CA2259552A1

CA2259552A1 - Method of treating sinusitis with uridine triphosphates and related compounds

Info

Publication number: CA2259552A1
Application number: CA002259552A
Authority: CA
Inventors: David J. Drutz; William Pendergast; Karla M. Jacobus; Suhaib Siddiqi; Janet L. Rideout; Ben Yerxa
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Inspire Pharmaceuticals Inc
Priority date: 1996-07-03
Filing date: 1997-07-03
Publication date: 1998-01-29
Also published as: AU4408997A; NZ333983A; EP0939637A1; WO1998003177A1; AU728504B2; JP2000514461A; US5972904A; KR20000067852A; US5981506A; CN1227491A; US5789391A; EP0939637A4; US5958897A

Abstract

The invention is the method of treating sinusitis using nucleoside phosphates selected from UTP, ATP, CTP or derivative thereof, or using dinucleoside tetraphosphates of adenosine or uridine.

Description

METHOD OF TREATrNG SINUSITIS WITH
URIDINE TRIPHOSPHATES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
- (Case No. 96.484-A) INTRODUCTIO~
Technical Field This invention relates to a method of removin~ or preventing the accumulation ofretained mucous secretions from the sinus passa~es of a patient hy administering certain 5 uridine. adenosine~ or cytidine triphosphates.

Background of the lnvention Sinusitis is an infl;lrnm~tion of the paranasal sinuses typically associated with an upper respiratory infection. Sinusitis is this country s most comrnon health-care compl~int~
10 affecting an estim~tPd 31 million people. (A. Moss and V. Parsons. National Center for ~ealth Statistics, 1986: 66-7. DHHS Publication NO. (PHS)86-1588 (1985)). Other less cornmon causes include aller~ies. air pollution. diving and swimming under water. structural defects of the nose (deviated septum). and as a complication of dental work. A common complication of sinusitis is a related middle ear infection (otitis media) due to the close 15 proximity of the sinuses and eustachian tube (M.3~evonta and A. Blokm~nis, Can. Fam.
Physician 40, 1969-72, 1975-76 (1994)). In addition. most patients with primary ciliary Ai~l in~ci~ experience chronic or recurrent episodes of sinllcitiC
As the sinus infl~mm~tion progress, mucus from the sinuses becollles trapped wit'hin the sinus p~cc~gec This blockage of mucus contributes to the hP~A~rhe pain, fever, and 20 difficulty in bl~al~ lg commonly reported in this disorder Common symptoms are hea~A~che, tenA~rnÇsc or discomfort over the forehead and sinus area of the face, nasal discharge, slight increase in tellllJc~ e, and general malaise.
At the present time. current treatrn~nt for sinusitis consists of antibiotics for the infection. ~ntihict~rnin~/decongestant agents (typically nasal spray or drops) or saline nasal 25 sprays to relieve congestion. mucolytic agents, steam inhalation, warm collll,iesses applied over the sinus area, analgesics. and anti-infl~ ol~ agents to relieve discomfort. (D.

CA 022~9~2 1998-12-31 WO 98/03177 PCT/US97/1179~

Kennedy, Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 103, 845-46 (1990)). In addition, exposure to environm~nt~l irritants, such as pollution, smoke, and dust should be eiimin~ted or reduced.
If the sinusitis becomes a chronic problem, surgical enlargement and drainage of the sinus passages may be considered.
An additional patient population at risk for development of sinusitis is patients who are intubated with a nasotracheal tube. (J. Reuler, West. J. Med. 163(1). 40-8(1995)). The tube irritates the lining of the nasopharngeal airways, and because of the close proximity to the sinuses and the large number of microorg~ni~mc present in the nasopharyngeal airways, severe sinusitis may result. At present, treatment measures remain similar to those described above, including antibiotics, analgesics, warm co."l,lcs~es, and surgical drainage, but also require removal ofthe nasotracheal tube and reintllh~tion by tracheostomy. or, in fewer cases, by the oropharyngeal route. The symptoms of this type of sinusitis are intense discomfort and tenderness over the sinus area, increased drainage from the naso-sinus airways, fever, and potentially other, more severe infections and complications.
Uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) and ad~no.cin~ 5'-triphosphate (ATP) have been shown to affect the ion transport activity of human airway epithelial cell, as described in U.S. Pat.
No. 5,292,498. Specifically, UTP and ATP induce chloride and water secretion in the lung epithelial cells of cystic fibrosis patients, helping to liquefy and facilitate transport of the highly viscous airway surface mucus that characterizes this disease. It has also been found that UTP and ATP stimulate the ciliary beat frequency in lung epithelial cells, further facilitating the ~ of mucus from lungs of cystic fibrosis patients, pneurnonia patients, or normal individuals. (R. Boucher, et al., Adenosine and Adenine Nucleotides: From Molecular Biology to Integrative Physiology, p. 525-32 entitled "Mech~ni~m~ and Therapeutic Actions of Uridine Triphosphates in the Lung" (L. Belardinelli, et al. ed., Alumwer A~lemic Publishers, Boston 1995); (L. Gheber, et al. J. Membrane Biol. 147, g3-93) (1995)). A French biotechnology Colllp~ly, Laboratories SYNTHELABO FRANCE, has developed a method of treating nasal mucous fluid congestion under the tr~-lem~rk narne rhinATPTM which uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the active compound. This technology for rhinATPTM was licensed under U.S. Patent No. 5,420,116 (applicant intends the disclosure of this and all other patent references and publications cited herein be CA 022~9~2 1998-12-31 incorporated herein by reference). Their method of tre~tm~rlt comprises ~(lmini~tering ATP
to the nasal cavity via nasaJ spray or nasal drops.
Applicant has discovered that the clearance of the retained mucous fluid in sinusitis patients can be facilitated by ~lmini.~t~ring UTP and its related compounds as 5 well as other nucleoside phosphates such as: P',P4- di(uridine-S') tetraphosphate (U2P4);
adenosine S'-triphosphate (ATP); cytidine 5'-triphosphate (CTP); I,N6-ethenoadenosine S'-triphosphate; adenosine l-oxide 5'-triphosphate; 3,N4-ethenocytidine 5'-triphosphate; or P',P4 - di(adenosine-5') tetraphosphate (A2P4) to the site of fluid blockage. UTP and U2P4 are the preferred embodiments of the present invention. By ~lminictering UTP or U2P4 10 soon after symptoms first appear, total blockage of the sinuses and the resulting symptoms may be avoided.

CA 022~9~2 1998-12-31 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A method of treating sinusitis in a su~ject in need of such treatment is disclosed. The method comprises ~-lministering to the patient a compound of Formula I, or a 5 pharrnaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in an amount effective to hydrate mucous secretions and stimulate ci}iary beat frequency in the luminal epithelial cells of the sinus passages:
Formula I
o 1~ r ~--O O--x~ ~

wherein:
X" X2, and X3 are each independently either 0~ or S~. Preferably~ X2A and X3 are 0~.
R, is 0, imido, methylene, or dihalomethylene (e.g., dichloromethylene, diflouromethylene). Preferably, Rl is o~;ygen or difluoromethylene.
R2 is H or Br. Preferably, R2 is H. Particularly prcrelled compounds of Formula I
are uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) and uridine 5'-0-(3-thiotriphosphate) ~UTP~S].In addition to Formula 1, Formula II--P',P4 di(uridine-S') tetraphosphate [U2P4] is also 20 a preferred embodiment of the invention. Another compound of Formula II is P',P4-di(~f~eno~in~-5') tetraphosphate [A2P4]. The method of the present invention can also include ~lministering a compound of Formula III (adenosine S'-triphosphate [ATP] or l,N6-ethenoadenosine 5'-triphosphate or adenosine 1-oxide 5'-triphosphate), or Formula IV
(cytidine 5'-triphosphate [CTP] or 3,N4-ethenocytidine S'-triphosphate).

Formula 11 o o o o H

5~o~
o~ o~

1 0 wherein:
B is uracil or adenine, ~ ched as shown in Forrnulae I and III.
Forrnula III
.

<~XN
R
o I V

H H
OH OH

wherein:
Rl, X" X2, and X3 are defined as in Formula I.
R3 and R4 are H while R. is nothing and there is a double bond between N-l and C-(adenine), or R3, R4 and R~ taken together are -CH=CH-, forming a ring from N-6 to N-l with a double bond between N-6 and C-6 (I,N6-etheno~denin.o).

CA 022~9~2 1998-12-31 Formula IV
~.~
o~
c o o O
J
~ ~ro- ~
X, X, X, ~ ~
wherein: ' 1 0~ ~
R" X" X~? and X3 are defined as in Formula I.
R5 and R6 are H while R7 is nothing and there is a double bond between N-3 and C-4 10 (cytosine), or, R5, Rh and R, taken together are -CH=CH-; forming a ring from N-3 to N-4 with a double bond between N-4 and C-4 (3,N4-ehtenocytosine).
A second aspect of the present invention is a pharmaceutical formulation cont~in-ng the compound of Formula 1, Il, III or IV iIl an amount effective to hydrate mucous secretions 15 and stimulate ciliary beat frequency in the luminal epithelial cells of the sinus passages in a patient in need of such treatment.
A third aspect of the present invention is the use of the active compounds disclosed herein for the manufacture of a medicament for the therapeutic hydration of mucous secretions and stimulation of ciliary beat frequency in the luminal epithelial cells of the sinus 20 passages in a patient in need of such treatment.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC ;EMBODIMENTS
The method of the present invention may be used to hydrate retained mucous secretions and stimulate ciliary beat frequency in the sinuses of a subject in need of such a treatment. The present invention increases mucociliary clearance in three ways: (I) by 5 increasing the ciliary beat frequency of cilia on the surface of luminal epithelial cells, (2) by increasing the secretions of mucins by goblet cells, and (3) by increasing the secretion of water into the periciliary liquid layer as a result of increased secretion of C l ions by luminal epithelial cells. In addition, data suggests that UTP increases surfactant phospholipid production and secretion by type II aveolar cells in vitro. (L. Gobran~ et al.~ Am. J. Physiol.
267, L625-L633 (1994)). The mucins secreted by goblet cells forrn a layer on top ofthe cilia and capture foreign particles, including viruses and bacteria; the mucin layer is transported by the wave-like action of cilia; and the movement of cilia is facilitated by the hydration of the periciliary liquid layer surrounding the cilia.
The present invention is concerned primarily with the treatment of human subjects, but may also be employed for the treatment of other m~mm~ n subjects, such as dogs and cats, for veterinary purposes.
Compounds illustrative of the compounds of Forrnula I above include: (a) uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP); (b) uridine 5'-0-(3-thiotriphosphate) (UTP yS); and (c) S-bromo-uridine 5'-triphosphate (5-BrUTP). These compounds are known or may be made in accordance with known procedures, or variations thereof which will be al,~nt to those skilled in the art.
See generally N. Cusack and S. Hourani, Annals N.Y. Acad Sci. 603~ 172-81) (entitled "Biological Actions of Extracellular ATP"). For ~ lc, UTP may be made in the manner described in Kenner, et al., J. Chem. Soc. 1954, 2288; or Hall and Khorana, J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 76, 5056 (1954). See Merck Index, MonographNo.9795 (1 Ith Ed. 1989). UTPyS may be made in the manner described in R.S. Goody and F. Ec~tein, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93, 6252 (1971).
For simplicity, Forrnulae I-IV herein illustrate the active compounds in the naturally occurring D-configuration, but the present invention also encc)l-.p~ es compounds in the L-configuration, and mixtures of compounds in the D- and L- configurations, unless otherwise specified. The naturally occurring D-configuration is pler~ ed.

CA 022~9~2 1998-12-31 Compounds illustrative of the compounds of Formula II include (pl .P4-di(adenosine-5') tetraphosphate (A2P4) or P',P4-di(uridine-5') tetraphosphate (U?P~. These compounds can be made in accordance with known procedures, or variations thereof which will be described by: P. 7~mef nik, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US,4 89, 838-42 (1981); and K. Ng and L.E.
Orgel, NucleicAcids ~es. 15 (8), 3572-80 (1987). U,P4 can be prepared by methods similar to that described in C. Vallejo, et al., Biochem. Biophys. Acta 438, 304-09 (1976).
Compounds illustrative of the compounds in Formula III above include (a) adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and (b) l,N6-ethenoadenosine 5'-triphosphate. Compounds illustrative of the compounds of Formula IV above include (a) cytidine 5'-triphosphate and (b) 3,N4-0 ethenocytidine 5'-triphosphate. These compounds can be made in accordance with known procedures, or variations thereof which will be a~ nt to those skilled in the art. For exarnple, rhosphorylation of nucleosides by standard methods such as D. Hoard and D. Ott, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 87, 1785-1788 (1965); M. Yoshikawa, et al., Tetrahedon Lett. 5065-68 (1967) and idem., Bull. Chem. Soc. (Jpn) 42, 3505-08 (1969); J. Moffan and H. Khorana, J.
Am. Chem.Soc. 83,649-59(1961);andB.Fischer,etal.,J.Med Chem.36,3937-46(1993) and references therein. Etheno derivatives of cytidine and ~deno~ine are prepared by known methods such as: N. Kochetkov, et al., Tetrahedon Lett. 1993 (1971); J. Barrio et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 46, 597 (1972); J. Secrist, et al., Biochemistry 11, 3499 (1972); J. Bierndt, et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 5, 789 (1978); K. Koyasuga-Mikado, et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 28, 932 (1980). Derivatives with alpha, beta and gamma thiophosphorous groups can be derived by the following or by adapting methods of: J.
Ludwig and F. Fck~tein, J. Org Chem. 54, 631-35 (1989); F. Eckstein and R. Goody, Biochemistry 15,1685 (1976); R. Goody and F. Frk~tein, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93, 6252 (1971).
Compounds of Forrnulas I, III, or IV where R, is CCI2 and CF2 can be prepared bymethods similar to that described in G. Blackburn, et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I, 1 1 19-25 (1984). Compounds of Forrnula I, II, III where R, is CH2 can be prepared by methods similar to that described in T. Myers, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85, 3292-95 (1963).
ln addition, UTP, ATP, CTP, A2P4, 3,N4-ethenocytidine triphosphate, 1,~-ellt~noadenine 5'-triphosphate, adenosine 1-oxide 5'-triphosphate, ATP~S, ATP~S, ATPaS, AMPPCH2P, AMPPNHP, N4-ethenocytidine and l,N6-ethenoadenosine are commercially available, for example, from Sigma Chemical Company, PO Box 14508~ St. Louis, MO63178.
The active compounds of Formulae I - IV may be ~lministered by themselves or in the forrn of their ph~ relltically acceptable salts, e.g., an alkali metal salt such as sodium 5 or potassium, an ~lk~linP earth metal salts, or an ammonium and tetraalkyl ammonium salts, NX~+ (wherein X is C,~). Pharrn~el1tically acceptable salts are salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects.
The active compounds disclosed herein may be ~lmini~tered to the lungs, sinuses,ears or eyes by a variety of suitable means, but are preferably ~lminictered by ~lministering 10 a liquid/liquid suspension (either a nasal spray of respirable particles which the subject inhales, or nasal drops of a liquid forrnulation, or eye drops of a liquid formulation) comprised of the active compound. Liquid pharm~celTtical compositions of the active compound for producing a nasal spray or nasal powder, or nasal or eye drops may be prepared by combining the active compound with a suitable vehicle, such as sterile pyrogen 15 free water or sterile saline by techniques known to those skilled in the art.The dosage of active compound to hydrate mucous secretions and stimul~te ciliarybeat frequency in the sinuses will vary depending on the state of the subject, but generally an effective amount is the amount sufficient to achieve concentrations of active compound on the sinus passages of the subject of from about 10~' moles/liter (e.g., for UTP 0.00001 20 mg/m~) to about 10-' molesAiter (e.g., for UTP, 52 mg/rnL), and more preferably from about 10-6 moles/liter (e.g., for UTP, 0.001 mg/mL) to about I o-l moles/liter (e.g., for UTP, 50 mg/,L).
Depending upon the solubility of the particular formulation of active compound ~rlrnini~tered, the daily dose to promote fluid drainage may be divided among one or several 25 unit dose ~d,.~ a~ions~ Preferably, the daily dose s~ le is no more than four times per day.
Another means of ~lmini~tering the active compound to the sinuses of the patient to promote fluid/secretion drainage may include any oral forrn of the active compound, mini.stered to the patient either by means of a liquid s-~spen~ion of the active compound . . .

CA 022~9~2 1998-12-31 which is poured into the mouth of the patient, or by means of a pill form swallowed by the patient.
Additional means of ~Aminictering an effective amount of the active compound to the sinuses would involve ~1mini~tering a nebulized form of the active compound into the respiratory tract, such that the active compound enters the nasopharnyx and lungs and reaches the sinuses either directly or via systematic absorption and circulation. The active compound can be aerosolized in a variety of forms, such as, but not limited to, dry powder inh~l~nt~, metered dose inh~ nt~, or liquid/liquid suspensions. In dry powder delivery, the UTP may be formulated alone or in combination with diluent or carrier~ such as sugars (i.e., lactose, sucrose, trehalose, mannitol) or other acceptable excipients for lung or airway delivery. The dry powder may be obtained by methods known in the art, such as spray-drying, millinE, freeze-drying~ etc.
Further means of ~minictering the active compound to the sinuses would include any topical form of the active compound, ~lmini~tered as a cream or gel to the nose, eyes or outer ear, which would subsequently permeate into the sinus passages of the patient.
Another means of ~Amini~tering the active compound to the sinuses would involve an injected form of the active compound, injected from the nose or sinus area of the face directly into the sinus passageways.
Additional means of ~lmini~tering the active compound to the sinuses would involve a suppository form of the active compound, such that a therapeutically effective amount of the compound reaches the sinuses via systemic absorption and circulation.
Another means of ~rlmini~tering the active compound would involve intra-operative instillation of a gel, cream, powder, foam, crystal or liquid suspension form of the active compound such that a therapeutically effective amount reaches the sinuses.
The preferred embodiments of the present invention--UTP and U7P4, as well as theother compounds for Fonnulae I - IV also have therapeutic benefit when used in combination with other agents used to treat ~inllciti~, such as, but not limited to: antibiotics; antiviral agents; ~ntihi~t~min~/decongestant agents; steam inhalation; mucolytic agents; nonsteroidal anti-infl~mm~tory agents; steroids; and warm con~p~esses applied over the sinus area of the face.

.

CA 022~9~2 l998-l2-3l In vivo testing was performed to show increased cilia beat frequency in the sinus of rabbits which indicates the effectiveness ofthe compounds described in the present invention in removing or preventing the accumulation of retained mucous secretions in the sinus passages. The test is a modification of the protocol that is described in "Effects of Platelet 5 Activating Factor on Mucociliary Clearance of the Eustachian Tube," ~nn. Otol. Rhinol.
Laryngol.~ Vol. 105, p. 140-145 (1996) Ganbo, T., His~m~t~l-, K., E~ikll~him~ K., Nakajima, M.. Inoue. H., Murakami, Y.
Two adult New Zealand white rabbits weighing 2-3 kg each were anesthetized with intramuscular xylazine (5mg/kg) and ket~mine (40mg/kg). The maxillary sinuses on both sides of the head were surgically excised. Samples of the sinus mucosa were immediately obtained from the sinus tissue and placed on welled microscope slides in RPMI 1640 solution. The slides were then placed on a microscope equipped with a photomultiplier tube.
Output from the photomultiplier tube was directed via an analog-digital board to a microcomputer. The region of the tissue with the most rapid ciliary beat frequency was identified and that field positioned centrally in the microscope field. Data acquisition was initiated for a period of 30 sec. (baseline) and repeated immediately following the application of test compounds. Digitized output signals were conditioned and analyzed in the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform prograrn. That frequency associated with the greatest power by the above prograrn will be defined as the best frequency and recorded. The product of Formulation II (8.3 and 82.5 mg/ml) increased cilia beat frequency to 18.31 1.3 beats/min.
(mean i SD) and 18.0 i 0.45 beats/min. from a baseline value of 12.0 i I . I beats/min.
The present invention is explained in greater detail in the Example which follows.
This example is jnten~ecl as illustrative of the invention. and is not to be taken as limiting thereof.

, CA 022~9~2 1998-12-31 EXPERIMENTAL
Ex~mple I
Treatment of Acute Sinusitis Uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) or P',P4 di(uridine-5')-tetraphosphate (U2P4) is ~minictered to patients diagnosed with acute sinusitis. UTP is ~rlminictered via nasal drops or nasal spray, 2 - 3 times a day, for a total of 3 - 5 days during an acute episode of sinusitis.
The concentration of UTP is in the range of 10-7 to 10-' moles/liter (e g.~ for UTP, 0.001 to 50 mg/mL). Treatment with UTP begins as soon as the presumptive diagnosis of sinusitis is made; not nececs~rily after antibiotic therapy is initiated. The length of treatrnent for each patient is one week (or as long as symptoms persist).
The effectiveness of UTP in promoting the drainage of blocked sinus fluid is measured by a decrease in symptomatic complaints as well as by the results of physical e?~min~tions.
The safety of UTP is :~csessed by standard safety measures of vital signs--heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure~ electrocardiogram and laboratory blood tests (e.g., blood chemistries and complete blood count)~ as well as any adverse events observedJreported.
The subject methods and compounds described herein provide a means for inducing drainage of mucous secretions from the sinus passageways in a patient afflicted with 20 sinusitis. The method comprises administering to the sinuses of the subject a uridine triphosphate such as uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP)~ U~P4, or any analog of UTP in an amount effective to hydrate mucous secretions or stimulate ciliary beat frequency in the sinuses.
The invention now being fully described, it will be ~palell~ to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from 25 the spirit or scope of the appended claims.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method of treating sinusitis in a subject in need of such treatment, said method comprising:
administering to the subject a compound of Formula I, II, III, or IV, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a pharmaceutical carrier having an amount of said compound effective to promote fluid drainage from the sinuses:

wherein:
X1, X2, and X3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of OH and SH;
R1 is selected from the group consisting of O, imido, methylene, and dihalomethylene; and R2 is selected from the group consisting of H and Br;

Formula II

wherein:
B is uracil or adenine attached as in Formulae I and III;

wherein:
R1, X1, X2, and X3 are defined as in Formula I, R3 and R4 are H while R2, is nothing and there is a double bond between N-1 and C-6 (adenine), or R3 and R4 are H while R is O and there is a double bond between N-1 and C-6 (adenine 1-oxide), or R3, R4, and R2 taken together are -CH-CH-, forming a ring from N-6 to N-1 with adouble bond between N-6 and C-6 (1,N6-ethenoadenine' wherein:
R1, X1, X2, and X3 are defined as in Formula I, R5 and R6 are H while R7 is nothing and there is a double bond between N-3 and C-4 (cytosine), or R5, R6 and R7 taken together are -CH-CH-, forming a ring from N-3 to N-4 with a double bond between N-4 and C-4 (3,N4-ethenocytosine).

2. A method according to Claim 1, wherein said compound is delivered by administering a liquid/liquid suspension, including eye drops of said compound to the eyes, or nasal drops, powder or spray, of said compound to the nasopharngeal airways of said subject, such that a therapeutically effective amount of said compound contacts the sinuses of said subject either directly or via systemic absorption and circulation.

3. A method according to Claim 1, wherein said compound is delivered by administering an oral form of said compound to the sinuses of said subject, such that a therapeutically effective amount of said compound contacts the sinuses of said subject via systemic absorption and circulation.

4. A method according to Claim 1, wherein said compound is delivered by administering a nebulized aerosol suspension or solution of said compound to thenasopharyngeal airways of said subject, such that a therapeutically effective amount of said compound contacts the sinuses of said subject either directly or by systemic absorption and circulation.

5. A method according to Claim 1, wherein said compound is delivered by administering a topical form of said compound to the sinuses via the nose, eyes, outer ear or nasopharyngeal airways of said subject, such that a therapeutically effective amount of said compound contacts the sinuses of said subject either directly or by systemic absorption and circulation.

6. A method according to Claim 1, wherein said compound is delivered by administering an injected from of said compound, such that a therapeutically effective amount of said compound contacts the sinuses of said subject via systemic absorption and circulation.

7. A method according to Claim 1, wherein said compound is delivered by administering a suppository form of said compound, such that a therapeutically effective amount of said compound contacts the sinuses of said subject via systemic absorption and circulation.

8. A method according to Claim 1, wherein said compound is delivered by administering an intra-operative instillation of a gel, cream, powder, foam, crystals or liquid suspension form of the active compound such that a therapeutically effective amount of said compound contacts the sinuses either directly or via systemic absorption and circulation.

9. A method according to Claim 1, wherein said compound is administered in an amount sufficient to achieve concentrations thereof on the surfaces of the sinuses of said subject of from about 10-7 to about 10-1 moles/liter.

10. A method according to Claim 1, wherein X2 and X3 are OH.

11. A method according to Claim 1, wherein R1 is oxygen.

12. A method according to Claim 1, wherein R2 is H.

13. A method according to Claim 1, wherein said compound of Formula I is selected from the group consisting of uridine 5'-triphosphate, uridine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate), 5-bromo-uridine 5' triphosphate and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

14. A method according to Claim 1, wherein said compound of Formula II is selected from the group consisting of P1,P4-di(uridine-5') tetraphosphate (U2P4) and P1, P4-di(adenosine-5') tetraphosphate (A2P4) and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof

15. A method according to Claim 1, wherein said compound of Formula III is selected from the group consisting of adenosine 5'-triphosphate, 1,N6-ethenoadenosine 5'-triphosphate, adenosine 1-oxide 5'-triphosphate and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

16. A method according to Claim 1, wherein said compound of Formula IV is selected from the group consisting of cytidine 5'-triphosphate (CTP), 3,N4-ethenocytidine 5'-triphosphate and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.