CA2449040A1 - Directed assembly of functional heterostructures - Google Patents

Directed assembly of functional heterostructures Download PDF

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CA2449040A1
CA2449040A1 CA002449040A CA2449040A CA2449040A1 CA 2449040 A1 CA2449040 A1 CA 2449040A1 CA 002449040 A CA002449040 A CA 002449040A CA 2449040 A CA2449040 A CA 2449040A CA 2449040 A1 CA2449040 A1 CA 2449040A1
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electrode
particles
polymer
polymerization
composite
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CA2449040C (en
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Sukanta Banerjee
Michael Seul
Kairali Podual
Ye Hong
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Bioarray Solutions Ltd
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Bioarray Solutions, Ltd.
Sukanta Banerjee
Michael Seul
Kairali Podual
Ye Hong
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
    • C08J3/02—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques
    • C08J3/03—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in aqueous media
    • C08J3/075—Macromolecular gels
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
    • C08J3/28—Treatment by wave energy or particle radiation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6813—Hybridisation assays
    • C12Q1/6834—Enzymatic or biochemical coupling of nucleic acids to a solid phase
    • C12Q1/6837—Enzymatic or biochemical coupling of nucleic acids to a solid phase using probe arrays or probe chips
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
    • G01N33/544—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals the carrier being organic
    • G01N33/545—Synthetic resin
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
    • G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
    • G03F7/16—Coating processes; Apparatus therefor
    • G03F7/164—Coating processes; Apparatus therefor using electric, electrostatic or magnetic means; powder coating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2333/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2333/24—Homopolymers or copolymers of amides or imides
    • C08J2333/26—Homopolymers or copolymers of acrylamide or methacrylamide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2425/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2425/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons
    • C08J2425/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of styrene
    • C08J2425/06—Polystyrene
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
    • G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
    • G03F7/004—Photosensitive materials
    • G03F7/0047—Photosensitive materials characterised by additives for obtaining a metallic or ceramic pattern, e.g. by firing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
    • Y10T428/249924—Noninterengaged fiber-containing paper-free web or sheet which is not of specified porosity
    • Y10T428/24994—Fiber embedded in or on the surface of a polymeric matrix
    • Y10T428/24995—Two or more layers
    • Y10T428/249952—At least one thermosetting synthetic polymeric material layer
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/25—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles

Abstract

The present invention relates to a systematic process for the creation of functionally organized, spatially patterned assemblies polymer-microparticle composites including the AC electric field-mediated assembly of patterned, self-supporting organic (polymeric) films and organic-polymer-microparticle composites of tailored composition and morphology. The present invention further relates to the incorporation of said assemblies into other structures.
The present invention also relates to the application of such functional assemblies in materials science and biology. Additional areas of application include sensors, catalysts, membranes, and micro-reactors, and miniaturized format for generation of multifunctional thin films. This invention also provides simple methods and apparatus for synthesizing thin films of tailored composition and morphology.

Claims (101)

1. A method of forming a patterned polymeric film, comprising the steps of providing a first electrode positioned in a first plane, and a second electrode positioned in a second plane different from the first plane, providing a polymerization mixture comprising a monomer and an initiator in an electrolyte solution wherein said polymerization mixture is located between the first and the second electrode; and generating an AC electric field with a field distribution at an interface between said first electrode and said electrolyte solution.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first electrode is a light-sensitive electrode, and wherein the method further comprises the step of illuminating said first electrode with a predetermined light pattern, such that the illumination in combination with the generating of the AC field at said interface results in formation of a patterned film in a designated area of the first electrode, said designated area being defined by the illumination pattern.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first electrode is an electrode having a surface and an interior, which either one or both of the said surface or interior having been modified to produce spatial modulations of the first electrode, such that said spatial modulations affect the local distribution of the electric field at the interface, such that the generation of the AC electric field results in formation of the pattered film in a designated area of the first electrode, said designated area being defined by the spatial modulations in the properties of the first electrode.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymerization mixture comprises a monomer, a cross-linker and an initiator.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymerization mixture comprises a hydrophilic monomer, a crosslinker and an initiator dissolved in an electrolyte solution, the electrolyte solution comprising an aqueous solution and wherein the polymeric film comprises a hydrogel.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymerization mixture has an ionic concentration of about 1 mM or less.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymerization mixture is a viscosity of about 100 cp or less.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymeric film comprises a cross-linked alkylacrylamide or hydroxyalkylmethacrylate hydrogel.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the initiator is a heat-activated initiator, and the method further comprises the step of heating the mixture to initiate the polymerization.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the patterned film comprises a biosensor, said method further comprising the step of functionalizing the polymeric film by covalently attaching to said film a compound selected from the group consisting of a biomolecule, a pH sensor, a temperature sensor, a light-sensor and an oxygen sensor.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the first electrode comprises a Si/SiO2 electrode.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymeric film comprises a polyacrylamide gel and the polymerization mixture further comprises preformed polymers, such that the polymerization of said mixture forms a porous polyacrylamide gel.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and the second electrode each comprises a planar electrode, said first and second electrodes being parallel to each other and separated by a gap, with the polymerization mixture located in said gap, and wherein the electric field is generated by applying an AC voltage between the electrodes.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the first electrode comprises a planar electrode having a surface and an interior, the surface or interior having been modified to produce spatial modulations in the first electrode, such that said spatial modulations affect the local distribution of the AC electric field at the interface.
15. The method of claim 10, wherein the first electrode comprises a silicon electrode.
16. The method of claim 12, the first electrode exhibits interfacial impedance, and wherein one or more areas of the surface or the interior of the first electrode exhibit low impedance.
17. The method of claim 14, wherein the spatial modulation of the first electrode is carried out by modifying the surface or interior of the first electrode by spatially modulated oxide growth, surface charge patterning or surface profiling.
18. The method of claim 14, wherein the initiator is a heat-activated initiator, and the method further comprises heating the mixture to initiate the polymerization, and wherein heating in combination with AC electric field generation results in formation of the polymeric patterned film.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein the first electrode comprises a light-sensitive electrode, the method further comprising the step of illuminating said first electrode with a predetermined light pattern, such that the illumination in combination with AC field generation results in formation of the patterned polymeric film.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the initiator comprises a heat-activated initiator and the method further comprises hearing the polymerization mixture to initiate the polymerization, wherein heating in combination with the illumination and AC
electric field generation results in the formation of the patterned film.
21. The method of claim 19, wherein the first electrode comprises a silicon electrode.
22. A method of forming an assembly of particles embedded in a polymeric film, comprising the steps of providing a first electrode positioned in a first plane, and a second electrode positioned in a second plane different from the first plane, providing a polymerization mixture comprising a monomer and an initiator in an electrolyte solution wherein said polymerization mixture is located between the first and the second electrode;
providing a plurality of particles suspended in said solution;
generating an AC electric field with a field distribution at an interface between said first electrode and said electrolyte solution, and polymerizing the polymerization mixture to form a polymeric film, wherein the polymerization step results in formation of a polymer-particle composite, said composite comprising the assembly of particles embedded in the polymeric film.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the first electrode comprises a light-sensitive electrode, and wherein the method further comprises the step of illuminating said first electrode with a predetermined light pattern, such that the illumination in combination with the generating of the AC field at said interface results in formation of an assembly of particles in a designated area of the first electrode, said designated area being defined by the illumination pattern.
24. The method according to claim 22, wherein the first electrode is an electrode having a surface and an interior, the surface or interior having been modified to produce spatial modulations in properties of the first electrode, said properties affecting the local distribution of the electric field at the interface, such that the generation of the AC
electric field results in formation of an assembly of particles in a designated area of the first electrode, said designated area being defined by the spatial modulations in the properties of the first electrode;
25. The method of claim 22, wherein the polymerization mixture comprises a monomer, a cross-linker and an initiator.
26. The method of claim 22, wherein the polymerization mixture comprises a hydrophilic monomer, a crosslinker and an initiator dissolved in an electrolyte solution, the electrolyte solution comprising an aqueous solution and wherein the polymeric film comprises a hydrogel.
27. The method of claim 22, wherein the polymerization mixture has an ionic concentration of about 1 mM or less.
28. The method of claim 22, wherein the polymerization mixture is a viscosity of about 100 cp or less.
29. The method of claim 22, wherein the polymeric film comprises a cross-linked alkylacrylamide or hydroxyalkylmethacrylate hydrogel.
30. The method of claim 22, wherein the initiator is a heat-activated initiator, and the polymerization step comprises heating the mixture to initiate the polymerization while maintaining the interfacial electric field.
31. The method of claim 22, wherein the initiator is photoactivatable initiator, and the polymerization step comprises irradiating the mixture to initiate the polymerization.
32. The method of claim 22, wherein the polymeric film comprises a polyacrylamide gel and the polymerization mixture further comprises preformed polymers, such that the polymerization of said mixture forms a porous polyacrylamide gel.
33. The method of claim 22, wherein the first and the second electrode each comprises a planar electrode, said electrodes being parallel to each other and separated by a gap, with the polymerization mixture and the particles located in said gap, and wherein the electric field is generated by applying an AC voltage between the electrodes.
34. The method of claim 22, wherein the first electrode comprises a planar electrode and the particles are assembled in a planar assembly.
35. The method of claim 34, wherein the particles are assembled in a planar array, said particles comprising beads having biomolecules attached to their surfaces.
36. The method of claim 35, wherein the beads comprise different bead types, said bead types being distinguishable by the biomolecules attached thereto, and wherein the beads of each type are further distinguishable by a unique chemical or physical characteristic that identifies said bead type.
37. The method of claim 36, wherein the beads are encoded with a chemical label, said chemical label comprising fluorophore dyes.
38. The method of claim 35, wherein the array comprises subarrays that are spatially separated from each other, and the polymeric film comprises a patterned polymeric film.
39. The method of claim 34, wherein the particles comprise magnetic particles.
40. The method of claim 34, wherein the particles comprise eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells.
41. The method of claim 34, wherein the particles comprise liposomes.
42. The method of claim 22, wherein the particles comprise inorganic particles.
43. The method of claim 22, wherein the first electrode comprises a planar electrode having a surface and an interior, the surface or interior having been modified to produce spatial modulations affecting the local distribution of the AC
electric field at the interface.
44. The method of claim 43, wherein the first electrode comprises a silicon electrode.
45. The method of claim 43, wherein the properties of the first electrode comprises interfacial impedance, and wherein one or more areas of the surface or the interior of the first electrode exhibits low impedance, and wherein the particles are assembled in the areas of low impedance.
46. The method of claim 45, wherein the spatial modulation of the properties of the first electrode is earned out by modifying the surface or interior of the first electrode by spatially modulated oxide growth, surface charge patterning or surface profiling.
47. The method of claim 43, wherein the initiator comprises a heat-activated initiator, and the polymerization step comprises heating the mixture to initiate the polymerization, wherein the step of heating in combination with the AC field results in formation of the polymer-particle composite.
48. The method of claim 43, wherein the initiator comprises a photoactivated initiator, and the polymerization step comprises irradiating the mixture to initiate the polymerization, wherein the step of heating in combination with the AC field results in formation of the polymer-particle composite.
49. The method of claim 22, wherein the first electrode comprises a light-sensitive electrode, the method further comprising the step of illuminating said first electrode with a predetermined light pattern, such that the illumination in combination with the AC
field generation results in assembly of the particles.
50. The method of claim 49, wherein the first electrode comprises a silicon electrode.
51. The method of claim 49, wherein the initiator comprises a heat-activated initiator, and the polymerization step comprises heating the mixture to initiate the polymerization, wherein the step of heating and illuminating in combination with the AC
field results in formation of the polymer-particle composite.
52. The method of claim 49, wherein the initiator comprises a photoactivated initiator, and the polymerization step comprises irradiating the mixture to initiate the polymerization, wherein the step of heating and illumination in combination with the AC field results in formation of the polymer-particle composite.
53. A polymer-bead composite comprising:
a single layer assembly of beads embedded in a hydrophilic polymeric matrix, wherein said beads have biomolecules attached to their surfaces, said beads comprising different types of beads distinguishable by the biomolecules attached thereto, and wherein the beads of each type are further distinguishable by a unique chemical or physical characteristics that identifies said bead type.
54. The polymer-bead composite of claim 53, wherein the single layer of polymer beads is arranged in a planar array.
55. The polymer-bead composite of claim 53, wherein the biomolecules comprise peptides or proteins.
56. The polymer-bead composite of claim 53, wherein the biomolecules comprise oligonucleotides or nucleic acids.
57. The polymer-bead composite of claim 53, wherein the biomolecules comprise ligands or receptors.
58. The polymer-bead composite of claim 54, wherein the substrate comprises a silicon chip.
59. The polymer-bead composite of claim 54, wherein said film is self-supporting.
60. The polymer-bead composite of claim 54, wherein the beads have an average diameter of 0.5 µm to 100 µm.
61. The polymer-bead composite of claim 54, wherein the matrix comprises cross-linked alkylacrylamide or hydroxyalkylacrylate hydrogel.
62. The polymer-bead composite of claim 54, wherein the beads comprise magnetic beads.
63. A polymer-bead composite comprising:
a single layer assembly of beads embedded in a hydrophillic polymeric matrix, said assembly being formed by the method of claim 22, wherein said beads have biomolecules attached to their surfaces, said beads comprising different types of beads being distinguishable by the biomolecules attached thereto, and wherein the beads of each type are further distinguishable by a unique chemical or physical characteristic that identifies said bead type.
64. A polymer-cell composite comprising a planar assembly of eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells embedded in a hydrophilic polymeric matrix, said assembly being formed by the method of claim 22.
65. The polymer-cell composite of claim 65, wherein the film is self-supporting.
66. The polymer-cell composite of claim 65, wherein the film is on a silicon chip.
67. The polymer-cell composite of claim 65, wherein the matrix comprises cross-linked alkylacrylamide or hydroxylalkyrnethacrylate hydrogel.
68. A method of detecting a binding interaction between a biomolecule and its target compound comprising:
providing a single layer assembly of beads embedded in a hydrophillic polymeric matrix, wherein said beads have biomolecules attached to their surfaces, said beads comprising different types of beads distinguishable by the biomolecules attached thereto, and wherein the beads of each type are further distinguishable by a unique chemical or physical characteristic that identifies said bead type;

contacting said beads with a target compound so as to allow the target compound to bind to the corresponding biomolecule to form a target-biomolecule complex;
detecting the formation of the target-biomolecule complex; and identifying the biomolecule of the target-biomolecule complex by means of the unique chemical or physical characteristic of the beads associated with said complex.
69. A method of detecting a binding interaction between a cell receptor and its target compound comprising:
providing a polymer-cell composite comprising an assembly of eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells embedded in a hydrophilic matrix, wherein said composite is prepared by the method of claim 22;
contacting said cells with a target compound so as to allow the target compound to bind to a corresponding receptor on said cells;
detecting the binding of each target to said receptor.
70. A method of performing a functional cellular assay comprising:
providing a polymer-cell composite comprising an assembly of cells embedded in a hydrophillic polymeric matrix, wherein said composite is prepared by the method of claim 20; exposing said cells to a target compound; and detecting a response of said cells to said target compound.
71. A method of forming an assembly of particles embedded in a gel, comprising the steps of providing a first electrode positioned in a first plane, and a second electrode positioned in a second plane different from the first plane, providing a gellable component in an electrolyte solution, wherein the formation of a gel by said gellable component is temperature dependent and wherein said component is located between the first and the second electrode;
providing a plurality of particles suspended in said solution;
generating an AC electric field at an interface between said first electrode and said electrolyte solution, and decreasing the temperature of said gellable component, while maintaining the AC field, to form a polymer-particle composite gel, said composite gel comprising the assembly of particles embedded in a gel.
72. The method of claim 71, wherein the first electrode comprises a a light-sensitive electrode, and wherein the method further comprises the step of illuminating said first electrode with a predetermined light pattern, such that the illumination in combination with the generating of the AC field at said interface results in formation of an assembly of particles in a designated area of the first electrode, said designated area being defined by the illumination pattern.
73. The method of claim 71, wherein the first electrode comprises a an electrode having a surface and an interior, the surface or interior having been modified to produce spatial modulations in properties of the first electrode, said properties affecting the local distribution of the electric field at the interface, such that the generation of the AC electric field results in formation of an assembly of particles in a designated area of the first electrode, said designated area being defined by spatial modulations of the first electrode.
74. The method of claim 72, wherein the gellable component comprises agarose.
75. A method of modifying a bounding surface of a chemical reactor comprising the steps of:
preparing a patterned film according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode comprises a bounding surface of a chemical reactor;
performing a first selective chemical modification, wherein the area of the first electrode that is covered with the film or the area of the first electrode that is not covered with the film is modified;
removing the film; and performing a second selective chemical modification of said surface of the area of the first electrode, wherein the area newly exposed by the removal of the film is chemically modified.
76. A method of modifying a bounding surface of a chemical reactor in accordance with a preconceived layout, comprising the steps of:
preparing a patterned polymer-microparticle composite composed of one or more discrete planar array of particles, wherein said composite is prepared according to claim 22 and wherein said first electrode comprises a bounding surface of a chemical reactor;
performing a first selective chemical modification, wherein the area of the first electrode that is covered with the film or the area of the first electrode that is not covered with the film is modified;
removing the film;
removing the particle array by removal of the electric field; and performing a second selective chemical modification of the area of the first electrode, wherein the area newly exposed by the removal of the film is modified.
77. A method of sorting one population of particles from another comprising the following steps:
providing a cell comprising a first electrode positioned in a first plane, and a second electrode positioned in a second plane different from the first plane, providing a polymerization mixture comprising a monomer and an initiator in an electrolyte solution wherein said polymerization mixture is located between the first and the second electrode;
providing a plurality of particles suspended in said solution, said particles comprising a mixture of at least two populations of particles having different relaxation frequencies;
applying an AC electric field to an interface between said first electrode and said electrolyte solution, said AC field having a selected frequency to selectively assemble an array composed of particles having relaxation frequencies exceeding the frequency of the applied field, but not those particles having relaxation frequencies less than said applied frequency, polymerizing the polymerization mixture to form a polymeric film, wherein the polymerization step results in formation of a polymer-particle composite, said composite comprising the array of particles embedded in the polymeric film; and removing from the cell the particles that are not assembled in the array, wherein the particles are removed either before or after the polymerization step.
78. The method of claim 77, wherein the first electrode is a light-sensitive electrode, and wherein the method further comprising the step of illuminating said first electrode with a predetermined light pattern, such that the illumination in combination with the generating of the AC field at said interface results in formation of the array in a designated area of the first electrode, said designated area being defined by the illumination pattern.
79. The method of claim 77, wherein the first electrode is an electrode having a surface and an interior, the surface or interior having been modified to produce spatial modulations in properties of the first electrode, said properties affecting the local distribution of the electric field at the interface, such that the generation of the AC electric field results in formation of an array of particles in a designated area of the first electrode, said designated area being defined by the spatial modulations in the properties of the first electrode;
80. A method of sorting one population of particles from another comprising the steps of:
providing a first electrode positioned in a first plane, and a second electrode positioned in a second plane different from the first plane, providing a gellable component in an electrolyte solution, wherein the formation of a gel by said gellable component is temperature dependent and wherein said component is located between the first and the second electrode;
providing a plurality of particles suspended in said solution, said particles comprising a mixture of at least two populations of particles having different relaxation frequencies;
applying an AC electric field at an interface between said first electrode and said electrolyte solution, said AC field having a selected frequency to selectively assembly an array composed of particles having relaxation frequencies exceeding the frequency of the applied field, but not those particles having relaxation frequencies less than said applied frequency;
removing from the cell the particles that are not assembled in the array;
and decreasing the temperature of said gellable component, while maintaining the AC field, to form a polymer-particle composite gel, said composite gel comprising the assembly of particles embedded in the gel.
81. The method of claim 80, wherein the first wherein the first electrode comprises a light-sensitive electrode, the method further comprising the step of illuminating said first electrode with a predetermined light pattern, such that the illumination in combination with the generating of the AC field at said interface results in formation of an assembly of particles in a designated area of the first electrode, said designated area being defined by the illumination pattern.
82. The method of claim 80, wherein the first electrode is an electrode having a surface and an interior, the surface or interior having been modified to produce spatial modulations of the first electrode affecting the local distribution of the electric field at the interface, such that the generation of the AC electric field results in formation of an assembly of particles in a designated area of the first electrode, said designated area being defined by the spatial modulations of the first electrode.
83. The method of claim 81, further comprising the step of increasing the temperature of said gellable component to release the particles from the array.
84. A method of producing an organized assembly of particles by transforming a homogeneous fluid mixture or suspension comprising a gellable component and a plurality of particles within in a reactor, into one or more heterogeneous assemblies, , the method comprising the steps of (a) actively forming a spatial arrangement of a plurality of particles in designated regions of one or more bounding surfaces of a reactor, wherein the active formation is mediated by an external field and sustained in said arrangement after the formation by said field; and (b) forming a gel, in the presence of the external field, to form a gel-microparticle composite.
85. The method of claim 84, further comprising the step of modifying said particles.
86. The method of claim 85, wherein the modification comprises attachment of biomolecules to said particle surfaces.
87. The method of claim 84, further comprising the step of modifying the gel.
88. The method of claim 77, wherein the modification of gel comprises functionalization of the gel by covalent attachment of biomolecules.
89. The method of claim 84, wherein the particles or the embedding fluid are magnetically polarizable, and external field applied comprises a magnetic field, said field being in a direction substantially normal to one of the reactor bounding surfaces.
90. The method of claim 84, wherein the arrangement is composed of an arrangement of particles within a plane of the bounding surface or in linear strings oriented substantially normal to the bounding surface.
91. A method of producing an organized assembly by transforming a homogeneous fluid mixture or suspension comprising a gellable component and a plurality of particles within a reactor, into one or more heterogeneous assemblies, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) actively forming a spatial arrangement of a plurality of particles in designated regions of one or more bounding surfaces of a reactor, wherein the active formation is mediated by an external field and sustained in said arrangement after the formation by said field, wherein the active formation step is carried out according to claim 22;
(b) forming a gel, in the presence of the external field, to form a gel- microparticle composite.
92. A method of producing an organized assembly of particles by transforming a homogeneous fluid mixture or suspension comprising a gellable component and a plurality of particles within a reactor, into one or more heterogeneous assemblies, the method comprising the steps of (a) actively forming a spatial arrangement of a plurality of particles in a designated regions of one or more bounding surfaces of a reactor, wherein the active formation is mediated by an external field and sustained in said arrangement after the formation by said field, wherein the active formation step is carried out according to claim 66; and (b) forming a gel, in the presence of the external field, to form a gel-microparticle composite.
93. A method of manufacturing a polymer-particle composite comprising the steps of the steps of providing a first electrode positioned in a first plane, and a second electrode positioned in a second plane different from the first plane, providing a polymerization mixture comprising a monomer and an initiator in an electrolyte solution wherein said polymerization mixture is located between the first and the second electrode;
generating an AC electric field with a field distribution at an interface between said first electrode and said electrolyte solution, and polymerizing the polymerization mixture to form a polymeric film, removing at least one of the electrodes.
94. The method of claim 93, wherein the polymerization mixture further comprises particles.
95. The method of claim 93, wherein the polymerization is only partially completed.
96. The method of claim 93, wherein the polymerization is completed.
97. The method of claim 94, wherein the polymerization is only partially completed.
98. The method of claim 95, wherein the polymerization is completed.
99. A polymer-particle composite wherein the composite has at least one substantially planar surface and is mounted to one or less substrates.
100. A polymer particle composite comprising an array of particles at a surface of said polymer wherein said surface is formed by cleaving and removing a layer of polymer thereby exposing said particle containing surface.
101. A polymer particle composite comprising an array of particles at a surface of said polymer wherein said surface is formed by detaching the polymer particle composite from a substrate to expose said particle containing surface.
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