CA2489149C - Medical tools for dental treatments by means of a laser - Google Patents
Medical tools for dental treatments by means of a laser Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2489149C CA2489149C CA2489149A CA2489149A CA2489149C CA 2489149 C CA2489149 C CA 2489149C CA 2489149 A CA2489149 A CA 2489149A CA 2489149 A CA2489149 A CA 2489149A CA 2489149 C CA2489149 C CA 2489149C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- tool
- laser
- laser module
- handpiece
- light guide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/18—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves
- A61B18/20—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
- A61C1/00—Dental machines for boring or cutting ; General features of dental machines or apparatus, e.g. hand-piece design
- A61C1/0046—Dental lasers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/18—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves
- A61B18/20—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser
- A61B2018/2065—Multiwave; Wavelength mixing, e.g. using four or more wavelengths
- A61B2018/207—Multiwave; Wavelength mixing, e.g. using four or more wavelengths mixing two wavelengths
Abstract
The invention relates to a medical tool for dental treatments by means of a laser, the light guide (18, 19) of which runs in a hand piece (17.1 to 17.4).
The light guide (18) is provided with a laser module (2) including power circuitry and a second laser module (3) is provide with the first laser module (2), operating at a different wavelength.
The light guide (18) is provided with a laser module (2) including power circuitry and a second laser module (3) is provide with the first laser module (2), operating at a different wavelength.
Description
Medical tools for dental treatments by means of a laser The present invention relates to a medical tool for dental treatments by means of a laser, whose light guide runs in a handpiece, said light guide being assigned a laser module with power circuitry.
In the field of dentistry, there are presently five different laser types with a total of seven different wavelengths. For example, a dental laser with a handpiece is disclosed in WO 93/19684. With such a laser, however, only a single method of treatment is possible. The same applies also to a medical tool corresponding to EP 0 523 506 A1, in which channels for a coolant are also provided in the handpiece.
DE 198 44 719 Al discloses a laser treatment device, in particular for performing medical or surgical treatment by means of laser radiation. This device comprises a solid-state laser for generating a laser beam, an excitation light source which excites the solid-state laser, a first optical system with a Q-switch which transmits light waves generated by the solid-state laser as a pulsed laser beam, a second optical system with which light waves generated by the solid-state laser are transmitted as a continuous wave laser, and a system for switching the optical path, with which system an optical path for the light oscillations generated by the solid-state laser is switched from one of the optical paths of the first optical system or of the second optical system.
In US 6,270,342 B1, a handpiece specially designed for dental treatments is proposed. The handpiece contains a functional device which, for example, can be a diode laser, a diode-pumped solid-state laser, an LED, a microwave generator or ultrasound generator. In an illustrative embodiment 6, it is then stated that light from the laser device can be divided into two light systems. The first laser system is used for the surgical intervention, and the second laser system disinfects the tissue in order to reduce side effects or blood loss.
The object of the present invention is to develop a medical device of the above-mentioned type which allows the dentist to use one and the same device to carry out different treatments in dentistry.
This object is achieved by the fact that the first laser module is assigned a second laser module with a different wavelength.
Especially when a short-wavelength laser is chosen for the first laser module and a long-wavelength laser is chosen for the second laser module, about 90 to 950 of all desired treatments can be performed with one and the same tool. This affords clear advantages for the dentist, encouraging him to invest in a tool of this kind.
- 2a -In a preferred illustrative embodiment, the first module should be one for a diode laser, a wavelength of 750 to 1100 nm being preferred. More restrictively, the wavelength preferably lies at 810 ~ 10 nm or 980 ~ 10 nm. The power is typically from 1 to 20 W.
The second, long-wavelength laser is preferably an erbium:YAG laser in a wavelength range of 2500 to 3500 nm.
Here, a wavelength of 2940 ~ 100 nm is preferred.
It is conceivable to assign the same light guide to both laser modules. However, the illustrative embodiment is preferred in which each laser module has its own light guide, it being possible to provide both light guides together in one handpiece or else separately in separate handpieces. For the diode laser, glass fiber is preferred as the light guide, and a hollow waveguide is preferred for the erbium:YAG laser.
The diode laser should preferably also be assigned an optical element composed of two lenses. Moreover, a line for a coolant is also provided in the handpiece.
As has been mentioned above, the different lines can be provided in a single handpiece, but it is also conceivable for the dentist to have several handpieces available with different combinations of light guide and/or coolant line.
The latter has the advantage that the dentist cannot inadvertently start up incorrect operations since he always has to select the desired handpiece and he does not inadvertently trigger undesired functions via the wrong switch.
The handpiece should preferably be connected in a releasable manner to a rear part which in turn communicates with a base unit via a common line. The laser modules, the associated power circuitry and control modules are housed together in this base unit. The base unit can also have a display and/or touch screen with which the dentist can select defined functions.
Further advantages, features and details of the invention will become clear from the following description of preferred illustrative embodiments and from the drawing, in which Figure 1 shows a plan view, in block diagram form, of part of the medical tool according to the invention for dental treatments by means of a laser;
Figures 2 a) to d) show schematic plan views of other parts of the medical tool for dental treatments by means of a laser.
According to Figure 1, a laser module 2 of a diode laser and a laser module 3 of an erbium:YAG laser are accommodated in a base unit 1. A source 4 for coolant, and control circuitry 5, are also provided.
The base unit 1 is in communication with a rear part 7 via a common line 6. The diode laser module 2 is connected via a connection line 8 to an optical element 9 in which two lenses 10.1 and 10.2 are fitted.
The erbium:YAG laser 3 is connected via a connection line 11 to a hollow waveguide 12 which preferably has a stainless steel tube in which the laser light is reflected.
A connection line 13 from the source 4 for coolant opens into a transfer piece 14. A connection line 15 from the control circuitry 5 is in communication with switch elements 16 for function selection.
According to Figure 2, different handpieces can be fitted into the rear part 7. The handpiece 17.1 is suitable for general operation of a diode laser and therefore has only a light guide 18. This diode laser should have a high power, typically of from 3 to 20 W.
A light guide 19 for the erbium:YAG laser and a coolant line 20 are integrated in a handpiece 17.2 according to Figure 2 b).
By contrast, in a handpiece 17.3 according to Figure 2 c), the light guide 18 for the diode laser is combined with the coolant line 20.
In the handpiece 17.4 according to Figure 2 d), the laser concerned is a soft laser with low power, ca. 100 mW, in which a light guide 18.1 is assigned a large surface area glass rod 21 which can have a diameter of 5 to 8 mm. This can be used in particular for gentle treatment of larger dental areas.
_ 5 _ The mode of functioning of the present invention is as follows:
The base unit 1 with the corresponding laser modules 2 and 3, the source 4 for coolant and the control circuitry 5, stands next to a treatment chair. The dentist providing the treatment has the rear part 7 connected via the common line 6 to the base unit 1. To treat a patient, he can now select a suitable handpiece 17.1 to 17.4 from a set available to him, depending on what kind of treatment he wishes to perform on the patient. He can set up the appropriate light guides 18, 18.1, 19 and coolant lines 20 via the switch elements 16 on the rear part 7. Of course, this can also be done via a suitable foot switch.
In the field of dentistry, there are presently five different laser types with a total of seven different wavelengths. For example, a dental laser with a handpiece is disclosed in WO 93/19684. With such a laser, however, only a single method of treatment is possible. The same applies also to a medical tool corresponding to EP 0 523 506 A1, in which channels for a coolant are also provided in the handpiece.
DE 198 44 719 Al discloses a laser treatment device, in particular for performing medical or surgical treatment by means of laser radiation. This device comprises a solid-state laser for generating a laser beam, an excitation light source which excites the solid-state laser, a first optical system with a Q-switch which transmits light waves generated by the solid-state laser as a pulsed laser beam, a second optical system with which light waves generated by the solid-state laser are transmitted as a continuous wave laser, and a system for switching the optical path, with which system an optical path for the light oscillations generated by the solid-state laser is switched from one of the optical paths of the first optical system or of the second optical system.
In US 6,270,342 B1, a handpiece specially designed for dental treatments is proposed. The handpiece contains a functional device which, for example, can be a diode laser, a diode-pumped solid-state laser, an LED, a microwave generator or ultrasound generator. In an illustrative embodiment 6, it is then stated that light from the laser device can be divided into two light systems. The first laser system is used for the surgical intervention, and the second laser system disinfects the tissue in order to reduce side effects or blood loss.
The object of the present invention is to develop a medical device of the above-mentioned type which allows the dentist to use one and the same device to carry out different treatments in dentistry.
This object is achieved by the fact that the first laser module is assigned a second laser module with a different wavelength.
Especially when a short-wavelength laser is chosen for the first laser module and a long-wavelength laser is chosen for the second laser module, about 90 to 950 of all desired treatments can be performed with one and the same tool. This affords clear advantages for the dentist, encouraging him to invest in a tool of this kind.
- 2a -In a preferred illustrative embodiment, the first module should be one for a diode laser, a wavelength of 750 to 1100 nm being preferred. More restrictively, the wavelength preferably lies at 810 ~ 10 nm or 980 ~ 10 nm. The power is typically from 1 to 20 W.
The second, long-wavelength laser is preferably an erbium:YAG laser in a wavelength range of 2500 to 3500 nm.
Here, a wavelength of 2940 ~ 100 nm is preferred.
It is conceivable to assign the same light guide to both laser modules. However, the illustrative embodiment is preferred in which each laser module has its own light guide, it being possible to provide both light guides together in one handpiece or else separately in separate handpieces. For the diode laser, glass fiber is preferred as the light guide, and a hollow waveguide is preferred for the erbium:YAG laser.
The diode laser should preferably also be assigned an optical element composed of two lenses. Moreover, a line for a coolant is also provided in the handpiece.
As has been mentioned above, the different lines can be provided in a single handpiece, but it is also conceivable for the dentist to have several handpieces available with different combinations of light guide and/or coolant line.
The latter has the advantage that the dentist cannot inadvertently start up incorrect operations since he always has to select the desired handpiece and he does not inadvertently trigger undesired functions via the wrong switch.
The handpiece should preferably be connected in a releasable manner to a rear part which in turn communicates with a base unit via a common line. The laser modules, the associated power circuitry and control modules are housed together in this base unit. The base unit can also have a display and/or touch screen with which the dentist can select defined functions.
Further advantages, features and details of the invention will become clear from the following description of preferred illustrative embodiments and from the drawing, in which Figure 1 shows a plan view, in block diagram form, of part of the medical tool according to the invention for dental treatments by means of a laser;
Figures 2 a) to d) show schematic plan views of other parts of the medical tool for dental treatments by means of a laser.
According to Figure 1, a laser module 2 of a diode laser and a laser module 3 of an erbium:YAG laser are accommodated in a base unit 1. A source 4 for coolant, and control circuitry 5, are also provided.
The base unit 1 is in communication with a rear part 7 via a common line 6. The diode laser module 2 is connected via a connection line 8 to an optical element 9 in which two lenses 10.1 and 10.2 are fitted.
The erbium:YAG laser 3 is connected via a connection line 11 to a hollow waveguide 12 which preferably has a stainless steel tube in which the laser light is reflected.
A connection line 13 from the source 4 for coolant opens into a transfer piece 14. A connection line 15 from the control circuitry 5 is in communication with switch elements 16 for function selection.
According to Figure 2, different handpieces can be fitted into the rear part 7. The handpiece 17.1 is suitable for general operation of a diode laser and therefore has only a light guide 18. This diode laser should have a high power, typically of from 3 to 20 W.
A light guide 19 for the erbium:YAG laser and a coolant line 20 are integrated in a handpiece 17.2 according to Figure 2 b).
By contrast, in a handpiece 17.3 according to Figure 2 c), the light guide 18 for the diode laser is combined with the coolant line 20.
In the handpiece 17.4 according to Figure 2 d), the laser concerned is a soft laser with low power, ca. 100 mW, in which a light guide 18.1 is assigned a large surface area glass rod 21 which can have a diameter of 5 to 8 mm. This can be used in particular for gentle treatment of larger dental areas.
_ 5 _ The mode of functioning of the present invention is as follows:
The base unit 1 with the corresponding laser modules 2 and 3, the source 4 for coolant and the control circuitry 5, stands next to a treatment chair. The dentist providing the treatment has the rear part 7 connected via the common line 6 to the base unit 1. To treat a patient, he can now select a suitable handpiece 17.1 to 17.4 from a set available to him, depending on what kind of treatment he wishes to perform on the patient. He can set up the appropriate light guides 18, 18.1, 19 and coolant lines 20 via the switch elements 16 on the rear part 7. Of course, this can also be done via a suitable foot switch.
List of reference numbers 1 base unit 2 diode laser module 3 erbium:YAG laser module 4 source for coolant control circuitry 6 common line 7 rear part 8 connection line 9 optical element lenses 11 connection line 12 hollow waveguide 13 connection line 14 transfer piece connection line 16 switch elements 17 handpiece 18 light guide 19 light guide coolant line 21 glass rod
Claims (28)
1. A medical tool for dental treatments comprising:
a first laser module and a second laser module, said first laser module being a short wave laser and said second laser module being a long wave laser;
said first laser module having a connection to a first light guide and said second laser module having a connection to a second light guide, and with power circuitry; and wherein said first and second light guides are housed in handpiece means.
a first laser module and a second laser module, said first laser module being a short wave laser and said second laser module being a long wave laser;
said first laser module having a connection to a first light guide and said second laser module having a connection to a second light guide, and with power circuitry; and wherein said first and second light guides are housed in handpiece means.
2. The tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein said handpiece means comprises a single handpiece and said first and second light guides pass through said handpiece.
3. The tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein said handpiece means comprises separate first and second handpieces, said first light guide passing through said first handpiece and said second light guide passing through said second handpiece.
4. The tool as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein said first laser module is a diode laser.
5. The tool as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein said second laser module is an erbium:YAG laser.
6. The tool as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said first laser module has a wavelength of 750 to 1100 nm and a power of 1 to 10 W.
7. The tool as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein said second laser module has a wavelength of 2500 to 3500 nm.
8. The tool as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the first light guide comprises a glass fiber light guide.
9. The tool as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the second light guide comprises a hollow waveguide.
10. The tool as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein an optical element comprising at least two lenses is coupled into the first light guide or into a connection line of the first laser module.
11. The tool as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein said handpiece means houses a line for a coolant.
12. The tool as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the handpiece means is connected to a rear part of the tool in a releasable manner.
13. The tool as claimed in claim 9, wherein the handpiece means is connected to a rear part of the tool in a releasable manner.
14. The tool as claimed in claim 10, wherein the handpiece means is connected to a rear part of the tool in a releasable manner.
15. The tool as claimed in claim 11, wherein the handpiece means is connected to a rear part of the tool in a releasable manner.
16. The tool as claimed in claim 12, wherein the rear part contains switch elements for the laser modules.
17. The tool as claimed in claim 13, wherein the rear part contains the hollow waveguide, and switch elements for the laser modules.
18. The tool as claimed in claim 14, wherein the rear part contains the optical element comprising at least two lenses and switch elements (16) for the laser modules.
19. The tool as claimed in claim 15, wherein the rear part contains the line for coolant, and switch elements (16) for the laser modules.
20. The tool as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the first and second laser modules are arranged together with the associated power circuitry and a control module in a housing.
21. The tool as claimed in claim 20, wherein at least one of a display screen and a touch screen is provided on the housing.
22. The tool as claimed in any one of claims 12 to 19, wherein a plurality of handpieces is associated with said rear part.
23. A medical tool for dental treatment comprising:
a base unit, said base unit including:
(1) a laser module of a diode laser, (2) a laser module of an erbium:YAG laser, (3) a coolant source, and (4) control circuitry; a rear unit connected to the base unit via a common line, said rear unit including:
(i) an optical element, (ii) a hollow waveguide, (iii) a transfer piece, and (iv) switch elements for function selection; and said common line comprises:
(a) a first connection line connecting the laser module of a diode laser to the optical element, (b) a second connection line connecting the laser module of an erbium:YAG laser to the hollow waveguide, (c) a third connection line connecting the coolant source to the transfer piece, and (d) a fourth connection line for connecting the control circuitry to the switch elements for further selection; and a plurality of separate handpieces selectively fittable to the rear unit, wherein each of said plurality of separate handpieces includes at least one of the following:
(a) a light guide connectable to the first connection line for the diode laser;
(b) a light guide connectable to the second connection line for the erbium:YAG laser; and (c) a coolant line connectable to the third connection line for the coolant source; wherein a single handpiece is selected from the plurality of separate handpieces and secured to the rear unit depending on treatment to be performed.
a base unit, said base unit including:
(1) a laser module of a diode laser, (2) a laser module of an erbium:YAG laser, (3) a coolant source, and (4) control circuitry; a rear unit connected to the base unit via a common line, said rear unit including:
(i) an optical element, (ii) a hollow waveguide, (iii) a transfer piece, and (iv) switch elements for function selection; and said common line comprises:
(a) a first connection line connecting the laser module of a diode laser to the optical element, (b) a second connection line connecting the laser module of an erbium:YAG laser to the hollow waveguide, (c) a third connection line connecting the coolant source to the transfer piece, and (d) a fourth connection line for connecting the control circuitry to the switch elements for further selection; and a plurality of separate handpieces selectively fittable to the rear unit, wherein each of said plurality of separate handpieces includes at least one of the following:
(a) a light guide connectable to the first connection line for the diode laser;
(b) a light guide connectable to the second connection line for the erbium:YAG laser; and (c) a coolant line connectable to the third connection line for the coolant source; wherein a single handpiece is selected from the plurality of separate handpieces and secured to the rear unit depending on treatment to be performed.
24. The tool as claimed in claim 23, wherein the laser module of the diode laser has a wavelength of 750 to 1100 nm and a power of 1 to 10 W.
25. The tool as claimed in claim 23 or 24, wherein the laser module of the erbium:YAG laser is a long-wavelength erbium:YAG laser.
26. The tool as claimed in claim 25, wherein the wavelength of the erbium:YAG laser is between 2500 to 3500 nm.
27. The tool as claimed in any one of claims 23 to 26, wherein the hollow waveguide comprises a stainless steel tube.
28. The tool as claimed in any one of claims 23 to 27, wherein the optical element comprises at least two lenses.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10225749.3 | 2002-06-10 | ||
| DE10225749A DE10225749C5 (en) | 2002-06-10 | 2002-06-10 | Medical equipment for treatments in the dental field by means of a laser |
| PCT/EP2003/006084 WO2003103529A1 (en) | 2002-06-10 | 2003-06-10 | Medical tools for dental treatments by means of a laser |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2489149A1 CA2489149A1 (en) | 2003-12-18 |
| CA2489149C true CA2489149C (en) | 2011-03-29 |
Family
ID=7714653
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2489149A Expired - Fee Related CA2489149C (en) | 2002-06-10 | 2003-06-10 | Medical tools for dental treatments by means of a laser |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7632264B2 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1511438B2 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2005535366A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE361713T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2003238494A1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2489149C (en) |
| DE (3) | DE10225749C5 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2003103529A1 (en) |
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| AU6452698A (en) * | 1997-11-03 | 1999-05-24 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Hand-held intraoral curing apparatus |
| AT405365B (en) * | 1997-12-05 | 1999-07-26 | Dentek Lasersystems Produktion | HANDPIECE FOR A LASER DEVICE AND COUPLING PIECE FOR A HANDPIECE OF A LASER DEVICE |
| WO1999055243A1 (en) * | 1998-04-30 | 1999-11-04 | Esc Medical Systems Ltd. | Apparatus for and method of laser surgery of hard tissues |
| US6270342B1 (en) * | 1999-07-28 | 2001-08-07 | Ceramoptec Industries, Inc. | Dental laser treatment hand-piece and system |
| US7144248B2 (en) * | 2001-10-18 | 2006-12-05 | Irwin Dean S | Device for oral UV photo-therapy |
| US6835064B2 (en) * | 2001-11-09 | 2004-12-28 | Ivoclar Vivadent Ag | Light hardening device and method for hardening a polymerizable mass for dental applications |
| IL148653A (en) * | 2002-03-12 | 2007-08-19 | Lumenis Ltd | Laser instrument for endodontic treatment |
-
2002
- 2002-06-10 DE DE10225749A patent/DE10225749C5/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-03-21 DE DE20304675U patent/DE20304675U1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-06-10 AU AU2003238494A patent/AU2003238494A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-06-10 WO PCT/EP2003/006084 patent/WO2003103529A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2003-06-10 EP EP03732560A patent/EP1511438B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-06-10 JP JP2004510654A patent/JP2005535366A/en active Pending
- 2003-06-10 CA CA2489149A patent/CA2489149C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-06-10 US US10/516,656 patent/US7632264B2/en active Active
- 2003-06-10 AT AT03732560T patent/ATE361713T1/en active
- 2003-06-10 DE DE50307247T patent/DE50307247D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE10225749B4 (en) | 2007-11-22 |
| ATE361713T1 (en) | 2007-06-15 |
| CA2489149A1 (en) | 2003-12-18 |
| DE50307247D1 (en) | 2007-06-21 |
| DE10225749C5 (en) | 2009-09-10 |
| US20050170310A1 (en) | 2005-08-04 |
| JP2005535366A (en) | 2005-11-24 |
| DE10225749A1 (en) | 2004-01-08 |
| WO2003103529A1 (en) | 2003-12-18 |
| DE20304675U1 (en) | 2003-06-05 |
| EP1511438B1 (en) | 2007-05-09 |
| EP1511438B2 (en) | 2011-11-09 |
| AU2003238494A1 (en) | 2003-12-22 |
| US7632264B2 (en) | 2009-12-15 |
| EP1511438A1 (en) | 2005-03-09 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed |
Effective date: 20140610 |