-27 KR KR1020057004172A patent/KR100632845B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-06-27 EP EP02005246A patent/EP1213845B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 EP EP96923527A patent/EP0835593B1/en not_active Revoked
- 1996-06-27 EP EP10182419A patent/EP2285170A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-06-27 ES ES96922615T patent/ES2184878T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 PT PT96922615T patent/PT836770E/en unknown
- 1996-06-27 JP JP50523197A patent/JP3717123B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 EP EP02005247A patent/EP1213846B9/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 DK DK02005244T patent/DK1213854T3/en active
- 1996-06-27 ES ES02005245T patent/ES2201948T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 DE DE69634098T patent/DE69634098T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 EP EP01113684A patent/EP1158702B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 AT AT99122088T patent/ATE303680T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-06-27 EP EP02005245A patent/EP1237293B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 EP EP10179469.1A patent/EP2259634A3/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-06-27 DK DK99122088T patent/DK0986186T3/en active
- 1996-06-27 MY MYPI20024351A patent/MY126175A/en unknown
- 1996-06-27 DK DK10182350.8T patent/DK2273689T3/en active
- 1996-06-27 MY MYPI96002641A patent/MY134704A/en unknown
- 1996-06-27 CN CNA2006101007713A patent/CN1905387A/en active Pending
- 1996-06-27 DE DE1213845T patent/DE1213845T1/en active Pending
- 1996-06-27 DE DE69633351T patent/DE69633351T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 EP EP99122097A patent/EP0986187B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 EP EP96923525A patent/EP0835568B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 DK DK02005245T patent/DK1237293T3/en active
- 1996-06-27 PT PT96923527T patent/PT835593E/en unknown
- 1996-06-27 EP EP05022142A patent/EP1615350A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-06-27 AT AT96922615T patent/ATE225993T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-06-27 DE DE69634275T patent/DE69634275T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 DK DK96922615T patent/DK0836770T3/en active
- 1996-06-27 AT AT01113684T patent/ATE275780T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-06-27 EP EP09015385.9A patent/EP2164184B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 DE DE1156593T patent/DE1156593T1/en active Pending
- 1996-06-27 AU AU64015/96A patent/AU6401596A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-06-27 EP EP05018803A patent/EP1603248A3/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-06-27 ES ES01113684T patent/ES2225353T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 CA CA2645140A patent/CA2645140C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 EP EP96922615A patent/EP0836770B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 DK DK99122091T patent/DK0984577T3/en active
- 1996-06-27 CA CA002378873A patent/CA2378873C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-27 PT PT101823508T patent/PT2273689E/en unknown
- 1996-06-27 EP EP10182412A patent/EP2285169A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-06-27 PT PT96923525T patent/PT835568E/en unknown
- 1996-06-27 EP EP08102307A patent/EP1933470A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-06-27 DE DE69624242T patent/DE69624242T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-28 ID IDP20000786A patent/ID25597A/en unknown
- 1996-06-28 ID IDP20000785A patent/ID25601A/en unknown
- 1996-06-28 ID IDP20000781D patent/ID25602A/en unknown
- 1996-06-28 ID IDP20000779A patent/ID25596A/en unknown
- 1996-06-28 ID IDP20000783A patent/ID26191A/en unknown
- 1996-06-28 ID IDP20000778A patent/ID26190A/en unknown
- 1996-06-28 ID IDP20000784D patent/ID25598A/en unknown
- 1996-06-28 AR ARP960103375A patent/AR002638A1/en unknown
- 1996-06-28 ID IDP20000776D patent/ID25599A/en unknown
- 1996-07-01 AP APAP/P/1998/001214A patent/AP682A/en active
- 1996-07-01 AP APAP/P/1996/000832A patent/AP681A/en active
- 1996-12-23 TW TW085115906A patent/TW318983B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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1997
- 1997-01-12 SA SA06270486A patent/SA06270486B1/en unknown
- 1997-03-13 ID IDP20000777D patent/ID26100A/en unknown
- 1997-10-23 US US08/956,740 patent/US6215778B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-10-23 US US08/956,980 patent/US6212174B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-18 FI FI974554A patent/FI119163B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-12-18 FI FI974553A patent/FI115810B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-12-18 FI FI974552A patent/FI118500B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-12-29 NO NO19976095A patent/NO318270B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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1998
- 1998-02-17 US US09/024,473 patent/US5991332A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-03-04 US US09/034,855 patent/US6272168B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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1999
- 1999-03-02 HK HK99100840A patent/HK1015983A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-03-03 US US09/261,689 patent/US6381264B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-11-22 US US09/444,079 patent/US6229843B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2000
- 2000-07-10 AR ARP000103520A patent/AR033492A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-07-10 AR ARP000103525A patent/AR033950A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-07-10 AR ARP000103523A patent/AR033798A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-07-10 AR ARP000103522A patent/AR033494A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-07-10 AR ARP000103521A patent/AR033493A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-07-10 AR ARP000103524A patent/AR034092A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-07-10 AR ARP000103518A patent/AR033949A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-07-10 AR ARP000103526A patent/AR034093A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-07-10 AR ARP000103517A patent/AR033339A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-07-10 AR ARP000103519A patent/AR033491A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-09-06 HK HK00105623A patent/HK1026537A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-09-09 HK HK00105699A patent/HK1026533A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-09-09 HK HK00105698A patent/HK1026532A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-09-09 HK HK00105700A patent/HK1026534A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-09-13 ID IDP20000782D patent/ID26158A/en unknown
- 2000-12-22 US US09/742,019 patent/US6707805B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2001
- 2001-01-10 US US09/757,768 patent/US6985467B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-01-18 US US09/765,001 patent/US6983009B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-01-18 US US09/765,016 patent/US6721301B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-01-18 US US09/765,048 patent/US6456608B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-04-12 US US09/833,285 patent/US6873645B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-04-24 US US09/840,769 patent/US6633600B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2002
- 2002-02-08 US US10/071,899 patent/US6744809B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-27 US US10/083,846 patent/US6674788B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-27 US US10/084,007 patent/US7502406B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-02-27 US US10/083,791 patent/US6674791B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-03-28 HK HK02102404.4A patent/HK1041375B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-03-28 HK HK02102405.3A patent/HK1041376B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-09-24 HK HK02106959.4A patent/HK1045770B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-09-24 HK HK11107181.1A patent/HK1149652A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-09-24 HK HK02106958.5A patent/HK1045614B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-09-24 HK HK02106960.1A patent/HK1045771B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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2003
- 2003-01-17 JP JP2003010332A patent/JP3707735B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-01-17 JP JP2003010382A patent/JP3706108B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-01-17 JP JP2003010388A patent/JP3712709B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-01-17 JP JP2003010344A patent/JP3704521B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-01-22 JP JP2003013976A patent/JP3707785B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-01-22 JP JP2003014033A patent/JP2003249875A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-01-22 JP JP2003014009A patent/JP3640952B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-01-22 JP JP2003013627A patent/JP3837116B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-01-22 JP JP2003013805A patent/JP4511796B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-03-01 HK HK03101544.6A patent/HK1049414B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-10-08 US US10/680,943 patent/US7756190B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-10-15 JP JP2003355227A patent/JP2004104820A/en not_active Abandoned
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2004
- 2004-02-26 US US10/788,209 patent/US7593453B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-05-03 NO NO20041820A patent/NO319231B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-07-01 FI FI20040917A patent/FI118315B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-07-02 FI FI20040925A patent/FI20040925A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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2005
- 2005-04-29 NO NO20052097A patent/NO20052097L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-07-04 JP JP2005195251A patent/JP4309381B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2005-07-11 US US11/178,809 patent/US20050243897A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-07-25 JP JP2005213936A patent/JP2006005957A/en active Pending
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2006
- 2006-01-25 JP JP2006016696A patent/JP4308211B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2006-08-14 JP JP2006221206A patent/JP2006314143A/en active Pending
- 2006-08-14 JP JP2006221204A patent/JP4406631B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2007
- 2007-08-09 FI FI20070600A patent/FI121206B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-08-09 JP JP2007208558A patent/JP2008005529A/en active Pending
- 2007-08-20 JP JP2007214035A patent/JP2008005539A/en active Pending
- 2007-08-20 JP JP2007214034A patent/JP4130925B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2008
- 2008-01-02 FI FI20080001A patent/FI124430B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2008-04-17 FI FI20080292A patent/FI122550B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2008-07-18 JP JP2008187814A patent/JP4474476B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2008-12-22 US US12/340,939 patent/US9564963B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2009
- 2009-06-30 JP JP2009156101A patent/JP4603618B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2009-06-30 JP JP2009156102A patent/JP4756083B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2009-07-09 JP JP2009162572A patent/JP5415851B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2009-07-29 JP JP2009176815A patent/JP4908554B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2009-07-29 JP JP2009176814A patent/JP4751945B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2009-09-11 US US12/557,787 patent/US20100002752A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2010
- 2010-02-05 FI FI20105117A patent/FI122549B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2010-07-08 US US12/832,778 patent/US20100272155A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-08-02 JP JP2010173809A patent/JP5118175B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2011
- 2011-01-07 JP JP2011002332A patent/JP5751471B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2011-03-07 US US13/041,745 patent/US8737363B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-04-18 JP JP2011092003A patent/JP5438062B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2011-04-18 US US13/088,958 patent/US20110194571A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-05-30 JP JP2011120686A patent/JP5123415B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2011-06-09 JP JP2011129285A patent/JP5438069B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2012
- 2012-01-25 FI FI20125077A patent/FI124382B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2012-01-26 FI FI20125079A patent/FI124383B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2012-01-30 JP JP2012016930A patent/JP5276187B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2012-11-29 JP JP2012261149A patent/JP5887623B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2013
- 2013-02-14 JP JP2013026772A patent/JP5529988B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2013-10-16 JP JP2013215653A patent/JP5876456B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2014
- 2014-01-29 JP JP2014014597A patent/JP5801428B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2014-05-27 US US14/287,618 patent/US20140348135A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2014-06-03 FI FI20145507A patent/FI125331B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2014-06-03 FI FI20145509A patent/FI125334B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2014-06-13 FI FI20145563A patent/FI125333B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2014-10-08 JP JP2014207169A patent/JP5837667B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2015
- 2015-09-10 JP JP2015178606A patent/JP2016026443A/en active Pending
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