CA2256689A1 - Multiple reflection electrodeless lamp with sulfur or sellenium fill and method for providing radiation using such a lamp - Google Patents
Multiple reflection electrodeless lamp with sulfur or sellenium fill and method for providing radiation using such a lamp Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2256689A1 CA2256689A1 CA002256689A CA2256689A CA2256689A1 CA 2256689 A1 CA2256689 A1 CA 2256689A1 CA 002256689 A CA002256689 A CA 002256689A CA 2256689 A CA2256689 A CA 2256689A CA 2256689 A1 CA2256689 A1 CA 2256689A1
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- Prior art keywords
- radiation
- envelope
- fill
- visible
- light
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
- H01J61/02—Details
- H01J61/30—Vessels; Containers
- H01J61/35—Vessels; Containers provided with coatings on the walls thereof; Selection of materials for the coatings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
- H01J61/02—Details
- H01J61/025—Associated optical elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
- H01J61/02—Details
- H01J61/12—Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified operating pressure or temperature
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
- H01J61/02—Details
- H01J61/38—Devices for influencing the colour or wavelength of the light
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J65/00—Lamps without any electrode inside the vessel; Lamps with at least one main electrode outside the vessel
- H01J65/04—Lamps in which a gas filling is excited to luminesce by an external electromagnetic field or by external corpuscular radiation, e.g. for indicating plasma display panels
- H01J65/042—Lamps in which a gas filling is excited to luminesce by an external electromagnetic field or by external corpuscular radiation, e.g. for indicating plasma display panels by an external electromagnetic field
- H01J65/044—Lamps in which a gas filling is excited to luminesce by an external electromagnetic field or by external corpuscular radiation, e.g. for indicating plasma display panels by an external electromagnetic field the field being produced by a separate microwave unit
Abstract
A method wherein the light in a sulfur or selenium lamp is reflected through the fill a multiplicity of times to convert ultraviolet radiation to visible.
A light emitting device comprised of an electrodeless envelope which bears a light reflecting covering around a first portion which does not crack due to differential thermal expansion and which has a second portion which comprises a light transmissive aperture.
A light emitting device comprised of an electrodeless envelope which bears a light reflecting covering around a first portion which does not crack due to differential thermal expansion and which has a second portion which comprises a light transmissive aperture.
Description
WO 97/4S858 PCT/US97tl0490 MULT~LE REFLECTION ELECTRODELESS LAMP Wll~ SULF UR OR SELEN~UM FILL AND METHOD FOR
2 PROVIDING RADL~llON USING SUC~I A LAMP
4 The ~ 3_.11 applir~ti-n iS a conli~ ';n---in-part of U.S. Appl. No. 08/656,381, filed May 31, 1996.
7 The present invention is .lireel~.l to an improved method of gc~ g visible 8 light and to an h--l.roved bulb and lamp for providing such light.
U.S. Patents Nos. 5,404,076, and 5,606,220, and PCT Publir~fi~-n No. WO
11 92/08240, which are incorporated herein by reference, disclose lamps for providing 12 visible light which utilize sulfur and selenium based fills. Co-pending U.S. Appl. No.
13 08/324,149, filed October 17, 1994, also incorporated herein by reference, discloses 14 similar lamps for providing visible light which utilize a tellurium based fill.
1~
16 These sulfur, s~ and tellurium lamps of the prior art provide light having 17 a good color rendering index with high efficacy. Additionallv the electrodeless versions 18 of these lamps have a very long lifetime.
Most pra~tical embo~ of sulfur, selenium, and tellurium lamps have 21 required bulb rotation in order to operate properl~. This is disclosed in PCT
22 Publi~tion No. WO 94/08439, where it is noted that in the absence of bulb rotation, an 23 icol~te-l or fii~mPnt~ry discharge results, which does not subst~nti~lly fill the inside of 24 the bulb.
26 The re(lui. e.. ent of rotation which was generally present in the prior art lamps 27 introduced certain complir~tiQnc. Thus~ the bulb is rotated by a motor, which has the 28 potential for failure, and which may be a limiting factor on the lifetime of the lamp.
29 Furthe....ore, additional c-lmpon~n~c are necec~ry, thereby m~ ing the lamp more 30 cO~nr~q~ and requiring the stocking of more spare parts. It therefore would be dêsirable 31 to provide a lamp affording the advantages of the prior sulfur, sêlenium and tellurium 32 lamps, but which does not require rotation.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-11-2~
PCT Publication No. WO 95/28069, a Dewar lamp was /lisc!osed for purportedly 2 obviating rotation. However, a problem with such Dewar configuration is that it is
4 The ~ 3_.11 applir~ti-n iS a conli~ ';n---in-part of U.S. Appl. No. 08/656,381, filed May 31, 1996.
7 The present invention is .lireel~.l to an improved method of gc~ g visible 8 light and to an h--l.roved bulb and lamp for providing such light.
U.S. Patents Nos. 5,404,076, and 5,606,220, and PCT Publir~fi~-n No. WO
11 92/08240, which are incorporated herein by reference, disclose lamps for providing 12 visible light which utilize sulfur and selenium based fills. Co-pending U.S. Appl. No.
13 08/324,149, filed October 17, 1994, also incorporated herein by reference, discloses 14 similar lamps for providing visible light which utilize a tellurium based fill.
1~
16 These sulfur, s~ and tellurium lamps of the prior art provide light having 17 a good color rendering index with high efficacy. Additionallv the electrodeless versions 18 of these lamps have a very long lifetime.
Most pra~tical embo~ of sulfur, selenium, and tellurium lamps have 21 required bulb rotation in order to operate properl~. This is disclosed in PCT
22 Publi~tion No. WO 94/08439, where it is noted that in the absence of bulb rotation, an 23 icol~te-l or fii~mPnt~ry discharge results, which does not subst~nti~lly fill the inside of 24 the bulb.
26 The re(lui. e.. ent of rotation which was generally present in the prior art lamps 27 introduced certain complir~tiQnc. Thus~ the bulb is rotated by a motor, which has the 28 potential for failure, and which may be a limiting factor on the lifetime of the lamp.
29 Furthe....ore, additional c-lmpon~n~c are necec~ry, thereby m~ ing the lamp more 30 cO~nr~q~ and requiring the stocking of more spare parts. It therefore would be dêsirable 31 to provide a lamp affording the advantages of the prior sulfur, sêlenium and tellurium 32 lamps, but which does not require rotation.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-11-2~
PCT Publication No. WO 95/28069, a Dewar lamp was /lisc!osed for purportedly 2 obviating rotation. However, a problem with such Dewar configuration is that it is
3 complic~ted in that it utilizes peripheral and central plated electrodes on the bulb, and
4 the central electrode is prone to overheating.
6 The present invention provides a method of generating visible light, and a bulb 7 and lamp for use in such method which Plimir~tes or reduces the need for bulb rotation.
The invention affords increased design flexibility in providing lamp bulbs of 11 smaller llimPncions and/or ~ltili7ing sulfur, selenium or tellurium fills having lower 12 density of active substances than in the prior art, which are still capable of providing 13 a primarily visible light output. This, for example, facilitate~ the provision of low power 14 lalnps, which may lend themselves to the use of smaller bulbs. This feature of the invention may be used in combination with other features, or independently. For 16 P~mple, a smaller bulb may be provided either which doesn't rotate, or which does 17 rotate.
19 In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, a mPthQ(l is provided 20 11tili7ing a lamp fill which upon eYritation, contains at least one substance celected from 21 the group of sulfur and selenium; the lamp fill is excited to cause said sulfur or selenium 22 to produce radiation which includes a substantial spectral power component in the 23 ultraviolet region of the spectrum, and a spectral power component in the visible region 24 of the spectrum, the radiation is reflected a multiplicity of times through the fill in a cont~;nP-l space, thereby converting part of the radiation which is in the ultraviolet 26 region to radiation which is in the visible region of the spectrum, which visible radiation 27 is greater than it would have been if reflecting had occurred in the absence of the 28 conversion. Finally, the visible radiation is Pmitte-~ from the cQnt~inP-I space.
In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, the fill is excited to cause 31 the sulfur or selenium to produce a spectral power component in the ultraviolet and a SU~;~ 111 UTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 l998-ll-2~
Wo 97/4s858 PCT/USg7/lO490 spectral power cvmponent in the visible region, wherein the m~ltirle rçflecti~ n~ result 2 in a reduced ultraviolet spectral component having a m~gnitllde of at least 50% less than 3 the original colnponPnt-In PCT Publication No. WO 93/21655 sulfur and selenium lamps are disclosed ~ 6 in which light is reflected back into the bulb to lower the color tempel~lu.e of the 7 emitted light or to make it more closely resemble the radiation of a black body. Unlike 8 in the present invention, in the prior art system it is radiation having an e.~.centi~lly 9 visible (and higher) spectral output which is reflected to produce another visible spectral output having more spectral power in the red region. In di~tinction to the prior art, 11 in the present invention, the radiation which is re~lecte~1 has substantial spectral power 12 component in the ultraviolet region (i.e., at least 10% of the total of the ultraviolet and 13 visible spectral power), of which some is converted to the visible region. It is this 14 conversion of ultraviolet to visible radiation in the present invention by multiple reflections which allows a small bulb to replace a larger one and/or the use of a lower 16 density of active material which allows stable operation to be achieved without rotating 17 the bulb.
19 Inasmuch as the method of the invention involves multiple reflections of light through the fill, and finally to the outside, it was contemplated that a bulb be used 21 which has a reflector layer around the quartz, except for an aperture through which the 22 light exits. Such "aperture lamps" are known in the prior art, and an P~ nple is shown 23 in U.S. Patent No. Re 34,492 to Roberts.
The Roberts patent discloses an electrodeless spherical envelope having a 26 reflective coating thereon, except for an al e- lul e which is in registry with a light guide.
27 However, it has been found that the Roberts structure is not suitable for practicing the 28 method of the present invention as it would be employed in normal c~ cial use.
29 This is because of its use of a coating on the lamp envelope. When the bulb heats up during use, the different thermal indices of ~xp~n~ion of the quartz envelope and the 31 co~ting cause the co~ting to crack. Thus, the lifetime of the bulb is quite limited. Also, SU~ ITE SHEET (RULE 26) .
CA 022~6689 l998-ll-2~
W O 97/45858 PCT~US97/10490 a cQ~ting is not normally thick enough to provide the degree of refle~liviLy which is 2 required to provide adequate wavelength conversion from ultraviolet to visible.
4 In accordance with an aspect of the ~)resent invention, these problems are solved by utili7.ing a diffuse, reflecting ceramic covering for the bulb which contacts at least one 6 location of the envelope, and which does not crack due to differential thermal ~pancion 7 In a first embo-lirn~nt, the covering comprises a jacket which unlike a coqting, is non-8 adherent to the bulb. The lack of adherence acccn.-o~l~tes the thermal ~p~ncion of 9 bulb and jacket without c~-~cin~ c~a~hil-g of the jacket. Also, the jacket is made thick enough to provide high enough reflectivity to accomplish the desired wavelength 11 conversion. In a second embodiment, the reflective bulb covering is made of the same 12 material as the bulb, so that there is no problem with differential thermal e~p~ncion.
13 In this embo~li nPnt, the covering may additionally be in the form of a non-adherent 14 jacket. In a further embodim~nt, a diffusely reflecting powder is disposed between a jacket and the bulb.
17 The invention will be better understood by referring to the accompanying 18 drawings, wherein:
Figure 1 shows a prior art lamp having a sulfur, selenium or tellurium based fill;
22 Figure 2 shows an aperture lamp.
24 Figure 3 shows an electrodeless lamp bulb in accordance with an embodiment of 25 the invention;
27 Figures 4 and 5 show a particular construction.
29 Figures 6 to 8 show furlller embo(l~ ontc of the invention;
31 Figures 9 and 10 show the use of diffusing orifices.
SU~S 111 UTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-11-2~
Figures 11 to 13 show further designs for diffusing orifices 3 Figures 14 to 16 show further embodiments of the invention.
Figure 17 shows a norm~ ed spectral comparison between coated and unco ~ted 6 bulbs for a microwave lamp embodi~nt.
8 Figure 18 shows a spectral comparison between coated and uncoated bulbs for 9 a microwave lamp embo-limPnt 11 Figure 19 shows a norm~li7ed spectral comparison between coated and llncn~te~l 12 bulbs for an R.F. Iamp embo(li nent 14 Figure 20 shows a spectral comparison between coated and uncoated bulbs for an R.F. Iamp embo-liment 17 Referring to Figure 1, a prior art lamp having a fill which upon ey~it~tion 18 cont~in~ sulfur, s~ nillm, or tellurium, is depicted. As described in the above-19 mentioned patents which are incorporated herein by reference, the light provided is molecular radiation which is prinl~ip~lly in the visible region of the spectrum.21 22 Lamp 20 includes a microwave cavity 24 which is comprised of metallic 23 cylindrical member 26 and metallic mesh 28. Mesh 28 allows light to escape from the 24 cavity while ret~ining most of the microwave energy inside.
26 Bulb 30 is disposed in the cavity, which in the embodiment depicted is spherical.
27 The bulb is supported by a stem, which is connected with motor 34 for effecting rotation 28 of the bulb. The rotation promotes stable operation of the lamp.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-11-2~
Microwave power is g~lelaled by magretron 36, and waveguide 38 I~ ".;
2 such power to a slot ~not shown) in the cavity wall, from where it is coupled to the 3 cavity and particularly to the fill in bulb 30.
Bulb 30 is comprised of a bulb envelope and a fill in the envelope. In addition 6 to containing a rare gas, the fill cont~;n~ sulfur, selenium, or tellurium, or an 7 appropriate sulfur, sclc.liulll, or tellurium compound. For example, InS, As2S3, S2Cl2, 8 CS2, In2S3, SeS, SeO2, SeC14, SeTe, SCe2, P2Ses, Se3As2, TeO, TeS, TeCls, TeBrs, and 9 TeIs may be used. Additional compounds which may be used are those which have a suffic;enlly low vapor pressure at room temperature, i.e., are a solid or a liquid, and 11 which have a sufficiently high vapor ~l es~ul e at operating teml,cl alul e to provide useful 12 illllrnin~tion.
14 Before the invention of the sulfur, selenium, and tellurium lamps described above, the molecular spectra of these substances as generated by lamps known to the art 16 were recogni7ed to be primarily in the ultraviolet region. In the process performed by 17 the sulfur, selenium, and/or tellurium lamp described in connection with Figure 1, the 18 radiation initially provided by the elemPnt~l sulfur, selenium, and/or tellurium (herein 19 referred to as "active material") is similar to that in the prior art lamp, i.e., primarily in the ultraviolet region. However, as the radiation passes through the fill on its way 21 to the envelope wall, it is converted by a process of absorption and re-emission into 22 primarily visible radiation. The magnitude of the shift is directly related to the optical 23 path length, i.e., the density of the active material in the fill multiplied by the ~ mptpr 24 of the bulb. If a smaller bulb is used, a higher density of active material must be provided to efficiently produce the desired visible radiation while if a larger bulb is 26 used, lower density of such substances may be used.
28 In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the optical path length is 29 greatly increased without increasing the ~ meter of the bulb by reflecting the r~di~io after it initially passes through the fill a multiplicity of times through the fill.
31 F~lrlh~ ore, the density of the active material and the bulb size are small enough so SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-11-2~
WO 97t45858 rCT/US97tlO490 that the radiation which has initially passed through the fill and is being reflected may 2 have a s~hst~nti~l spectral power component in the ultraviolet region. That is, in the 3 absence of the multiple reflections, the ~ecll u.-- which is çmitted from the bulb might 4 not be ~ccept~hle for use in a visible lamp. However, due to the multiple reflections, S ultraviolet radiation is converted to visible, which produces a better ~e~llul~l. The 6 m~-ltiple reflections through the fill permit the use of a smaller density of active material 7 to provide an acceptable spectrum for any given application. Also, the smaller density 8 fill has reduced electrical impedance, which in many embo~linlPntc provides better 9 microwave or R.F. coupling to the fill. Operation at such smaller density of active material promotes stable operation, even without bulb rotation. Furthermore the 11 capability of using smaller bulbs increases design flexibility, and for example, f~cilit- ~r~
12 the provision of low power lamps. As used herein, the term "microwave" refers to a 13 frequency band which is higher than that of "R.F.".
As mentioned above, since the method of the invention requires multiple 16 reflections through the fill before the light is emitted to the outside, it was contPm~ te(l 17 to use a bulb having a reflective layer thereon, except for an aperture, from which the 18 light exits. A lamp of this type, which is disclosed in Roberts Patent No. RE 34,492,is 19 shown in Figure 2. Referring to Figure 2, spherical envelope or bulb 9 which is typically made of ~uartz contains a discharge forming fill 3. The envelope bears a 21 reflective coating 1 around the entire surface except for apel Lul~ 2, which is in registry 22 with light guide 4.
24 However, as heretofore described, it was found that because the Robertsstructure utilizes a coating which is by its nature adherent, (of a different material than 26 the bulb) it is not suitable for pr~rti~ing the method of the pl eselll invention. When the 27 bulb heats up during normal commercial use, the different thermal indices of expansion 28 of the quartz envelope and the coating cause the coating to crack. Thus, the lifetime of 29 the device is quite limited. Also, a coating is not normally thick enough to provide the degree of reflectivitv which is required to provide adequate wavelength conversion from 31 ultraviolet to visible.
S(J~:i 111 UTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-11-2~
Referring to Figure 3, an embo-lim~nt in ~~cordance with the p.esel,l invention 2 which solves these problems is depicted. Bulb 40 which encloses fill 42 is ~ul~ou~ded 3 by non-adherent reflecting jacket 44. The iacket is made thick enough to provide high 4 enough ultraviolet reflectivity to ~colmpli~h the desired wavelength conversion. There is an air gap 46 between the bulb and jacket which may be of the order of several 6 tho1~c ~ndth~ of an inch. The jacket contacts the bulb at a minimum of one loc~ti~l" and 7 may cont~t the bulb at multiple lor~tio~l~. There is an a~ lul e 48 through which the 8 light exits. Because the jacket does not adhere to the bulb, differential thermal 9 ~rp~n~ion at operating tempe~alures is ~ccommodated without r~ inE cracking of the 10 jacket.
12 In accordance with another embo(liment~ a diffusely reflecting powder such as 13 alumina or other powder may be used to fill in the gap between the jacket and the bulb.
14 In this case the gap may be somewhat wider.
16 In accordance with a further embodiment, a reflective bulb covering of ceramic 17 is used which is made of the same material as the bulb. Hence, there is no problem 18 with differential thermal expansion. Such covering may also be constructed so that 19 there is no adherence to the bulb.
21 In one method of constructing a jacket, a sintered body is built up directly on the 22 spherical bulb. It starts off as a powder, but is heated and pressurized so as to form 23 a sintered solid. Since there is no adherence, when the jacket is cracked it will fall 24 apart. Suitable materials are powdered alumina and silica, or combinations thereof.
The jacket is made thick enough to provide the required UV and visible reflectivity as 26 described herein and it is normally thicker than .5 mm and may be up to about 2 to 3 27 mm, which is much thicker than a coating.
29 A jacket construction is illustrated in connection with Figures 4 and 5. In this case, the jacket is formed separately from the bulb. The quartz bulb is blow molded 31 into a spherical form which results in a bulb that is dim~n~;onally controlled for OD
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-11-2~
WO 97/4S8~8 PCT/US97/10490 (outside diameter) and wall thickness. A filling tube is ~tt ~hed to the spherical bulb 2 at the time of mol-ling. For ~x~ le a bulb of 7 mm OD and wall thicknecs of 0.5 mm 3 filled with 0.05 mg Se and 500 Torr Xe has been operated in an inductivity coupled 4 apparatus. The filling tube is removed so that only a short protrusion from the bulb remains. The jacket is formed of lightly sintered highly reflective alumina (Al2O3) in 6 two pieces 44A and 44B as inrlirated in the Figure. The particle size distribution and 7 the crystalline structure of the jacket material must be capable of providing the desired 8 optical properties. Alumina in powder form is sold by different manufa.;lure~, and 9 for example, ~hlmin:~ powder sold by Nichia America Corp. under the dPsign~tion NP-999-42 may be suitable. The Figure is a cross-sectional view of the bulb, jacket, and 11 al el lule taken through the center of the bulb. The tip-off is not shown in the view.
12 The ID (inside (li~metPr) of the jacket is spherical in shape except the region near the 13 tip-off, not shown. The partially sintered jacket is sintered to the degree that particle 14 nerking (~tt.~hmPnt between the particles) can be observed on a micro-scale. The sintering is governed by the required thermal heat conductivity through the ceramic.
16 The purpose of the necking is to enhance heat conduction while having minim~l 17 influence on the ceramic's reflectivity. The two halves of the ceramic are sized for a 18 very close fit and can be held together by merh~nical means or can be cemPnte-l using 19 by way of example, the General Electric Arc Tube Coating No. 113-7-38. The jacket ID and bulb OD are chosen so that an average air gap allows adequate thermal heat 21 conduction away from the bulb and the jacket thickness is chosen for required 22 reflectivity. Bulbs have been operated with an air gap of several thousandths of an inch 23 and a minimum ceramic thirknp~ as thin as 1 mm.
~ In a further embo~lirnpnt mPntil-ne-l above, the material used for the bulb is 26 quartz (SiO2), and the reflective covering is silica (SiO2). Since the materials are the 27 same, there is no problem with differential thermal exp~n~ion. The silica is in 28 amorphous form and is comprised of small pieces which are fused together lightly. It 29 is made thick enough to achieve the desired reflectivity, and is white in color. The silica may also be applied in form of a non-adherent jacket.
g SUBSTITUTESHEET(RULE26) CA 022~6689 1998-11-2~
W O 97/45858 PCT~US97110490 While the apparatus aspects of the prese~-l invention described above and also in 2 connec~ion with Figures 6 to 13 have particular applicability when used with the sulfur, 3 sel~ni~m and teliurium based fills referred to, they possess advantages which are fill 4 in-lependen~, and thus may also be advantageously used with any fill, in~lu~ling various
6 The present invention provides a method of generating visible light, and a bulb 7 and lamp for use in such method which Plimir~tes or reduces the need for bulb rotation.
The invention affords increased design flexibility in providing lamp bulbs of 11 smaller llimPncions and/or ~ltili7ing sulfur, selenium or tellurium fills having lower 12 density of active substances than in the prior art, which are still capable of providing 13 a primarily visible light output. This, for example, facilitate~ the provision of low power 14 lalnps, which may lend themselves to the use of smaller bulbs. This feature of the invention may be used in combination with other features, or independently. For 16 P~mple, a smaller bulb may be provided either which doesn't rotate, or which does 17 rotate.
19 In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, a mPthQ(l is provided 20 11tili7ing a lamp fill which upon eYritation, contains at least one substance celected from 21 the group of sulfur and selenium; the lamp fill is excited to cause said sulfur or selenium 22 to produce radiation which includes a substantial spectral power component in the 23 ultraviolet region of the spectrum, and a spectral power component in the visible region 24 of the spectrum, the radiation is reflected a multiplicity of times through the fill in a cont~;nP-l space, thereby converting part of the radiation which is in the ultraviolet 26 region to radiation which is in the visible region of the spectrum, which visible radiation 27 is greater than it would have been if reflecting had occurred in the absence of the 28 conversion. Finally, the visible radiation is Pmitte-~ from the cQnt~inP-I space.
In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, the fill is excited to cause 31 the sulfur or selenium to produce a spectral power component in the ultraviolet and a SU~;~ 111 UTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 l998-ll-2~
Wo 97/4s858 PCT/USg7/lO490 spectral power cvmponent in the visible region, wherein the m~ltirle rçflecti~ n~ result 2 in a reduced ultraviolet spectral component having a m~gnitllde of at least 50% less than 3 the original colnponPnt-In PCT Publication No. WO 93/21655 sulfur and selenium lamps are disclosed ~ 6 in which light is reflected back into the bulb to lower the color tempel~lu.e of the 7 emitted light or to make it more closely resemble the radiation of a black body. Unlike 8 in the present invention, in the prior art system it is radiation having an e.~.centi~lly 9 visible (and higher) spectral output which is reflected to produce another visible spectral output having more spectral power in the red region. In di~tinction to the prior art, 11 in the present invention, the radiation which is re~lecte~1 has substantial spectral power 12 component in the ultraviolet region (i.e., at least 10% of the total of the ultraviolet and 13 visible spectral power), of which some is converted to the visible region. It is this 14 conversion of ultraviolet to visible radiation in the present invention by multiple reflections which allows a small bulb to replace a larger one and/or the use of a lower 16 density of active material which allows stable operation to be achieved without rotating 17 the bulb.
19 Inasmuch as the method of the invention involves multiple reflections of light through the fill, and finally to the outside, it was contemplated that a bulb be used 21 which has a reflector layer around the quartz, except for an aperture through which the 22 light exits. Such "aperture lamps" are known in the prior art, and an P~ nple is shown 23 in U.S. Patent No. Re 34,492 to Roberts.
The Roberts patent discloses an electrodeless spherical envelope having a 26 reflective coating thereon, except for an al e- lul e which is in registry with a light guide.
27 However, it has been found that the Roberts structure is not suitable for practicing the 28 method of the present invention as it would be employed in normal c~ cial use.
29 This is because of its use of a coating on the lamp envelope. When the bulb heats up during use, the different thermal indices of ~xp~n~ion of the quartz envelope and the 31 co~ting cause the co~ting to crack. Thus, the lifetime of the bulb is quite limited. Also, SU~ ITE SHEET (RULE 26) .
CA 022~6689 l998-ll-2~
W O 97/45858 PCT~US97/10490 a cQ~ting is not normally thick enough to provide the degree of refle~liviLy which is 2 required to provide adequate wavelength conversion from ultraviolet to visible.
4 In accordance with an aspect of the ~)resent invention, these problems are solved by utili7.ing a diffuse, reflecting ceramic covering for the bulb which contacts at least one 6 location of the envelope, and which does not crack due to differential thermal ~pancion 7 In a first embo-lirn~nt, the covering comprises a jacket which unlike a coqting, is non-8 adherent to the bulb. The lack of adherence acccn.-o~l~tes the thermal ~p~ncion of 9 bulb and jacket without c~-~cin~ c~a~hil-g of the jacket. Also, the jacket is made thick enough to provide high enough reflectivity to accomplish the desired wavelength 11 conversion. In a second embodiment, the reflective bulb covering is made of the same 12 material as the bulb, so that there is no problem with differential thermal e~p~ncion.
13 In this embo~li nPnt, the covering may additionally be in the form of a non-adherent 14 jacket. In a further embodim~nt, a diffusely reflecting powder is disposed between a jacket and the bulb.
17 The invention will be better understood by referring to the accompanying 18 drawings, wherein:
Figure 1 shows a prior art lamp having a sulfur, selenium or tellurium based fill;
22 Figure 2 shows an aperture lamp.
24 Figure 3 shows an electrodeless lamp bulb in accordance with an embodiment of 25 the invention;
27 Figures 4 and 5 show a particular construction.
29 Figures 6 to 8 show furlller embo(l~ ontc of the invention;
31 Figures 9 and 10 show the use of diffusing orifices.
SU~S 111 UTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-11-2~
Figures 11 to 13 show further designs for diffusing orifices 3 Figures 14 to 16 show further embodiments of the invention.
Figure 17 shows a norm~ ed spectral comparison between coated and unco ~ted 6 bulbs for a microwave lamp embodi~nt.
8 Figure 18 shows a spectral comparison between coated and uncoated bulbs for 9 a microwave lamp embo-limPnt 11 Figure 19 shows a norm~li7ed spectral comparison between coated and llncn~te~l 12 bulbs for an R.F. Iamp embo(li nent 14 Figure 20 shows a spectral comparison between coated and uncoated bulbs for an R.F. Iamp embo-liment 17 Referring to Figure 1, a prior art lamp having a fill which upon ey~it~tion 18 cont~in~ sulfur, s~ nillm, or tellurium, is depicted. As described in the above-19 mentioned patents which are incorporated herein by reference, the light provided is molecular radiation which is prinl~ip~lly in the visible region of the spectrum.21 22 Lamp 20 includes a microwave cavity 24 which is comprised of metallic 23 cylindrical member 26 and metallic mesh 28. Mesh 28 allows light to escape from the 24 cavity while ret~ining most of the microwave energy inside.
26 Bulb 30 is disposed in the cavity, which in the embodiment depicted is spherical.
27 The bulb is supported by a stem, which is connected with motor 34 for effecting rotation 28 of the bulb. The rotation promotes stable operation of the lamp.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-11-2~
Microwave power is g~lelaled by magretron 36, and waveguide 38 I~ ".;
2 such power to a slot ~not shown) in the cavity wall, from where it is coupled to the 3 cavity and particularly to the fill in bulb 30.
Bulb 30 is comprised of a bulb envelope and a fill in the envelope. In addition 6 to containing a rare gas, the fill cont~;n~ sulfur, selenium, or tellurium, or an 7 appropriate sulfur, sclc.liulll, or tellurium compound. For example, InS, As2S3, S2Cl2, 8 CS2, In2S3, SeS, SeO2, SeC14, SeTe, SCe2, P2Ses, Se3As2, TeO, TeS, TeCls, TeBrs, and 9 TeIs may be used. Additional compounds which may be used are those which have a suffic;enlly low vapor pressure at room temperature, i.e., are a solid or a liquid, and 11 which have a sufficiently high vapor ~l es~ul e at operating teml,cl alul e to provide useful 12 illllrnin~tion.
14 Before the invention of the sulfur, selenium, and tellurium lamps described above, the molecular spectra of these substances as generated by lamps known to the art 16 were recogni7ed to be primarily in the ultraviolet region. In the process performed by 17 the sulfur, selenium, and/or tellurium lamp described in connection with Figure 1, the 18 radiation initially provided by the elemPnt~l sulfur, selenium, and/or tellurium (herein 19 referred to as "active material") is similar to that in the prior art lamp, i.e., primarily in the ultraviolet region. However, as the radiation passes through the fill on its way 21 to the envelope wall, it is converted by a process of absorption and re-emission into 22 primarily visible radiation. The magnitude of the shift is directly related to the optical 23 path length, i.e., the density of the active material in the fill multiplied by the ~ mptpr 24 of the bulb. If a smaller bulb is used, a higher density of active material must be provided to efficiently produce the desired visible radiation while if a larger bulb is 26 used, lower density of such substances may be used.
28 In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the optical path length is 29 greatly increased without increasing the ~ meter of the bulb by reflecting the r~di~io after it initially passes through the fill a multiplicity of times through the fill.
31 F~lrlh~ ore, the density of the active material and the bulb size are small enough so SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-11-2~
WO 97t45858 rCT/US97tlO490 that the radiation which has initially passed through the fill and is being reflected may 2 have a s~hst~nti~l spectral power component in the ultraviolet region. That is, in the 3 absence of the multiple reflections, the ~ecll u.-- which is çmitted from the bulb might 4 not be ~ccept~hle for use in a visible lamp. However, due to the multiple reflections, S ultraviolet radiation is converted to visible, which produces a better ~e~llul~l. The 6 m~-ltiple reflections through the fill permit the use of a smaller density of active material 7 to provide an acceptable spectrum for any given application. Also, the smaller density 8 fill has reduced electrical impedance, which in many embo~linlPntc provides better 9 microwave or R.F. coupling to the fill. Operation at such smaller density of active material promotes stable operation, even without bulb rotation. Furthermore the 11 capability of using smaller bulbs increases design flexibility, and for example, f~cilit- ~r~
12 the provision of low power lamps. As used herein, the term "microwave" refers to a 13 frequency band which is higher than that of "R.F.".
As mentioned above, since the method of the invention requires multiple 16 reflections through the fill before the light is emitted to the outside, it was contPm~ te(l 17 to use a bulb having a reflective layer thereon, except for an aperture, from which the 18 light exits. A lamp of this type, which is disclosed in Roberts Patent No. RE 34,492,is 19 shown in Figure 2. Referring to Figure 2, spherical envelope or bulb 9 which is typically made of ~uartz contains a discharge forming fill 3. The envelope bears a 21 reflective coating 1 around the entire surface except for apel Lul~ 2, which is in registry 22 with light guide 4.
24 However, as heretofore described, it was found that because the Robertsstructure utilizes a coating which is by its nature adherent, (of a different material than 26 the bulb) it is not suitable for pr~rti~ing the method of the pl eselll invention. When the 27 bulb heats up during normal commercial use, the different thermal indices of expansion 28 of the quartz envelope and the coating cause the coating to crack. Thus, the lifetime of 29 the device is quite limited. Also, a coating is not normally thick enough to provide the degree of reflectivitv which is required to provide adequate wavelength conversion from 31 ultraviolet to visible.
S(J~:i 111 UTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-11-2~
Referring to Figure 3, an embo-lim~nt in ~~cordance with the p.esel,l invention 2 which solves these problems is depicted. Bulb 40 which encloses fill 42 is ~ul~ou~ded 3 by non-adherent reflecting jacket 44. The iacket is made thick enough to provide high 4 enough ultraviolet reflectivity to ~colmpli~h the desired wavelength conversion. There is an air gap 46 between the bulb and jacket which may be of the order of several 6 tho1~c ~ndth~ of an inch. The jacket contacts the bulb at a minimum of one loc~ti~l" and 7 may cont~t the bulb at multiple lor~tio~l~. There is an a~ lul e 48 through which the 8 light exits. Because the jacket does not adhere to the bulb, differential thermal 9 ~rp~n~ion at operating tempe~alures is ~ccommodated without r~ inE cracking of the 10 jacket.
12 In accordance with another embo(liment~ a diffusely reflecting powder such as 13 alumina or other powder may be used to fill in the gap between the jacket and the bulb.
14 In this case the gap may be somewhat wider.
16 In accordance with a further embodiment, a reflective bulb covering of ceramic 17 is used which is made of the same material as the bulb. Hence, there is no problem 18 with differential thermal expansion. Such covering may also be constructed so that 19 there is no adherence to the bulb.
21 In one method of constructing a jacket, a sintered body is built up directly on the 22 spherical bulb. It starts off as a powder, but is heated and pressurized so as to form 23 a sintered solid. Since there is no adherence, when the jacket is cracked it will fall 24 apart. Suitable materials are powdered alumina and silica, or combinations thereof.
The jacket is made thick enough to provide the required UV and visible reflectivity as 26 described herein and it is normally thicker than .5 mm and may be up to about 2 to 3 27 mm, which is much thicker than a coating.
29 A jacket construction is illustrated in connection with Figures 4 and 5. In this case, the jacket is formed separately from the bulb. The quartz bulb is blow molded 31 into a spherical form which results in a bulb that is dim~n~;onally controlled for OD
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-11-2~
WO 97/4S8~8 PCT/US97/10490 (outside diameter) and wall thickness. A filling tube is ~tt ~hed to the spherical bulb 2 at the time of mol-ling. For ~x~ le a bulb of 7 mm OD and wall thicknecs of 0.5 mm 3 filled with 0.05 mg Se and 500 Torr Xe has been operated in an inductivity coupled 4 apparatus. The filling tube is removed so that only a short protrusion from the bulb remains. The jacket is formed of lightly sintered highly reflective alumina (Al2O3) in 6 two pieces 44A and 44B as inrlirated in the Figure. The particle size distribution and 7 the crystalline structure of the jacket material must be capable of providing the desired 8 optical properties. Alumina in powder form is sold by different manufa.;lure~, and 9 for example, ~hlmin:~ powder sold by Nichia America Corp. under the dPsign~tion NP-999-42 may be suitable. The Figure is a cross-sectional view of the bulb, jacket, and 11 al el lule taken through the center of the bulb. The tip-off is not shown in the view.
12 The ID (inside (li~metPr) of the jacket is spherical in shape except the region near the 13 tip-off, not shown. The partially sintered jacket is sintered to the degree that particle 14 nerking (~tt.~hmPnt between the particles) can be observed on a micro-scale. The sintering is governed by the required thermal heat conductivity through the ceramic.
16 The purpose of the necking is to enhance heat conduction while having minim~l 17 influence on the ceramic's reflectivity. The two halves of the ceramic are sized for a 18 very close fit and can be held together by merh~nical means or can be cemPnte-l using 19 by way of example, the General Electric Arc Tube Coating No. 113-7-38. The jacket ID and bulb OD are chosen so that an average air gap allows adequate thermal heat 21 conduction away from the bulb and the jacket thickness is chosen for required 22 reflectivity. Bulbs have been operated with an air gap of several thousandths of an inch 23 and a minimum ceramic thirknp~ as thin as 1 mm.
~ In a further embo~lirnpnt mPntil-ne-l above, the material used for the bulb is 26 quartz (SiO2), and the reflective covering is silica (SiO2). Since the materials are the 27 same, there is no problem with differential thermal exp~n~ion. The silica is in 28 amorphous form and is comprised of small pieces which are fused together lightly. It 29 is made thick enough to achieve the desired reflectivity, and is white in color. The silica may also be applied in form of a non-adherent jacket.
g SUBSTITUTESHEET(RULE26) CA 022~6689 1998-11-2~
W O 97/45858 PCT~US97110490 While the apparatus aspects of the prese~-l invention described above and also in 2 connec~ion with Figures 6 to 13 have particular applicability when used with the sulfur, 3 sel~ni~m and teliurium based fills referred to, they possess advantages which are fill 4 in-lependen~, and thus may also be advantageously used with any fill, in~lu~ling various
5 metal halide fills such as tin halide, indium halide, g~ n halide, b- O~liUIII halide (e.g.
6 iodide), and th~lli--m halide.
8 When used in connection with sulfur and selenium based fills, the material for 9 jacket 44 in Figure 3 is highly reflective in the ultraviolet and visible, and has a low absorption over these ranges and preferably also in the infrared. The co~fing reflects 11 subst~n'i~lly all of the ultraviolet and visible radiation incident on it, mP~ning that its 12 refleclivily in both the ultraviolet and visible portions of the ~yc~Lr~ is greater than 13 85%, over the ranges (UV and visible) at least between 330 nm and 730 nm. Such 14 reflectivity is preferably greater than 97%, and most preferably greater than 99%.
Reflectivity is dl~fined as the total fraction of incident radiative power returned over the 16 above-mentioned wavelength ranges to the interior. High reflectivity is desirable 17 because any loss in light is multiplied by the number of reflecti~.,s. Jacket 10 is 18 preferably a diffuse reflector of the radiation, but could also be a specular reflector.
19 The jacket reflects incident radiation regardless of the angle of incidence. The above-mentioned reflectivity percentages preferably extend throughout wavelengths well below 21 330 nm, for example, down to 250 nm and most preferably down to 220 nm.
23 It is also advantageous, although not nece~ry, for the jacket to be reflective in 24 the infrared, so that the preferred material is highly reflective from the deep ultraviolet through the infrared. High infrared reflectivity is desirable because it improves the 26 energy k~n~e, and allows operation at lower power. The jacket must also be able to 27 withstand the high tempe~alul es which are generated in the bulb. As mentioned above, 28 alumina and silica are suitable materials and are present in the form of a jacket which 29 is thick enough to provide the re~uired reflectivity and structural rigidity.
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wo 97/4s858 ~CT/USg7/10490 As described above, in the operation of the bulb ~ ;..g sulfur or selenium, the 2 m-lltirle reflections of the ra~i~ti(! by the coating simulates the effect of a much larger 3 bulb, I,c~;ll;-.g operation at a lower density of active material and/or with a smaller 4 bulb. Each absorption and re-em~siQn of an ensemble of photons incl~ ing those ccrle~lJonding to the subst~nti~l ultraviolet r~iat;on which is r~flecte-l results in a shift 6 of the spectral power to distribution towards longer wavelengths. The ~e~ler the
8 When used in connection with sulfur and selenium based fills, the material for 9 jacket 44 in Figure 3 is highly reflective in the ultraviolet and visible, and has a low absorption over these ranges and preferably also in the infrared. The co~fing reflects 11 subst~n'i~lly all of the ultraviolet and visible radiation incident on it, mP~ning that its 12 refleclivily in both the ultraviolet and visible portions of the ~yc~Lr~ is greater than 13 85%, over the ranges (UV and visible) at least between 330 nm and 730 nm. Such 14 reflectivity is preferably greater than 97%, and most preferably greater than 99%.
Reflectivity is dl~fined as the total fraction of incident radiative power returned over the 16 above-mentioned wavelength ranges to the interior. High reflectivity is desirable 17 because any loss in light is multiplied by the number of reflecti~.,s. Jacket 10 is 18 preferably a diffuse reflector of the radiation, but could also be a specular reflector.
19 The jacket reflects incident radiation regardless of the angle of incidence. The above-mentioned reflectivity percentages preferably extend throughout wavelengths well below 21 330 nm, for example, down to 250 nm and most preferably down to 220 nm.
23 It is also advantageous, although not nece~ry, for the jacket to be reflective in 24 the infrared, so that the preferred material is highly reflective from the deep ultraviolet through the infrared. High infrared reflectivity is desirable because it improves the 26 energy k~n~e, and allows operation at lower power. The jacket must also be able to 27 withstand the high tempe~alul es which are generated in the bulb. As mentioned above, 28 alumina and silica are suitable materials and are present in the form of a jacket which 29 is thick enough to provide the re~uired reflectivity and structural rigidity.
Sl,~S 111 ~JTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-11-2~
wo 97/4s858 ~CT/USg7/10490 As described above, in the operation of the bulb ~ ;..g sulfur or selenium, the 2 m-lltirle reflections of the ra~i~ti(! by the coating simulates the effect of a much larger 3 bulb, I,c~;ll;-.g operation at a lower density of active material and/or with a smaller 4 bulb. Each absorption and re-em~siQn of an ensemble of photons incl~ ing those ccrle~lJonding to the subst~nti~l ultraviolet r~iat;on which is r~flecte-l results in a shift 6 of the spectral power to distribution towards longer wavelengths. The ~e~ler the
7 average number of bounces of a photon with the bulb envelope, the greater the number
8 of absorptions/re-f~mi~o;onc~ and the greater the resl-lting shift in spectra associ~te~l with
9 the photons. The spectral shift will be limited by the vibrational tempelalure of the active species.
12 While the aperture 48 in Figure 3 is depicted as being unjackPted, it is preferably 13 provided with a substance which has a high ultraviolet reflectivity, but a high 14 transparency to visible ~ )n. An example of such a material is a multi-layer dielccL- ic stack having the desired optical properties.
17 The parameter alpha is defined as the ratio of the aperture surface area to the 18 entire area of the reflective surface, including aperture area. Alpha can thus take on 19 values between near zero for a very small ap~l lul e to 0.5 for a half coated bulb. The preferred alpha has a value in the range of 0.02 to 0.3 for many applications. The ratio 21 alpha outside this range wil} also work but may be less effective, depending on the 22 particular application. Smaller alpha values will typically increase brightnf~ss, reduce 23 color tempelalure, and lower efficac~. Thus, an advantage of the invention is that a 24 very bright light source can be provided.
26 A further embodiment is shown in Figure 6, which utilizes a light port in the 27 form of fiber optic 14 which interfaces with the aperture 12. The area of the aperture 28 is considered to be the cross-sectional area of the port. In the embollim~nt of Figure 6, 29 diffusely reflecting jacket 10 surrounds bulb 19.
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Wo 97/458S8 PCT/USg7/10490 A further embo~ is shown in Figure 7, where parts similar to those in 2 Figure 6 are iden~ified with like reference numerals. Referring to Figure 7, the light 3 port which interfaces with the ap~l Lul ~ 12' is a compound parabolic reflector (CPC) 70.
4 As is known, a CPC appears in cross-section as two parabolic members tilted towards 5 each other at a tilt angle. It is effective to transform light having an angular 6 distribution of from 0 to 90 dez;l ees to a much smaller angular distribution, for example 7 zero to ten degrees or less (a maximum of ten degrees from normal). The CPC can be 8 either a reflector operating in air or a refractor using total internal reflection.
In the embodiment shown in Figure 7, the CPC may be arranged, for e~mple, 11 by coating the inside surface of a reflecting CPC so as to reflect the ultraviolet and 12 visible light, while end surface 72 is provided which passes visible light, but which may 13 be configured or coated to reflect unwanted components of the radiation back through 14 the aperture. Such unwanted components may for example, and without limit~tion, include particular wavelength region(s), particular polarization(s) and spatial orientation 16 of rays. Surface 72 is shown as a dashed line to connote that it both passes and reflects 17 radiation.
19 Figure 8 is ~nother embodin-~nt utili7ing a CPC. In this embodiment, the bulb is the same as in Figure 7, whereas the light port is fiber optic 14", feeding CPC 70.
21 In the embodiment of Figure 8, less heat will reach the CPC than in the embodiment of 22 Figure 7.
24 A problem in the embodiments of Figures 6 to 8 is that there is an intersection belweell the bulb and the light port at which the light can escape.
27 This problem may be solved, referring to Figure 3, by ntili7ing the interior, 28 diffusely reflecting wall 47 of the orifice formed by the jacket in front of the al,el Lu- e 29 as a light port. Thus, referring to Figure 9, a fiber optic 80 is disposed in front of the llirfu~ g orifice, and in Figure 10, a solid or reflective optic 82 (e.g. a CPC) is disposed 31 in front of the orifice. Light diffuses through the orifice and smoothly enters the fiber S~ 111 UTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-11-2~
wo 97/4S858 PCT/US97/10490 or other optic without encountering any abrupt intersectionc. Depending on the 2 applir~tion~ the ~ mPtPr of the optic may be larger, smaller, or about the sarne size as 3 the d~ etpr of the orifice.
The diffusing orifice is made long enough so that it r~ndomi7es the light but not 6 so long that too much light is absorbed. Figures 11 to 13 depict various orifice de~i~c.
7 In Figure 11, the jacket 90 has orifice 92, wherein flat front surface 94 is p.es~.lt. In 8 Figure 12, the jacket 91 has orifice 93 having a length which exten(lC beyond the jacket 9 th~ n~c.c. In Figure 13 the jacket 95 has orifice 97 and gr?dll~ted thickness area 98.
The cross sectional shape of the orifice will typically be circular, but could be 11 rectangular or have some other shape. The interior reflecting wall could be converging 12 or diverging. These orifice designs are illustrative, and others may occur to those skilled 13 in the art.
Referring to Figures 3, 9, 10 and 11, a reflector 49 (96 in Figure 11) is shown.16 The reflector is placed in contact or nearly in contact with jacket 44, and its function 17 is to reflect light leaking out at or near the interface in the vicinity of the orifice. While 18 the reflector is optional, it is expected to improve performance. Light reflected back 19 into the ceramic near the interface will primarily find its way back into the aperture or bulb unless lost by absorption. The radial (limencion (in the case where the orifice has 21 a circular cross-section the reflector would be donut shaped and the (lim~ncion would 22 be "radial") of reflector 49 should be about the same or smaller than the height of 23 orifice 47. It is preferably quartz coated with a dielectric stack in the visible.
Figure 14 depicts an embodiment of the invention wherein ultraviolet/visible 26 reflective coating 51 is located on the walls of metallic enclosure 52. Within the 27 enclosure is bulb 50 which does not bear a reflective covering. A screen 54, which is 28 also the aperture, completf~ the enclosure. The reflective surface constrains the light 29 produced to exit through the screen area. The enclosure may be a microwave cavity and microwave ~cit~tion may be introduced, e.g., through a coupling slot in the cavity. In 31 the alternative, microwave or R.F. power could be inductively applied, in which the case SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-ll-2~
the enclosure would not have to be a resonant cavity, but could provide effective 2 shielding.
4 An embodiment in which effective shielding is provided is shown in Figure 15.
The bulb is similar to that described in c~nnection with Figure 3, although in the 6 particular embodiment illustrated it has a bigger alpha than is shown in Figure 3. It 7 is powered by either microwave or R.F. power, which excites coupling coil 62 (shown 8 in cross-section) which surrounds the bulb. A Faraday shield 60 surrounds the unit for 9 electromagneti~ shielding except for the area around light port 69. If ~.ece~ ry, lossy ferrite or other magnetic shielding material may be provided outside enclosure 60 to 11 provide additional shielding. In other embo~ , other optical elemf~n~ may be in 12 co~ -.. ic~tion with the apel lu- e, in which case, the Faraday shield would enclose the 13 device except for the area around such optical elements. The opening in the closed box 14 is small enough so that it is beyond cutoff. The density of the active substance in the fill can vary from the same as standard values to very low density values.
17 Although the invention is capable of providing stable production of visible light 18 without bulb rotation, in certain applications, bulb rotation may be desirable. The 19 embodiment of Figure 16 depicts how this may be accomplished. Referring to the Figure, rotation is effected by an air turbine, so as not to block visible light. An air 21 bearing 7 and air inlet 8 are shown and air from an air turbine (not shown) is fed to the 22 inlet.
24 While the implem~nt~tion of the method aspects of the invention have been illustrated in connection with reflecting media on the bulb or shielriing enclosure 26 interior, it is not so limited as the only re~uirement is that the reflective media be 27 located so as to reflect radiation through the fill a multiplicity of times. For ~nnple, 28 a dielectric reflector may be located to the exterior of the bulb. Also, in an embodiment 29 using a microwave cavity having a coupling slot, loss of light can be avoided by covering the slot with a dielectric reflective cover.
SU~S 111 I,ITE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-ll-2~
The principle of wavelength conversion described above is illustrated in 2 connection with Figure 17, which depicts spectra of re~l,e~live electrodeless lamp bulbs 3 cont :ning a sulfur fill, in the ultraviolet and visible regions. Spectrum A is taken from 4 such a bulb having a low sulfur fill density of about 0.43 mg/cc and not having any 5 reflecting jacket or coating. It is seen that a portion of the r~di~tion which is emitte 6 from the bulb is in the ultraviolet region (defined herein as being below 370 nm).
8 Spc~ l B, on the other hand, is taken from the same bulb which has been 9 coated so as to provide mnltirle reflection~ in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. It is seen that a larger proportion of the radiation is in the visible region in 11 Spe~ ll B, and that the ultraviolet radiation is reduced by at least (more than) 50%.
13 While spectrum B as depicted in Figure 17 is suitable for some applications, it 14 is possible to obtain spectra having even proportionately more visible and less ultraviolet by using coatings having higher reflectivity. As noted above, the smaller the aperture, 16 the more relative visible output will be produced but the lower the efficacy. An 17 advantage of the invention is that a bright source, for example which would be useful 18 in some projection applications could be obtained by m~king the aperture very small.
19 In this case, greater brightness would be obtained at lower efficacy.
21 In the lamp utilized to obtain spectrum B, a spherical bulb made of quartz 22 having an ID of 33 mm and an OD of 35 mm was filled with sulfur at a density of .43 23 mg/cc and 50 torr of argon. The bulbs used in Figures 17 to 20 were used only to 24 demonstrate the method of the invention, and were coated. As discussed above, bulbs employing coa~ing~ would not be used in a comm~rcial embodiment because of problems 26 with longevity. The bulb in Figures 17 and 18 was coated with alumina (G.E. ~ igh~ing 27 Product No. 113-7-38,) to a thickness of .18 mm, except for the area at the aperture, 28 and had an alpha of 0.02. The bulb was enclosed in a cylindrical microwave cavity 29 having a coupling slot, and microwave power at 400 watts was applied, resulting in a power density of 21 watts/cc.
Sl,..S 111 ~JTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-ll-2~
The spectra in Figure 17 have been normalized, that is, the peaks of the 2 re~l-eclive spectra have been arbitrarily equ~li7e~l. The larnp operation of Figure 17 and 3 Figure 18 was without bulb rotation. The unnorm~ ed spectra are shown in Figure 4 18.
6 Figure 19 depicts norm~li7e~ spectrum A taken for an R.F. powered sulfur lamp 7 without a coating having a substantial spectral component in the ultraviolet region, and 8 norm~li7ed spectrum B taken for the same lamp bearing a reflective co~ting. It is seen 9 that there is proportionately more visible radiation in spectra B. In this case, the bulb had a 23 mm ID and a 25 mm OD, and was filled with sulfur at a density of .1 mg/cc 11 and 100 torr of krypton. It was powered at 220 watts for a power density of 35 12 watts/cc. The coated bulb was coated with alumina at a thickness of about .4 mm, and 13 the alpha was .07. The lamp operation was stable without bulb rotation, and the 14 unnorm~1i7e~1 spectra are shown in Figure 20. Although radiation is lost in the multiple reflections, unnormalized spectra B appears higher than spectrum A because the 16 detector used is subtended by only a fraction of the radiation ~mitted from an uncoated 17 bulb, but by a greater fraction of the radiation ~mitted from an aperture.
19 Comparing Figure 18 with Figure 20, it is noted that the larger alpha results in higher efficacy. Referring to Figure 18, it is noted that the visible output is lower in the 21 coated bulb than in the uncoated bulb since radiation is lost in the multiple reflections;
22 however, the visible output is greater than it would have been if reflecting had occurred 23 without conversion from the ultraviolet to the visible having had also occul.ed.
In accordance with the invention, in some embodiments the bulbs may be filled 26 with much lower ~I.onciti~ of active material than in the prior art.
28 The invention may be utilized with bulbs of different shapes, e.g., spherical, 29 cylindrical, oblate spheroid, toroidal, etc. Use of lamps in accordance with the invention include as a projection source and as an illllmin~tion source for general lighting.
SUBSTlTUTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-ll-2~
WO 97/458S8 PCI'/US97/10490 It should be noted that bulbs of varying power from lower power (e.g., 50 watts)2 to 300 watts and above including 1000 watt and 3000 watt bulbs may be provided.
3 Since the light may be removed via a light port, loss of light can be low, and the light 4 taken out via a port may be used for distributed type lighting, e.g., in an office bvilding.
7 In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the bulbs and lamps8 described herein may be used as a recapture engine to convert ultraviolet radiation from 9 an arbitrary source to visible light. For eY~mple, an external ultraviolet lamp may be provided, and the light theref~o"- may be fed to a bulb as described herein through a 11 light port. The bulb would then convert the ultraviolet radiation to visible light.
13 Finally, it should be appreciated that while the invention has been disclosed in 14 connection with illustrative embo-limPntc, variations will occur to those skilled in the art, and the scope of the invention is defined by the claims which are appended hereto.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) . .
12 While the aperture 48 in Figure 3 is depicted as being unjackPted, it is preferably 13 provided with a substance which has a high ultraviolet reflectivity, but a high 14 transparency to visible ~ )n. An example of such a material is a multi-layer dielccL- ic stack having the desired optical properties.
17 The parameter alpha is defined as the ratio of the aperture surface area to the 18 entire area of the reflective surface, including aperture area. Alpha can thus take on 19 values between near zero for a very small ap~l lul e to 0.5 for a half coated bulb. The preferred alpha has a value in the range of 0.02 to 0.3 for many applications. The ratio 21 alpha outside this range wil} also work but may be less effective, depending on the 22 particular application. Smaller alpha values will typically increase brightnf~ss, reduce 23 color tempelalure, and lower efficac~. Thus, an advantage of the invention is that a 24 very bright light source can be provided.
26 A further embodiment is shown in Figure 6, which utilizes a light port in the 27 form of fiber optic 14 which interfaces with the aperture 12. The area of the aperture 28 is considered to be the cross-sectional area of the port. In the embollim~nt of Figure 6, 29 diffusely reflecting jacket 10 surrounds bulb 19.
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Wo 97/458S8 PCT/USg7/10490 A further embo~ is shown in Figure 7, where parts similar to those in 2 Figure 6 are iden~ified with like reference numerals. Referring to Figure 7, the light 3 port which interfaces with the ap~l Lul ~ 12' is a compound parabolic reflector (CPC) 70.
4 As is known, a CPC appears in cross-section as two parabolic members tilted towards 5 each other at a tilt angle. It is effective to transform light having an angular 6 distribution of from 0 to 90 dez;l ees to a much smaller angular distribution, for example 7 zero to ten degrees or less (a maximum of ten degrees from normal). The CPC can be 8 either a reflector operating in air or a refractor using total internal reflection.
In the embodiment shown in Figure 7, the CPC may be arranged, for e~mple, 11 by coating the inside surface of a reflecting CPC so as to reflect the ultraviolet and 12 visible light, while end surface 72 is provided which passes visible light, but which may 13 be configured or coated to reflect unwanted components of the radiation back through 14 the aperture. Such unwanted components may for example, and without limit~tion, include particular wavelength region(s), particular polarization(s) and spatial orientation 16 of rays. Surface 72 is shown as a dashed line to connote that it both passes and reflects 17 radiation.
19 Figure 8 is ~nother embodin-~nt utili7ing a CPC. In this embodiment, the bulb is the same as in Figure 7, whereas the light port is fiber optic 14", feeding CPC 70.
21 In the embodiment of Figure 8, less heat will reach the CPC than in the embodiment of 22 Figure 7.
24 A problem in the embodiments of Figures 6 to 8 is that there is an intersection belweell the bulb and the light port at which the light can escape.
27 This problem may be solved, referring to Figure 3, by ntili7ing the interior, 28 diffusely reflecting wall 47 of the orifice formed by the jacket in front of the al,el Lu- e 29 as a light port. Thus, referring to Figure 9, a fiber optic 80 is disposed in front of the llirfu~ g orifice, and in Figure 10, a solid or reflective optic 82 (e.g. a CPC) is disposed 31 in front of the orifice. Light diffuses through the orifice and smoothly enters the fiber S~ 111 UTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-11-2~
wo 97/4S858 PCT/US97/10490 or other optic without encountering any abrupt intersectionc. Depending on the 2 applir~tion~ the ~ mPtPr of the optic may be larger, smaller, or about the sarne size as 3 the d~ etpr of the orifice.
The diffusing orifice is made long enough so that it r~ndomi7es the light but not 6 so long that too much light is absorbed. Figures 11 to 13 depict various orifice de~i~c.
7 In Figure 11, the jacket 90 has orifice 92, wherein flat front surface 94 is p.es~.lt. In 8 Figure 12, the jacket 91 has orifice 93 having a length which exten(lC beyond the jacket 9 th~ n~c.c. In Figure 13 the jacket 95 has orifice 97 and gr?dll~ted thickness area 98.
The cross sectional shape of the orifice will typically be circular, but could be 11 rectangular or have some other shape. The interior reflecting wall could be converging 12 or diverging. These orifice designs are illustrative, and others may occur to those skilled 13 in the art.
Referring to Figures 3, 9, 10 and 11, a reflector 49 (96 in Figure 11) is shown.16 The reflector is placed in contact or nearly in contact with jacket 44, and its function 17 is to reflect light leaking out at or near the interface in the vicinity of the orifice. While 18 the reflector is optional, it is expected to improve performance. Light reflected back 19 into the ceramic near the interface will primarily find its way back into the aperture or bulb unless lost by absorption. The radial (limencion (in the case where the orifice has 21 a circular cross-section the reflector would be donut shaped and the (lim~ncion would 22 be "radial") of reflector 49 should be about the same or smaller than the height of 23 orifice 47. It is preferably quartz coated with a dielectric stack in the visible.
Figure 14 depicts an embodiment of the invention wherein ultraviolet/visible 26 reflective coating 51 is located on the walls of metallic enclosure 52. Within the 27 enclosure is bulb 50 which does not bear a reflective covering. A screen 54, which is 28 also the aperture, completf~ the enclosure. The reflective surface constrains the light 29 produced to exit through the screen area. The enclosure may be a microwave cavity and microwave ~cit~tion may be introduced, e.g., through a coupling slot in the cavity. In 31 the alternative, microwave or R.F. power could be inductively applied, in which the case SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-ll-2~
the enclosure would not have to be a resonant cavity, but could provide effective 2 shielding.
4 An embodiment in which effective shielding is provided is shown in Figure 15.
The bulb is similar to that described in c~nnection with Figure 3, although in the 6 particular embodiment illustrated it has a bigger alpha than is shown in Figure 3. It 7 is powered by either microwave or R.F. power, which excites coupling coil 62 (shown 8 in cross-section) which surrounds the bulb. A Faraday shield 60 surrounds the unit for 9 electromagneti~ shielding except for the area around light port 69. If ~.ece~ ry, lossy ferrite or other magnetic shielding material may be provided outside enclosure 60 to 11 provide additional shielding. In other embo~ , other optical elemf~n~ may be in 12 co~ -.. ic~tion with the apel lu- e, in which case, the Faraday shield would enclose the 13 device except for the area around such optical elements. The opening in the closed box 14 is small enough so that it is beyond cutoff. The density of the active substance in the fill can vary from the same as standard values to very low density values.
17 Although the invention is capable of providing stable production of visible light 18 without bulb rotation, in certain applications, bulb rotation may be desirable. The 19 embodiment of Figure 16 depicts how this may be accomplished. Referring to the Figure, rotation is effected by an air turbine, so as not to block visible light. An air 21 bearing 7 and air inlet 8 are shown and air from an air turbine (not shown) is fed to the 22 inlet.
24 While the implem~nt~tion of the method aspects of the invention have been illustrated in connection with reflecting media on the bulb or shielriing enclosure 26 interior, it is not so limited as the only re~uirement is that the reflective media be 27 located so as to reflect radiation through the fill a multiplicity of times. For ~nnple, 28 a dielectric reflector may be located to the exterior of the bulb. Also, in an embodiment 29 using a microwave cavity having a coupling slot, loss of light can be avoided by covering the slot with a dielectric reflective cover.
SU~S 111 I,ITE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-ll-2~
The principle of wavelength conversion described above is illustrated in 2 connection with Figure 17, which depicts spectra of re~l,e~live electrodeless lamp bulbs 3 cont :ning a sulfur fill, in the ultraviolet and visible regions. Spectrum A is taken from 4 such a bulb having a low sulfur fill density of about 0.43 mg/cc and not having any 5 reflecting jacket or coating. It is seen that a portion of the r~di~tion which is emitte 6 from the bulb is in the ultraviolet region (defined herein as being below 370 nm).
8 Spc~ l B, on the other hand, is taken from the same bulb which has been 9 coated so as to provide mnltirle reflection~ in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. It is seen that a larger proportion of the radiation is in the visible region in 11 Spe~ ll B, and that the ultraviolet radiation is reduced by at least (more than) 50%.
13 While spectrum B as depicted in Figure 17 is suitable for some applications, it 14 is possible to obtain spectra having even proportionately more visible and less ultraviolet by using coatings having higher reflectivity. As noted above, the smaller the aperture, 16 the more relative visible output will be produced but the lower the efficacy. An 17 advantage of the invention is that a bright source, for example which would be useful 18 in some projection applications could be obtained by m~king the aperture very small.
19 In this case, greater brightness would be obtained at lower efficacy.
21 In the lamp utilized to obtain spectrum B, a spherical bulb made of quartz 22 having an ID of 33 mm and an OD of 35 mm was filled with sulfur at a density of .43 23 mg/cc and 50 torr of argon. The bulbs used in Figures 17 to 20 were used only to 24 demonstrate the method of the invention, and were coated. As discussed above, bulbs employing coa~ing~ would not be used in a comm~rcial embodiment because of problems 26 with longevity. The bulb in Figures 17 and 18 was coated with alumina (G.E. ~ igh~ing 27 Product No. 113-7-38,) to a thickness of .18 mm, except for the area at the aperture, 28 and had an alpha of 0.02. The bulb was enclosed in a cylindrical microwave cavity 29 having a coupling slot, and microwave power at 400 watts was applied, resulting in a power density of 21 watts/cc.
Sl,..S 111 ~JTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-ll-2~
The spectra in Figure 17 have been normalized, that is, the peaks of the 2 re~l-eclive spectra have been arbitrarily equ~li7e~l. The larnp operation of Figure 17 and 3 Figure 18 was without bulb rotation. The unnorm~ ed spectra are shown in Figure 4 18.
6 Figure 19 depicts norm~li7e~ spectrum A taken for an R.F. powered sulfur lamp 7 without a coating having a substantial spectral component in the ultraviolet region, and 8 norm~li7ed spectrum B taken for the same lamp bearing a reflective co~ting. It is seen 9 that there is proportionately more visible radiation in spectra B. In this case, the bulb had a 23 mm ID and a 25 mm OD, and was filled with sulfur at a density of .1 mg/cc 11 and 100 torr of krypton. It was powered at 220 watts for a power density of 35 12 watts/cc. The coated bulb was coated with alumina at a thickness of about .4 mm, and 13 the alpha was .07. The lamp operation was stable without bulb rotation, and the 14 unnorm~1i7e~1 spectra are shown in Figure 20. Although radiation is lost in the multiple reflections, unnormalized spectra B appears higher than spectrum A because the 16 detector used is subtended by only a fraction of the radiation ~mitted from an uncoated 17 bulb, but by a greater fraction of the radiation ~mitted from an aperture.
19 Comparing Figure 18 with Figure 20, it is noted that the larger alpha results in higher efficacy. Referring to Figure 18, it is noted that the visible output is lower in the 21 coated bulb than in the uncoated bulb since radiation is lost in the multiple reflections;
22 however, the visible output is greater than it would have been if reflecting had occurred 23 without conversion from the ultraviolet to the visible having had also occul.ed.
In accordance with the invention, in some embodiments the bulbs may be filled 26 with much lower ~I.onciti~ of active material than in the prior art.
28 The invention may be utilized with bulbs of different shapes, e.g., spherical, 29 cylindrical, oblate spheroid, toroidal, etc. Use of lamps in accordance with the invention include as a projection source and as an illllmin~tion source for general lighting.
SUBSTlTUTE SHEET (RULE 26) CA 022~6689 1998-ll-2~
WO 97/458S8 PCI'/US97/10490 It should be noted that bulbs of varying power from lower power (e.g., 50 watts)2 to 300 watts and above including 1000 watt and 3000 watt bulbs may be provided.
3 Since the light may be removed via a light port, loss of light can be low, and the light 4 taken out via a port may be used for distributed type lighting, e.g., in an office bvilding.
7 In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the bulbs and lamps8 described herein may be used as a recapture engine to convert ultraviolet radiation from 9 an arbitrary source to visible light. For eY~mple, an external ultraviolet lamp may be provided, and the light theref~o"- may be fed to a bulb as described herein through a 11 light port. The bulb would then convert the ultraviolet radiation to visible light.
13 Finally, it should be appreciated that while the invention has been disclosed in 14 connection with illustrative embo-limPntc, variations will occur to those skilled in the art, and the scope of the invention is defined by the claims which are appended hereto.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) . .
Claims (50)
1) A method of providing radiation, comprising the steps of, providing a lamp fill which upon excitation, contains at least one substance selected from the group of sulfur and selenium, exciting said lamp fill to cause said sulfur or selenium to produce molecular radiation which includes a substantial spectral power component in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum and a spectral power component in the visible region of the spectrum, reflecting said produced radiation in a contained space through said fill a multiplicity of times, the passages through the fill being effective to convert at least part of the radiation due to said substantial spectral power component in the ultraviolet region to radiation in the visible region, resulting in transformed radiation comprised of the combination of reduced ultraviolet radiation and visible radiation which is greater than it would have been if reflecting had occurred in the absence of said conversion from the ultraviolet region to the visible region, and emitting said visible radiation from said contained space.
2) The method of claim 1 wherein said substantial spectral power component in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum has a first magnitude, and wherein said reduced ultraviolet radiation is at least 50% less than said first magnitude.
3) The method of claim 2 wherein said substantial spectral power component in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum having said first magnitude is at least 20% of the sum of the spectral power components of the produced radiation in the ultraviolet and visible regions.
4) The method of claim 2 wherein said spectral power component in the visibleregion of the spectrum has a second magnitude, and wherein said visible radiation which is emitted from said contained space is increased from said second magnitude by at least 50% of the difference between said first magnitude and the magnitude of the spectral power component of said reduced ultraviolet radiation.
5) A method of providing radiation, comprising the steps of, providing a lamp fill which upon excitation, contains at least one substance selected from the group of sulfur and selenium, exciting said lamp fill to cause said sulfur or selenium to produce molecular radiation which includes a spectral power component in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum having a given magnitude and a spectral power component in the visible region of the spectrum, reflecting said produced radiation in a contained space through said fill a multiplicity of times, the passages through the fill being effective to convert at least part of the radiation due to the spectral power component in the ultraviolet region to radiation in the visible region, resulting in transformed radiation comprised of the combination of reduced ultraviolet radiation having a magnitude at least 50% less than said given magnitude and visible radiation which is greater than it would have been if reflecting had occurred in the absence of said conversion from the ultraviolet region to the visible region, and emitting said visible radiation from said contained space.
6) The method of claim 5 wherein said spectral power component in the visibleregion of the spectrum has a certain magnitude, and wherein said visible radiation which is emitted from said contained space is increased from said certain magnitude by at least 50% of the difference between said given magnitude and the magnitude of the spectral power component of said reduced ultraviolet radiation.
7) The method of claims 1 or 5 wherein said at least one substance is sulfur.
8) The method of claim 7 wherein said transformed radiation from said sulfur is principally visible radiation.
9) The method of claims 1 or 5 wherein said at least one substance is selenium.
10) The method of claim 9 wherein said transformed radiation from said selenium is principally visible radiation.
11) The method of claims 1 or 5 wherein said at least one substance is sulfur and selenium.
12) The method of claim 11 wherein said transformed radiation from each of said sulfur and selenium is principally visible radiation.
13) The method of claims 1 or 5 wherein said step of reflecting includes reflecting substantially all of said radiation which is in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum.
14) The method of claims 1 or 5 wherein said step of reflecting includes reflecting more than 97% of said radiation which is in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum.
15) The method of claims 1 or 5 wherein said contained space comprises an envelope which contains said lamp fill.
16) The method of claims 1 or 5 wherein said contained space comprises an excitation cavity in which an envelope which contains said lamp fill is located.
17) A light emitting device, comprising, an electrodeless envelope containing a discharge forming fill having first and second portions, and a diffusely reflecting ceramic covering for said first envelope portion in proximity thereto which contacts at least one location of said envelope and which does not crack at operating temperature due to differential thermal expansion between said envelope and said covering, wherein said second portion of said envelope comprises a light transmissive aperture through which said diffusely reflecting ceramic covering reflects light.
18) The device of claim 17 wherein said diffusely reflecting ceramic covering comprises a jacket which does not adhere to the envelope.
19) The device of claim 18 wherein the jacket contacts multiple locations of said envelope.
20) The device of claim 19 wherein those portions of the jacket which do not contact the envelope are spaced within several thousandths of an inch of the envelope.
21) The device of claim 17 wherein said diffusely reflecting ceramic covering is made of the same material as the envelope.
22) The device of claim 21 wherein said material is silica.
23) A light emitting device, comprising, an electrodeless envelope containing a discharge forming fill, having first and second portions, a diffusely reflecting light reflecting jacket surrounding said first portion of said envelope, which without adhering to the envelope contacts at least one location thereof, and said second portion of said envelope comprises a light transmissive aperture through which said jacket reflects light.
24) The device of claim 23 wherein said envelope consists of said first and second portions.
25) The device of claims 23 or 24 further comprising a light port which extends from said aperture.
26) The device of claim 25 wherein said jacket contacts the envelope at multiplelocations.
27) The device of claim 23 wherein portions of the jacket which do not contact the envelope are spaced from it within several thousandths of an inch.
28) The device of claim 25 wherein the jacket is a sintered powder.
29) The device of claim 25 wherein the envelope is spherical and the jacket is made of two portions which are hemispherical.
30) The device of claim 25 wherein said jacket includes a light diffusing orifice which comprises said light port.
31) The device of claim 30 wherein said orifice is sufficiently long to randomize light which enters it.
32) The device of claim 31 wherein said light port includes a fiber optic member.
33) The device of claim 31 wherein said light port includes a compound parabolicconcentrator.
34) The device of claim 25 wherein said fill upon excitation includes sulfur, selenium, or tellurium for providing principally visible radiation.
35) The device of claim 25 wherein the jacket is of such material and is sufficiently thick so that substantially all of the visible and ultraviolet radiation which is incident on it is reflected.
36) The device of claim 25, in combination with microwave or R.F. generating means for providing electromagnetic power, and means for coupling said electromagnetic power to the fill in said envelope.
37) A light emitting device, comprising, a contained fill, which upon excitation includes at least one substance selectedfrom the group of sulfur and selenium, and an enclosure surrounding said fill consisting of first and second portions, a reflector on or around said first portion of said enclosure of a material which reflects substantially all of the ultraviolet and visible radiation incident on it through the fill, wherein said second portion of said enclosure comprises an aperture which is notsurrounded by said reflector and which is substantially transparent to visible light.
38) The device of claim 37 wherein said substance is present in the excited fill in a predetermined amount and wherein the combination of said predetermined amount and said reflection through said fill is sufficient to produce a desired spectrum of principally molecular radiation in the visible portion of the spectrum, which is emitted from said aperture.
39) The device of claims 37 or 38 wherein said material is a diffusely reflecting material.
40) The device of claim 39 wherein said diffusely reflecting material reflects more than 97% of the ultraviolet and visible radiation incident on it.
41) The device of claim 40 wherein said diffusely reflecting material reflects more than 99% of the ultraviolet and visible radiation incident on it.
42) The device of claim 39 wherein said aperture substantially reflects ultraviolet radiation.
43) The device of claim 41 wherein said diffusely reflecting material comprises alumina.
44) The light emitting device of claim 39 wherein said device is an electrodeless lamp bulb and wherein said enclosure is an envelope which contains said fill.
45) The light emitting device of claim 44 wherein said reflector comprises a jacket which surrounds said first surface portion of said envelope, and which contacts said first surface portion of said envelope at at least one location, but which does not adhere thereto.
46) The light emitting device of claim 37 wherein said enclosure surrounds said envelope and is metallic, and said reflector is on the inside of said metallic enclosure.
47) An electrodeless lamp comprising an envelope containing a discharge forming fill, a first portion of said envelope bearing light reflective material, a second portion of said envelope comprising an aperture, a light port in registration with said aperture, and a metallic enclosure surrounding said envelope which is closed except for an opening through which said light port extends, inductive coupling means in said enclosure in proximity to said envelope, and R.F. generating means for exciting said inductive coupling means, which couples R.F. power to the fill in said envelope.
48) An electrodeless lamp, comprising an electrodeless envelope containing a discharge forming fill, having first and second portions, a shell surrounding said first portion, and a diffusely reflecting powder captured between said shell and said envelope, wherein said second portion of said envelope comprises a light transmissive aperture through which said powder reflects light.
49) The lamp of claim 48 wherein said shell is also made of diffusely reflectingmaterial.
50) The device of claim 30 further including reflecting means adjacent said orifice for reflecting light at the orifice interface back into the orifice.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US65638196A | 1996-05-31 | 1996-05-31 | |
| US08/656,381 | 1996-05-31 | ||
| PCT/US1997/010490 WO1997045858A1 (en) | 1996-05-31 | 1997-05-29 | Multiple reflection electrodeless lamp with sulfur or selenium fill and method for providing radiation using such a lamp |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2256689A1 true CA2256689A1 (en) | 1997-12-04 |
Family
ID=24632790
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002256689A Abandoned CA2256689A1 (en) | 1996-05-31 | 1997-05-29 | Multiple reflection electrodeless lamp with sulfur or sellenium fill and method for providing radiation using such a lamp |
Country Status (18)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (3) | US5903091A (en) |
| EP (2) | EP1143482A3 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2000515299A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR20000016099A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE246844T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU720607B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9709615A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2256689A1 (en) |
| CZ (1) | CZ385298A3 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69723978D1 (en) |
| HU (1) | HUP9904316A3 (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ332503A (en) |
| PL (1) | PL331378A1 (en) |
| RU (1) | RU2190283C2 (en) |
| SK (1) | SK157898A3 (en) |
| TW (1) | TW429391B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1997045858A1 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA974773B (en) |
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- 1997-05-29 PL PL97331378A patent/PL331378A1/en unknown
- 1997-05-29 CZ CZ983852A patent/CZ385298A3/en unknown
- 1997-05-29 HU HU9904316A patent/HUP9904316A3/en unknown
- 1997-05-29 KR KR1019980709666A patent/KR20000016099A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-05-29 JP JP09543101A patent/JP2000515299A/en active Pending
- 1997-05-29 DE DE69723978T patent/DE69723978D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-05-29 EP EP01114807A patent/EP1143482A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1997-05-29 NZ NZ332503A patent/NZ332503A/en unknown
- 1997-05-29 WO PCT/US1997/010490 patent/WO1997045858A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-05-29 SK SK1578-98A patent/SK157898A3/en unknown
- 1997-05-29 AT AT97928997T patent/ATE246844T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-05-29 RU RU98123815/09A patent/RU2190283C2/en active
- 1997-05-29 TW TW086107291A patent/TW429391B/en active
- 1997-05-29 CA CA002256689A patent/CA2256689A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-05-29 EP EP97928997A patent/EP0902965B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-05-29 BR BR9709615A patent/BR9709615A/en unknown
- 1997-05-30 ZA ZA9704773A patent/ZA974773B/en unknown
-
1999
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-
2001
- 2001-06-06 US US09/874,374 patent/US6509675B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BR9709615A (en) | 1999-08-10 |
| DE69723978D1 (en) | 2003-09-11 |
| HUP9904316A2 (en) | 2000-04-28 |
| US6246160B1 (en) | 2001-06-12 |
| EP0902965A1 (en) | 1999-03-24 |
| PL331378A1 (en) | 1999-07-05 |
| AU3313097A (en) | 1998-01-05 |
| JP2000515299A (en) | 2000-11-14 |
| WO1997045858A1 (en) | 1997-12-04 |
| KR20000016099A (en) | 2000-03-25 |
| RU2190283C2 (en) | 2002-09-27 |
| US6509675B2 (en) | 2003-01-21 |
| EP1143482A3 (en) | 2001-12-12 |
| US20020017845A1 (en) | 2002-02-14 |
| AU720607B2 (en) | 2000-06-08 |
| CZ385298A3 (en) | 1999-05-12 |
| ATE246844T1 (en) | 2003-08-15 |
| US5903091A (en) | 1999-05-11 |
| EP1143482A2 (en) | 2001-10-10 |
| TW429391B (en) | 2001-04-11 |
| NZ332503A (en) | 2000-03-27 |
| EP0902965B1 (en) | 2003-08-06 |
| ZA974773B (en) | 1997-12-01 |
| SK157898A3 (en) | 1999-07-12 |
| HUP9904316A3 (en) | 2000-05-29 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued |