CA2385429C - Method and system for transmitting information in an optical communication system using distributed amplification - Google Patents
Method and system for transmitting information in an optical communication system using distributed amplification Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2385429C CA2385429C CA2385429A CA2385429A CA2385429C CA 2385429 C CA2385429 C CA 2385429C CA 2385429 A CA2385429 A CA 2385429A CA 2385429 A CA2385429 A CA 2385429A CA 2385429 C CA2385429 C CA 2385429C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- signal
- optical
- wdm
- amplification
- optical information
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/29—Repeaters
- H04B10/291—Repeaters in which processing or amplification is carried out without conversion of the main signal from optical form
- H04B10/2912—Repeaters in which processing or amplification is carried out without conversion of the main signal from optical form characterised by the medium used for amplification or processing
- H04B10/2916—Repeaters in which processing or amplification is carried out without conversion of the main signal from optical form characterised by the medium used for amplification or processing using Raman or Brillouin amplifiers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/30—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range using scattering effects, e.g. stimulated Brillouin or Raman effects
- H01S3/302—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range using scattering effects, e.g. stimulated Brillouin or Raman effects in an optical fibre
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/09—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping
- H01S3/091—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping
- H01S3/094—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping by coherent light
- H01S3/094003—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping by coherent light the pumped medium being a fibre
- H01S3/094011—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping by coherent light the pumped medium being a fibre with bidirectional pumping, i.e. with injection of the pump light from both two ends of the fibre
Abstract
A method and system for transmitting information in an optical communication system includes modulating a non-intensity characteristic of an optical carrier signal with a data signal to generate an optical information signal. The optical information signal is transmitted over an optical link. The optical information signal is amplified over a length of the optical link with a co-launched amplification signal traveling in the optical link in a same direction as the optical information signal.
Description
METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR TRANSMITTING INFORMATION
IN AN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING
DISTRIBUTED AMPLIFICATION
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to optical communication systems, and more particularly to a method and system for transmitting information in an optical communication system using distributed amplification.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Telecommunications systems, cable television systems and data communication networks use optical networks to rapidly convey large amounts of information between remote points. In an optical network, information is conveyed in the form of optical signals through optical fibers. Optical fibers are thin strands of glass capable of transmitting the signals over long distances with very low loss.
Optical networks often employ wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) to increase transmission capacity. In a WDM network, a number of optical channels are carried in each fiber at disparate wavelengths. Network capacity is increased as a multiple of the number of wavelengths, or channels, in each fiber.
The maximum distance that a signal can be transmitted in a WDM or other optical network without amplification is limited by absorption, scattering and other loss associated with the optical fiber. To transmit signals over long distances, optical networks typically include a number of discrete amplifiers spaced along each fiber route. The discrete amplifiers boost received signals to compensate for transmission losses in the fiber.
Signals may also be boosted in the fiber using Raman effect amplification. In the Raman effect, optical signals traveling in the fiber are amplified by the presence of a lower wavelength pump light traveling in the same fiber. The pump light may travel forward with the signal or backwards in reverse of the signal.
Because forward pumping amplification causes cross talk between channels in WDM systems due to cross gain modulation (XGM), reverse pumping amplification is typically used in connection with WDM and other multichannel systems. This limits the use of Raman effect amplification in multichannel systems to unidirectional transmission fibers and prevents bi-directional distributed amplification.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides an improved method and system for transmitting information in an optical communication system using distributed amplification. In a particular embodiment, phase, frequency or other non-intensity modulated information signals are used to transmit data across an optical link which allows for forward, or co-pumping, and backward, or counter-pumping, distributed Raman amplification (DRA) while still providing a superior signal-to-noise ratio.
2a Certain exemplary embodiments can provide a method for transmitting information in an optical communication system, comprising: generating a plurality of optical information signals each comprising a wavelength distinct carrier signal having the non-intensity characteristic modulated with a data signal; multiplexing the plurality of optical information signals to generate a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signal, the WDM signal having a minimum channel spacing that is greater than (N+0.4)B and less than (N+0.6)B, where B
comprises the symbol rate of the WDM signal and N is an integer; transmitting the WDM signal over an optical link;
and amplifying the WDM signal over a length of the optical link with a plurality of co-launched amplification signals traveling in a same direction as the WDM signal in the optical link.
Certain exemplary embodiments can provide an optical communication system, comprising: an optical sender operable to generate a plurality of optical information signals each comprising a wavelength distinct carrier signal having the non-intensity characteristic modulated with a data signal, multiplex the plurality of optical information signals to generate a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signal and transmit the WDM signal over the optical link, the WDM signal having a minimum channel spacing that is greater than (N+0.4)B and less than (N+0.6)B, where B comprises the symbol rate of the WDM signal and N is an integer; an optical link operable to transmit the WDM signal; and a distributed amplifier comprising a pump laser operable to co-launch an amplification signal traveling in a same direction as the WDM
signal, the co-launch amplification signal operable to amplify the WDM signal over a length of the optical link.
2b Other embodiments provide a method and system for transmitting information in an optical communication system including modulating an non-intensity characteristic of an optical carrier signal with a data signal to generate an optical information signal. The optical information signal is transmitted over an optical link. The optical information signal is amplified over a length of the optical link with a co-launched amplification signal traveling in the optical link in a same direction as the optical information signal.
More specifically, in accordance with a particular embodiment of the present invention, the optical information signal is amplified with the co-launched amplification signal by DRA. In this and other embodiments, the optical information signal may be multiplexed with other optical information signals to generate a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signal for transmission over the optical link. The non-intensity modulation characteristic may comprise the phase and/or frequency of the carrier signal.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the optical information signal may be remodulated with a transmission clock frequency using an intensity modulator to generate a multimodulated signal.
The multimodulated signal is transmitted over the optical link and amplified over the length of the optical link with the co-launched amplification signal.
Technical advantages of the present invention include providing an improved method and system for transmitting information in an optical communication system using distributed amplification. In a particular embodiment, phase or frequency modulation is used to transmit data over an optical fiber to allow bi-directional DRA without cross talk between channels due to cross-gain modulation (XGM). As a result, signals may be transmitted over longer distances with high signal-to-noise ratios and DRA may be used in connection with long-haul optical transmission systems.
IN AN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING
DISTRIBUTED AMPLIFICATION
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to optical communication systems, and more particularly to a method and system for transmitting information in an optical communication system using distributed amplification.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Telecommunications systems, cable television systems and data communication networks use optical networks to rapidly convey large amounts of information between remote points. In an optical network, information is conveyed in the form of optical signals through optical fibers. Optical fibers are thin strands of glass capable of transmitting the signals over long distances with very low loss.
Optical networks often employ wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) to increase transmission capacity. In a WDM network, a number of optical channels are carried in each fiber at disparate wavelengths. Network capacity is increased as a multiple of the number of wavelengths, or channels, in each fiber.
The maximum distance that a signal can be transmitted in a WDM or other optical network without amplification is limited by absorption, scattering and other loss associated with the optical fiber. To transmit signals over long distances, optical networks typically include a number of discrete amplifiers spaced along each fiber route. The discrete amplifiers boost received signals to compensate for transmission losses in the fiber.
Signals may also be boosted in the fiber using Raman effect amplification. In the Raman effect, optical signals traveling in the fiber are amplified by the presence of a lower wavelength pump light traveling in the same fiber. The pump light may travel forward with the signal or backwards in reverse of the signal.
Because forward pumping amplification causes cross talk between channels in WDM systems due to cross gain modulation (XGM), reverse pumping amplification is typically used in connection with WDM and other multichannel systems. This limits the use of Raman effect amplification in multichannel systems to unidirectional transmission fibers and prevents bi-directional distributed amplification.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides an improved method and system for transmitting information in an optical communication system using distributed amplification. In a particular embodiment, phase, frequency or other non-intensity modulated information signals are used to transmit data across an optical link which allows for forward, or co-pumping, and backward, or counter-pumping, distributed Raman amplification (DRA) while still providing a superior signal-to-noise ratio.
2a Certain exemplary embodiments can provide a method for transmitting information in an optical communication system, comprising: generating a plurality of optical information signals each comprising a wavelength distinct carrier signal having the non-intensity characteristic modulated with a data signal; multiplexing the plurality of optical information signals to generate a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signal, the WDM signal having a minimum channel spacing that is greater than (N+0.4)B and less than (N+0.6)B, where B
comprises the symbol rate of the WDM signal and N is an integer; transmitting the WDM signal over an optical link;
and amplifying the WDM signal over a length of the optical link with a plurality of co-launched amplification signals traveling in a same direction as the WDM signal in the optical link.
Certain exemplary embodiments can provide an optical communication system, comprising: an optical sender operable to generate a plurality of optical information signals each comprising a wavelength distinct carrier signal having the non-intensity characteristic modulated with a data signal, multiplex the plurality of optical information signals to generate a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signal and transmit the WDM signal over the optical link, the WDM signal having a minimum channel spacing that is greater than (N+0.4)B and less than (N+0.6)B, where B comprises the symbol rate of the WDM signal and N is an integer; an optical link operable to transmit the WDM signal; and a distributed amplifier comprising a pump laser operable to co-launch an amplification signal traveling in a same direction as the WDM
signal, the co-launch amplification signal operable to amplify the WDM signal over a length of the optical link.
2b Other embodiments provide a method and system for transmitting information in an optical communication system including modulating an non-intensity characteristic of an optical carrier signal with a data signal to generate an optical information signal. The optical information signal is transmitted over an optical link. The optical information signal is amplified over a length of the optical link with a co-launched amplification signal traveling in the optical link in a same direction as the optical information signal.
More specifically, in accordance with a particular embodiment of the present invention, the optical information signal is amplified with the co-launched amplification signal by DRA. In this and other embodiments, the optical information signal may be multiplexed with other optical information signals to generate a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signal for transmission over the optical link. The non-intensity modulation characteristic may comprise the phase and/or frequency of the carrier signal.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the optical information signal may be remodulated with a transmission clock frequency using an intensity modulator to generate a multimodulated signal.
The multimodulated signal is transmitted over the optical link and amplified over the length of the optical link with the co-launched amplification signal.
Technical advantages of the present invention include providing an improved method and system for transmitting information in an optical communication system using distributed amplification. In a particular embodiment, phase or frequency modulation is used to transmit data over an optical fiber to allow bi-directional DRA without cross talk between channels due to cross-gain modulation (XGM). As a result, signals may be transmitted over longer distances with high signal-to-noise ratios and DRA may be used in connection with long-haul optical transmission systems.
Another technical advantage of one or more embodiments of the present: invention includes providing a bi-directional multichannel optical communication system using distributed amplification. In particular, data is transported using non-intensity modulation to allow data transmission in the forward and reverse directions of DRA
pump lasers. Accordingly, amplification of bi-directional communication systems are improved and distances over which data may be communicated bi-directionally is increased.
Still another technical advantage of one or more embodiments of the present invention include providing an optical transmission system with improved power tolerance. In particular, data is modulated using phase or frequency shift keying to eliminate XGM with the resulting signal being remodulated with the transmission clock using intensity modulation. As a result, non-linear and chromatic effects creating signal recovery problems at phase edges are minimized while still allowing for forward. and/or reverse DRA and high signal-to-noise ratios.
Other technical advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art from the following figures, description and claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a more complete understanding of the present invention and its advantages, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like numerals represent like parts, in which:
FIGURE 1 is a block diagram illustrating an optical communication system using distributed amplification in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURE 2 is a block diagram illustrating the optical 5 sender of FIGURE 1 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURES 3A-C are diagrams illustrating non-intensity modulated signals for transmission in the optical communication system of FIGURE 1 in accordance with several embodiments of the present invention;
FIGURE 4 is a block diagram illustrating the optical sender of FIGURE 1 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURE 5 is a diagram illustrating the optical waveform generated by the optical sender of FIGURE 4 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURE 6 is a block diagram illustrating the optical receiver of FIGURE 1 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURE 7-is a diagram illustrating the frequency response of the asymmetric Mach-Zender interferometer of FIGURE 6 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURES 8A-C are block diagrams illustrating the demultiplexer of FIGURE 1 in accordance with several embodiments of the present invention;
FIGURE 9 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for communicating data over an optical communication system using distributed amplification in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURE 10 is a block diagram illustrating a bi-directional optical communication system using distributed amplification in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURE 11 is a block diagram illustrating the optical sender and receiver of FIGURE 1 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURE 12 is a block diagram illustrating the modulator of FIGURE 11 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURE 13 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for tuning the modulation depth of an optical signal based on receiver side information in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURE 14 is a block diagram illustrating an optical communication system distributing a clock signal in an information channel in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; and FIGURE 15 is a block diagram illustrating an optical receiver for extracting a clock signal from a multimodulated signal in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIGURE 1 illustrates an optical communication system 10 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the optical communication system 10 is a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) system in which a number of optical channels are carried over a common path at disparate wavelengths. It will be understood that the optical communication system 10 may comprise other suitable single channel, multichannel or bi-directional transmission systems.
Referring to FIGURE 1, the WDM system 10 includes a WDM transmitter 12 at a source end point and a WDM
pump lasers. Accordingly, amplification of bi-directional communication systems are improved and distances over which data may be communicated bi-directionally is increased.
Still another technical advantage of one or more embodiments of the present invention include providing an optical transmission system with improved power tolerance. In particular, data is modulated using phase or frequency shift keying to eliminate XGM with the resulting signal being remodulated with the transmission clock using intensity modulation. As a result, non-linear and chromatic effects creating signal recovery problems at phase edges are minimized while still allowing for forward. and/or reverse DRA and high signal-to-noise ratios.
Other technical advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art from the following figures, description and claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a more complete understanding of the present invention and its advantages, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like numerals represent like parts, in which:
FIGURE 1 is a block diagram illustrating an optical communication system using distributed amplification in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURE 2 is a block diagram illustrating the optical 5 sender of FIGURE 1 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURES 3A-C are diagrams illustrating non-intensity modulated signals for transmission in the optical communication system of FIGURE 1 in accordance with several embodiments of the present invention;
FIGURE 4 is a block diagram illustrating the optical sender of FIGURE 1 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURE 5 is a diagram illustrating the optical waveform generated by the optical sender of FIGURE 4 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURE 6 is a block diagram illustrating the optical receiver of FIGURE 1 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURE 7-is a diagram illustrating the frequency response of the asymmetric Mach-Zender interferometer of FIGURE 6 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURES 8A-C are block diagrams illustrating the demultiplexer of FIGURE 1 in accordance with several embodiments of the present invention;
FIGURE 9 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for communicating data over an optical communication system using distributed amplification in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURE 10 is a block diagram illustrating a bi-directional optical communication system using distributed amplification in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURE 11 is a block diagram illustrating the optical sender and receiver of FIGURE 1 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURE 12 is a block diagram illustrating the modulator of FIGURE 11 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURE 13 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for tuning the modulation depth of an optical signal based on receiver side information in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGURE 14 is a block diagram illustrating an optical communication system distributing a clock signal in an information channel in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; and FIGURE 15 is a block diagram illustrating an optical receiver for extracting a clock signal from a multimodulated signal in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIGURE 1 illustrates an optical communication system 10 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the optical communication system 10 is a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) system in which a number of optical channels are carried over a common path at disparate wavelengths. It will be understood that the optical communication system 10 may comprise other suitable single channel, multichannel or bi-directional transmission systems.
Referring to FIGURE 1, the WDM system 10 includes a WDM transmitter 12 at a source end point and a WDM
receiver 14 at a destination end point coupled together by an optical link 16. The WDM transmitter 12 transmits data in a plurality of optical signals, or channels, over the optical link 16 to the remotely located WDM receiver 14. Spacing between the channels is selected to avoid or minimize cross talk between adjacent channels. In one embodiment, as described in more detail below, minimum channel spacing (df) comprises a multiple of the transmission symbol and/or bit rate (B) within 0.4 to 0.6 of an integer (N). Expressed mathematically:
(N+0.4)B<df<(N+0.6)B. This suppresses neighboring channel cross talk. It will be understood that channel spacing may be suitably varied without departing from the scope of the present invention.
The WDM transmitter 12 includes a plurality of optical senders 20 and a WDM multiplexer 22. Each optical sender 20 generates an optical information signal 24 on one of a set of distinct wavelengths X 1, k 2 ... kn at the channel spacing. The optical information signals 24 comprise optical signals with at least one characteristic modulated to encode audio, video, textual, real-time, non-real--time or other suitable data. The optical information signals 24 are multiplexed into a single WDM signal 26 by the WDM multiplexer 22 for transmission on the optical link 16. It will be understood that the optical information signals 24 may be otherwise suitably combined into the WDM signal 26. The WDM signal is transmitted in the synchronous optical network (SONET) or other suitable format.
The WDM receiver 14 receives, separates and decodes the optical information signals 24 to recover the included data. In one embodiment, the WDM receiver 14 includes a WDM dernultiplexer 30 and a plurality of optical receivers 32. The WDM demultiplexer 30 demultiplexes the optical information signals 24 from the single WDM signal 26 and sends each optical information signal 24 to a corresponding optical receiver 32. Each optical receiver 32 optically or electrically recovers the encoded data from the corresponding signal 24. As used herein, the term each means every one of at least a subset of the identified items.
The optical link 16 comprises optical fiber or other suitable medium in which optical signals may be transmitted with low loss. Interposed along the optical link 16 are one or more optical amplifiers 40. The optical amplifiers 40 increase the strength, or boost, one or more of the optical information signals 24, and thus the WDM signal 26, without the need for optical-to-electrical conversion.
In one embodiment, the optical amplifiers 40 comprise discrete amplifiers 42 and distributed amplifiers 44. The discrete amplifiers 42 comprise rare earth doped fiber amplifiers, such as erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), and other suitable amplifiers operable to amplify the WDM signal 26 at a point in the optical link 16.
The distributed amplifiers 44 amplify the WDM signal 26 along an extended length of the optical link 16. In one embodiment, the distributed amplifiers 44 comprise bi-directional distributed Raman amplifiers (DRA). Each bi-directional DRA 44 includes a forward, or co-pumping source laser 50 coupled to the optical link 16 at a beginning of the amplifier 44 and a backward, or counter-pumping source laser 52 coupled to the optical link 16 at an end of the amplifier 44. It will be understood that the co-pumping and counter-pumping source lasers 50 and 52 may amplify disparate or only partially overlapping lengths of the optical link 16.
The Raman pump sources 50 and 52 comprise semiconductor or other suitable lasers capable of generating a pump light, or amplification signal, capable of amplifying the WDM signal 26 including one, more or all of the included optical information signals 24. The pump sources 50 and. 52 may be depolarized, polarization scrambled or polarization multiplexed to minimize polarization sensitivity of Raman gain.
The amplification signal from the co-pumping laser 52 is launched in the direction of travel of the WDM
signal 26 and thus co-propagated with the WDM signal 26 at substantially the same speed and/or a slight or other suitable velocity mismatch. The amplification signal from the counter-pumping laser 52 is launched in a direction of travel opposite that of the WDM signal 26 and thus is counter-propagated with respect to the WDM
signal 26. The amplification signals may travel in opposite directions simultaneously at the same or other suitable speed.
The amplification signals comprise one or more high power lights or waves at a lower wavelength than the signal or signals to be amplified. As the amplification signal travels in the optical link 16, it scatters off atoms in the link 16, loses some energy to the atoms and continues with the same wavelength as the amplified signal or signals. In this way, the amplified signal acquires energy over many miles or kilometers in that it is represented by more photons. For the WDM signal 26, the co-pumping and counter-pumping lasers 50 and 52 may each comprise several different pump wavelengths that are used together to amplify each of the wavelength distincts optical information signals 24.
In one embodiment, as described in more detail below, a non-intensity characteristic of a carrier signal 5 is modulated with the data signal at each optical sender 20. The non-intensity characteristic comprises phase, frequency or other suitable characteristic with no or limited susceptibility to cross talk due to cross-gain modulation (XGM) from a forward pumping distributed 10 amplifier or a bi-directional pumping distributed amplifier. The non-intensity modulated optical information signal may be further and/or remodulated with a clock or other non-data signal using an intensity modulator. Thus, the non-intensity modulated optical information signal may comprise intensity modulation of a non-data signal.
In a particular embodiment, as described in more detail below, the WDM signal 26 comprises phase or frequency modulated optical information signals 24 which are amplified using the bi-directional DRAB 44 with no cross talk between the channels 24 due to XGM. In this embodiment, the bi-directional DRAs 44 provide amplification at a superior optical signal-to-noise ratio and thus enable longer transmission distances and improved transmission performance.
FIGURE 2 illustrates details of the optical sender 20 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the optical sender 20 comprises a laser 70, a modulator 72 and a data signal 74. The laser 70 generates a carrier signal at a prescribed frequency with good wavelength control.
Typically, the wavelengths emitted by the laser 70 are selected to be within the 1500 nanometer (nm) range, the range at which the minimum signal attenuation occurs for silica-based optical fibers. More particularly, the wavelengths are generally selected to be in the range from 1310 to 1650 nm but may be suitably varied.
The modulator 72 modulates the carrier signal with the data signal 74 to generate the optical information signal 24. The modulator 72 may employ amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, phase modulation, intensity modulation, amplitude-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, phase-shift keying and other suitable techniques for encoding the data signal 74 onto the carrier signal. In addition, it will be understood that different modulators 72 may employ more than one modulation system in combination.
In accordance with one embodiment, modulator 74 modulates the phrase, frequency or other suitable non-intensity characteristic of the carrier signal with the data signal 74. As previously described, this generates a non-intensity optical information signal 24 with poor susceptibility to cross talk due to XGM in long-haul and other transmission systems using bi-directional DRA or other distributed amplification. Details of the carrier wave, frequency modulation of the carrier wave and phase modulation of the carrier wave are illustrated in FIGURES
3A-C.
Referring to FIGURE :3A, the carrier signal 76 is a completely periodic signal at the specified wavelength.
The carrier signal 76 has at least one characteristic that may be varied. by modulation and is capable of carrying information via modulation.
Referring to FIGURE 3B, the frequency of the carrier signal 76 is modulated with a data signal 74 to generate a frequency modulated optical information signal 78. In frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier signal 76 is shifted as a function of the data signal 74.
Frequency shift keying may be used in which the frequency of the carrier signal shifts between discrete states.
Referring to FIGURE 3C, the phase of the carrier signal 76 is modulated with a data signal 80 to generate a phase modulated optical information signal 82. In phase modulation, the phase of the carrier signal 76 is shifted as a function of the data signal 80. Phase shift keying may be used in which the phase of the carrier signal shifts between discrete states.
FIGURE 4 illustrates an optical sender 80 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, data is phase or frequency modulated onto the carrier signal and then remodulated with intensity modulation synchronized with the signal clock to provide superior power tolerance in the transmission system.
Referring to FIGURE 4, the optical sender 80 includes a laser 82, a non-intensity modulator 84 and data signal 86. The non-intensity modulator 84 modulates the phase or frequency of the carrier signal from the laser 82 with the data signal 86. The resulting data modulated signal is passed to the intensity modulator 88 for remodulation with the clock frequency 90 to generate a dual or otherwise multimodulated optical information signal 92. Because the intensity modulation based on the clock is a non-random, completely periodic pattern, little or no cross talk due to XGM is generated by the DRAB 44 so long as there is a slight velocity mismatch in the forward pumping direction. FIGURE 5 illustrates the waveform of the dual modulated optical information signal 92.
(N+0.4)B<df<(N+0.6)B. This suppresses neighboring channel cross talk. It will be understood that channel spacing may be suitably varied without departing from the scope of the present invention.
The WDM transmitter 12 includes a plurality of optical senders 20 and a WDM multiplexer 22. Each optical sender 20 generates an optical information signal 24 on one of a set of distinct wavelengths X 1, k 2 ... kn at the channel spacing. The optical information signals 24 comprise optical signals with at least one characteristic modulated to encode audio, video, textual, real-time, non-real--time or other suitable data. The optical information signals 24 are multiplexed into a single WDM signal 26 by the WDM multiplexer 22 for transmission on the optical link 16. It will be understood that the optical information signals 24 may be otherwise suitably combined into the WDM signal 26. The WDM signal is transmitted in the synchronous optical network (SONET) or other suitable format.
The WDM receiver 14 receives, separates and decodes the optical information signals 24 to recover the included data. In one embodiment, the WDM receiver 14 includes a WDM dernultiplexer 30 and a plurality of optical receivers 32. The WDM demultiplexer 30 demultiplexes the optical information signals 24 from the single WDM signal 26 and sends each optical information signal 24 to a corresponding optical receiver 32. Each optical receiver 32 optically or electrically recovers the encoded data from the corresponding signal 24. As used herein, the term each means every one of at least a subset of the identified items.
The optical link 16 comprises optical fiber or other suitable medium in which optical signals may be transmitted with low loss. Interposed along the optical link 16 are one or more optical amplifiers 40. The optical amplifiers 40 increase the strength, or boost, one or more of the optical information signals 24, and thus the WDM signal 26, without the need for optical-to-electrical conversion.
In one embodiment, the optical amplifiers 40 comprise discrete amplifiers 42 and distributed amplifiers 44. The discrete amplifiers 42 comprise rare earth doped fiber amplifiers, such as erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), and other suitable amplifiers operable to amplify the WDM signal 26 at a point in the optical link 16.
The distributed amplifiers 44 amplify the WDM signal 26 along an extended length of the optical link 16. In one embodiment, the distributed amplifiers 44 comprise bi-directional distributed Raman amplifiers (DRA). Each bi-directional DRA 44 includes a forward, or co-pumping source laser 50 coupled to the optical link 16 at a beginning of the amplifier 44 and a backward, or counter-pumping source laser 52 coupled to the optical link 16 at an end of the amplifier 44. It will be understood that the co-pumping and counter-pumping source lasers 50 and 52 may amplify disparate or only partially overlapping lengths of the optical link 16.
The Raman pump sources 50 and 52 comprise semiconductor or other suitable lasers capable of generating a pump light, or amplification signal, capable of amplifying the WDM signal 26 including one, more or all of the included optical information signals 24. The pump sources 50 and. 52 may be depolarized, polarization scrambled or polarization multiplexed to minimize polarization sensitivity of Raman gain.
The amplification signal from the co-pumping laser 52 is launched in the direction of travel of the WDM
signal 26 and thus co-propagated with the WDM signal 26 at substantially the same speed and/or a slight or other suitable velocity mismatch. The amplification signal from the counter-pumping laser 52 is launched in a direction of travel opposite that of the WDM signal 26 and thus is counter-propagated with respect to the WDM
signal 26. The amplification signals may travel in opposite directions simultaneously at the same or other suitable speed.
The amplification signals comprise one or more high power lights or waves at a lower wavelength than the signal or signals to be amplified. As the amplification signal travels in the optical link 16, it scatters off atoms in the link 16, loses some energy to the atoms and continues with the same wavelength as the amplified signal or signals. In this way, the amplified signal acquires energy over many miles or kilometers in that it is represented by more photons. For the WDM signal 26, the co-pumping and counter-pumping lasers 50 and 52 may each comprise several different pump wavelengths that are used together to amplify each of the wavelength distincts optical information signals 24.
In one embodiment, as described in more detail below, a non-intensity characteristic of a carrier signal 5 is modulated with the data signal at each optical sender 20. The non-intensity characteristic comprises phase, frequency or other suitable characteristic with no or limited susceptibility to cross talk due to cross-gain modulation (XGM) from a forward pumping distributed 10 amplifier or a bi-directional pumping distributed amplifier. The non-intensity modulated optical information signal may be further and/or remodulated with a clock or other non-data signal using an intensity modulator. Thus, the non-intensity modulated optical information signal may comprise intensity modulation of a non-data signal.
In a particular embodiment, as described in more detail below, the WDM signal 26 comprises phase or frequency modulated optical information signals 24 which are amplified using the bi-directional DRAB 44 with no cross talk between the channels 24 due to XGM. In this embodiment, the bi-directional DRAs 44 provide amplification at a superior optical signal-to-noise ratio and thus enable longer transmission distances and improved transmission performance.
FIGURE 2 illustrates details of the optical sender 20 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the optical sender 20 comprises a laser 70, a modulator 72 and a data signal 74. The laser 70 generates a carrier signal at a prescribed frequency with good wavelength control.
Typically, the wavelengths emitted by the laser 70 are selected to be within the 1500 nanometer (nm) range, the range at which the minimum signal attenuation occurs for silica-based optical fibers. More particularly, the wavelengths are generally selected to be in the range from 1310 to 1650 nm but may be suitably varied.
The modulator 72 modulates the carrier signal with the data signal 74 to generate the optical information signal 24. The modulator 72 may employ amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, phase modulation, intensity modulation, amplitude-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, phase-shift keying and other suitable techniques for encoding the data signal 74 onto the carrier signal. In addition, it will be understood that different modulators 72 may employ more than one modulation system in combination.
In accordance with one embodiment, modulator 74 modulates the phrase, frequency or other suitable non-intensity characteristic of the carrier signal with the data signal 74. As previously described, this generates a non-intensity optical information signal 24 with poor susceptibility to cross talk due to XGM in long-haul and other transmission systems using bi-directional DRA or other distributed amplification. Details of the carrier wave, frequency modulation of the carrier wave and phase modulation of the carrier wave are illustrated in FIGURES
3A-C.
Referring to FIGURE :3A, the carrier signal 76 is a completely periodic signal at the specified wavelength.
The carrier signal 76 has at least one characteristic that may be varied. by modulation and is capable of carrying information via modulation.
Referring to FIGURE 3B, the frequency of the carrier signal 76 is modulated with a data signal 74 to generate a frequency modulated optical information signal 78. In frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier signal 76 is shifted as a function of the data signal 74.
Frequency shift keying may be used in which the frequency of the carrier signal shifts between discrete states.
Referring to FIGURE 3C, the phase of the carrier signal 76 is modulated with a data signal 80 to generate a phase modulated optical information signal 82. In phase modulation, the phase of the carrier signal 76 is shifted as a function of the data signal 80. Phase shift keying may be used in which the phase of the carrier signal shifts between discrete states.
FIGURE 4 illustrates an optical sender 80 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, data is phase or frequency modulated onto the carrier signal and then remodulated with intensity modulation synchronized with the signal clock to provide superior power tolerance in the transmission system.
Referring to FIGURE 4, the optical sender 80 includes a laser 82, a non-intensity modulator 84 and data signal 86. The non-intensity modulator 84 modulates the phase or frequency of the carrier signal from the laser 82 with the data signal 86. The resulting data modulated signal is passed to the intensity modulator 88 for remodulation with the clock frequency 90 to generate a dual or otherwise multimodulated optical information signal 92. Because the intensity modulation based on the clock is a non-random, completely periodic pattern, little or no cross talk due to XGM is generated by the DRAB 44 so long as there is a slight velocity mismatch in the forward pumping direction. FIGURE 5 illustrates the waveform of the dual modulated optical information signal 92.
FIGURE 6 illustrates details of the optical receiver 32 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the optical receiver 32 receives a demultiplexed optical information signal 24 with the data modulated on the phase of the carrier signal with phase shift keying. It will be understood that the optical receiver 32 may be otherwise suitably configured to receive and detect data otherwise encoded in an optical information signal 24 without departing from the scope of the present invention.
Referring to FIGURE 6, the optical receiver 32 includes an asymmetric interferometer 100 and a detector 102. The interferometer :100 is an asymmetric Mach-Zender or other suitable interferometer operable to convert a non-intensity modulated optical information signal 24 into an intensity modulated optical information signal for detection of data by the detector 102. Preferably, the Mach-Zender interferometer 100 with wavelength dependent loss and good rejection characteristics for the channel spacing.
The Mach-Zender interferometer 100 splits the received optical signal into two interferometer paths 110 and 112 of different lengths and then combines the two paths 110 and 112 interferometrically to generate two complimentary output signals 114 and 116. In particular, the optical path difference (L) is equal to the symbol rate (B) multiplied by the speed of light (c) and divided by the optical index of the paths (n). Expressed mathematically: L=Bc/n.
In a particular embodiment, the two path lengths 110 and 112 are sized based on the symbol, or bit rate to provide a one symbol period, or bit shift. In this embodiment, the Mach-Zender interferometer 100 has a wavelength dependent loss that increases the rejection of neighboring channels when channel spacing comprises the symbol transmission rate multiple within 0.4 to 0.6 of an integer as previously described.
The detector 102 is a dual or other suitable detector. In one embodiment, the dual detector 102 includes photodiodes 120 and 122 connected in series in a balanced configuration and a limiting amplifier 124. In this embodiment, the two complimentary optical outputs 114 and 116 from the Mach-Zender interferometer 100 are applied to the photodiodes 120 and 122 for conversion of the optical signal to an electrical signal. The limiting electronic amplifier 124 converts the electrical signal to a digital signal (0 or 1) depending on the optical intensity delivered by the interferometer 100. In another embodiment, the detector 102 is a single detector with one photodiode 122 coupled to output 116. In this embodiment, output 114 is not utilized.
FIGURE 7 illustrates the frequency response of the asymmetric Mach-Zender interferometer 100 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, channel spacing comprises the symbol transmission rate multiple within 0.4 to 0.6 of an integer as previously described. As can be seen, optical frequency of neighboring channels is automatically rejected by the asymmetric Mach-Zender interferometer 100 to aid channel rejection of the demultiplexer 30. It will be understood that the asymmetric Mach-Zender interferometer may be used in connection with other suitable channel spacings.
FIGURES 8A-C illustrate details of the demultiplexer 30 in accordance with one embodiment of the present inventionõ In this embodiment, phase or frequency modulated optical information signals 24 are converted to intensity modulate optical information signals within the demultiplexer 30 of the WDM receiver 14 and/or before demultiplexing or between demultiplexing steps. It will 5 be understood that the demultiplexer 30 may otherwise suitably demultiplex and/or separate the optical information signals 24 from the WDM signal 26 without departing from the scope of the present invention.
Referring to FIGURE 8A, the demultiplexer 30 10 comprises a plurality of demultiplex elements 130 and a multi-channel format converter 131. Each demultiplex element 130 separates a received set of channels 132 into two discrete sets of channels 134. Final channel separation is performed by dielectric filters 136 which 15 each filter a specific channel wavelength 138.
The multichannel format converter 131 converts phase modulation to intensity modulation and may be an asymmetric Mach-Zender interferometer with a one-bit shift to convert non-intensity modulated signals to intensity modulated signals as previously described in connection with interferometer 100 or suitable optical device having a periodical optical frequency response that converts at least two phase or frequency modulated channels into intensity modulated WDM signal channels.
The intensity-conversion interferometer may be prior to the first stage demultiplex element 130, between the first and second stages or between other suitable stages.
The other demultiplex elements 130 may comprise filters or non-conversion Mach-Zender interferometers operable to filter the incoming set of channels 132 into the two sets of output channels 134.
In a particular embodiment, the multichannel format converter 131 is an asymmetric Mach-Zender interferometer with a free spectral range coinciding with the WDM
channel spacing or its integer sub-multiple. This allows all the WDM channels to be converted within the Mach-Zender interferometer simultaneously. In this embodiment, a channel spacing may be configured based on the channel bit rate which defines the free spectral range. Placement of the intensity-conversion Mach-Zender interferometer in the demultiplexer 30 eliminates the need for the interferometer 100 at each optical receiver 32 which can be bulky and expensive. In addition, the demultiplexer 30 including the Mach-Zender and other demultiplexer elements 130 may be fabricated on a same chip which reduces the size and cost of the WDM receiver 14.
Referring to FIGURE 8B, the demultiplexer 30 comprises a plurality of wavelength interleavers 133 and a multichannel format converter 135 for each set of interleaved optical information signals output by the last stage wavelength interleavers 133. Each wavelength interleaver 133 separates a received set of channels into two discrete sets of interleaved channels. The multichannel format converters 135 may be asymmetric Mach-Zender interferometers with a one-bit shift to convert non-intensity modulated signals to intensity modulated signals as previously described in connection with interferometer 100 or other suitable optical device.
Use of the wavelength interleavers as part of the WDM
demultiplexing in front of the format converters allow several WDM channels to be converted simultaneously in one Mach-Zender interferometer even if the free spectral range of the interferometer does not coincide with an integer multiple of the WDM channel spacing. FIGURE 8C
illustrates transmissions of four Mach-Zender interferometers for a particular embodiment of the demultiplexer 30 using wavelength interleavers 133 in which the free spectral range is three quarters of the channel spacing. In this embodiment, the four Mach-Zender interferometers may be used to convert all of the WDM channels.
FIGURE 9 illustrates a method for transmitting information in an optical communication system using distributed amplification in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, data signals are phase-shift keyed onto the carrier signal and the signal is amplified during transmission using discrete and distributed amplification.
Referring to FIGURE 9, the method begins at step 140 in which the phase of each disparate wavelength optical carrier signal is modulated with a data signal 74 to generate the optical information signals 24. At step 142, the optical information signals 24 are multiplexed into the WDM signal 26. At step 143, the WDM signal 26 is transmitted in the optical link 16.
Proceeding to step 144, the WDM signal 26 is amplified along the optical link 16 utilizing discrete and distributed amplification. As previously described, the WDM signal 26 may amplified at discrete points using EDFAs 42 and distributively amplified using bi-directional DRAs 44. Because the data signals are modulated onto the phase of the carrier signal, cross talk between channels from XGM due to forward pumping amplification is eliminated. Accordingly, the signal-to-noise ratio can be maximized and the signals may be transmitted over longer distances without regeneration.
Next, at step 1.45, the WDM signal 26 is received by the WDM receiver 14., At step 146, the WDM signal 26 is demultiplexed by the demultiplexer 30 to separate out the optical information signals 24. At step 147, the phase modulated optical information signals 24 are converted to intensity modulated signals for recovery of the data signal 74 at step 148. In this way, data signals 74 are transmitted over long distances using forward or bi-directional pumping distributed amplification with a low bit-to-noise ratio.
FIGURE 10 illustrates a bi-directional optical communication system 150 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the bi-directional communication system 150 includes WDM
transmitters 152 and WDM receivers 154 at each end of an optical link 156. The WDM transmitters 152 comprise optical senders and a multiplexer as previously described in connection with the WDM transmitter 12. Similarly, the WDM receivers 154 comprise demultiplexers and optical receivers as previously described in connection with the WDM receiver 14.
At each end point, the WDM transmitter and receiver set is connected to the optical link 156 by a routing device 158. The routing device 158 may be an optical circulator, optical filter, or optical interleaver filter capable of allowing egress traffic to pass onto the link 156 from WDM transmitter 1.52 and to route ingress traffic from the link 156 to WDM receiver 154.
The optical link 156 comprises bi-directional discrete amplifiers 160 and bi-directional distributed amplifiers 162 spaced periodically along the link. The bi-directional discrete amplifiers 160 may comprise EDFA
amplifiers as previously described in connection with amplifiers 42. Similarly, the distributed amplifiers 162 may comprise DRA amplifiers including co-pumping and counter-pumping lasers 164 and 166 as previously described in connection with DRA amplifiers 44.
In operation, a WDM signal is generated and transmitted from each end point to the other end point and a WDM signal is received from the other end point.
Along the length of the optical link 156, the WDM signals are amplified using bi-directional-pumped DRA 162.
Because data is not carried in the form of optical intensity, cross talk due to XGM is eliminated. Thus, DRA and other suitable distributed amplification may be used in long-haul and other suitable bi-directional optical transmission systems.
FIGURE 11 illustrates an optical sender 200 and an optical receiver 202 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the optical sender 200 and the optical receiver 204 communicate to fine-tune modulation for improved transmission performance of the optical information signals 24. It will be understood that modulation of the optical information signals 24 may be otherwise fine-tuned using downstream feedback without departing from the scope of the present invention.
Referring to :FIGURE 11, the optical sender 200 comprises a laser 210, a modulator 212, and a data signal 214 which operate as previously described in connection with the laser 70, the modulator 72 and the data signal 74. A controller 216 receives bit error rate or other indication of transmission errors from the downstream optical receiver 202 and adjust the modulation depth of modulator 212 based on the indication to reduce and/or minimize transmission errors. The controller 216 may adjust the amplitude, intensity, phase, frequency and/or other suitable modulation depth of 'modulator 212 and may use any suitable control loop or other algorithm that adjusts modulation alone or in connection with other characteristics toward a minimized or reduced transmission error rate. Thus, for example, the 5 controller 216 may adjust a non-intensity modulation depth and a depth of the periodic intensity modulation in the optical sender 80 to generate and optimize multimodulated signals.
The optical receiver 202 comprises an interferometer 10 220 and a detector 222 which operate as previously described in connection with interferometer 100 and detector 102. A forward error correction (FEC) decoder 224 uses header, redundant, symptom or other suitable bits in the header or other section of a SONET or other 15 frame or other transmission protocol data to determine bit errors. The FEC decoder 224 corrects for detected bit errors and forwards the bit error rate or other indicator of transmission errors to a controller 226 for the optical receiver 202.
Referring to FIGURE 6, the optical receiver 32 includes an asymmetric interferometer 100 and a detector 102. The interferometer :100 is an asymmetric Mach-Zender or other suitable interferometer operable to convert a non-intensity modulated optical information signal 24 into an intensity modulated optical information signal for detection of data by the detector 102. Preferably, the Mach-Zender interferometer 100 with wavelength dependent loss and good rejection characteristics for the channel spacing.
The Mach-Zender interferometer 100 splits the received optical signal into two interferometer paths 110 and 112 of different lengths and then combines the two paths 110 and 112 interferometrically to generate two complimentary output signals 114 and 116. In particular, the optical path difference (L) is equal to the symbol rate (B) multiplied by the speed of light (c) and divided by the optical index of the paths (n). Expressed mathematically: L=Bc/n.
In a particular embodiment, the two path lengths 110 and 112 are sized based on the symbol, or bit rate to provide a one symbol period, or bit shift. In this embodiment, the Mach-Zender interferometer 100 has a wavelength dependent loss that increases the rejection of neighboring channels when channel spacing comprises the symbol transmission rate multiple within 0.4 to 0.6 of an integer as previously described.
The detector 102 is a dual or other suitable detector. In one embodiment, the dual detector 102 includes photodiodes 120 and 122 connected in series in a balanced configuration and a limiting amplifier 124. In this embodiment, the two complimentary optical outputs 114 and 116 from the Mach-Zender interferometer 100 are applied to the photodiodes 120 and 122 for conversion of the optical signal to an electrical signal. The limiting electronic amplifier 124 converts the electrical signal to a digital signal (0 or 1) depending on the optical intensity delivered by the interferometer 100. In another embodiment, the detector 102 is a single detector with one photodiode 122 coupled to output 116. In this embodiment, output 114 is not utilized.
FIGURE 7 illustrates the frequency response of the asymmetric Mach-Zender interferometer 100 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, channel spacing comprises the symbol transmission rate multiple within 0.4 to 0.6 of an integer as previously described. As can be seen, optical frequency of neighboring channels is automatically rejected by the asymmetric Mach-Zender interferometer 100 to aid channel rejection of the demultiplexer 30. It will be understood that the asymmetric Mach-Zender interferometer may be used in connection with other suitable channel spacings.
FIGURES 8A-C illustrate details of the demultiplexer 30 in accordance with one embodiment of the present inventionõ In this embodiment, phase or frequency modulated optical information signals 24 are converted to intensity modulate optical information signals within the demultiplexer 30 of the WDM receiver 14 and/or before demultiplexing or between demultiplexing steps. It will 5 be understood that the demultiplexer 30 may otherwise suitably demultiplex and/or separate the optical information signals 24 from the WDM signal 26 without departing from the scope of the present invention.
Referring to FIGURE 8A, the demultiplexer 30 10 comprises a plurality of demultiplex elements 130 and a multi-channel format converter 131. Each demultiplex element 130 separates a received set of channels 132 into two discrete sets of channels 134. Final channel separation is performed by dielectric filters 136 which 15 each filter a specific channel wavelength 138.
The multichannel format converter 131 converts phase modulation to intensity modulation and may be an asymmetric Mach-Zender interferometer with a one-bit shift to convert non-intensity modulated signals to intensity modulated signals as previously described in connection with interferometer 100 or suitable optical device having a periodical optical frequency response that converts at least two phase or frequency modulated channels into intensity modulated WDM signal channels.
The intensity-conversion interferometer may be prior to the first stage demultiplex element 130, between the first and second stages or between other suitable stages.
The other demultiplex elements 130 may comprise filters or non-conversion Mach-Zender interferometers operable to filter the incoming set of channels 132 into the two sets of output channels 134.
In a particular embodiment, the multichannel format converter 131 is an asymmetric Mach-Zender interferometer with a free spectral range coinciding with the WDM
channel spacing or its integer sub-multiple. This allows all the WDM channels to be converted within the Mach-Zender interferometer simultaneously. In this embodiment, a channel spacing may be configured based on the channel bit rate which defines the free spectral range. Placement of the intensity-conversion Mach-Zender interferometer in the demultiplexer 30 eliminates the need for the interferometer 100 at each optical receiver 32 which can be bulky and expensive. In addition, the demultiplexer 30 including the Mach-Zender and other demultiplexer elements 130 may be fabricated on a same chip which reduces the size and cost of the WDM receiver 14.
Referring to FIGURE 8B, the demultiplexer 30 comprises a plurality of wavelength interleavers 133 and a multichannel format converter 135 for each set of interleaved optical information signals output by the last stage wavelength interleavers 133. Each wavelength interleaver 133 separates a received set of channels into two discrete sets of interleaved channels. The multichannel format converters 135 may be asymmetric Mach-Zender interferometers with a one-bit shift to convert non-intensity modulated signals to intensity modulated signals as previously described in connection with interferometer 100 or other suitable optical device.
Use of the wavelength interleavers as part of the WDM
demultiplexing in front of the format converters allow several WDM channels to be converted simultaneously in one Mach-Zender interferometer even if the free spectral range of the interferometer does not coincide with an integer multiple of the WDM channel spacing. FIGURE 8C
illustrates transmissions of four Mach-Zender interferometers for a particular embodiment of the demultiplexer 30 using wavelength interleavers 133 in which the free spectral range is three quarters of the channel spacing. In this embodiment, the four Mach-Zender interferometers may be used to convert all of the WDM channels.
FIGURE 9 illustrates a method for transmitting information in an optical communication system using distributed amplification in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, data signals are phase-shift keyed onto the carrier signal and the signal is amplified during transmission using discrete and distributed amplification.
Referring to FIGURE 9, the method begins at step 140 in which the phase of each disparate wavelength optical carrier signal is modulated with a data signal 74 to generate the optical information signals 24. At step 142, the optical information signals 24 are multiplexed into the WDM signal 26. At step 143, the WDM signal 26 is transmitted in the optical link 16.
Proceeding to step 144, the WDM signal 26 is amplified along the optical link 16 utilizing discrete and distributed amplification. As previously described, the WDM signal 26 may amplified at discrete points using EDFAs 42 and distributively amplified using bi-directional DRAs 44. Because the data signals are modulated onto the phase of the carrier signal, cross talk between channels from XGM due to forward pumping amplification is eliminated. Accordingly, the signal-to-noise ratio can be maximized and the signals may be transmitted over longer distances without regeneration.
Next, at step 1.45, the WDM signal 26 is received by the WDM receiver 14., At step 146, the WDM signal 26 is demultiplexed by the demultiplexer 30 to separate out the optical information signals 24. At step 147, the phase modulated optical information signals 24 are converted to intensity modulated signals for recovery of the data signal 74 at step 148. In this way, data signals 74 are transmitted over long distances using forward or bi-directional pumping distributed amplification with a low bit-to-noise ratio.
FIGURE 10 illustrates a bi-directional optical communication system 150 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the bi-directional communication system 150 includes WDM
transmitters 152 and WDM receivers 154 at each end of an optical link 156. The WDM transmitters 152 comprise optical senders and a multiplexer as previously described in connection with the WDM transmitter 12. Similarly, the WDM receivers 154 comprise demultiplexers and optical receivers as previously described in connection with the WDM receiver 14.
At each end point, the WDM transmitter and receiver set is connected to the optical link 156 by a routing device 158. The routing device 158 may be an optical circulator, optical filter, or optical interleaver filter capable of allowing egress traffic to pass onto the link 156 from WDM transmitter 1.52 and to route ingress traffic from the link 156 to WDM receiver 154.
The optical link 156 comprises bi-directional discrete amplifiers 160 and bi-directional distributed amplifiers 162 spaced periodically along the link. The bi-directional discrete amplifiers 160 may comprise EDFA
amplifiers as previously described in connection with amplifiers 42. Similarly, the distributed amplifiers 162 may comprise DRA amplifiers including co-pumping and counter-pumping lasers 164 and 166 as previously described in connection with DRA amplifiers 44.
In operation, a WDM signal is generated and transmitted from each end point to the other end point and a WDM signal is received from the other end point.
Along the length of the optical link 156, the WDM signals are amplified using bi-directional-pumped DRA 162.
Because data is not carried in the form of optical intensity, cross talk due to XGM is eliminated. Thus, DRA and other suitable distributed amplification may be used in long-haul and other suitable bi-directional optical transmission systems.
FIGURE 11 illustrates an optical sender 200 and an optical receiver 202 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the optical sender 200 and the optical receiver 204 communicate to fine-tune modulation for improved transmission performance of the optical information signals 24. It will be understood that modulation of the optical information signals 24 may be otherwise fine-tuned using downstream feedback without departing from the scope of the present invention.
Referring to :FIGURE 11, the optical sender 200 comprises a laser 210, a modulator 212, and a data signal 214 which operate as previously described in connection with the laser 70, the modulator 72 and the data signal 74. A controller 216 receives bit error rate or other indication of transmission errors from the downstream optical receiver 202 and adjust the modulation depth of modulator 212 based on the indication to reduce and/or minimize transmission errors. The controller 216 may adjust the amplitude, intensity, phase, frequency and/or other suitable modulation depth of 'modulator 212 and may use any suitable control loop or other algorithm that adjusts modulation alone or in connection with other characteristics toward a minimized or reduced transmission error rate. Thus, for example, the 5 controller 216 may adjust a non-intensity modulation depth and a depth of the periodic intensity modulation in the optical sender 80 to generate and optimize multimodulated signals.
The optical receiver 202 comprises an interferometer 10 220 and a detector 222 which operate as previously described in connection with interferometer 100 and detector 102. A forward error correction (FEC) decoder 224 uses header, redundant, symptom or other suitable bits in the header or other section of a SONET or other 15 frame or other transmission protocol data to determine bit errors. The FEC decoder 224 corrects for detected bit errors and forwards the bit error rate or other indicator of transmission errors to a controller 226 for the optical receiver 202.
20 The controller 226 communicates the bit error rate or other indicator to the controller 216 in the optical sender 200 over an optical supervisory channel (OSC) 230.
The controllers 216 and 226 may communicate with each other to fine-tune modulation depth during initiation or setup of the transmission system, periodically during operation of the transmission system, continuously during operation of the transmission system or in response to predefined trigger events. In this way, modulation depth is adjusted based on received signal quality measured at the receiver to minimize chromatic dispersion, non-linear effects, receiver characteristics and other unpredictable and/or predictable characteristics of the system.
The controllers 216 and 226 may communicate with each other to fine-tune modulation depth during initiation or setup of the transmission system, periodically during operation of the transmission system, continuously during operation of the transmission system or in response to predefined trigger events. In this way, modulation depth is adjusted based on received signal quality measured at the receiver to minimize chromatic dispersion, non-linear effects, receiver characteristics and other unpredictable and/or predictable characteristics of the system.
FIGURE 12 illustrates details of the modulator 212 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the modulator 212 employs phase and intensity modulation to generate a bi-modulated optical information signal. The phase and intensity modulation depth is adjusted based on receiver-side feedback to minimize transmission errors.
Referring to FIGURE 12, the modulator 212 includes for phase modulation such as phase shift keying a bias circuit 230 coupled to an electrical driver 232. The bias circuit 230 may be a power supply and the electrical driver 232 a broadband amplifier. The bias circuit 230 is controlled by the controller 216 to output a bias signal to the electrical driver 232. The bias signal provides an index for phase modulation. The electrical driver 232 amplifies the data signal 214 based on the bias signal and outputs the resulting signal to phase modulator 234. Phase modulator 234 modulates the receive bias-adjusted data signal onto the phase of the carrier signal output by the laser 210 to generate a phase modulated optical information signal 236.
For intensity modulation such as intensity shift keying, the modulator 212 includes a bias circuit 240 coupled to an electrical driver 242. The bias circuit 240 is controlled by the controller 216 to output a bias signal to the electrical driver 242. The bias signal acts as an intensity modulation index. The electrical driver 242 amplifies a network, system or other suitable clock signal 244 based on the bias signal and outputs the resulting signal to the intensity modulator 246. The intensity modulator 246 is coupled to the phase modulator 234 and modulates the receive bias-adjusted clock signal onto the phase modulated optical information signal 236 to generate the bi-modulated optical information signal for transmission to a receiver. It will be understood that phase and intensity modulation at the transmitter may be otherwise suitably controlled based on receiver-side feedback to minimize transmission errors of data over the optical link.
FIGURE 13 illustrates a method for fine tuning modulation depth of an optical information signal using receiver side information in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The method begins at step 250 in which. an optical carrier is modulated with a data signal 214 at the optical sender 200. Next, at step 252, the resulting optical information signal 24 is transmitted to the optical receiver 202 in a WDM signal 26.
Proceeding to step 254, the data signal 214 is recovered at the optical receiver 204. At step 256, the FEC decoder 224 determines a bit error rate for the data based on bits in the SONET overhead. At step 258, the bit error rate is reported by the controller 226 of the optical receiver 202 to the controller 216 of the optical sender 200 over the OSC 230.
Next, at decisional step 260, the controller 216 determines whether modulation is optimized. In one embodiment, modulation is optimized when the bit error rate is minimized. If the modulation is not optimized, the No branch of decisional step 260 leads to step 262 in which the modulation depth is adjusted. Step 262 returns to step 250 in which the data signal 214 is modulated with the new modulation depth and transmitted to the optical receiver 202. After the modulation depth is optimized from repetitive trails and measurements or other suitable mechanisms, the Yes branch of decisional step 260 leads to the end of the process. In this way, transmission performance is improved and transmission errors minimized.
FIGURE 14 illustrates an optical communication system 275 distributing a clock signal in an information channel in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, pure clock is transmitted in channels to one, more or all nodes in the optical system 275.
Referring to FIGURE 14, optical system 275 includes a WDM transmitter 280 coupled to a WDM receiver 282 over an optical link 284. The WDM transmitter 280 includes a plurality of optical senders 290 and a WDM multiplexer 292. Each optical sender 290 generates an optical information signal 294 on one of a set of discrete wavelengths at the channel spacing. In the clock channel 296, the optical sender 290 generates an optical information signal 294 with at least one characteristic modulated to encode the clock signal. In the data channels 297, the optical sender 290 generates an optical information signal 294 with at least one characteristic modulated to encode a corresponding data signal.
The optical signals 294 from the clock and data channels 296 and 297 are multiplexed into a signal WDM
signal 298 by the WDM multiplexer 292 for transmission on the optical link 284. Along the optical link 284, the signal may be amplified by discrete and/or distributed amplifiers as previously described.
The WDM receiver 282 receives, separates and decodes the optical information signals 294 to recover the included data and clock signals. In one embodiment, the WDM receiver 282 includes a WDM demultiplexer 310 and a plurality of optical receivers 312. The WDM
Referring to FIGURE 12, the modulator 212 includes for phase modulation such as phase shift keying a bias circuit 230 coupled to an electrical driver 232. The bias circuit 230 may be a power supply and the electrical driver 232 a broadband amplifier. The bias circuit 230 is controlled by the controller 216 to output a bias signal to the electrical driver 232. The bias signal provides an index for phase modulation. The electrical driver 232 amplifies the data signal 214 based on the bias signal and outputs the resulting signal to phase modulator 234. Phase modulator 234 modulates the receive bias-adjusted data signal onto the phase of the carrier signal output by the laser 210 to generate a phase modulated optical information signal 236.
For intensity modulation such as intensity shift keying, the modulator 212 includes a bias circuit 240 coupled to an electrical driver 242. The bias circuit 240 is controlled by the controller 216 to output a bias signal to the electrical driver 242. The bias signal acts as an intensity modulation index. The electrical driver 242 amplifies a network, system or other suitable clock signal 244 based on the bias signal and outputs the resulting signal to the intensity modulator 246. The intensity modulator 246 is coupled to the phase modulator 234 and modulates the receive bias-adjusted clock signal onto the phase modulated optical information signal 236 to generate the bi-modulated optical information signal for transmission to a receiver. It will be understood that phase and intensity modulation at the transmitter may be otherwise suitably controlled based on receiver-side feedback to minimize transmission errors of data over the optical link.
FIGURE 13 illustrates a method for fine tuning modulation depth of an optical information signal using receiver side information in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The method begins at step 250 in which. an optical carrier is modulated with a data signal 214 at the optical sender 200. Next, at step 252, the resulting optical information signal 24 is transmitted to the optical receiver 202 in a WDM signal 26.
Proceeding to step 254, the data signal 214 is recovered at the optical receiver 204. At step 256, the FEC decoder 224 determines a bit error rate for the data based on bits in the SONET overhead. At step 258, the bit error rate is reported by the controller 226 of the optical receiver 202 to the controller 216 of the optical sender 200 over the OSC 230.
Next, at decisional step 260, the controller 216 determines whether modulation is optimized. In one embodiment, modulation is optimized when the bit error rate is minimized. If the modulation is not optimized, the No branch of decisional step 260 leads to step 262 in which the modulation depth is adjusted. Step 262 returns to step 250 in which the data signal 214 is modulated with the new modulation depth and transmitted to the optical receiver 202. After the modulation depth is optimized from repetitive trails and measurements or other suitable mechanisms, the Yes branch of decisional step 260 leads to the end of the process. In this way, transmission performance is improved and transmission errors minimized.
FIGURE 14 illustrates an optical communication system 275 distributing a clock signal in an information channel in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, pure clock is transmitted in channels to one, more or all nodes in the optical system 275.
Referring to FIGURE 14, optical system 275 includes a WDM transmitter 280 coupled to a WDM receiver 282 over an optical link 284. The WDM transmitter 280 includes a plurality of optical senders 290 and a WDM multiplexer 292. Each optical sender 290 generates an optical information signal 294 on one of a set of discrete wavelengths at the channel spacing. In the clock channel 296, the optical sender 290 generates an optical information signal 294 with at least one characteristic modulated to encode the clock signal. In the data channels 297, the optical sender 290 generates an optical information signal 294 with at least one characteristic modulated to encode a corresponding data signal.
The optical signals 294 from the clock and data channels 296 and 297 are multiplexed into a signal WDM
signal 298 by the WDM multiplexer 292 for transmission on the optical link 284. Along the optical link 284, the signal may be amplified by discrete and/or distributed amplifiers as previously described.
The WDM receiver 282 receives, separates and decodes the optical information signals 294 to recover the included data and clock signals. In one embodiment, the WDM receiver 282 includes a WDM demultiplexer 310 and a plurality of optical receivers 312. The WDM
demultiplexer 310 demultiplexes the optical information signals 294 from the single WDM signal 298 and sends each optical information signal 294 to a corresponding optical receiver 312.
Each optical receiver 312 optically or electrically recovers the encoded data or clock signal from the corresponding signal. 294. In the clock channel 296, the clock signal is recovered and forwarded to the optical receivers 312 in the data channels 297 for use in data extraction and forward error correction. The transmission of pure clock in an information channel allows a more stable clock recovery with less jitter.
The stable clock may be used by forward error correction to improve the bit error rate even in the presence of jitter and poor optical signal quality.
FIGURE 15 illustrates an optical receiver 320 for extracting a clock signal from a multimodulated signal in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
In this embodiment, the optical receiver 320 receives a demultiplexed optical information signal with data phase modulated onto a carrier signal that is then remodulated with intensity modulation synchronized with the network, system or other suitable clock as described in connection with the optical sender 80. The optical receiver 320 extracts the clock information from the optical signal and uses the stable clock to recover data from the phase modulated signal of the channel. Thus, each channel can recover its own clock.
Referring to FIGURE 15, the optical receiver 320 includes an interferometer 322 and a detector 324 as previously described in connection with the optical receiver 32. The interferometer 322 receives the miltimodulated signal and converts the phase modulation into intensity modulation for recovery of the data signal 330 by the detector 324.
A clock recovery element 326 comprises a photodiode and/or other suitable components to recover the clock 5 signal before phase-to-intensity conversion of the data signal. The clock recovery element 326 may comprise a phase lock loop, a tank circuit, a high quality filter and the like. The clock. recovery element 326 receives the multimodulated signal and recovers the clock signal 10 332 from the intensity modulation.
The data signal 330 and the recovered clock signal 332 are output to a digital flip flop or other suitable data recovery circuit 334. In this way, the optical receiver 320 extracts the clock information from the 15 optical signal before the phase-to-intensity conversion of the data signal and provides a stable clock recovery with less jitter even with poor optical signal quality corresponding to a bit error rate in the range of le-2.
Although the present, invention has been described 20 with several embodiments, various changes and modifications may be suggested to one skilled in the art.
It is intended that the present invention encompass such changes and modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.
Each optical receiver 312 optically or electrically recovers the encoded data or clock signal from the corresponding signal. 294. In the clock channel 296, the clock signal is recovered and forwarded to the optical receivers 312 in the data channels 297 for use in data extraction and forward error correction. The transmission of pure clock in an information channel allows a more stable clock recovery with less jitter.
The stable clock may be used by forward error correction to improve the bit error rate even in the presence of jitter and poor optical signal quality.
FIGURE 15 illustrates an optical receiver 320 for extracting a clock signal from a multimodulated signal in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
In this embodiment, the optical receiver 320 receives a demultiplexed optical information signal with data phase modulated onto a carrier signal that is then remodulated with intensity modulation synchronized with the network, system or other suitable clock as described in connection with the optical sender 80. The optical receiver 320 extracts the clock information from the optical signal and uses the stable clock to recover data from the phase modulated signal of the channel. Thus, each channel can recover its own clock.
Referring to FIGURE 15, the optical receiver 320 includes an interferometer 322 and a detector 324 as previously described in connection with the optical receiver 32. The interferometer 322 receives the miltimodulated signal and converts the phase modulation into intensity modulation for recovery of the data signal 330 by the detector 324.
A clock recovery element 326 comprises a photodiode and/or other suitable components to recover the clock 5 signal before phase-to-intensity conversion of the data signal. The clock recovery element 326 may comprise a phase lock loop, a tank circuit, a high quality filter and the like. The clock. recovery element 326 receives the multimodulated signal and recovers the clock signal 10 332 from the intensity modulation.
The data signal 330 and the recovered clock signal 332 are output to a digital flip flop or other suitable data recovery circuit 334. In this way, the optical receiver 320 extracts the clock information from the 15 optical signal before the phase-to-intensity conversion of the data signal and provides a stable clock recovery with less jitter even with poor optical signal quality corresponding to a bit error rate in the range of le-2.
Although the present, invention has been described 20 with several embodiments, various changes and modifications may be suggested to one skilled in the art.
It is intended that the present invention encompass such changes and modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (20)
1. A method for transmitting information in an optical communication system, comprising:
generating a plurality of optical information signals each comprising a wavelength distinct carrier signal having the non-intensity characteristic modulated with a data signal;
multiplexing the plurality of optical information signals to generate a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signal, the WDM signal having a minimum channel spacing that is greater than (N+0.4)B and less than (N+0.6)B, where B
comprises the symbol rate of the WDM signal and N is an integer;
transmitting the WDM signal over an optical link; and amplifying the WDM signal over a length of the optical link with a plurality of co-launched amplification signals traveling in a same direction as the WDM signal in the optical link.
generating a plurality of optical information signals each comprising a wavelength distinct carrier signal having the non-intensity characteristic modulated with a data signal;
multiplexing the plurality of optical information signals to generate a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signal, the WDM signal having a minimum channel spacing that is greater than (N+0.4)B and less than (N+0.6)B, where B
comprises the symbol rate of the WDM signal and N is an integer;
transmitting the WDM signal over an optical link; and amplifying the WDM signal over a length of the optical link with a plurality of co-launched amplification signals traveling in a same direction as the WDM signal in the optical link.
2. The method of Claim 1, wherein the co-launched amplification signal travels at a substantially same speed as the WDM signal.
3. The method of Claim 1, wherein the co-launched amplification signal comprises a wavelength lower than those of the optical information signals.
4. The method of Claim 1, wherein the WDM signal is amplified over the length of the optical link with the co-launched amplification signal by distributed Raman amplification (DRA).
5. The method of Claim 1, wherein the phase of the optical carrier signal is modulated with the data signal.
6. The method of Claim 1, wherein the frequency of the optical carrier signal is modulated with the data signal.
7. The method of Claim 1, further amplifying the WDM
signal over a second length of the optical link with a counter-launched amplification signal traveling in an opposite direction as the WDM signal and the co-launched amplification signal.
signal over a second length of the optical link with a counter-launched amplification signal traveling in an opposite direction as the WDM signal and the co-launched amplification signal.
8. The method of Claim 1, wherein the WDM signal and the co-launched amplification signal travel in the first direction, further comprising:
generating a second plurality of optical information signals each comprising a wavelength distinct carrier signal having the non-intensity characteristic modulated with a data signal;
multiplexing the second plurality of optical information signals to generate a second wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signal, the second WDM signal having a minimum channel spacing that is greater than (N+0.4)B and less than (N+0.6)B, where B comprises the symbol rate of the second WDM signal and N is an integer;
transmitting the second WDM signal over the optical link in a second direction opposite the first direction; and amplifying the first and second WDM signals over the length of the optical link with the co-launched amplification signal and a counter-launched amplification signal traveling in the second direction.
generating a second plurality of optical information signals each comprising a wavelength distinct carrier signal having the non-intensity characteristic modulated with a data signal;
multiplexing the second plurality of optical information signals to generate a second wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signal, the second WDM signal having a minimum channel spacing that is greater than (N+0.4)B and less than (N+0.6)B, where B comprises the symbol rate of the second WDM signal and N is an integer;
transmitting the second WDM signal over the optical link in a second direction opposite the first direction; and amplifying the first and second WDM signals over the length of the optical link with the co-launched amplification signal and a counter-launched amplification signal traveling in the second direction.
9. The method of Claim 1, wherein generating a plurality of optical information signals further comprises remodulating the optical information signals with a transmission clock frequency using an intensity modulator to generate a multimodulated signal.
10. The method of Claim 1, further amplifying the WDM
signal in the optical link with a discrete amplifier.
signal in the optical link with a discrete amplifier.
11. The method of Claim 10, wherein the discrete amplifier comprises an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA).
12. An optical communication system, comprising:
an optical sender operable to generate a plurality of optical information signals each comprising a wavelength distinct carrier signal having the non-intensity characteristic modulated with a data signal, multiplex the plurality of optical information signals to generate a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signal and transmit the WDM signal over the optical link, the WDM signal having a minimum channel spacing that is greater than (N+0.4)B and less than (N+0.6)B, where B comprises the symbol rate of the WDM signal and N is an integer;
an optical link operable to transmit the WDM signal;
and a distributed amplifier comprising a pump laser operable to co-launch an amplification signal traveling in a same direction as the WDM signal, the co-launch amplification signal operable to amplify the WDM signal over a length of the optical link.
an optical sender operable to generate a plurality of optical information signals each comprising a wavelength distinct carrier signal having the non-intensity characteristic modulated with a data signal, multiplex the plurality of optical information signals to generate a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signal and transmit the WDM signal over the optical link, the WDM signal having a minimum channel spacing that is greater than (N+0.4)B and less than (N+0.6)B, where B comprises the symbol rate of the WDM signal and N is an integer;
an optical link operable to transmit the WDM signal;
and a distributed amplifier comprising a pump laser operable to co-launch an amplification signal traveling in a same direction as the WDM signal, the co-launch amplification signal operable to amplify the WDM signal over a length of the optical link.
13. The optical communication system of Claim 12, wherein the co-launched amplification signal travels at a substantially same speed as the WDM signal.
14. The optical communication system of Claim 12, wherein the co-launched amplification signal comprises a wavelength lower than those of the optical information signals.
15. The optical communication system of Claim 12, wherein the WDM signal is amplified over the length of the optical link with the co-launched amplification signal by distributed Raman amplification (DRA).
16. The optical communication system of Claim 12, wherein the phase of the optical carrier signal is modulated with the data signal.
17. The optical communication system of Claim 12, wherein the frequency of the optical carrier signal is modulated with the data signal.
18. The optical communication system of Claim 12, the distributed amplifier comprising a second pump laser operable to counter-launch a second amplification signal in an opposite direction as the WDM signal, the counter-launched amplification signal operable to amplify the WDM
signal over a second length of the optical link.
signal over a second length of the optical link.
19. The optical communication system of Claim 12, further comprising:
a second optical sender operable to generate a second plurality of optical information signals each comprising a wavelength distinct carrier signal having the non-intensity characteristic modulated with a data signal, multiplex the second plurality of optical information signals to generate a second wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signal and transmit the second WDM signal over the optical link, the second WDM signal having a minimum channel spacing that is greater than (N+0.4)B and less than (N+0.6)B, where B
comprises the symbol rate of the second WDM signal and N is an integer;
the optical link operable to transmit the second WDM
signal in an opposite direction as the optical information signal; and the distributed amplifier comprising a second pump laser operable to counter-launch a second amplification signal traveling in the opposite direction as the WDM
signal, the co-launched amplification signal and the counter-launched amplification signal operable to amplify the WDM signal and the second WDM signal over the length of the optical link.
a second optical sender operable to generate a second plurality of optical information signals each comprising a wavelength distinct carrier signal having the non-intensity characteristic modulated with a data signal, multiplex the second plurality of optical information signals to generate a second wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signal and transmit the second WDM signal over the optical link, the second WDM signal having a minimum channel spacing that is greater than (N+0.4)B and less than (N+0.6)B, where B
comprises the symbol rate of the second WDM signal and N is an integer;
the optical link operable to transmit the second WDM
signal in an opposite direction as the optical information signal; and the distributed amplifier comprising a second pump laser operable to counter-launch a second amplification signal traveling in the opposite direction as the WDM
signal, the co-launched amplification signal and the counter-launched amplification signal operable to amplify the WDM signal and the second WDM signal over the length of the optical link.
20. The optical communication system of Claim 12, wherein generating a plurality of optical information signals further comprises remodulating the optical information signals with a transmission clock frequency using an intensity modulator to generate a multimodulated signal.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US09/853,323 US7483639B2 (en) | 2001-05-10 | 2001-05-10 | Method and system for transmitting information in an optical communication system using distributed amplification |
| US09/853,323 | 2001-05-10 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2385429A1 CA2385429A1 (en) | 2002-11-10 |
| CA2385429C true CA2385429C (en) | 2011-09-20 |
Family
ID=25315724
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2385429A Expired - Lifetime CA2385429C (en) | 2001-05-10 | 2002-05-08 | Method and system for transmitting information in an optical communication system using distributed amplification |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US7483639B2 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1393475A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP4572057B2 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1650549A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2385429C (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2002091638A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (21)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7483639B2 (en) * | 2001-05-10 | 2009-01-27 | Fujitsu Limited | Method and system for transmitting information in an optical communication system using distributed amplification |
| US20030058494A1 (en) * | 2001-06-27 | 2003-03-27 | Roberts Kim B. | Control of parameters in a global optical controller |
| US7343059B2 (en) * | 2003-10-11 | 2008-03-11 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Photonic interconnect system |
| US20070140704A1 (en) * | 2005-12-20 | 2007-06-21 | Mauro John C | Optical transmitter with enhanced SBS threshold power capability |
| US8306433B2 (en) * | 2007-06-25 | 2012-11-06 | Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation | Optical modulation signal generating device and optical modulation signal generating method |
| US8032033B2 (en) * | 2007-10-23 | 2011-10-04 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Synchronous optical bus providing communication between computer system components |
| WO2010035333A1 (en) * | 2008-09-26 | 2010-04-01 | 富士通オプティカルコンポーネンツ株式会社 | Phase modulated signal receiver |
| EP2299612B1 (en) * | 2009-09-17 | 2016-03-23 | ADVA Optical Networking SE | Optical network element, optical network, and method of operating an optical network |
| US8873963B2 (en) | 2012-07-25 | 2014-10-28 | Doron Handelman | Apparatus and methods for generating and receiving optical signals at substantially 100Gb/s and beyond |
| US9124369B2 (en) * | 2013-01-18 | 2015-09-01 | Nec Laboratories America, Inc. | Multi-direction variable optical transceiver |
| EP2779497B1 (en) * | 2013-03-14 | 2017-05-03 | Danmarks Tekniske Universitet | All-Optical Regeneration System for Optical Wavelength Division Multiplexed Communication Systems |
| US9450678B2 (en) * | 2013-10-14 | 2016-09-20 | Tyco Electronics Subsea Communications Llc | System and method using spectral shaping and expanded channel spacing |
| US9578074B2 (en) * | 2013-11-11 | 2017-02-21 | Amazon Technologies, Inc. | Adaptive content transmission |
| US9641592B2 (en) | 2013-11-11 | 2017-05-02 | Amazon Technologies, Inc. | Location of actor resources |
| US9604139B2 (en) | 2013-11-11 | 2017-03-28 | Amazon Technologies, Inc. | Service for generating graphics object data |
| US9582904B2 (en) | 2013-11-11 | 2017-02-28 | Amazon Technologies, Inc. | Image composition based on remote object data |
| US9805479B2 (en) | 2013-11-11 | 2017-10-31 | Amazon Technologies, Inc. | Session idle optimization for streaming server |
| US9634942B2 (en) | 2013-11-11 | 2017-04-25 | Amazon Technologies, Inc. | Adaptive scene complexity based on service quality |
| US9374552B2 (en) | 2013-11-11 | 2016-06-21 | Amazon Technologies, Inc. | Streaming game server video recorder |
| WO2017032406A1 (en) * | 2015-08-24 | 2017-03-02 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Control of an optical transmitter in a radio over fibre system |
| CN108808431B (en) * | 2018-07-11 | 2020-09-22 | 电子科技大学 | Mixed random laser distributed amplification method based on weak erbium-doped fiber |
Family Cites Families (94)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SE432859B (en) * | 1982-10-22 | 1984-04-16 | Ericsson Telefon Ab L M | PROCEDURE TO TRANSFER AN EXTRA INFORMATION CHANNEL OVER A TRANSMISSION MEDIUM |
| US4794351A (en) | 1986-09-29 | 1988-12-27 | American Telephone And Telegraph Company, At&T Bell Laboratories | Optical mixer for upconverting or downconverting an optical signal |
| US4933929A (en) * | 1987-06-29 | 1990-06-12 | Nec Corporation | Wavelength multiplexed optical transmitter for generating constant-amplitude angle-modulated beams to eliminate phase noise in adjacent transmission channels |
| US5058974A (en) * | 1989-10-06 | 1991-10-22 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Distributed amplification for lightwave transmission system |
| EP0772314A3 (en) * | 1990-09-14 | 1997-09-03 | Fujitsu Ltd | SCM optical communication system |
| GB2259419A (en) | 1991-09-06 | 1993-03-10 | Northern Telecom Ltd | Direct detection of optical PSK signals |
| JP3223562B2 (en) * | 1992-04-07 | 2001-10-29 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Optical transmission device, optical transmission device, and optical modulator |
| US5483368A (en) * | 1992-11-18 | 1996-01-09 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Optical communication system suitable for selective reception of multiple services |
| JPH06224852A (en) * | 1993-01-25 | 1994-08-12 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Optical transmission system |
| US5345331A (en) * | 1993-04-13 | 1994-09-06 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Technique for reducing polarization dependent gain in an amplified optical transmission system |
| JPH06303196A (en) | 1993-04-13 | 1994-10-28 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Optical transmission system |
| US5361270A (en) * | 1993-08-18 | 1994-11-01 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Apparatus and method employing polarization modulation to reduce effects of polarization hole burning and/or polarization dependent loss |
| JPH08204647A (en) * | 1994-11-25 | 1996-08-09 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | Optical relay transmitter and optical communication method |
| US5644664A (en) * | 1994-06-10 | 1997-07-01 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Fiber optic digital transmission system |
| US5526162A (en) | 1994-09-27 | 1996-06-11 | At&T Corp. | Synchronous polarization and phase modulation for improved performance of optical transmission systems |
| US5633741A (en) * | 1995-02-23 | 1997-05-27 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Multichannel optical fiber communications |
| JP2785741B2 (en) * | 1995-04-12 | 1998-08-13 | 日本電気株式会社 | Monitoring system for all-optical regenerator |
| US5546480A (en) * | 1995-04-28 | 1996-08-13 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Hybrid all optical silica waveguide modulator using non-linear electro-optic components |
| US5898517A (en) * | 1995-08-24 | 1999-04-27 | Weis; R. Stephen | Optical fiber modulation and demodulation system |
| US6310709B1 (en) * | 1995-12-29 | 2001-10-30 | Tyco Submarine Systems Ltd. | Synchronous polarization and phase modulation using a periodic waveform with complex harmonics for improved performance of optical transmission systems |
| JP3036424B2 (en) | 1996-01-12 | 2000-04-24 | 日本電気株式会社 | Optical repeater with signal regeneration function |
| FR2743964B1 (en) | 1996-01-23 | 1998-03-13 | Alcatel Submarcom | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR ON-LINE REGENERATION OF A SIGNAL TRANSMITTED BY MULTIPLEXES IN WAVELENGTH VIA SYNCHRONOUS MODULATION AND OPTICAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM USING THE METHOD |
| JP3464867B2 (en) * | 1996-02-23 | 2003-11-10 | Ｋｄｄｉ株式会社 | Optical transmitting apparatus, wavelength multiplexing optical transmitting apparatus and optical transmission system using the same |
| GB9604303D0 (en) * | 1996-02-29 | 1996-05-01 | Stc Submarine Systems Ltd | Chromatic pre-chip in NRZ transmitter |
| JPH09247091A (en) * | 1996-03-08 | 1997-09-19 | Fujitsu Ltd | Optical transmitter and optical transmission system |
| US5907421A (en) | 1996-03-20 | 1999-05-25 | The Trustees Of Princeton University | Apparatus for spectral encoding and decoding of femtosecond optical pulses |
| JPH1079705A (en) | 1996-09-03 | 1998-03-24 | Fujitsu Ltd | Optical modulation device and method |
| US5963034A (en) | 1996-09-19 | 1999-10-05 | Ramar Corporation | Electro-optic electromagnetic field sensor system with optical bias adjustment |
| JP3063648B2 (en) * | 1996-10-28 | 2000-07-12 | ケイディディ株式会社 | Spread spectrum communication system |
| US6128111A (en) | 1996-12-19 | 2000-10-03 | Nortel Networks Corporation | Monitoring of nonlinear effects |
| US6556326B2 (en) * | 1996-12-20 | 2003-04-29 | Tyco Telecommunications (Us) Inc. | Synchronous amplitude modulation for improved performance of optical transmission systems |
| US5778014A (en) * | 1996-12-23 | 1998-07-07 | Islam; Mohammed N. | Sagnac raman amplifiers and cascade lasers |
| US6178036B1 (en) * | 1997-01-14 | 2001-01-23 | California Institute Of Technology | Opto-electronic devices and systems based on brillouin selective sideband amplification |
| US5946119A (en) * | 1997-02-12 | 1999-08-31 | Tyco Submarine Systems Ltd. | Wavelength division multiplexed system employing optimal channel modulation |
| US6151145A (en) | 1997-02-13 | 2000-11-21 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Two-wavelength WDM Analog CATV transmission with low crosstalk |
| US6058147A (en) | 1997-03-03 | 2000-05-02 | Telogy Networks, Inc. | Intelligent carrier acquisition method for satellite communications |
| US5986782A (en) * | 1997-05-29 | 1999-11-16 | Ciena Corporation | Signal-to-noise monitoring in WDM optical communication systems |
| JPH114196A (en) | 1997-06-11 | 1999-01-06 | Toshiba Corp | Optical communication system and optical transmitter therefor |
| US6072615A (en) * | 1997-06-13 | 2000-06-06 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Phase modulator-based generation of high-quality high bit rate return-to-zero optical data streams |
| US6631018B1 (en) | 1997-08-27 | 2003-10-07 | Nortel Networks Limited | WDM optical network with passive pass-through at each node |
| US6081366A (en) * | 1997-08-28 | 2000-06-27 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Optical fiber communication system with a distributed Raman amplifier and a remotely pumped er-doped fiber amplifier |
| US6556327B1 (en) * | 1997-11-06 | 2003-04-29 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Signal converter, optical transmitter and optical fiber transmission system |
| US6178208B1 (en) * | 1997-12-18 | 2001-01-23 | Legerity | System for recovery of digital data from amplitude and phase modulated line signals using delay lines |
| US6115157A (en) | 1997-12-24 | 2000-09-05 | Nortel Networks Corporation | Methods for equalizing WDM systems |
| JPH11220443A (en) | 1998-01-30 | 1999-08-10 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | Optical transmission and reception system |
| US6282003B1 (en) * | 1998-02-02 | 2001-08-28 | Uniphase Corporation | Method and apparatus for optimizing SBS performance in an optical communication system using at least two phase modulation tones |
| US6021233A (en) * | 1998-02-12 | 2000-02-01 | Ciena Corporation | WDM ring transmission system having reduced adjacent channel cross-talk |
| JP3523998B2 (en) | 1998-03-04 | 2004-04-26 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | Optical transmission system |
| US6456411B1 (en) | 1998-03-30 | 2002-09-24 | Fujitsu Limited | Method of setting signal wavelength in optical transmission system |
| US6323978B1 (en) | 1998-04-06 | 2001-11-27 | Nortel Networks Limited | Robust variable-bit-rate optical channel overhead |
| JP3333133B2 (en) | 1998-04-27 | 2002-10-07 | 沖電気工業株式会社 | Optical transmitter and optical transmission system |
| US6549572B1 (en) | 1998-05-13 | 2003-04-15 | Telcordia Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for automated time domain monitoring in optical networks |
| EP0961448B1 (en) | 1998-05-26 | 2009-01-07 | Panasonic Corporation | Modulator, demodulator, and transmission system for use in OFDM transmission |
| US6118397A (en) * | 1998-06-17 | 2000-09-12 | Trw Inc. | Fully optical analog to digital converters with complementary outputs |
| WO2000005622A1 (en) * | 1998-07-23 | 2000-02-03 | The Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. | Raman amplifier, optical repeater, and raman amplification method |
| US6559996B1 (en) | 1998-07-29 | 2003-05-06 | Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation | Optical transmission system |
| JP2000059300A (en) | 1998-08-06 | 2000-02-25 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | Light transmitter-receiver |
| US6381048B1 (en) * | 1998-09-15 | 2002-04-30 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Wavelength division multiplexed system having reduced cross-phase modulation |
| US6049706A (en) * | 1998-10-21 | 2000-04-11 | Parkervision, Inc. | Integrated frequency translation and selectivity |
| US6407842B1 (en) * | 1998-10-28 | 2002-06-18 | Tycom (Us) Inc. | Method and apparatus for transmitting a WDM optical signal having nonuniform channel spacings |
| JP2000151507A (en) | 1998-11-09 | 2000-05-30 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | Optical transmission system |
| JP3536688B2 (en) | 1998-11-09 | 2004-06-14 | Ｋｄｄｉ株式会社 | WDM optical transmission system and method, and optical transmitter |
| US6304353B1 (en) * | 1998-11-20 | 2001-10-16 | Lucent Technologies, Inc. | System and method for improved signal to noise ratio in optical communications networks |
| US6181464B1 (en) * | 1998-12-01 | 2001-01-30 | Tycom (Us) Inc. | Low noise Raman amplifier employing bidirectional pumping and an optical transmission system incorporating same |
| JP2000201106A (en) | 1999-01-05 | 2000-07-18 | Oki Electric Ind Co Ltd | Optical transmission system |
| US6147796A (en) * | 1999-01-12 | 2000-11-14 | Tyco Submarine Systems Ltd. | Method for determining transmission parameters for the data channels of a WDM optical communication system |
| US6163636A (en) * | 1999-01-19 | 2000-12-19 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Optical communication system using multiple-order Raman amplifiers |
| US6104515A (en) * | 1999-02-01 | 2000-08-15 | Otera Corporation | Method and apparatus for providing high-order polarization mode dispersion compensation using temporal imaging |
| US6323993B1 (en) * | 1999-02-19 | 2001-11-27 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Method of optical signal transmission with reduced degradation by non-linear effects |
| US6459515B1 (en) * | 1999-03-12 | 2002-10-01 | Tyco Telecommunications (Us) Inc. | Method and apparatus for transmitting a WDM optical signal having states of polarization that are pairwise orthogonal |
| US6473214B1 (en) | 1999-04-01 | 2002-10-29 | Nortel Networks Limited | Methods of and apparatus for optical signal transmission |
| JP3600063B2 (en) | 1999-04-30 | 2004-12-08 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | Optical fiber communication system using distributed amplification fiber Raman amplifier |
| US6600586B1 (en) * | 1999-05-10 | 2003-07-29 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Normalization method for acquiring interferometer phase shift from frequency division multiplexed fiber optic sensor arrays |
| US6252693B1 (en) * | 1999-05-20 | 2001-06-26 | Ortel Corporation | Apparatus and method for reducing impairments from nonlinear fiber effects in 1550 nanometer external modulation links |
| JP3578404B2 (en) * | 1999-05-27 | 2004-10-20 | シーメンス アクチエンゲゼルシヤフト | Method and apparatus for generating RZ signal |
| WO2000073849A1 (en) | 1999-05-31 | 2000-12-07 | The Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. | Raman amplification system and optical signal transmission method using the same |
| US6549311B1 (en) * | 1999-07-14 | 2003-04-15 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Wave division multiplexing channel telemetry by phase modulation |
| US6341023B1 (en) * | 1999-07-23 | 2002-01-22 | Tycom (Us) Inc. | Multiple level modulation in a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) systems |
| US6433904B1 (en) | 1999-07-27 | 2002-08-13 | Sycamore Networks, Inc. | Method and apparatus for improving transmission performance over wavelength division multiplexed optical communication links using forward error correction coding |
| US6606178B1 (en) | 1999-09-23 | 2003-08-12 | Corning Incorporated | Method and system to reduce FWM penalty in NRZ WDM systems |
| US6616353B1 (en) | 1999-10-07 | 2003-09-09 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Laser intensity noise suppression using unbalanced interferometer modulation |
| FR2805417B1 (en) * | 2000-02-21 | 2002-05-31 | Cit Alcatel | REGENERATOR FOR WAVELENGTH MULTIPLEXING TRANSMISSION SYSTEM |
| US6721512B1 (en) * | 2000-03-02 | 2004-04-13 | Nortel Networks Limited | High speed jitter correction and adaptive chromatic dispersion compensation in optical dispersion compensation in optical systems using RZ format |
| JP4108254B2 (en) * | 2000-07-11 | 2008-06-25 | 富士通株式会社 | Optical transmitter and optical transmission system |
| WO2002015416A2 (en) | 2000-08-17 | 2002-02-21 | Terabit Communications, L.L.C. | High-speed communications system |
| US6459521B1 (en) | 2000-08-28 | 2002-10-01 | Agere Systems Guardian Corp. | Electroabsorption modulator integrated distributed feedback laser transmitter |
| US6735395B1 (en) * | 2000-09-29 | 2004-05-11 | Futurewei Technologies, Inc. | WDM communication system utilizing WDM optical sources with stabilized wavelengths and light intensity and method for stabilization thereof |
| US6496297B1 (en) * | 2000-12-22 | 2002-12-17 | Ciena Corporation | Device and method for modulating an optical signal |
| US6476952B1 (en) * | 2001-01-17 | 2002-11-05 | Oyster Optics, Inc. | Phase-modulated fiber optic telecommunications system |
| US6417958B1 (en) * | 2001-01-24 | 2002-07-09 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | WDM optical communication system using co-propagating Raman amplification |
| US6665500B2 (en) * | 2001-01-29 | 2003-12-16 | Oyster Optics, Inc. | Dual-mode fiber optic telecommunications system and method |
| US7200344B1 (en) * | 2001-05-10 | 2007-04-03 | Fujitsu Limited | Receiver and method for a multichannel optical communication system |
| US7483639B2 (en) * | 2001-05-10 | 2009-01-27 | Fujitsu Limited | Method and system for transmitting information in an optical communication system using distributed amplification |
| GB0618021D0 (en) * | 2006-09-11 | 2006-10-18 | Qinetiq Ltd | Optical clock |
-
2001
- 2001-05-10 US US09/853,323 patent/US7483639B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2002
- 2002-05-08 CA CA2385429A patent/CA2385429C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-05-09 EP EP02727854A patent/EP1393475A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-05-09 WO PCT/IB2002/001587 patent/WO2002091638A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-05-09 CN CNA028139658A patent/CN1650549A/en active Pending
- 2002-05-09 JP JP2002587983A patent/JP4572057B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2009
- 2009-01-26 US US12/359,406 patent/US20090136229A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1393475A1 (en) | 2004-03-03 |
| JP2004532583A (en) | 2004-10-21 |
| WO2002091638A1 (en) | 2002-11-14 |
| JP4572057B2 (en) | 2010-10-27 |
| CA2385429A1 (en) | 2002-11-10 |
| US20070053692A1 (en) | 2007-03-08 |
| US20090136229A1 (en) | 2009-05-28 |
| US7483639B2 (en) | 2009-01-27 |
| CN1650549A (en) | 2005-08-03 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US7200338B2 (en) | Method and system for communicating a clock signal over an optical link | |
| US20090136229A1 (en) | Method and System for Transmitting Information in an Optical Communication System Using Distributed Amplification | |
| CA2385448C (en) | Method and system for demultiplexing non-intensity modulated wavelength division multiplexed (wdm) signals | |
| US7200344B1 (en) | Receiver and method for a multichannel optical communication system | |
| EP1496636B1 (en) | Optical device with tunable coherent receiver | |
| JP2004533163A6 (en) | Method and system for communicating clock signals over an optical link | |
| US20040184819A1 (en) | Upgraded optical communication system with increased transmission capacity and method | |
| JP3940083B2 (en) | Method and system for adjusting optical signals based on propagation conditions | |
| Martelli et al. | Uncompensated 20 Gb/s duobinary polarization division multiplexing transmission over 200 km |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKEX | Expiry |
Effective date: 20220509 |