CA2252112A1 - Method for preventing biofouling in aquatic environments - Google Patents
Method for preventing biofouling in aquatic environments Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2252112A1 CA2252112A1 CA002252112A CA2252112A CA2252112A1 CA 2252112 A1 CA2252112 A1 CA 2252112A1 CA 002252112 A CA002252112 A CA 002252112A CA 2252112 A CA2252112 A CA 2252112A CA 2252112 A1 CA2252112 A1 CA 2252112A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- biofouling
- fabric layer
- heater element
- settlement
- fouling
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B17/00—Artificial islands mounted on piles or like supports, e.g. platforms on raisable legs or offshore constructions; Construction methods therefor
- E02B17/0017—Means for protecting offshore constructions
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B59/00—Hull protection specially adapted for vessels; Cleaning devices specially adapted for vessels
- B63B59/04—Preventing hull fouling
- B63B59/045—Preventing hull fouling by wrapping the submerged hull or part of the hull with an impermeable sheet
Abstract
A method for preventing marine biofouling on the surface of a structure exposed to an aquatic environment is provided. The method comprises disposing an impermeable laminated heater element on the surfaces of the structure which is to be submerged into water and heating the element at prescribed intervals and to prescribed temperatures effective to kill or prevent settlement of larvae onto said surface.
Description
~:THOD FOR ~ ~NTING BIOFOULING
IN AQUATIC ISNVIRONM~NT8 Background of the Invention 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to a method for preventing the development of biofouling on the surface of structures that come into contact with aquatic environments.
Specifically, the invention relates to the use of a laminated heater element impermeable to water, disposed on the surface of such structures to prevent biofouling on the surface.
IN AQUATIC ISNVIRONM~NT8 Background of the Invention 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to a method for preventing the development of biofouling on the surface of structures that come into contact with aquatic environments.
Specifically, the invention relates to the use of a laminated heater element impermeable to water, disposed on the surface of such structures to prevent biofouling on the surface.
2. Description of the Prior Art Biofouling is defined as the settlement and attachment of aquatic plants and animals onto hard substrates introduced into the aquatic environment by human activity.
Biofouling can occur within both marine and freshwater systems. Biofouling is initiated by the establishment of a film of bacteria on the newly submerged surface. The bacterial film promotes the colonization of larger multicellular species on the surface through the enhancement of larval settlement, specifically by inducing a metamorphosis in the fouling organism from a mobile larval stage to a sessile juvenile stage.
Biofouling on fixed or suspended structures in the water, such as docks, buoys, power plant inlet-outlet water pipes, or oil drilling platforms can cause a variety of problems. The weight of the fouling biomass places undue stress on the structure. In addition, the biomass promotes metal corrosion or degradation of wood products, and reduces the visibility of submerged structures during inspections.
Biofouling on ships occurs when ships are at dockside rather than when they are at sea, but the fouIing organisms increases drag on the hull while the ship is moving. Barnacle fouling alone can raise fuel consumption of an oceangoing ship by 40%
(Christie A.A. and R. Dalley. 1987. Barnacle fouling and its CA 022~2112 1998-10-16 W097/39942 PCT~S97/06438 prevention. In: A.J. Southward (ed.) Barnacle Biology. A.A.
R~ 1 kema. Rotterdam, NL. pp. 419-433).
Fouling organisms are comprised of between 4,000 and S,000 different species within the marine environment alone (Crisp, D.J. 1972a. The role of the biologist in anti-fouling research. In: R.F. Acker, B.F. Brown, J.R. DePalma, and W.P.
Iverson (eds.) Proc~;ngs of the Third International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling). It is virtually impossible to fully understand the biological characteristics of every fouling organism and to individually derive a means for controlling every single fouling species in the world.
Therefore, control of fouling is approached by grouping fouling organisms into biologically relevant groups and selecting key species as representatives of each specific group. The key species for each general group are usually those species which are either the most common fouling organisms and/or a typical species that is well researched and understood, such as the marine algae, Enteromorpha and Ectocarpus species, which are considered the primary fouling genera; barnacles within the genus Crustacea; blue mussels of Mytilus edulis, and the zebra mussel within the Dreisseria polymorPha.
The dispersal of sessile aquatic organisms generally occurs during the early life stages of the organism. Many sessile organisms are mobile in early life. As the mobile larvae grow and mature, however, the organism seeks an appropriate surface for attachment. Larval settlement involves the organism undergoing a metamorphosis to its adult life form. This change involves an attachment to a hard surface either permanently, as in the case of barnacles cementing to a substrate, or temporarily, as in the case of mussels attaching to a substrate with byssal threads. The compositions used by organisms for both permanent or temporary attachment are predominantly proteins that are extensively cross-linked and therefore relatively impervious to external influences (Crisp, D.J. 1972b. Mechanisms of adhesion of fouling organisms. In: R.F. Acker, B.F. Brown, J.R. DePalma, CA 022~2112 1998-10-16 W097/39942 PCT~S97/06438 and W.P. Iverson (eds.) Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling.
National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD. pp. 691-709).
As such, the ideal means to control fouling is to stop it at its first settlement stage rather than later when the cemented structures are very difficult to remove.
Researchers have long attempted to develop means to effectively control biofouling. Fouling problems can be approached using a few basic considerations. These general approaches encompass:
l) killing the larvae as they contact the settlement surface;
2) discouraging the larvae from choosing the surface for settlement; or 3) interfering with the chemical processes involved with adhesion.
A variety of methods for controlling biofouling utilizing these approaches have been attempted. These methods include the use of mechanical, chemical and electrical eradication means to discourage settlement before it occurs or eradicate settlement after it has occurred. Acoustic, ultraviolet and thermal eradication and/or preventive methods have also been attempted. However, to date, a truly effective means for preventing such biofouling has not been developed.
Summary Of The Invention The present invention comprises a method for preventing marine biofouling utilizing the approach of deterring and/or killing the larvae as they settle onto a surface of a structure exposed to an aquatic environment. The method comprises disposing onto the surface of a structure which is to be exposed to an aquat~c environment a heater element such as, a laminated composite heater element impermeable to water, and heating the element at prescribed intervals and temperatures which are effective to deter larval settlement or kill the larvae as they settle onto the surface of such structure in the aquatic environment. In this manner, CA 022~2ll2 l998-l0-l6 W097/39942 PCT~S97/06438 the settlement of fouling species of aquatic plants and animals can effectively be prevented.
Brief Description of the Drawings Figure l depicts the construction of a composite heater element of the invention in a mold.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment The present invention comprises a method for preventing marine biofouling. The method comprises providing a laminated heater element, disposing the heater element on the surface of a structure to be exposed to an a~uatic environment and heating the element at prescribed intervals and temperatures which are effective to deter larval settlement or kill the larvae as they settle onto the surface of such structure submerged in water.
The heater element of the present invention is a laminated composite, impermeable to water, and is of the type disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,344,696 (Hastings et al.), which is incorporated herein by reference. As disclosed in the Hastings et al. patent, the heater element comprises a durable outer ply, which is resistant to abrasion and impermeable to water, bonded to and through a conductive layer of fibers, and an integrally enveloping adhesive, which is adhered to the surface of the structure. The conductive layer is connected to a source of electrical energy, and control means are adapted to control the temperature of the surface of the structure. This laminated structure is considered preferable; however, it is contemplated that other structures may be used. For example, the heater element need not be a laminated structure. ~ather, the heater element may comprise merely a layer of conductive fibers. This structure of the heater element is particularly useful if the material into which the heater element is embedded has dielectric properties that will evenly distribute the heat generated by the element.
CA 022~2112 1998-10-16 W097/39942 PCT~S97/06438 In one embodiment of the invention, the preferred heater element is manufactured under the trademark Thermion~
by Aerospace Safety Technologies, Inc. Thermion~ is light, flexible and may be translucent. The material is a laminate which provides even heating and can be conformed to surfaces having a variety of different contours and shapes.
Operational power can be derived from low or high voltage AC
or DC power supplies.
A first variation in the method involves installing in the surface a pre-made panel, usually configured on a mold table for easy transfer to the final surface. As shown in Fig. 1, the pre-made panel comprises a fiberglass resin encapsulated heater element 1, further encapsulated in two cloths with resin added for bonding and fiberglass layers 5 and 5' with the necessary electrical connections to the heater element embedded as well (not shown). The electric leads (not shown) extend outside the panel and are required to apply the necessary electrical power. The laminate can be constructed with one or more layers of the fiberglass resin encapsulated heater element 1. This allows an additional parameter for design of the heater output. Figure 1 shows how a single layer pre-made panel is formed on a transfer table. The fiberglass resin encapsulated heater element 1 is placed on top of a mold table surface 9. A mold release wax 15 is disposed between the encapsulated heater element 1 and the table surface 9. A peel ply 19 is placed above the encapsulated heater element 1. A release ply 21 is disposed above the peel ply 19 and a bleeder cloth 25 is disposed over the release ply 21. Finally, a vacuum bag 29 is disposed over the release ply 21. A seal tape 11 surrounding the layers on the mold is attached to the table top surface 9, and can adhere to the vacuum bag 29 to create a tight seal. A vacuum supply 33 is used to evacuate the air between the layered material in order to bring the layers into close opposition with each other and cure the resin, bonding the layers to create the laminate.
CA 022~2ll2 l998-l0-l6 W097/39942 PCT~S97/06438 In another embodiment, the heater element may comprise merely a layer of conductive fibers and may be directly embedded into a solid surface material. However, in this instance, the solid surface material, such as a thermoplastic or any thermoplastic formed item, must possess sufficient dielectric properties to evenly distribute the heat generated by the heater element.
The heater element is disposed at predetermined locations on the surface of the structure. These locations may vary according to the particular structure and type of biofouling organism for which biofoulinq prevention is anticipated.
In order to make the laminated heater element effective, an initial consideration is the temperature required to kill the settled organisms or deter larvae from settling. In the present methods, the killing of the biofouling organisms or prevention of said organisms from attaching to the surface of a structure is accomplished by the heating the surface so as to increase its temperature. Most living tissues are sensitive to hyperthermia and the proteins which make up these tissues lose their biological activity or are denatured as the ambient temperature increases. Thus, effective hyperthermic temperatures must be reached to degrade the attachment proteins of the organisms in order to interrupt the connections of the organisms to the surface. The hyperthermia ultimately kills the organisms attached to the surface of the structure, and prevents other organisms from attaching, thereby, preventing biofouling.
It is well known that the typical upper lethal temperature for biofouling organisms such as crustaceans, mollusks, etc. is approximately 35-40~C. Thus, in the present methods, this is an effective temperature range required to prevent biofouling associated with these species. The effective temperatures for preventing biofouling are well below the temperature required to induced delamination of the structure.
CA 022~2ll2 l998-l0-l6 W097/39942 PCT~S97/06438 An alternate means of defining the upper lethal thermal limit is by identifying it as an increase in temperature relative to the ambient temperature that the organism lives in. For example, it is known that if the absolute temperature rises approximately 17~C above the ambient temperature it is generally considered that the temperature has reached the upper thermal limit for many marine organisms. This model could also predict a temperature necessary to prevent biofouling.
Given the known approximate upper lethal thermal limit for many aquatic fouling organisms, a secondary consideration is the time of exposure required to deter larvae settlement or kill the larvae upon settlement. No one particular exposure time can be given as applicable for all circumstances. Exposure time periods have been reported ranging from as little as 30 minutes to up to 24 hours.
However, in this field it is generally known that knowledge of the particular biofouling organism can be used to predict an exposure time period which will effectively prevent settlement or kill the larvae upon settlement.
An additional consideration is whether the laminated heater element can achieve the desired temperature in a static and/or dynamic water immersion situation. It is contemplated that the particular temperature and exposure intervals can be adjusted to compensate for any adverse effects caused by these varying situations.
Biofouling can occur within both marine and freshwater systems. Biofouling is initiated by the establishment of a film of bacteria on the newly submerged surface. The bacterial film promotes the colonization of larger multicellular species on the surface through the enhancement of larval settlement, specifically by inducing a metamorphosis in the fouling organism from a mobile larval stage to a sessile juvenile stage.
Biofouling on fixed or suspended structures in the water, such as docks, buoys, power plant inlet-outlet water pipes, or oil drilling platforms can cause a variety of problems. The weight of the fouling biomass places undue stress on the structure. In addition, the biomass promotes metal corrosion or degradation of wood products, and reduces the visibility of submerged structures during inspections.
Biofouling on ships occurs when ships are at dockside rather than when they are at sea, but the fouIing organisms increases drag on the hull while the ship is moving. Barnacle fouling alone can raise fuel consumption of an oceangoing ship by 40%
(Christie A.A. and R. Dalley. 1987. Barnacle fouling and its CA 022~2112 1998-10-16 W097/39942 PCT~S97/06438 prevention. In: A.J. Southward (ed.) Barnacle Biology. A.A.
R~ 1 kema. Rotterdam, NL. pp. 419-433).
Fouling organisms are comprised of between 4,000 and S,000 different species within the marine environment alone (Crisp, D.J. 1972a. The role of the biologist in anti-fouling research. In: R.F. Acker, B.F. Brown, J.R. DePalma, and W.P.
Iverson (eds.) Proc~;ngs of the Third International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling). It is virtually impossible to fully understand the biological characteristics of every fouling organism and to individually derive a means for controlling every single fouling species in the world.
Therefore, control of fouling is approached by grouping fouling organisms into biologically relevant groups and selecting key species as representatives of each specific group. The key species for each general group are usually those species which are either the most common fouling organisms and/or a typical species that is well researched and understood, such as the marine algae, Enteromorpha and Ectocarpus species, which are considered the primary fouling genera; barnacles within the genus Crustacea; blue mussels of Mytilus edulis, and the zebra mussel within the Dreisseria polymorPha.
The dispersal of sessile aquatic organisms generally occurs during the early life stages of the organism. Many sessile organisms are mobile in early life. As the mobile larvae grow and mature, however, the organism seeks an appropriate surface for attachment. Larval settlement involves the organism undergoing a metamorphosis to its adult life form. This change involves an attachment to a hard surface either permanently, as in the case of barnacles cementing to a substrate, or temporarily, as in the case of mussels attaching to a substrate with byssal threads. The compositions used by organisms for both permanent or temporary attachment are predominantly proteins that are extensively cross-linked and therefore relatively impervious to external influences (Crisp, D.J. 1972b. Mechanisms of adhesion of fouling organisms. In: R.F. Acker, B.F. Brown, J.R. DePalma, CA 022~2112 1998-10-16 W097/39942 PCT~S97/06438 and W.P. Iverson (eds.) Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling.
National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD. pp. 691-709).
As such, the ideal means to control fouling is to stop it at its first settlement stage rather than later when the cemented structures are very difficult to remove.
Researchers have long attempted to develop means to effectively control biofouling. Fouling problems can be approached using a few basic considerations. These general approaches encompass:
l) killing the larvae as they contact the settlement surface;
2) discouraging the larvae from choosing the surface for settlement; or 3) interfering with the chemical processes involved with adhesion.
A variety of methods for controlling biofouling utilizing these approaches have been attempted. These methods include the use of mechanical, chemical and electrical eradication means to discourage settlement before it occurs or eradicate settlement after it has occurred. Acoustic, ultraviolet and thermal eradication and/or preventive methods have also been attempted. However, to date, a truly effective means for preventing such biofouling has not been developed.
Summary Of The Invention The present invention comprises a method for preventing marine biofouling utilizing the approach of deterring and/or killing the larvae as they settle onto a surface of a structure exposed to an aquatic environment. The method comprises disposing onto the surface of a structure which is to be exposed to an aquat~c environment a heater element such as, a laminated composite heater element impermeable to water, and heating the element at prescribed intervals and temperatures which are effective to deter larval settlement or kill the larvae as they settle onto the surface of such structure in the aquatic environment. In this manner, CA 022~2ll2 l998-l0-l6 W097/39942 PCT~S97/06438 the settlement of fouling species of aquatic plants and animals can effectively be prevented.
Brief Description of the Drawings Figure l depicts the construction of a composite heater element of the invention in a mold.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment The present invention comprises a method for preventing marine biofouling. The method comprises providing a laminated heater element, disposing the heater element on the surface of a structure to be exposed to an a~uatic environment and heating the element at prescribed intervals and temperatures which are effective to deter larval settlement or kill the larvae as they settle onto the surface of such structure submerged in water.
The heater element of the present invention is a laminated composite, impermeable to water, and is of the type disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,344,696 (Hastings et al.), which is incorporated herein by reference. As disclosed in the Hastings et al. patent, the heater element comprises a durable outer ply, which is resistant to abrasion and impermeable to water, bonded to and through a conductive layer of fibers, and an integrally enveloping adhesive, which is adhered to the surface of the structure. The conductive layer is connected to a source of electrical energy, and control means are adapted to control the temperature of the surface of the structure. This laminated structure is considered preferable; however, it is contemplated that other structures may be used. For example, the heater element need not be a laminated structure. ~ather, the heater element may comprise merely a layer of conductive fibers. This structure of the heater element is particularly useful if the material into which the heater element is embedded has dielectric properties that will evenly distribute the heat generated by the element.
CA 022~2112 1998-10-16 W097/39942 PCT~S97/06438 In one embodiment of the invention, the preferred heater element is manufactured under the trademark Thermion~
by Aerospace Safety Technologies, Inc. Thermion~ is light, flexible and may be translucent. The material is a laminate which provides even heating and can be conformed to surfaces having a variety of different contours and shapes.
Operational power can be derived from low or high voltage AC
or DC power supplies.
A first variation in the method involves installing in the surface a pre-made panel, usually configured on a mold table for easy transfer to the final surface. As shown in Fig. 1, the pre-made panel comprises a fiberglass resin encapsulated heater element 1, further encapsulated in two cloths with resin added for bonding and fiberglass layers 5 and 5' with the necessary electrical connections to the heater element embedded as well (not shown). The electric leads (not shown) extend outside the panel and are required to apply the necessary electrical power. The laminate can be constructed with one or more layers of the fiberglass resin encapsulated heater element 1. This allows an additional parameter for design of the heater output. Figure 1 shows how a single layer pre-made panel is formed on a transfer table. The fiberglass resin encapsulated heater element 1 is placed on top of a mold table surface 9. A mold release wax 15 is disposed between the encapsulated heater element 1 and the table surface 9. A peel ply 19 is placed above the encapsulated heater element 1. A release ply 21 is disposed above the peel ply 19 and a bleeder cloth 25 is disposed over the release ply 21. Finally, a vacuum bag 29 is disposed over the release ply 21. A seal tape 11 surrounding the layers on the mold is attached to the table top surface 9, and can adhere to the vacuum bag 29 to create a tight seal. A vacuum supply 33 is used to evacuate the air between the layered material in order to bring the layers into close opposition with each other and cure the resin, bonding the layers to create the laminate.
CA 022~2ll2 l998-l0-l6 W097/39942 PCT~S97/06438 In another embodiment, the heater element may comprise merely a layer of conductive fibers and may be directly embedded into a solid surface material. However, in this instance, the solid surface material, such as a thermoplastic or any thermoplastic formed item, must possess sufficient dielectric properties to evenly distribute the heat generated by the heater element.
The heater element is disposed at predetermined locations on the surface of the structure. These locations may vary according to the particular structure and type of biofouling organism for which biofoulinq prevention is anticipated.
In order to make the laminated heater element effective, an initial consideration is the temperature required to kill the settled organisms or deter larvae from settling. In the present methods, the killing of the biofouling organisms or prevention of said organisms from attaching to the surface of a structure is accomplished by the heating the surface so as to increase its temperature. Most living tissues are sensitive to hyperthermia and the proteins which make up these tissues lose their biological activity or are denatured as the ambient temperature increases. Thus, effective hyperthermic temperatures must be reached to degrade the attachment proteins of the organisms in order to interrupt the connections of the organisms to the surface. The hyperthermia ultimately kills the organisms attached to the surface of the structure, and prevents other organisms from attaching, thereby, preventing biofouling.
It is well known that the typical upper lethal temperature for biofouling organisms such as crustaceans, mollusks, etc. is approximately 35-40~C. Thus, in the present methods, this is an effective temperature range required to prevent biofouling associated with these species. The effective temperatures for preventing biofouling are well below the temperature required to induced delamination of the structure.
CA 022~2ll2 l998-l0-l6 W097/39942 PCT~S97/06438 An alternate means of defining the upper lethal thermal limit is by identifying it as an increase in temperature relative to the ambient temperature that the organism lives in. For example, it is known that if the absolute temperature rises approximately 17~C above the ambient temperature it is generally considered that the temperature has reached the upper thermal limit for many marine organisms. This model could also predict a temperature necessary to prevent biofouling.
Given the known approximate upper lethal thermal limit for many aquatic fouling organisms, a secondary consideration is the time of exposure required to deter larvae settlement or kill the larvae upon settlement. No one particular exposure time can be given as applicable for all circumstances. Exposure time periods have been reported ranging from as little as 30 minutes to up to 24 hours.
However, in this field it is generally known that knowledge of the particular biofouling organism can be used to predict an exposure time period which will effectively prevent settlement or kill the larvae upon settlement.
An additional consideration is whether the laminated heater element can achieve the desired temperature in a static and/or dynamic water immersion situation. It is contemplated that the particular temperature and exposure intervals can be adjusted to compensate for any adverse effects caused by these varying situations.
Claims (7)
1. A method for preventing marine biofouling on the surface of a structure exposed to an aquatic environment, the method comprising:
providing a fabric layer composed of conductive fibers on the surfaces of the structure which are for submerging into water;
disposing the fabric layer at a predetermined location and depth from the surface of the structure; and energizing the conductive fibers of the fabric layer at prescribed intervals and to a prescribed temperature effective to evenly distribute heat on the surface of the structure and prevent settlement of fouling organisms or kill the fouling organisms upon settlement.
providing a fabric layer composed of conductive fibers on the surfaces of the structure which are for submerging into water;
disposing the fabric layer at a predetermined location and depth from the surface of the structure; and energizing the conductive fibers of the fabric layer at prescribed intervals and to a prescribed temperature effective to evenly distribute heat on the surface of the structure and prevent settlement of fouling organisms or kill the fouling organisms upon settlement.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the prescribed temperature for heating the surface of the structure ranges from 35 to 40°C.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the prescribed intervals range from 30 minutes to 24 hours.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the fouling organisms are larvae species from the genera Crustacea or Mollusca, or algae.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the conductive fibers of the fabric layer are nickle-coated carbon fibers.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the surface of the structure exposed to an aquatic environment is made of a dielectric material.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the fabric layer is provided in a laminate composite which is impermeable to water.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/633,967 | 1996-04-19 | ||
| US08/633,967 US5954977A (en) | 1996-04-19 | 1996-04-19 | Method for preventing biofouling in aquatic environments |
| PCT/US1997/006438 WO1997039942A1 (en) | 1996-04-19 | 1997-04-18 | Method for preventing biofouling in aquatic environments |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2252112A1 true CA2252112A1 (en) | 1997-10-30 |
Family
ID=24541902
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002252112A Abandoned CA2252112A1 (en) | 1996-04-19 | 1997-04-18 | Method for preventing biofouling in aquatic environments |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5954977A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0894065A1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2252112A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1997039942A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5835679A (en) | 1994-12-29 | 1998-11-10 | Energy Converters, Inc. | Polymeric immersion heating element with skeletal support and optional heat transfer fins |
| US6656023B1 (en) * | 1998-11-06 | 2003-12-02 | Beaver Creek Concepts Inc | In situ control with lubricant and tracking |
| US6267644B1 (en) | 1998-11-06 | 2001-07-31 | Beaver Creek Concepts Inc | Fixed abrasive finishing element having aids finishing method |
| US6283829B1 (en) | 1998-11-06 | 2001-09-04 | Beaver Creek Concepts, Inc | In situ friction detector method for finishing semiconductor wafers |
| US6293851B1 (en) | 1998-11-06 | 2001-09-25 | Beaver Creek Concepts Inc | Fixed abrasive finishing method using lubricants |
| US6263158B1 (en) | 1999-05-11 | 2001-07-17 | Watlow Polymer Technologies | Fibrous supported polymer encapsulated electrical component |
| US6392208B1 (en) * | 1999-08-06 | 2002-05-21 | Watlow Polymer Technologies | Electrofusing of thermoplastic heating elements and elements made thereby |
| AU2071701A (en) * | 1999-12-10 | 2001-06-18 | Thermion Systems International | A thermoplastic laminate fabric heater and methods for making same |
| US6392206B1 (en) | 2000-04-07 | 2002-05-21 | Waltow Polymer Technologies | Modular heat exchanger |
| US6433317B1 (en) | 2000-04-07 | 2002-08-13 | Watlow Polymer Technologies | Molded assembly with heating element captured therein |
| US6519835B1 (en) | 2000-08-18 | 2003-02-18 | Watlow Polymer Technologies | Method of formable thermoplastic laminate heated element assembly |
| US6539171B2 (en) | 2001-01-08 | 2003-03-25 | Watlow Polymer Technologies | Flexible spirally shaped heating element |
| US6796883B1 (en) * | 2001-03-15 | 2004-09-28 | Beaver Creek Concepts Inc | Controlled lubricated finishing |
| CN100526154C (en) * | 2003-12-09 | 2009-08-12 | 基思·约翰逊 | A method and apparatus for treating marine growth on a surface |
| CN101431940B (en) * | 2006-02-24 | 2013-03-27 | 纳微振动技术公司 | System and method for surface acoustic wave treatment of skin |
| EP3691408A1 (en) | 2015-01-12 | 2020-08-05 | LaminaHeat Holding Ltd. | Fabric heating element |
| CN108141914A (en) | 2015-10-19 | 2018-06-08 | 拉米纳热能控股有限公司 | With customization or non-uniform resistive and/or the stratiform heating element and manufacturing method of irregular shape |
| US10246174B2 (en) | 2016-09-27 | 2019-04-02 | Indmar Products Company Inc. | Heat exchange systems for engine-powered watercraft and methods of using same |
| USD911038S1 (en) | 2019-10-11 | 2021-02-23 | Laminaheat Holding Ltd. | Heating element sheet having perforations |
Family Cites Families (32)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3309267A (en) * | 1965-07-06 | 1967-03-14 | Ben Venue Lab Inc | Controlling bullheads with 3-nitrohalosalicylanilides |
| US3392575A (en) * | 1965-10-21 | 1968-07-16 | Sidney R. Galler | Thermal panel for determining the effects of various temperatures on fouling organisms |
| US3557344A (en) * | 1969-03-07 | 1971-01-19 | Delta Control Inc | Immersible electrical heating device |
| US3657516A (en) * | 1969-11-10 | 1972-04-18 | Kansai Hoon Kogyo Kk | Flexible panel-type heating unit |
| JPS5110892B2 (en) * | 1972-04-06 | 1976-04-07 | ||
| US4110151A (en) * | 1972-06-05 | 1978-08-29 | Kemlite Corporation | Apparatus for the preparation of resin impregnated glass fiber sheets |
| US3803386A (en) * | 1972-10-13 | 1974-04-09 | Kerdon Corp | Aquarium heater |
| US3890486A (en) * | 1973-05-01 | 1975-06-17 | Equipment Dev Corp | Aquarium-tank heating control |
| US4282049A (en) * | 1974-05-30 | 1981-08-04 | Kemlite Corporation | Method for making resin panels |
| JPS5289253A (en) * | 1976-01-21 | 1977-07-26 | Hitachi Ltd | Apparatus for preventing marine organisms from attaching to the inner surface of sea water piping |
| US4039720A (en) * | 1976-05-03 | 1977-08-02 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Laminated windshield with improved innerlayer |
| US4250397A (en) * | 1977-06-01 | 1981-02-10 | International Paper Company | Heating element and methods of manufacturing therefor |
| US4245149A (en) * | 1979-04-10 | 1981-01-13 | Fairlie Ian F | Heating system for chairs |
| NO147975C (en) * | 1980-07-03 | 1983-07-13 | Standard Tel Kabelfab As | ELECTRICAL HEATING ELEMENT. |
| US4534886A (en) * | 1981-01-15 | 1985-08-13 | International Paper Company | Non-woven heating element |
| FR2578377B1 (en) * | 1984-12-26 | 1988-07-01 | Aerospatiale | HEATING ELEMENT FOR A DEFROSTING DEVICE OF A WING STRUCTURE, DEVICE AND METHOD FOR OBTAINING SAME |
| JPS62148217A (en) * | 1985-12-23 | 1987-07-02 | Gunei Kagaku Kogyo Kk | Preparation of fiber board |
| US4814567A (en) * | 1987-07-08 | 1989-03-21 | Darko Jorge Lazaneo Dragicevic | Electro-thermic resonance system for heating liquid |
| US4972197A (en) * | 1987-09-03 | 1990-11-20 | Ford Aerospace Corporation | Integral heater for composite structure |
| US4942078A (en) * | 1988-09-30 | 1990-07-17 | Rockwell International Corporation | Electrically heated structural composite and method of its manufacture |
| JPH02153105A (en) * | 1988-12-06 | 1990-06-12 | Nippon Steel Corp | Shellfish-attachment preventing mechanism for seawater intake screen |
| ES2054494T3 (en) * | 1990-01-24 | 1994-08-01 | Hastings Otis | ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE LAMINATE FOR THE CONTROL OF SURFACE TEMPERATURE. |
| IT1244904B (en) * | 1991-01-23 | 1994-09-13 | Selenia Spazio Spa Ora Alenia | HEATING DEVICE FOR CARBON FIBER-BASED ANTENNAS, TO BE USED PREFERENTLY FOR SPACE USE. |
| US5327848A (en) * | 1991-03-25 | 1994-07-12 | Hannon Jr John L | Method and apparatus for keeping surfaces organism free |
| US5152637A (en) * | 1991-05-20 | 1992-10-06 | Mark Wayne | Device for eliminating marine life from water intake covers |
| US5250228A (en) * | 1991-11-06 | 1993-10-05 | Raychem Corporation | Conductive polymer composition |
| US5240674A (en) * | 1992-06-05 | 1993-08-31 | Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. | Two method for controlling macrofouling by mollusks by using heat |
| US5294351A (en) * | 1993-03-25 | 1994-03-15 | First Thermal Systems, Inc. | Method for controlling zebra mussels in power and water plants |
| US5389266A (en) * | 1993-03-25 | 1995-02-14 | Dixstar, Inc. | Method of removing zebra mussels from waterways and wetted surfaces |
| GB9308062D0 (en) * | 1993-04-16 | 1993-06-02 | Romaniec K C C | Conductive composite materials |
| US5361183A (en) * | 1993-06-30 | 1994-11-01 | Alliedsignal Inc. | Ground fault protection for electrothermal de-icing applications |
| WO1995015670A1 (en) * | 1993-11-30 | 1995-06-08 | Alliedsignal Inc. | An electrically conductive composite heater and method of manufacture |
-
1996
- 1996-04-19 US US08/633,967 patent/US5954977A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-04-18 WO PCT/US1997/006438 patent/WO1997039942A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-04-18 CA CA002252112A patent/CA2252112A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-04-18 EP EP97918708A patent/EP0894065A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US5954977A (en) | 1999-09-21 |
| EP0894065A1 (en) | 1999-02-03 |
| WO1997039942A1 (en) | 1997-10-30 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US5954977A (en) | Method for preventing biofouling in aquatic environments | |
| Kirschner et al. | Bio-inspired antifouling strategies | |
| US10793236B2 (en) | Safety improvements for UV radiation in aquatic applications | |
| TWI701189B (en) | An object in aquatic applications and a method of providing an anti-biofouling system to the same | |
| JP2001220524A (en) | Underwater coating composition, method for forming underwater coating film, and underwater coating member | |
| JP2006526528A (en) | Antifouling tape and application method thereof | |
| CA2178500C (en) | Aquatic antifouling compositions and methods | |
| US5259701A (en) | Antifouling coating composition comprising furan compounds, method for protecting aquatic structures, and articles protected against fouling organisms | |
| US5248221A (en) | Antifouling coating composition comprising lactone compounds, method for protecting aquatic structures, and articles protected against fouling organisms | |
| WO1994008904A1 (en) | Antifouling coating composition and method | |
| US20230203322A1 (en) | Non-ablative multi-layer coatings for boat propellers that prevent water-derived damage, corrosion, and deterioration from biological chemical processes | |
| US20230174797A1 (en) | Non-ablative multi-layer coatings that prevent water-derived damage, corrosion, and deterioration from biological chemical processes and that are applied during boat manufacture | |
| US6925952B1 (en) | Anti-fouling laminate for boat hulls | |
| Rao | Biofouling (macro-fouling) in seawater intake systems | |
| JPH09322674A (en) | Film for lining interior of water tank, water tank using the same and coating material composition for coating inner surface of water tank containing antimicrobial agent therein and water tank using the same | |
| JPH0978552A (en) | Offshore structure | |
| EP1084947A1 (en) | A method of durably and lastingly protect a surface in contact with water from biological fouling | |
| US20230294131A1 (en) | Non-ablative multi-layer coatings for boat and marina structures that prevent water-derived damage, corrosion, and deterioration from biological chemical processes | |
| JPH0431042A (en) | Antifouling window for underwater observation | |
| JPH03243492A (en) | Marine device | |
| Latif et al. | Biofouling: current status and challenges | |
| CN201232040Y (en) | Multiple layer biological mutualism system | |
| JPH01203510A (en) | Prevention of adherence of marine organism | |
| Graham & Trotman Limited et al. | Antifouling Techniques | |
| JPH01234239A (en) | Soft sheet and laminate thereof |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued |