CA2308177C - Intravascular stent and method for manufacturing an intravascular stent - Google Patents

Intravascular stent and method for manufacturing an intravascular stent Download PDF

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Publication number
CA2308177C
CA2308177C CA002308177A CA2308177A CA2308177C CA 2308177 C CA2308177 C CA 2308177C CA 002308177 A CA002308177 A CA 002308177A CA 2308177 A CA2308177 A CA 2308177A CA 2308177 C CA2308177 C CA 2308177C
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Prior art keywords
groove
improvement
stent
longitudinal axis
cross
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CA002308177A
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French (fr)
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CA2308177A1 (en
Inventor
Julio C. Palmaz
Eugene A. Sprague
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Advanced Bio Prosthetic Surfaces Ltd
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Advanced Bio Prosthetic Surfaces Ltd
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Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/82Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/86Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
    • A61F2/90Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
    • A61F2/91Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
    • A61F2/915Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/82Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/86Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
    • A61F2/90Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
    • A61F2/91Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/0077Special surfaces of prostheses, e.g. for improving ingrowth
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/82Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/86Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
    • A61F2/90Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
    • A61F2/91Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
    • A61F2/915Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other
    • A61F2002/91533Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other characterised by the phase between adjacent bands
    • A61F2002/91541Adjacent bands are arranged out of phase
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/82Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/86Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
    • A61F2/90Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
    • A61F2/91Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
    • A61F2/915Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other
    • A61F2002/9155Adjacent bands being connected to each other
    • A61F2002/91558Adjacent bands being connected to each other connected peak to peak
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2230/00Geometry of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2230/0002Two-dimensional shapes, e.g. cross-sections
    • A61F2230/0028Shapes in the form of latin or greek characters
    • A61F2230/0054V-shaped
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2250/00Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2250/0058Additional features; Implant or prostheses properties not otherwise provided for
    • A61F2250/0067Means for introducing or releasing pharmaceutical products into the body
    • A61F2250/0068Means for introducing or releasing pharmaceutical products into the body the pharmaceutical product being in a reservoir
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S623/00Prosthesis, i.e. artificial body members, parts thereof, or aids and accessories therefor
    • Y10S623/901Method of manufacturing prosthetic device

Abstract

The invention relates to an intravascular stent wherein the intravascular stent has its inner surface treated to promote the migration of endothelial cells onto the inner surface of the intravascular stent. Particularly, the inner surface of the intravascular stent includes at least one groove. Methods for manufacturing the intravascular stent are also disclosed.

Description

WO 99lZ3977 PC1'/US98/23609 _ INTRAVASCULAR STENT AND METHOD FOR
MANUFACTU~tING AN INTRAVASC'(ILAR STENT
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to an intravascular stent and method for manufacturing an intravasculax scent. wherein the intravascular. stent has its inner surface treated to promote the migration of endothelial cells onto the inner surface of the intravascular scent.
2. DESCRTPTiON OF RELA
,~,D ART
Various types of intravascular stents have been used nn recent years. Ari intravascuiar stent generally refers to a device used for the support of living tissue during the healing phase, including the support of internal structures. Intravasc;uiar scents, or stents, placed intraluminaily, as by use of a catheter device, have been demonstrated to be highly efficacious in initially restoring patency to sites of vascular occlusion. Intravascular stents, or stents, may be of the balloon-expandable type, such as those of U.S. Patent Nos.
4,733,6b5; 5, I 02,4I 7: or 5,195,984, which are distributed by Johnson & Johnson Inte.rventional Systems, of Warren, New Jersey, as the PaImazTM and the Palmaz-SchatzTM ballo«n-expandable stents or balloon expandable stems of other manufacturers, as are known in the art. Other types of intravascular stems are known as self expanding stems, such as Nitinol coil stents or self-expanding stents made of stainless steel wire formed into a zigzag tubular configuration.
Intravascular stents are used, in general, as a mechanical means to solve the most common problems of percutaneous balloon angioplasty, such as elastic recoil and intimal dissection. One problem intraluminaI stmt placement shares with other revascularization procedures, including bypass surgery and balloon angioplasty, is restenosis of the artery. An WO 99/23977 PCT/US98/23609 _ important factor contributing to this possible reocclusion at the site of scent placement is injury to, and loss of, the natural nonthrombogenic lining of the arterial lumen, the endothelium. Loss of the endothelium, exposing the thrombogenic arterial wall matrix proteins, along with the generally thrombogenic nature of prosthetic materials, initiates platelet deposition and activation of the coagulation cascade. Depending on a multitude of factors, such as activity of the fibrinolytic system, the use of anticoagulants, and the nature of the lesion substrate, the result of this process may range from a small mural to an occlusive thrombus.
Secondly, loss of the endothelium at the interventional site may be critical to the development and extent of eventual intimal hyperplasia at the site. Previous studies have; demonstrated that the presence l0 of an intact endothelial layer at an injured arterial site can si3gnificantly inhibit the extent of smooth muscle cell-related intimal hyperplasia. Rapid re-endothelialization of the arterial wall, as well as endothelialization of the prosthetic surface, or inner surface of the scent, are therefore critical for the prevention of low flow thrombosis and for continued patency.
Unless endothelial cells from another source are somehow introduced and seeded at the site, coverage I5 of an injured area of endothelium is achieved primarily, at .least initially, by migration of endothelial cells from adjacent arterial areas of intact endothelium.
Although an in vitro biological coating to a stent in the i:orm of seeded endothelial cells on metal stents has been previously proposed, there are believedl to be serious logistic problems related to live-cell seeding. which may prove to be insurm~,ountable. Thus, it would be advantageous to increase the rate at which endothelial cells from adjacent arterial areas of intact endothelium migrate upon the inner surface of the stent exposed to the flow of blood through the artery. At present. most intravascular stems are manufacttued of stainless steel and such scents become embedded in the arterial wall by tissue growth weeks to months after placement.
This favorable outcome occurs consistently with any stent design, provided it has a reasonably 2 5 low metal surface and does not obstruct the fluid, or blood, flow through the artery.
Furthermore, because of the fluid dynamics along the inner arterial walls caused by blood pumping through the arteries, along with the blood/endothelimn interface itself, it has been desired that the stems have a very smooth surface to facilitate migration of endothelial cells onto the surface of the stent. In fact, it has been reported that smoothness of the stmt surface WO 99123977 PCTNS98/23609 _ after expansion is crucial to the biocompatibility of a stent, and thus, any surface topography other than smooth is not desired. Christoph Hehriein, et. al., Influence of Surface Texture and Charge On the Biocompatibility of Endovascular Stents, Coronary Artery Disease, Yol. 6, pages 581-586 (1995). After the stent has been coated with serum proteins, the endothelium grows over the fibrin-coated metal surface on the inner surface of the stent until a continuous endothelial layer covers the stent surface, in days to weeks. Endothelium renders the thrombogenic metal surface protected from thrombus deposition, which is likely to form with slow or turbulent flow. At present, all intravascular stems made of stainless steel, or other alloys or metals, are provided with an extremely smooth surface finish, such as is usually 1 o obtained by electropolishing the metallic stem surfaces. Although presently known intravascular stents, specific including the PalmazTM and Palmaz-Schat2TM
balloon-expandable stents have been demonstrated to be successful in the treatment of coronary disease. as an adjunct to balloon angioplasty, intravascular stents could be even more successful and efficacious, if the rate and/or speed of endothelial cell migration onto the inner surface of the stent could be increased. Accordingly, the art has sought an intravascular scent, and method for manufacturing an intravascular stent, which may increase the rate of migration of endothelial cells upon the inner surface of the stent after it has been implanted.
SUM~yIARY OF THE INVENTION
2 o In accordance with the invention, the foregoing advantage has been achieved through the present intravascular scent having an outer surface and an inner surface.
The present invention includes an improvement in such intravascular stents, and an improvement in the method for manufacturing such intravascular stems, by providing at least one groove disposed in the inner surface of the stem.
3 The invention in one aspect pertains to a metallic intravascular stmt having an outer surface and an inner surface, the improvement comprising at least one groove disposed in the inner surface of the stmt, the at least one groove configured to have a shape adapted to increase the rate of endothelial cell migration upon the inner surface of the stmt after the stmt has been implanted.
The invention also comprehends a method for manufacturing a metallic intravascular stmt, the stmt having an outer surface and an inner surface, the improvement comprising providing at least one groove in the inner surface of the stmt, the at least one groove configured to have a shape adapted to increase the rate of endothelial cell migration upon the inner surface of the stmt after the stmt has been implanted.
A further feature of the present invention is that the at least one groove may have a width, a length, and a depth, and the width and depth may not vary along the length of the at least one groove. Further features of the present invention are that: the width of the groove may vary along the length of the at least one groove; the depth of the groove may vary along the length of the at least one groove; and both the width and the depth may vary along the length of the at least one groove.

WO 99123977 PCT/US98/23609 _ Another feature of the present invention is that the at least one groove may have a length, a longitudinal axis, and a cross-sectional configuration. and the cross-sectional configuration of the at least one groove may vary along the length of the at least one groove.
An additional feature of the present invention is that the cross-sectional configuration of the at least one groove may not vary along the length of the at least one groove.
Further features of the present invention are that the cross-sectional configuration of the at least one groove may be: substantially symmetrical about the longitudinal axis of the at least one groove;
substantially asymmetrical about the longitudinal axis of the at least one groove; substantially triangular shaped; substantially rectangular shaped; substantially square shaped; substantially U shaped; or substantially V shaped.
A further feature of the present invention is that the longitudinal axis of the at least one groove may be disposed: substantially parallel with the longitudinal axis of the stent;
substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the stent; at an obtuse angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the stent; or at an acute angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the stent. An additional feature of the present invention is that the groove may have a depth within a range of approximately one-half to approximately ten microns, and the at least one groove may have a width within a range of approximately two to approximately forty microns.
It is believed that the improvements in intravascular stents and in methods for manufacturing intravascular stems of the present invention, when compared with presently 2 0 known intravascular stents and methods for manufacturing such stents. has the advantage of increasing the rate of migration of endothelial cells upon the inner surface of the intravascular stmt.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OFD DRAWING
2 5 In the drawing:
FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional, perspective view of a portion of a intravascular stent embedded within an arterial wall of a patient;
FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the outlined portion of FIG. 1 denoted at 2;
4 WO 99/23977 PCT/US98/23609 _ FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional, perspective view corresponding to FIG. 1 after the passage of time;
FIG. 4 is an exploded view of the outlined portion of FIG. 3 denoted at 4:
FIG. 5 is a partial cross-sectional view of the stmt and artery of FIGS. 1 and 3 after a further passage of time;
FIG. 6 is an exploded view of the outlined portion of FIG. 5 denoted at 5;
FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional view of the stent and artery of FIG. 5, taken along lines 7-7 of FIG. 5, and illustrates rapid endothelialization resulting in a thin neointimal layer covering the stmt;
1 o FIG. 8 is a plan view of an interior portion of an unexpanded intravascular stent in accordance with the present invention; and FIGS. 9-16 are various embodiments of an exploded view of a groove taken along line 9-9 of FIG. 8. illustrating various cross-sectional configurations and characteristics of various embodiments of grooves in accordance with the present invention.
While the invention will be described in connection with the preferred embodiment, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention of that embodiment. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
2 o DETAILED DESC IpTION OF THE INVENTION
With reference to FIGS. I and 2. an intravascular stent 200 is illustrated being disposed within an artery 290 in engagement with arterial wall 210. For illustrative purposes only, intravascular stent 200, shown in FIGS. 1-6 is a PalmazTM balloon-expandable stent, as is known in the art, stent 200 having an inner surface 201 and an outer surface 202. FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate stmt 200 shortly after it has been placed within artery 290, and after stmt 200 has been embedded into arterial wall 210, as is known in the art. FIGS. I and 2 illustrate what may be generally characterized as correct placement of an intravascular stmt.
Stent 200 preferably includes a plurality of metal members, or struts, 203, which may be manufactured of stainless S

WO 99/23977 PCT/US98/23609 _ steel, or other metal materials, as is known in the art. As illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, correct placement of stmt 200 results in tissue mounds 211 protruding between the struts 203, after struts 203 have been embedded in the arterial wall 210. Struts 203 also form troughs, or linear depressions, 204 in arterial wall 210. Dependent upon the degree of blockage of artery 290. and the type and amount of instrumentation utilized prior to placement of stmt 200, the mounds of tissue 211 may retain endothelial cells (not shown).
With reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, after the passage of time, a thin layer of thrombus 215 rapidly fills the depressions 204, and covers the inner surfaces 201 of stent 200. As seen in FIG. 4, the edges 216 of thrombus 215 feather toward the tissue mounds 211 protruding 1 o between the struts 203. The endothelial cells which were retained on tissue mounds 211 can provide for reendothelialization of arterial wall 210.
With reference to FIGS. 5 and 6, endothelial regeneration of artery wall 210 proceeds in a multicentric fashion, as illustrated by arrows 217, with the endothelial cells migrating to, and over, the struts 203 of stent 200 covered by thrombus 215. Assuming that the stent 200 has been properly implanted, or placed, as illustrated in FIGS. l and 2, the satisfactory, rapid endothelialization results in a thin tissue layer 218, as shown in FIG. 7. As is known in the art, to attain proper placement, or embedding, of stmt 200, stent 200 must be slightly overexpanded. In the case of stmt 200, which is a balloon-expandable stent, the balloon diameter chosen for the final expansion of stmt 200 must be 10% to 15% larger than the 2 o matched diameter of the artery, or vessel, adjacent the site of implantation. As shown in FIG.
7. the diameter Di of the lumen 219 of artery 290 is satisfactory. If the reendothelialization of artery wall 210 is impaired by underexpansion of the stmt or by excessive denudation of the arterial wall prior to, or during, stmt placement, slower reendothelialization occurs. This results in increased thrombus deposition, proliferation of muscle cells, and a decreased luminai 2 5 diameter Di, due to the formation of a thicker neointimal layer.
With reference to FIG. 8, an intravascular stmt 300 in accordance with the present invention is illustrated. For illustrative purposes only, the structure of intravascular stmt 300 is illustrated as being a PalmazTM balloon-expandable stent, as is known in the art, illustrated in its initial, unexpanded configuration. It should be understood that the improvement of the present invention is believed to be suitable for use with any intravascular stem having any construction or made of any material as will be hereinafter described.
Similarly, the improvement of the present invention in methods for manufacturing intravascuLar stents, is also believed to be applicable to the manufacturing of any type of intravascular stent as will also be hereinafter described.
As illustrated in FIG. 8, intravascular stent, or stmt, 300 has an inner surface 301, and an outer surface 302, outer surface 302 normally being embedded into arterial wall 210 in an abutting relationship. In accordance with the present invention, the inner surface 301 of stmt l0 300 is provided with at least one groove 400. If desired, as will be hereinafter described in greater detail, a plurality of grooves 400 could be provided on. or in. inner surface 301 of stmt 300. The use of the teen "groove'' throughout this specification and in the claims is intended to be construed as: a channel or depression; a notch or a V-shaped or rounded indentation; or a scratch, or a mark, having been made with something sharp or jagged. The at least one groove 400, or grooves. of the present invention may be provided in, or on, the inner surface 301 of stem 300 in any suitable manner, such as by: abrading the inner surface 301 of stmt 300 to provide the at least one groove 400; a chemical or mechanical etching process; use of a laser or Laser etching process; use of a diamond-tipped tool; use of any suitable abrasive material;
or use of any tool or process, which can provide the desired groove, or grooves, 400 in, or on, 2 0 the inner surface 301 of stmt 300. as will be hereinafter described in greater detail.
As shown in FIG. 8, the at least one groove, or grooves, 400 may be disposed with its longitudinal axis 410 being disposed substantially parallel with the Longitudinal axis 305 of stmt 300. Alternatively, the longitudinal axis 410 of the at least one groove 400 may be disposed substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 305 of stmt 300, as illustrated by 2 5 groove 400" ": or the longitudinal axis 410 of the groove may be disposed at an obtuse, or acute, angle with respect to the longitudinal axis 305 of stent 300, as illustrated by groove 400'.
The angle that groove 400' makes with respect to longitudinal axis 305 is either an acute or an obtuse angle dependent upon from which direction the angle is measured with respect to the WO 99/23977 PCT/US98/23609 _ longitudinal axis 305 of stmt 300. For example, if the angle between the longitudinal axis of groove 400' and longitudinal axis 305 is measured as indicated by arrows A, the angle is an acute angle. If the angle is measured. as at arrows B, the angle is an obtuse angle.
Still with reference to FIG. 8, a plurality of grooves 400 may be provided on the inner surface 301 of stmt 300, two grooves 400 being shown for illustrative purposes only. Instead of a plurality of individual grooves, such as grooves 400, a single groove 400" could be provided in a serpentine fashion, so as to cover as much of the inner surface 30I of stent 300 as desired. Similarly, the grooves could be provided in a cross-hatched manner, or pattern, as shown by grooves 400"'. Grooves 400, 400', 400", 400"', and 400"" could be provided l0 alone or in combination with each other, as desired, to provide whatever pattern of grooves is desired. including a symmetrical, or an asymmetrical, pattern of grooves. It should be noted that the angular disposition and location of the various grooves 400-400""
will vary and be altered upon the expansion of stmt 300 within artery 201 (FIG. 1 ), stmt 300 being illustrated in its unexpanded configuration in FIG. 8. Similarly, if stent 300 were a stmt made of wire or lengths of wire, the disposition and angular orientation of the grooves formed on such wire, or wire members, would similarly be altered upon the expansion and implantation of such stent.
It should be further noted, as previously discussed, that the groove. or grooves, of the present invention may be provided in, or on, the inner surface of any intravascular stent, so as to increase the rate of migration of endothelial cells on, and over, the inner surface of the 2 o intravascular stmt.
With reference to FIGS. 9-16. various embodiments of groove 400 will be described in greater detail. In general, as seen in FIG. 9, groove 400 has a width W, a depth D, and a length L (FIG. 8). The width W and depth D may be the same, and not vary, along the length L of the groove 400. Alternatively, the width W of the groove may vary along the length L of the groove 400. Alternatively, the depth D of the groove may vary along the length L of the at least one groove. Alternatively, both the width W and the depth D of the groove 400 may vary along the length of the at least one groove. Similarly, as with the location and angular disposition of groove, or grooves, 400 as described in connection with FIG. 8, the width W, depth D. and length L of the groove, or grooves, 400 can vary as desired. and different types and patterns of grooves 400 could be disposed on the inner surface 301 of stmt 300.
As shown in FIGS. 9-16, groove 400 may have a variety of different cross-sectional configurations. As desired, the cross-sectional configuration of the groove, or grooves. 400 may vary along the length L of the groove; or the cross-sectional configuration of the groove may not vary along the length of the at least one groove 400. Similarly, combinations of such cross-sectional configurations for the grooves could be utilized. The cross-sectional configuration of the groove, or grooves, 400 may be substantially symmetrical about the longitudinal axis 4I0 of groove 400 as illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9; or the cross-sectional 1 a configuration of the at least one groove may be substantially asymmetrical about the longitudinal axis 410 of the least one groove, as illustrated in FIGS. 14 and 16. The cross-sectional configurations of groove 400 can assume a variety of shapes, some of which are illustrated in FIGS. 9-16, and include those crass-cectinnal cnnf a,~rat;n"~
,~,~,:"w ,._..
substantially: square shaped (FIG. 9); U shaped (FIG. 10); triangular, or V
shaped (FIG. 11 );
rectangular shaped (FIG. 12); and triangular, or keyway shaped (FIG. 13). The wall surface 303 of each groove 400 may be substantially smooth, such as illustrated in FIGS. 9-13, or wall surface 303 may be jagged, or roughened, as illustrated in FIGS. 14 and 16. As illustrated in FIG. 15, wall surface 303 could also be provided with at least one protrusion 304 and at least one indentation 305 if desired, and additional protrusions and indentations 304, 305 could be 2 0 provided as desired.
The depth D of groove, or grooves, 400 may fall within a range of approximately one-half to approximately ten microns. The width W of groove, or grooves, 400, may fall within a range of approximately two to approximately forty microns. Of course, the width W and depth D could be varied from the foregoing ranges, provided the rate of migration of 2 5 endothelial cells onto stent 300 is not impaired. The length L of groove 400 may extend the entire length of stmt 300, such as groove 400 of FIG. 8; or the length L' of a groove may be less than the entire length of stent 300, such as groove 400""' in FIG. 8. The groove, or grooves, of the present invention may be continuous, or discontinuous, along inner surface 301 of stmt 300.
The portion of the inner surface 301 of stent 300 which has not been provided with a groove, or grooves, 400 in accordance with the present invention, may have any suitable, or desired, surface finish, such as an electropolished surface, as is known in the art, or may be provided with whatever surface finish or coating is desired. It is believed that when at least one groove in accordance with the present invention is disposed, or provided, on, or in, the inner surface 301 of an intravascular stmt 300, after the implantation of stent 300, the rate of migration of endothelial cells upon the inner surface 301 of stmt 300 will be increased over that 1 o rate of migration which would be obtained if the inner surface 301 were not provided with at least one groove in accordance with the present invention.
It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the exact details of construction, operation, exact materials, or embodiments shown and described, as obvious modifications and equivalents will be apparent to one skilled in the art.
Accordingly, the invention is therefore to be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.

Claims (54)

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. In an intravascular stent having an outer surface and an inner surface, the improvement comprising:
at least one groove disposed in the inner surface of the stent, the at least one groove configured to have a shape adapted to increase endothelial cell migration upon the inner surface of the stent after the stent has been implanted.
2. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the at least one groove has a width, a length, and a depth.
3. The improvement of claim 2, wherein the width and depth are constant along the length of the at least one groove.
4. The improvement of claim 2, wherein the width of the groove varies along the length of the at least one groove.
5. The improvement of claim 2, wherein the depth of the groove varies along the length of the at least one groove.
6. The improvement of claim 2, wherein the width and the depth vary along the length of the at least one groove.
7. The improvement of claim 2, wherein the at least one groove has a length, a longitudinal axis, and a cross-sectional configuration.
8. The improvement of claim 7, wherein the cross-section configuration of the at least one groove varies along the length of the at least one groove.
9. The improvement of claim 7, wherein the cross-sectional configuration of the at least one groove is constant along the length of the at least one groove.
10. The improvement of claim 7, wherein the cross-sectional configuration of the at least one groove is substantially symmetrical about the longitudinal axis of the at least one groove.
11. The improvement of claim 7, wherein the cross-sectional configuration of the at least one groove is substantially asymmetrical about the longitudinal axis of the at least one groove.
12. The improvement of claim 7, wherein the cross-sectional configuration is substantially triangular shaped.
13. The improvement of claim 7, wherein the cross-sectional configuration is substantially rectangular shaped.
14. The improvement of claim 7, wherein the cross-sectional configuration is substantially square shaped.
15. The improvement of claim 7, wherein the cross-sectional configuration is substantially U shaped.
16. The improvement of claim 7, wherein the cross-sectional configuration is substantially V shaped.
17. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the stent and the at least one groove each has a longitudinal axis, and the longitudinal axis of the at least one groove is substantially parallel with the longitudinal axis of the stent.
18. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the stent and the at least one groove each has a longitudinal axis, and the longitudinal axis of the at least one groove is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the stent.
19. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the stent and the at least one groove each has a longitudinal axis, and the longitudinal axis of the at least one groove is disposed at an obtuse angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the stent.
20. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the stent and the at least one groove each has a longitudinal axis, and the longitudinal axis of the at least one groove is disposed at an acute angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the stent.]
21. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the at least one groove has a depth within a range of approximately one-half to approximately ten microns.
22. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the at least one groove has a width within a range of approximately two to approximately forty microns.
23. The improvement of claim 1, wherein at least two grooves are disposed in the inner surface of the stent and the at least two grooves are disposed in a cross-hatched pattern on the inner surface of the stent.
24. In a method for manufacturing an intravascular stent, the stent having an outer surface and an inner surface, the improvement comprising:
providing at least one groove in the inner surface of the stent, the at least one groove configured to have a shape adapted to increase endothelial cell migration upon the inner surface of the stent after the stent has been implanted.
25. The improvement of claim 24, wherein the at least one groove has a width, a length, and a depth.
26. The improvement of claim 25, including the step of maintaining the width and depth constant along the length of the at least one groove.
27. The improvement of claim 25, including the step of varying the width of the groove along the length of the at least one groove.
28. The improvement of claim 25, including the step of varying the depth of the groove along the length of the at least one groove.
29. The improvement of claim 25, including the step of varying the width and the depth along the length of the at least one groove.
30. The improvement of claim 24, wherein the at least one groove has a length, a longitudinal axis, and a cross-sectional configuration.
31. The improvement of claim 30, including the step of maintaining the cross-sectional configuration of the at least one groove constant along the length of the at least one groove.
32. The improvement of claim 30, including the step of varying the cross-sectional configuration of the at least one groove along the length of the at least one groove.
33. The improvement of claim 30, including the step of providing the cross-sectional configuration of the at least one groove substantially symmetrical about the longitudinal axis of the at least one groove.
34. The improvement of claim 30, including the step of providing the cross-sectional configuration of the at least one groove substantially asymmetrical about the longitudinal axis of the at least one groove.
35. The improvement of claim 30, including the step of providing the cross-sectional configuration as substantially triangular shaped.
36. The improvement of claim 30, including the step of providing the cross-sectional configuration as substantially rectangular shaped.
37. The improvement of claim 30, including the step of providing the cross-sectional configuration as substantially square shaped.
38. The improvement of claim 30, including the step of providing the cross-sectional configuration as substantially U shaped.
39. The improvement of claim 30, including the step of providing the cross-sectional configuration as substantially V shaped.
40. The improvement of claim 24, wherein the stent and the at least one groove each has a longitudinal axis, and including the step of providing the longitudinal axis of the at least one groove substantially parallel with the longitudinal axis of the stent.
41. The improvement of claim 24, wherein the stent and the at least one groove each has a longitudinal axis, and including the step of providing the longitudinal axis of the at least one groove substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the stent.
42. The improvement of claim 24, wherein the stent and the at least one groove each has a longitudinal axis, and including the step of providing the longitudinal axis of the at least one groove disposed at an obtuse angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the stent.
43. The improvement of claim 24, wherein the stent and the at least one groove each has a longitudinal axis, and including the step of providing the longitudinal axis of the at least one groove disposed at an acute angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the stent.
44. The improvement of claim 24, including the step of providing the at least one groove with a depth within a range of approximately one-half to approximately ten microns.
45. The improvement of claim 24, including the step of providing the at least one groove with a width within a range of approximately two to approximately forty microns.
46. The improvement of claim 24, including the step of providing at least two grooves in the inner surface of the stent and providing the at least two grooves in a cross-hatched pattern.
47. A method of manufacturing a metallic intravascular stent comprising the steps of:
forming an intravascular stent having an inner surface and an outer surface;
and forming at least one groove on the inner surface of the intravascular stent, the at least one groove configured to have a shape adapted to increase the endothelial cell migration upon the inner surface of the stent after the stent has been implanted.
48. The method of claim 47, wherein the at least one groove is formed on the inner surface of the intravascular stent by abrading the inner surface.
49. The method of claim 47, wherein the at least one groove is formed on the inner surface of the intravascular stent by etching the inner surface with at least one chemical.
50. The method of claim 47, wherein the at least one groove is formed on the inner surface of the intravascular stent by etching the inner surface with a diamond tip tool.
51. The method of claim 47, wherein the at least one groove is formed on the inner surface of the intravascular stent by etching the inner surface with a mechanical tool.
52. The method of claim 47, wherein the at least one groove is formed on the inner surface of the intravascular stent by etching the inner surface with a laser.
53. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the stent has a longitudinal axis and at least a portion of the at least one groove is disposed substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the stent.
54. The improvement of claim 24, wherein the stent has a longitudinal axis, and including the step of disposing at least a portion of the at least one groove substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the stent.
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US6190404B1 (en) 2001-02-20
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