CA2502028C - Wet pulverizing of polysaccharides - Google Patents
Wet pulverizing of polysaccharides Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2502028C CA2502028C CA2502028A CA2502028A CA2502028C CA 2502028 C CA2502028 C CA 2502028C CA 2502028 A CA2502028 A CA 2502028A CA 2502028 A CA2502028 A CA 2502028A CA 2502028 C CA2502028 C CA 2502028C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- polysaccharide
- cellulose
- polymerization
- degree
- pulverizing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 84
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 78
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 78
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 53
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 51
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 229920002101 Chitin Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920001661 Chitosan Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004804 polysaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 68
- 235000010980 cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 50
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229940031703 low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon disulfide Chemical compound S=C=S QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- -1 furcellaran Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003906 humectant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- PUPZLCDOIYMWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (+/-)-1,3-Butanediol Chemical compound CC(O)CCO PUPZLCDOIYMWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000004354 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000663 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000020 Nitrocellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- CUFNKYGDVFVPHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N azulene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC2=C1 CUFNKYGDVFVPHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical group [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- ULDHMXUKGWMISQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N carvone Chemical compound CC(=C)C1CC=C(C)C(=O)C1 ULDHMXUKGWMISQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- QMVPMAAFGQKVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N citronellol Chemical compound OCCC(C)CCC=C(C)C QMVPMAAFGQKVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- MWKFXSUHUHTGQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N decan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCO MWKFXSUHUHTGQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- BEFDCLMNVWHSGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenylcyclopentane Chemical compound C=CC1CCCC1 BEFDCLMNVWHSGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000003599 food sweetener Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019447 hydroxyethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000010979 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000001866 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003088 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- UFVKGYZPFZQRLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Chemical compound OC1C(O)C(OC)OC(CO)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC2C(C(O)C(OC3C(C(O)C(O)C(CO)O3)O)C(CO)O2)O)C(CO)O1 UFVKGYZPFZQRLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010191 image analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- XMGQYMWWDOXHJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N limonene Chemical compound CC(=C)C1CCC(C)=CC1 XMGQYMWWDOXHJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OSWPMRLSEDHDFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl salicylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O OSWPMRLSEDHDFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LXCFILQKKLGQFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylparaben Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 LXCFILQKKLGQFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000569 multi-angle light scattering Methods 0.000 description 2
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001220 nitrocellulos Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- QELSKZZBTMNZEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylparaben Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QELSKZZBTMNZEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Na+] PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 235000010199 sorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004334 sorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940075582 sorbic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003765 sweetening agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- NOOLISFMXDJSKH-UTLUCORTSA-N (+)-Neomenthol Chemical compound CC(C)[C@@H]1CC[C@@H](C)C[C@@H]1O NOOLISFMXDJSKH-UTLUCORTSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FTLYMKDSHNWQKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)boronic acid Chemical compound OB(O)C1=CC(Cl)=C(Cl)C=C1Cl FTLYMKDSHNWQKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KIUKXJAPPMFGSW-DNGZLQJQSA-N (2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-Acetamido-2-[(2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-2,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)N[C@H]1[C@H](O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](O[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O3)C(O)=O)O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)NC(C)=O)[C@@H](C(O)=O)O1 KIUKXJAPPMFGSW-DNGZLQJQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WDQLRUYAYXDIFW-RWKIJVEZSA-N (2r,3r,4s,5r,6r)-4-[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,5-dihydroxy-4-[(2r,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[[(2r,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,5-triol Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O)O1 WDQLRUYAYXDIFW-RWKIJVEZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QMVPMAAFGQKVCJ-SNVBAGLBSA-N (R)-(+)-citronellol Natural products OCC[C@H](C)CCC=C(C)C QMVPMAAFGQKVCJ-SNVBAGLBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940058015 1,3-butylene glycol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001074 1-methoxy-4-[(E)-prop-1-enyl]benzene Substances 0.000 description 1
- IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3-diazinane-5-carboximidamide Chemical compound CN1CC(C(N)=N)C(=O)NC1=O IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CHHHXKFHOYLYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 2,4-Hexadienoic acid, potassium salt (1:1), (2E,4E)- Chemical compound [K+].CC=CC=CC([O-])=O CHHHXKFHOYLYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XGRSAFKZAGGXJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-azaniumyl-3-cyclohexylpropanoate Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(N)C1CCCCC1 XGRSAFKZAGGXJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SLXKOJJOQWFEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-aminohexanoic acid Chemical compound NCCCCCC(O)=O SLXKOJJOQWFEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000215068 Acacia senegal Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920001817 Agar Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005973 Carvone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000623 Cellulose acetate phthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- GHXZTYHSJHQHIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorhexidine Chemical compound C=1C=C(Cl)C=CC=1NC(N)=NC(N)=NCCCCCCN=C(N)N=C(N)NC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 GHXZTYHSJHQHIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001879 Curdlan Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002558 Curdlan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NOOLISFMXDJSKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N DL-menthol Natural products CC(C)C1CCC(C)CC1O NOOLISFMXDJSKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010001682 Dextranase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004378 Glycyrrhizin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002907 Guar gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000084 Gum arabic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002153 Hydroxypropyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010014251 Muramidase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000016943 Muramidase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010062010 N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- MKYBYDHXWVHEJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[1-oxo-1-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propan-2-yl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(C(C)NC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 MKYBYDHXWVHEJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFTLOKWAGJYHHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methylmorpholine N-oxide Chemical compound CN1(=O)CCOCC1 LFTLOKWAGJYHHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- POXSLUJWAPLFBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L O.O.[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2].OC Chemical compound O.O.[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2].OC POXSLUJWAPLFBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- XCOJIVIDDFTHGB-UEUZTHOGSA-N Perillartine Chemical compound CC(=C)[C@H]1CCC(\C=N\O)=CC1 XCOJIVIDDFTHGB-UEUZTHOGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004373 Pullulan Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001218 Pullulan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000297 Rayon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000519 Sizofiran Polymers 0.000 description 1
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004283 Sodium sorbate Substances 0.000 description 1
- UEDUENGHJMELGK-HYDKPPNVSA-N Stevioside Chemical compound O([C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@]12C(=C)C[C@@]3(C1)CC[C@@H]1[C@@](C)(CCC[C@]1([C@@H]3CC2)C)C(=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1)O)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O UEDUENGHJMELGK-HYDKPPNVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XEFQLINVKFYRCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triclosan Chemical compound OC1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1OC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl XEFQLINVKFYRCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- COQLPRJCUIATTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Uranyl acetate Chemical compound O.O.O=[U]=O.CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O COQLPRJCUIATTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002310 Welan gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- TVXBFESIOXBWNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Xylitol Natural products OCCC(O)C(O)C(O)CCO TVXBFESIOXBWNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMEGJBVQLJJKKX-HOTMZDKISA-N [(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetyloxy-3,4,6-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)O)OC(=O)C)O)O SMEGJBVQLJJKKX-HOTMZDKISA-N 0.000 description 1
- FJWGYAHXMCUOOM-QHOUIDNNSA-N [(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-2-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-dinitrooxy-2-(nitrooxymethyl)-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5,6-trinitrooxy-2-(nitrooxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,5-dinitrooxy-6-(nitrooxymethyl)oxan-4-yl] nitrate Chemical compound O([C@@H]1O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H]1O[N+]([O-])=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@@H](CO[N+]([O-])=O)O1)O[N+]([O-])=O)CO[N+](=O)[O-])[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO[N+]([O-])=O)O[C@@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H]1O[N+]([O-])=O FJWGYAHXMCUOOM-QHOUIDNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FHKPLLOSJHHKNU-INIZCTEOSA-N [(3S)-3-[8-(1-ethyl-5-methylpyrazol-4-yl)-9-methylpurin-6-yl]oxypyrrolidin-1-yl]-(oxan-4-yl)methanone Chemical compound C(C)N1N=CC(=C1C)C=1N(C2=NC=NC(=C2N=1)O[C@@H]1CN(CC1)C(=O)C1CCOCC1)C FHKPLLOSJHHKNU-INIZCTEOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010489 acacia gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000205 acacia gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940081735 acetylcellulose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000008272 agar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940023476 agar Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010419 agar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000783 alginic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960001126 alginic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000004781 alginic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940027983 antiseptic and disinfectant quaternary ammonium compound Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JGQFVRIQXUFPAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-citronellol Natural products OCCC(C)CCCC(C)=C JGQFVRIQXUFPAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019437 butane-1,3-diol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960005069 calcium Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JUNWLZAGQLJVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-J calcium diphosphate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O JUNWLZAGQLJVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- FUFJGUQYACFECW-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium hydrogenphosphate Chemical compound [Ca+2].OP([O-])([O-])=O FUFJGUQYACFECW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940043256 calcium pyrophosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010418 carrageenan Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001525 carrageenan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000679 carrageenan Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940113118 carrageenan Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940081734 cellulose acetate phthalate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YMKDRGPMQRFJGP-UHFFFAOYSA-M cetylpyridinium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1 YMKDRGPMQRFJGP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229960001927 cetylpyridinium chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960003260 chlorhexidine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000000484 citronellol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010634 clove oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001010 compromised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AQEDFGUKQJUMBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;ethane-1,2-diamine Chemical compound [Cu].NCCN AQEDFGUKQJUMBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FDADMSDCHGXBHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;ethene Chemical group [Cu].C=C FDADMSDCHGXBHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006071 cream Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019316 curdlan Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940078035 curdlan Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019821 dicalcium diphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-M dodecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010642 eucalyptus oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940044949 eucalyptus oil Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- LPLVUJXQOOQHMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycyrrhetinic acid glycoside Natural products C1CC(C2C(C3(CCC4(C)CCC(C)(CC4C3=CC2=O)C(O)=O)C)(C)CC2)(C)C2C(C)(C)C1OC1OC(C(O)=O)C(O)C(O)C1OC1OC(C(O)=O)C(O)C(O)C1O LPLVUJXQOOQHMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004949 glycyrrhizic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- UYRUBYNTXSDKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycyrrhizic acid Natural products CC1(C)C(CCC2(C)C1CCC3(C)C2C(=O)C=C4C5CC(C)(CCC5(C)CCC34C)C(=O)O)OC6OC(C(O)C(O)C6OC7OC(O)C(O)C(O)C7C(=O)O)C(=O)O UYRUBYNTXSDKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019410 glycyrrhizin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LPLVUJXQOOQHMX-QWBHMCJMSA-N glycyrrhizinic acid Chemical compound O([C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1C([C@H]2[C@]([C@@H]3[C@@]([C@@]4(CC[C@@]5(C)CC[C@@](C)(C[C@H]5C4=CC3=O)C(O)=O)C)(C)CC2)(C)CC1)(C)C)C(O)=O)[C@@H]1O[C@H](C(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O LPLVUJXQOOQHMX-QWBHMCJMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010417 guar gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000665 guar gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002154 guar gum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002674 hyaluronan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229960003160 hyaluronic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 235000010977 hydroxypropyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001863 hydroxypropyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003132 hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940031704 hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000639 hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002563 ionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940070765 laurate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000001510 limonene Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940087305 limonene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010335 lysozyme Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004325 lysozyme Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960000274 lysozyme Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical group [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001525 mentha piperita l. herb oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001683 mentha spicata herb oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940041616 menthol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N meso ribitol Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)CO HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 235000010270 methyl p-hydroxybenzoate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004292 methyl p-hydroxybenzoate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960001047 methyl salicylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002216 methylparaben Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- SKDZEPBJPGSFHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)tetradecanamide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)N(CCO)CCO SKDZEPBJPGSFHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- RUVINXPYWBROJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N para-methoxyphenyl Natural products COC1=CC=C(C=CC)C=C1 RUVINXPYWBROJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010987 pectin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001277 pectin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001814 pectin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960000292 pectin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019477 peppermint oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008177 pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 125000002467 phosphate group Chemical group [H]OP(=O)(O[H])O[*] 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000193 polymethacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004302 potassium sorbate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010241 potassium sorbate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940069338 potassium sorbate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010232 propyl p-hydroxybenzoate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004405 propyl p-hydroxybenzoate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960003415 propylparaben Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019423 pullulan Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003856 quaternary ammonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940085605 saccharin sodium Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229950001403 sizofiran Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010413 sodium alginate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000661 sodium alginate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940005550 sodium alginate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WXMKPNITSTVMEF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium benzoate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WXMKPNITSTVMEF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000010234 sodium benzoate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004299 sodium benzoate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011775 sodium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013024 sodium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960000414 sodium fluoride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019333 sodium laurylsulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- AQMNWCRSESPIJM-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium metaphosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]P(=O)=O AQMNWCRSESPIJM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229960004711 sodium monofluorophosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- LROWVYNUWKVTCU-STWYSWDKSA-M sodium sorbate Chemical compound [Na+].C\C=C\C=C\C([O-])=O LROWVYNUWKVTCU-STWYSWDKSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000019250 sodium sorbate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019721 spearmint oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940013618 stevioside Drugs 0.000 description 1
- OHHNJQXIOPOJSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N stevioside Natural products CC1(CCCC2(C)C3(C)CCC4(CC3(CCC12C)CC4=C)OC5OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C5OC6OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C6O)C(=O)OC7OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C7O OHHNJQXIOPOJSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019202 steviosides Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940034610 toothpaste Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000606 toothpaste Substances 0.000 description 1
- GYDJEQRTZSCIOI-LJGSYFOKSA-N tranexamic acid Chemical compound NC[C@H]1CC[C@H](C(O)=O)CC1 GYDJEQRTZSCIOI-LJGSYFOKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000401 tranexamic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- RUVINXPYWBROJD-ONEGZZNKSA-N trans-anethole Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(\C=C\C)C=C1 RUVINXPYWBROJD-ONEGZZNKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 229960003500 triclosan Drugs 0.000 description 1
- MWOOGOJBHIARFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanillin Chemical compound COC1=CC(C=O)=CC=C1O MWOOGOJBHIARFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FGQOOHJZONJGDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanillin Natural products COC1=CC(O)=CC(C=O)=C1 FGQOOHJZONJGDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000012141 vanillin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003722 vitamin derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001238 wet grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001285 xanthan gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010493 xanthan gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000230 xanthan gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940082509 xanthan gum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000811 xylitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010447 xylitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-SCDXWVJYSA-N xylitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-SCDXWVJYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002675 xylitol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L zinc;1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-3-[(1s,2s)-2-(6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-3-propanoylphenyl)cyclopropyl]urea;diacetate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C([C@H]2[C@H](C2)NC(=O)NC=2N=CC(=CC=2)C#N)=C1O UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/12—Powdering or granulating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C19/00—Other disintegrating devices or methods
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C19/00—Other disintegrating devices or methods
- B02C19/06—Jet mills
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C19/00—Other disintegrating devices or methods
- B02C19/18—Use of auxiliary physical effects, e.g. ultrasonics, irradiation, for disintegrating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/12—Powdering or granulating
- C08J3/122—Pulverisation by spraying
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2301/00—Characterised by the use of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
Abstract
Polysaccharide is wet pulverized by ejecting a liquid dispersion of polysaccharide from a pair of nozzles under a high pressure of 70 to 250 MPa to form a pair of jets so that the jets collide against each other. The nozzles are oriented to define a collision angle of 95-178° and the number of pulverizing cycles is adjusted such that the polysaccharide is pulverized to an average particle length which is equal to or less than 1/4 of the initial average particle length while undergoing a reduction in degree of polymerization of less than 10%.
Description
TITLE OF THE INVENTION
Wet Pulverizing of Polysaccharides TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to a method of wet pulverizing polysaccharides such as cellulose, chitin, chitosan or derivatives thereof to a finely divided dispersion approximate to a dispersion of molecules in water without inviting a substantial reduction in degree of polymerization.
BACKGROUND ART
Polysaccharides including cellulose are valuable as a biomass resource and used in various applications such as paper, film and fibers.
Unlike synthetic plastics, polysaccharides are generally difficult to melt by heating. Thus they must be once dissolved in solvents before they can be processed.
However, it is yet difficult to dissolve polysaccharides.
With respect to cellulose, for example, as described in J.
Zhou and L. Zhang, Polymer Journal, 32, 10, 866 (2000) and Isogai Ed., Science of Cellulose, Asakura Publishing, 2003, cuprammonium solutions and solutions of cellulose treated with carbon disulfide and sodium hydroxide, known as "viscose," are on use from the past. Recently, a spinning process using N-methylmorpholine N-oxide was developed. The process requires high-temperature treatment and the recovery of chemicals for reuse and is not advantageous because of the energy and cost spent in forming and processing as well as the recovery.
These problems can be overcome by a process of dispersing polysaccharide in water uniformly and effecting wet milling without breaking the molecular structure for thereby dispersing polysaccharide particles to a state approximate to the molecular level.
The resulting dispersion of polysaccharide is gel-like and can be used as a cosmetic humectant component in toothpaste and cream, timed release gel preparations impregnated with drugs, fragrant preparations, thermal insulating materials and the like. Also films and forms obtained by drying the gel-like material can be utilized as wrapping material and containers. In these uses, as polysaccharides are more finely divided, they become more homogeneous and easier to form into products. If the degree of polymerization is not reduced, the products possess necessary strength and durability.
However, polysaccharides generally have strong hydrogen bonds formed within and between molecules. If pulverizing is effected to such an extent to break such hydrogen bonds, ether bonds that join molecular chains together are often broken at the same time. Pulverizing is accomplished, but the pulverized polysaccharide has a lower degree of polymerization and becomes of poor quality.
For water-insoluble cellulose, JP-B 60-19921 describes a method of imparting a high velocity to a dispersion of cellulose in water under a high pressure difference of at least 3,000 psi (20.6 MPa), followed by an impact for rapid deceleration. In this method, fibrillated cellulose is finely divided to a size of about 1/4 or less by repeating about 20 pulverizing cycles. However, if cellulose is pulverized to such a size, the cellulose in a copper ethylenediamine solution has an intrinsic viscosity of 7.55 dl/g which is reduced from the viscosity of 8.83 dl/g prior to the pulverizing. When a degree of polymerization is calculated from this value according to the equation: [1] (ml/g) _ 1.67x[Dp] '71 wherein ['n] is an intrinsic viscosity and Dp is a degree of polymerization, described in the Cellulose Society Ed., Dictionary of Cellulose, 2000, page 80, it is seen that after 20 pulverizing cycles at 20 C and 90 C, the degree of polymerization is decreased 20% from the initial. A
comparison of a single pulverizing cycle and 10 pulverizing cycles at 20 C and 90 C reveals a reduction of at least 10%
in degree of polymerization.
JP-B 6-49768 describes a process of subjecting a suspended liquid dispersion of a cellulose derivative, low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose dispersed in water to frictional grinding or high-pressure dispersion whereby the low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose is frictionally ground into a highly viscous gel-like material. It is not described that the drop of degree of polymerization by frictional grinding is less than 10%.
Although it is known that polysaccharide is processed by frictional grinding, high-pressure impact or wet pulverizing following dispersion, it would be desirable to finely pulverize polysaccharide with minimized breakage of molecular chains while suppressing a reduction in degree of polymerization to less than 10%.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the invention is to provide a method of wet pulverizing a polysaccharide while avoiding any change of polysaccharide structure and minimizing a reduction in degree of polymerization.
Studying the pulverization of polysaccharide by collision of high-pressure fluid jets, the inventors have discovered that if the angle of collision between fluid jets and the number of pulverizing cycles are controlled optimum, the polysaccharide structure can be kept unchanged and a reduction of polymerization degree is minimized.
The present invention provides a method of wet pulverizing a polysaccharide in particle form having an initial average particle length, comprising ejecting a liquid dispersion of polysaccharide from a pair of nozzles under a high pressure of 70 to 250 MPa to form a pair of jets so that the jets collide against each other for thereby pulverizing the polysaccharide. The nozzles are angled such that the jets collide against each other at a point distant from outlets of the nozzles and at an appropriate angle and/or the number of ejecting steps is adjusted to subject the polysaccharide to an appropriate number of pulverizing cycles, whereby the polysaccharide is pulverized to an average particle length which is equal to or less than 1/4 of the initial while undergoing a reduction in degree of polymerization of less than 10%.
The present invention also provides a method of wet pulverizing a polysaccharide in particle form having an initial average particle length, comprising ejecting a liquid dispersion of polysaccharide from a pair of nozzles under a pressure of 70 to 250 MPa to form a pair of jets so that the jets collide against each other for thereby pulverizing the polysaccharide, wherein the nozzles are angled such that the jets collide against each other at a point distant from outlets of the nozzles, whereby the polysaccharide is pulverized to an average particle length which is equal to or less than 1/4 of the initial while undergoing a reduction in degree of polymerization of less than 10%; wherein the angle of collision between the jets is in a range of 95 to 178 degrees, and wherein the number of pulverizing cycles is from 1 to 200.
In a preferred embodiment, the polysaccharide is pulverized to an average particle length which is equal to or less than 10 pm and optionally, an average particle breadth which is equal to or less than 10 pm, while undergoing a reduction in degree of polymerization of less than 10%. The angle of collision between the jets is typically in a range of 95 to 178 degrees. The number of pulverizing cycles is preferably from 1 to 200.
The method may further comprise, after the wet pulverizing step, centrifuging the liquid dispersion of polysaccharide to collect polysaccharide submicron particles having an average particle length which is less than 1 pm.
Wet Pulverizing of Polysaccharides TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to a method of wet pulverizing polysaccharides such as cellulose, chitin, chitosan or derivatives thereof to a finely divided dispersion approximate to a dispersion of molecules in water without inviting a substantial reduction in degree of polymerization.
BACKGROUND ART
Polysaccharides including cellulose are valuable as a biomass resource and used in various applications such as paper, film and fibers.
Unlike synthetic plastics, polysaccharides are generally difficult to melt by heating. Thus they must be once dissolved in solvents before they can be processed.
However, it is yet difficult to dissolve polysaccharides.
With respect to cellulose, for example, as described in J.
Zhou and L. Zhang, Polymer Journal, 32, 10, 866 (2000) and Isogai Ed., Science of Cellulose, Asakura Publishing, 2003, cuprammonium solutions and solutions of cellulose treated with carbon disulfide and sodium hydroxide, known as "viscose," are on use from the past. Recently, a spinning process using N-methylmorpholine N-oxide was developed. The process requires high-temperature treatment and the recovery of chemicals for reuse and is not advantageous because of the energy and cost spent in forming and processing as well as the recovery.
These problems can be overcome by a process of dispersing polysaccharide in water uniformly and effecting wet milling without breaking the molecular structure for thereby dispersing polysaccharide particles to a state approximate to the molecular level.
The resulting dispersion of polysaccharide is gel-like and can be used as a cosmetic humectant component in toothpaste and cream, timed release gel preparations impregnated with drugs, fragrant preparations, thermal insulating materials and the like. Also films and forms obtained by drying the gel-like material can be utilized as wrapping material and containers. In these uses, as polysaccharides are more finely divided, they become more homogeneous and easier to form into products. If the degree of polymerization is not reduced, the products possess necessary strength and durability.
However, polysaccharides generally have strong hydrogen bonds formed within and between molecules. If pulverizing is effected to such an extent to break such hydrogen bonds, ether bonds that join molecular chains together are often broken at the same time. Pulverizing is accomplished, but the pulverized polysaccharide has a lower degree of polymerization and becomes of poor quality.
For water-insoluble cellulose, JP-B 60-19921 describes a method of imparting a high velocity to a dispersion of cellulose in water under a high pressure difference of at least 3,000 psi (20.6 MPa), followed by an impact for rapid deceleration. In this method, fibrillated cellulose is finely divided to a size of about 1/4 or less by repeating about 20 pulverizing cycles. However, if cellulose is pulverized to such a size, the cellulose in a copper ethylenediamine solution has an intrinsic viscosity of 7.55 dl/g which is reduced from the viscosity of 8.83 dl/g prior to the pulverizing. When a degree of polymerization is calculated from this value according to the equation: [1] (ml/g) _ 1.67x[Dp] '71 wherein ['n] is an intrinsic viscosity and Dp is a degree of polymerization, described in the Cellulose Society Ed., Dictionary of Cellulose, 2000, page 80, it is seen that after 20 pulverizing cycles at 20 C and 90 C, the degree of polymerization is decreased 20% from the initial. A
comparison of a single pulverizing cycle and 10 pulverizing cycles at 20 C and 90 C reveals a reduction of at least 10%
in degree of polymerization.
JP-B 6-49768 describes a process of subjecting a suspended liquid dispersion of a cellulose derivative, low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose dispersed in water to frictional grinding or high-pressure dispersion whereby the low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose is frictionally ground into a highly viscous gel-like material. It is not described that the drop of degree of polymerization by frictional grinding is less than 10%.
Although it is known that polysaccharide is processed by frictional grinding, high-pressure impact or wet pulverizing following dispersion, it would be desirable to finely pulverize polysaccharide with minimized breakage of molecular chains while suppressing a reduction in degree of polymerization to less than 10%.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the invention is to provide a method of wet pulverizing a polysaccharide while avoiding any change of polysaccharide structure and minimizing a reduction in degree of polymerization.
Studying the pulverization of polysaccharide by collision of high-pressure fluid jets, the inventors have discovered that if the angle of collision between fluid jets and the number of pulverizing cycles are controlled optimum, the polysaccharide structure can be kept unchanged and a reduction of polymerization degree is minimized.
The present invention provides a method of wet pulverizing a polysaccharide in particle form having an initial average particle length, comprising ejecting a liquid dispersion of polysaccharide from a pair of nozzles under a high pressure of 70 to 250 MPa to form a pair of jets so that the jets collide against each other for thereby pulverizing the polysaccharide. The nozzles are angled such that the jets collide against each other at a point distant from outlets of the nozzles and at an appropriate angle and/or the number of ejecting steps is adjusted to subject the polysaccharide to an appropriate number of pulverizing cycles, whereby the polysaccharide is pulverized to an average particle length which is equal to or less than 1/4 of the initial while undergoing a reduction in degree of polymerization of less than 10%.
The present invention also provides a method of wet pulverizing a polysaccharide in particle form having an initial average particle length, comprising ejecting a liquid dispersion of polysaccharide from a pair of nozzles under a pressure of 70 to 250 MPa to form a pair of jets so that the jets collide against each other for thereby pulverizing the polysaccharide, wherein the nozzles are angled such that the jets collide against each other at a point distant from outlets of the nozzles, whereby the polysaccharide is pulverized to an average particle length which is equal to or less than 1/4 of the initial while undergoing a reduction in degree of polymerization of less than 10%; wherein the angle of collision between the jets is in a range of 95 to 178 degrees, and wherein the number of pulverizing cycles is from 1 to 200.
In a preferred embodiment, the polysaccharide is pulverized to an average particle length which is equal to or less than 10 pm and optionally, an average particle breadth which is equal to or less than 10 pm, while undergoing a reduction in degree of polymerization of less than 10%. The angle of collision between the jets is typically in a range of 95 to 178 degrees. The number of pulverizing cycles is preferably from 1 to 200.
The method may further comprise, after the wet pulverizing step, centrifuging the liquid dispersion of polysaccharide to collect polysaccharide submicron particles having an average particle length which is less than 1 pm.
The polysaccharide is typically selected from among cellulose or derivatives thereof, chitin or derivatives thereof, and chitosan or derivatives thereof.
More preferably, the cellulose is crystalline cellulose as prescribed in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 14th Edition.
The method of wet pulverizing polysaccharides according to the invention is successful in producing finely divided forms of polysaccharides without any change of the polysaccharide structure. The reduction in degree of polymerization by pulverizing is minimized. The invention enables easy molding and processing of polysaccharides including cellulose.
-4a-BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a pulverizing system for use in the practice of the inventive method.
FIGS. 2a, 2b and 2c are photographs under polarizing microscope of Funacel II at the initial, after 5 collision cycles, and after 50 collision cycles in a 1 wt% dispersion form, respectively.
FIG. 3 is a X ray analysis diagram of Funacel II at the initial, after 50 and 130 collision cycles.
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing infrared spectra of Funacel II at the initial, after 30, 100, and 180 collision cycles.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The method of the invention is to wet pulverize polysaccharides. Examples of polysaccharides to be pulverized include naturally occurring and cultured polysaccharides and ethers, esters, cationic and anionic derivatives thereof, such as cellulose, chitin, chitosan, starch, pullulan, carrageenan, agar, curdlan, furcellaran, xanthan gum, guar gum, gum arabic, sizofiran, hyaluronic acid, alginic acid, sodium alginate, pectin, and welan gum.
Of these, suitable cellulose derivatives include methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, acetyl cellulose, nitrocellulose, carboxymethyl nitrocellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate, cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate, cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydrophobic hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, etc. Crystalline celluloses from which amorphous portions are removed to a maximum possible extent, that is, crystalline celluloses as prescribed in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 14th Edition are also useful.
Polysaccharides have a degree of polymerization which is not critical. Preferred polysaccharides have a degree of polymerization of 50 to 100,000, and more preferably 100 to 10,000 so that polysaccharides even after pulverizing have a practically acceptable degree of polymerization. If the degree of polymerization is too low, pulverized products which are applicable to form practically acceptable films or sheets are not obtainable. If the degree of polymerization is too high, it may be difficult to suppress a reduction of degree of polymerization by pulverization to less than 10%.
It is noted that the degree of polymerization of polysaccharide can be determined according to the equation between degree of polymerization and viscosity described in Polymer Handbook, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, February 22, 1999, or by the light scattering measurement, GPC-MALLS, osmotic pressure, and ultra-centrifugal methods described in Matsushita, Basic Chemistry Course--Polymer Chemistry, Maruzen, Chapter II Physical properties.
The polysaccharide in particle form prior to pulverization has an average particle length and average particle breadth which are not critical. Typically the average particle length is in a range of 10 to 300 zn, and preferably 50 to 200 m.
It is noted that the average particle length and breadth can be measured by a light scattering apparatus, laser microscope, electron microscope or the like. The average particle length is determined by measuring dimensions of particles under a microscope, selecting 10 to 200, preferably 30 to 80 longer dimensions, and calculating an average. The average particle length should be such that polysaccharide particles may flow through a conduit to the pulverizing system.
The dispersing medium of the polysaccharide liquid dispersion is not particularly limited as long as it is a liquid in which polysaccharides are not dissolvable. For cellulose and derivatives thereof, for example, water is the preferred dispersing medium. For starch and other polysaccharides which are dissolvable in water when heated, water is not preferred because the temperature is elevated during the pulverizing process, but organic solvents such as n-hexane are preferred. In the wet pulverizing method of the invention wherein heat is generated during the process, it is preferred to use dispersing media having a higher boiling point, for example, polyhydric alcohols such as glycerol and propylene glycol and other high-molecular weight solvents.
High-molecular weight silicone fluids having a relatively high boiling point are also useful. In general, polysaccharide-insoluble solvents having a boiling point of at least 100 C, typically 110 to 200 C under atmospheric pressure are preferred.
The polysaccharide dispersion should preferably have a concentration that allows the dispersed slurry to flow through the conduit of the pulverizing system, specifically 1 to 10% by weight.
The inventive method of wet pulverizing particulate polysaccharide includes ejecting a liquid dispersion of polysaccharide from a pair of nozzles under a high pressure of 70 to 250 MPa to form a pair of jets so that the jets collide against each other for thereby pulverizing the polysaccharide. The nozzles are angled such that the jets collide against each other at a point distant from the outlets of the nozzles and at an appropriate angle and/or the number of ejecting steps is adjusted to subject the polysaccharide to an appropriate number of pulverizing cycles. That is, the angle of collision between the jets and/or the number of pulverizing cycles is adjusted such that the polysaccharide is pulverized to an average particle length which is equal to or less than 1/4 of the initial average particle length, specifically equal to or less than 10 m, while a reduction in degree of polymerization is kept less than 10%.
FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment wherein the pulverizing method of the invention is carried out. The system includes a raw material tank 1, a piston pump 2, a pulverizing chamber 3, a pair of angled nozzles 4a, 4b disposed in the chamber, a heat exchanger 5, and a conduit providing fluid communication between the components. A
More preferably, the cellulose is crystalline cellulose as prescribed in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 14th Edition.
The method of wet pulverizing polysaccharides according to the invention is successful in producing finely divided forms of polysaccharides without any change of the polysaccharide structure. The reduction in degree of polymerization by pulverizing is minimized. The invention enables easy molding and processing of polysaccharides including cellulose.
-4a-BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a pulverizing system for use in the practice of the inventive method.
FIGS. 2a, 2b and 2c are photographs under polarizing microscope of Funacel II at the initial, after 5 collision cycles, and after 50 collision cycles in a 1 wt% dispersion form, respectively.
FIG. 3 is a X ray analysis diagram of Funacel II at the initial, after 50 and 130 collision cycles.
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing infrared spectra of Funacel II at the initial, after 30, 100, and 180 collision cycles.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The method of the invention is to wet pulverize polysaccharides. Examples of polysaccharides to be pulverized include naturally occurring and cultured polysaccharides and ethers, esters, cationic and anionic derivatives thereof, such as cellulose, chitin, chitosan, starch, pullulan, carrageenan, agar, curdlan, furcellaran, xanthan gum, guar gum, gum arabic, sizofiran, hyaluronic acid, alginic acid, sodium alginate, pectin, and welan gum.
Of these, suitable cellulose derivatives include methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, acetyl cellulose, nitrocellulose, carboxymethyl nitrocellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate, cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate, cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydrophobic hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, etc. Crystalline celluloses from which amorphous portions are removed to a maximum possible extent, that is, crystalline celluloses as prescribed in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 14th Edition are also useful.
Polysaccharides have a degree of polymerization which is not critical. Preferred polysaccharides have a degree of polymerization of 50 to 100,000, and more preferably 100 to 10,000 so that polysaccharides even after pulverizing have a practically acceptable degree of polymerization. If the degree of polymerization is too low, pulverized products which are applicable to form practically acceptable films or sheets are not obtainable. If the degree of polymerization is too high, it may be difficult to suppress a reduction of degree of polymerization by pulverization to less than 10%.
It is noted that the degree of polymerization of polysaccharide can be determined according to the equation between degree of polymerization and viscosity described in Polymer Handbook, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, February 22, 1999, or by the light scattering measurement, GPC-MALLS, osmotic pressure, and ultra-centrifugal methods described in Matsushita, Basic Chemistry Course--Polymer Chemistry, Maruzen, Chapter II Physical properties.
The polysaccharide in particle form prior to pulverization has an average particle length and average particle breadth which are not critical. Typically the average particle length is in a range of 10 to 300 zn, and preferably 50 to 200 m.
It is noted that the average particle length and breadth can be measured by a light scattering apparatus, laser microscope, electron microscope or the like. The average particle length is determined by measuring dimensions of particles under a microscope, selecting 10 to 200, preferably 30 to 80 longer dimensions, and calculating an average. The average particle length should be such that polysaccharide particles may flow through a conduit to the pulverizing system.
The dispersing medium of the polysaccharide liquid dispersion is not particularly limited as long as it is a liquid in which polysaccharides are not dissolvable. For cellulose and derivatives thereof, for example, water is the preferred dispersing medium. For starch and other polysaccharides which are dissolvable in water when heated, water is not preferred because the temperature is elevated during the pulverizing process, but organic solvents such as n-hexane are preferred. In the wet pulverizing method of the invention wherein heat is generated during the process, it is preferred to use dispersing media having a higher boiling point, for example, polyhydric alcohols such as glycerol and propylene glycol and other high-molecular weight solvents.
High-molecular weight silicone fluids having a relatively high boiling point are also useful. In general, polysaccharide-insoluble solvents having a boiling point of at least 100 C, typically 110 to 200 C under atmospheric pressure are preferred.
The polysaccharide dispersion should preferably have a concentration that allows the dispersed slurry to flow through the conduit of the pulverizing system, specifically 1 to 10% by weight.
The inventive method of wet pulverizing particulate polysaccharide includes ejecting a liquid dispersion of polysaccharide from a pair of nozzles under a high pressure of 70 to 250 MPa to form a pair of jets so that the jets collide against each other for thereby pulverizing the polysaccharide. The nozzles are angled such that the jets collide against each other at a point distant from the outlets of the nozzles and at an appropriate angle and/or the number of ejecting steps is adjusted to subject the polysaccharide to an appropriate number of pulverizing cycles. That is, the angle of collision between the jets and/or the number of pulverizing cycles is adjusted such that the polysaccharide is pulverized to an average particle length which is equal to or less than 1/4 of the initial average particle length, specifically equal to or less than 10 m, while a reduction in degree of polymerization is kept less than 10%.
FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment wherein the pulverizing method of the invention is carried out. The system includes a raw material tank 1, a piston pump 2, a pulverizing chamber 3, a pair of angled nozzles 4a, 4b disposed in the chamber, a heat exchanger 5, and a conduit providing fluid communication between the components. A
polysaccharide liquid dispersion is fed from the tank 1 to the pump 2 where it is compressed and then discharged under pressure from a pair of nozzles 4a, 4b to form a pair of jets so that the jets collide against each other at an angle 0 for thereby pulverizing the polysaccharide. The once collided and pulverized polysaccharide liquid dispersion is delivered to the heat exchanger 5 where it is cooled and then fed back to the tank 1. The procedure is repeated to carry out a desired number of pulverizing cycles.
The apparatus used in the pulverizing method of the invention may be a high-pressure homogenizer adapted to force a process fluid through a gap of a valve under a high pressure. Such homogenizers are commercially available and include "Homogenizer" by Sanwa Machine Co., Inc., "Ultimaizer System" by Sugino Machine Co., Ltd., "Micro-Fluidizer" by Mizuho Industrial Co., Ltd., and high-pressure homogenizer by APV Gaulin, with the Ultimaizer system being preferred.
Preferred is an apparatus including a pulverizing chamber where the angle 6 of collision between fluid jets is variable as described in JP-A 10-337457.
The collision angle 0 is preferably in a range of 95 to 178 , and more preferably 100 to 170 . When the nozzles are oriented to define an angle of smaller than 95 , for example, an angle of 90 , that is, to achieve perpendicular collision, the nozzle structure tends to allow more jets of liquid dispersion to collide directly against the chamber wall rather than colliding against each other. The direct collision against the wall, even if once, often results in a polymerization degree reduction of more than 10%. When the collision angle is larger than 178 , for example, equal to 180 , that is, to achieve head-on collision, a substantial quantity of collision energy may be produced to induce a noticeable reduction of degree of polymerization even after a single collision.
The number of pulverizing cycles is typically in a range of 1 to 200, and preferably 5 to 120. Too much pulverizing cycles may cause to polysaccharide a reduction of more than 10% in the degree of polymerization. It is important to determine an optimum number of pulverizing cycles in order to achieve subdivision to an average particle length equal to or less than 10 Eun.
In the practice of the invention, a polysaccharide having an initial average particle length is pulverized until the polysaccharide is subdivided to an average particle length which is equal to or less than 1/4 of the initial average particle length, preferably in a range of 1/5 to 1/100, more preferably 1/6 to 1/50, and most preferably 1/7 to 1/20 of the initial average particle length.
Specifically, polysaccharide is pulverized so as to provide an average particle length of equal to or less than 10 m, preferably 0.01 to 9 pin, more preferably 0.1 to 8 gm, and most preferably 0.1 to 5 m.
It is noted that particles of fibrillated cellulose have a length in one direction and an breadth in a direction perpendicular to the one direction. Thus the polysaccharide particles as pulverized also have an average particle breadth which is preferably equal to or less than 10 m, more preferably 0.01 to 9 pm, most preferably 0.1 to 8 m. Within this range, a reduction in degree of polymerization of polysaccharide is suppressed to 10% or less. The method of determining the average particle breadth will be described later in Example.
As pulverizing cycles are repeated, the pulverized liquid elevates its temperature. Preferably after every wet pulverization, the pulverized liquid is fed to the heat exchanger where it is cooled, typically to a temperature of 4 .C to 20 C, preferably 5 C to 15 C.
The wet pulverizing method of the invention ensures that polysaccharide experiences a reduction of less than 10t, especially 0 to 8%, in the degree of polymerization on the course of pulverization. The method of measuring the degree of polymerization of polysaccharide may resort to a weight, number or viscosity averaging technique because only a percent reduction of the degree of polymerization is of significance. It suffices that the reduction of the degree of polymerization is less than 10% regardless of the method of determining a degree of polymerization.
The method of the invention pulverizes polysaccharide into finely divided polysaccharide, from which a fraction of submicron particles can be recovered by centrifuging the finely dispersed liquid and collecting the supernatant.
Typically a fraction of submicron particles having an average particle length of less than 1 m is obtained, in which finely divided polysaccharide has experienced a reduction of less than 10% in degree of polymerization.
In the practice of the invention, other components may be added to the liquid dispersion of polysaccharide in the dispersing medium as long as the objects of the invention are not compromised. Such components include water-soluble high-molecular weight substances, humectants, surfactants, flavors, sweeteners, parabens, preservatives, and dyes. All these additional components should have an average particle diameter which ensures passage through the conduit of the pulverizing system.
Suitable water-soluble high-molecular weight substances include calcium secondary phosphate dihydrate and anhydride, calcium primary phosphate, calcium tertiary phosphate, calcium carbonate, calcium pyrophosphate, aluminum hydroxide, alumina, insoluble sodium metaphosphate, magnesium tertiary phosphate, magnesium carbonate, calcium sulfate, and methyl polymethacrylate in microparticulate form.
Suitable humectants include sorbitol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and xylitol, alone or in admixture.
Suitable surfactants include anionic surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate, nonionic surfactants such as decaglyceryl laurate and myristic acid diethanol amide, ampholytic surfactants such as betaines. They may be used to improve the dispersion after compounding and pulverization.
-i0-Suitable flavors include menthol, carvone, anethol, methyl salicylate, limonene, n-decyl alcohol, citronellol, vanillin, peppermint oil, spearmint oil, clove oil, and eucalyptus oil, alone or in admixture.
Additionally, sweeteners such as saccharin sodium, stevioside, glycyrrhizin and perillartine; preservatives such as sodium benzoate, parabens (e.g., methylparaben, propylparaben), sorbic acid, sodium sorbate and potassium sorbate; pharmaceutical agents such as lysozyme chloride, dextranase chlorohexidine, sorbic acid, cetyl pyridinium chloride, triclosan, E-aminocaproic acid, tranexamic acid, azulene, vitamin El, sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, quaternary ammonium compounds, and hexametaphosphates; and coloring agents may be compounded depending on the intended use of the pulverized polysaccharide.
EXAMPLE
Examples are given below for illustrating the invention, but are not intended to limit the invention thereto.
The average degree of polymerization, average particle length and average particle breadth were determined as follows.
Degree of Polymerization An intrinsic viscosity [1] of a cellulose sample was measured in a copper ethylene diamine solution according to the procedure described in the Cellulose Society Ed., Dictionary of Cellulose, 2000, p. 80. From this viscosity, a degree of polymerization is calculated according to the equation between intrinsic viscosity and degree of polymerization: [1] (ml/g) = 1.67x[Dp] '71, described ibid.
In Examples 4 and 5, a degree of polymerization was measured otherwise.
Average particle length and breadth A cellulose sample was dispersed in deionized water in a concentration of 0.001% by weight, and a photograph of particles was taken under a polarizing microscope BHA
(Olympus Optical Co., Ltd.). Using an image analysis software Image-Pro Plus 4.5.2 (Media Cybernetics), the length and breadth of more than 50 particles were measured. An average of these measurements was computed. For those cellulose dispersions which had undergone 30 or more pulverizing cycles, a sample was dripped on a 200-mesh copper grid and dyed with 2 wt% uranyl acetate, after which an image was taken under a transmission electron microscope JEM-100CX
(Nippon Electron Co., Ltd.) with an accelerating voltage of 80 W. Using the image analysis software Image-Pro Plus 4.5.2 (Media Cybernetics), the particle length and breadth were measured. More than 50 measurements were made and averaged.
Example 1 Funacel II (Funakoshi Co., Ltd.) which is a crystalline cellulose powder having an average degree of polymerization of 220, an average particle length of 28 m and an average particle breadth of 11 m was added to deionized water and dispersed therein to form 400 g of a dispersion having a concentration as shown in Table 1. Using a high-pressure pulverizing system, as shown in FIG. 1, Altemaizer Model HJP-25005 by Sugino Machine Co., Ltd. in which a pair of nozzles were angled in the chamber to provide a collision angle 0 of 170 , the dispersion was ejected for collision under 200 MPa. The pulverization was repeated 1 to 180 cycles. The pulverized cellulose had an average degree of polymerization, average particle length and average particle breadth which are shown in Table 1. FIG. 2 shows photographs of cellulose under a polarizing microscope. FIG.
2a is a photomicrograph of the unprocessed cellulose, i.e., starting Funacel II; FIG. 2b is a photomicrograph after a 1 wt% dispersion of Funacel II was collided 5 cycles; FIG. 2c is a photomicrograph after the dispersion was collided 50 cycles.
Next, 20 g of the processed liquid was placed in a dish having a diameter of 120 mm, where it was dried at 105 C
for 2 hours while keeping the dish horizontal. Drying resulted in a film which was determined for transparency and thickness at ten points, with a standard deviation of film thickness calculated. The results are reported in Table 1.
The film was found uniform, indicating that the pulverized product consisted of polymers whose degree of polymerization was kept substantially unchanged as demonstrated by a reduction of less than 10% in degree of polymerization.
A piece of each film reported in Table 1 was analyzed on a X ray diffractometry analyzer Model Rigaku Rint 2000F
(Rigaku Instrument Co., Ltd.), with Cu Ka-line and a diffraction angle of 5-350 . The results of X-ray diffractometry are shown in FIG. 3. A crystallinity was determined from the charts using the method of Kai, A and Ping, X, Polymer Journal, 22 (11), p. 955 (1999). Curve (a) corresponding to the starting cellulose, Funacel II gave a crystallinity of 70%, curve (b) corresponding to the product after 50 pulverizing cycles of a 1 wt% dispersion gave a crystallinity of 69%, and curve (c) corresponding to the product after 130 pulverizing cycles of a 1 wt% dispersion gave a crystallinity of 70%, proving that the crystallinity was also kept unchanged.
Samples of 1 wt% cellulose dispersion at the initial and after 30 and 180 cycles of wet pulverization were dried at 105 C for 2 hours and examined for infrared absorption behavior by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (JASCO). The results are shown as curves (a), (b) and (e) in FIG. 4. As compared with the starting cellulose, the pulverized cellulose products showed no changes in absorption peaks of hydroxyl and other groups, proving that cellulose molecules experienced no chemical change during pulverization.
A sample of 1 wt% cellulose dispersion after 100 cycles of wet pulverization was centrifuged under 1.7x103 G.
In the supernatant, a clear solution portion was observed where a cellulose fraction corresponding to 1.4% by weight of the entire cellulose was present. It was seen that wet pulverizing by the inventive method caused cellulose to be finely divided and dispersed to a nano-order of less than 1 m. A sample of the supernatant was dried at 105 C for 2 hours and examined for infrared absorption behavior by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, with the result being shown as curve (d) in FIG. 4. For this dry sample, a degree of polymerization was determined to be 220, indicating no reduction from the initial. These results that the pulverized product in the centrifugal supernatant kept unchanged both the chemical structure and the molecular weight indicate that a finely divided product without a lowering of molecular weight is obtained by centrifuging the pulverized dispersion.
In FIG. 4, curve (a) is an infrared absorption spectrum of the starting cellulose (Funacel II), curve (b) is an infrared absorption spectrum of the product after 30 pulverizing cycles of a 1 wt% Funacel II dispersion, curve (c) is an infrared absorption spectrum of a precipitate from the product after 100 pulverizing cycles of a 1 wt% Funacel II dispersion, curve (d) is an infrared absorption spectrum of a supernatant from the same product as (c), and curve (e) is an infrared absorption spectrum of the product after 180 pulverizing cycles of a 1 wt% Funacel II dispersion.
Table 1 Wet pulverized products of crystalline cellulose, Funacel II
Average Average Film Cellulose Film thickness Pulverizing Degree of particle particle Film cycles concentration polymerization length breadth transparency thickness standard (wt%) (m) (pm) (pun) deviation (Wn) (starting 1 220 28 11 opaque 20 8 cellulose) 1 1 210 7 4 transparent 20 2 1 210 5 3 transparent 20 2 50 1 210 4 3 transparent 20 2 130 1 210 4 3 transparent 20 2 180 1 210 3 3 transparent 20 1 28 2 210 4 3 transparent 40 3 119 2 210 4 3 transparent 40 2 5 Example 2 4 g of the crystalline cellulose powder used in Example 1 (Funacel II) was added to 396 g of deionized water and dispersed therein. Using a high-pressure pulverizing system, Altemaizer Model HJP-25005 by Sugino Machine Co., Ltd. in which a pair of nozzles were angled in the chamber to provide a collision angle 0 of 1000, the dispersion was ejected for collision under 250 MPa. Pulverization was repeated 10 cycles. The pulverized cellulose had an average particle length of 8 m. The pulverized dispersion was dried at 80 C for 24 hours, after which its degree of polymerization was measured to be 202, which indicated a reduction of 8% in degree of polymerization.
Example 3 16 g of the crystalline cellulose powder used in Example 1 (Funacel II) was added to 384 g of deionized water and dispersed therein. Using a high-pressure pulverizing system, Altemaizer Model HJP-25005 by Sugino Machine Co., Ltd. in which a pair of nozzles were angled in the chamber to provide a collision angle 0 of 175 , the dispersion was ejected for collision under 250 MPa. Pulverization was repeated 15 cycles. The pulverized cellulose had an average particle length of 7 .m. The pulverized dispersion was dried at 80 C for 24 hours, after which its degree of polymerization was measured to be 205, which indicated a reduction of 7% in degree of polymerization.
Example 4 Chitin available from Wako Junyaku Co., Ltd. was milled on a stamp mill. The milled particles were passed through a 125 m mesh and determined for size by microscopic observation and image analysis as in Example 1. In this way, a chitin powder having an average particle length of 60 m and an average particle breadth of 40 m was obtained. This chitin powder was found to have a degree of polymerization of 150 when measured according to "the direct measurement of chitin molecular weight" in the Journal of Chitin/Chitosan Research Society, vol. 3, pages 190-191, by dissolving chitin in a calcium chloride dihydrate methanol solution, measuring the viscosity of the solution, and computing a molecular weight therefrom. 10 g of the chitin powder was added to 800 g of deionized water and dispersed therein. Using a high-pressure pulverizing system, Altemaizer Model HJP-25005 by Sugino Machine Co., Ltd. in which a pair of nozzles were angled in the chamber to provide a collision angle 0 of 165 , the dispersion was ejected for collision under 200 MPa.
Pulverization was repeated 15 cycles. The pulverized dispersion was determined for size by microscopic observation and image analysis as in Example 1, finding an average particle length of 1.2 m and an average particle breadth of 25 nm. The degree of polymerization after pulverization was 138, which indicated a reduction of 8% in degree of polymerization. Dry samples before and after the pulverization were examined for infrared absorption behavior by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, finding no change in absorption behavior. This indicated that pulverization introduced no change in chemical structure. A
sample of the pulverized dispersion was centrifuged under 1.7x103 G. In the supernatant, a clear solution portion was observed where a finely divided fraction corresponding to 25.4% by weight of the entire cellulose was present.
Example 5 Low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose was carbanilated. This modified low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose had a degree of polymerization of 450 as measured by the GPC-MALLS method, an average particle length of 110 m, and a molar substitution of 0.2. 4 g of the modified low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose powder was added to 396 g of deionized water and dispersed therein. Using a high-pressure pulverizing system, Altemaizer Model HJP-25005 by Sugino Machine Co., Ltd. in which a pair of nozzles were angled in the chamber to provide a collision angle 0 of 100 , the dispersion was ejected for collision under 250 MPa.
Pulverization was repeated 20 cycles. The pulverized cellulose had an average particle length of 7 m. The pulverized dispersion was dried at 80 C for 24 hours, after which its degree of polymerization was similarly measured to be 440, which indicated a reduction of 2.2% in degree of polymerization.
Next, 50 g of the pulverized dispersion was placed in a dish having a diameter of 120 mm, where it was dried at 105 C for 2 hours while keeping the dish horizontal. Drying resulted in a transparent film which was determined for thickness at ten points, finding an average thickness of 51 m. The standard deviation of film thickness was 7 m, demonstrating formation of a uniform film.
Comparative Example 1 4 g of the crystalline cellulose powder used in Example 1 (Funacel II) was added to 396 g of deionized water and dispersed therein. Using a high-pressure pulverizing system, Altemaizer Model HJP-25005 by Sugino Machine Co., Ltd. in which a pair of nozzles were angled in the chamber to provide a collision angle 0 of 900, the dispersion was ejected under 250 MPa. Pulverization was repeated 15 cycles.
The pulverized cellulose had an average particle length of 8 m. The pulverized dispersion was dried at 80 C for 24 hours, after which its degree of polymerization was measured to be 185, which indicated a reduction of 16% in degree of polymerization.
Comparative Example 2 8 g of the crystalline cellulose powder used in Example 1 (Funacel II) was added to 392 g of deionized water and dispersed therein. Using a high-pressure pulverizing system, Altemaizer Model HJP-25005 by Sugino Machine Co., Ltd. in which a pair of nozzles were angled in the chamber to provide a collision angle 6 of 90 , the dispersion was ejected under 250 MPa. Pulverization was repeated 210 cycles. The pulverized cellulose had an average particle length of 8 dam. The pulverized dispersion was dried at 80 C
for 24 hours, after which its degree of polymerization was measured to be 190, which indicated a reduction of 14% in degree of polymerization.
The apparatus used in the pulverizing method of the invention may be a high-pressure homogenizer adapted to force a process fluid through a gap of a valve under a high pressure. Such homogenizers are commercially available and include "Homogenizer" by Sanwa Machine Co., Inc., "Ultimaizer System" by Sugino Machine Co., Ltd., "Micro-Fluidizer" by Mizuho Industrial Co., Ltd., and high-pressure homogenizer by APV Gaulin, with the Ultimaizer system being preferred.
Preferred is an apparatus including a pulverizing chamber where the angle 6 of collision between fluid jets is variable as described in JP-A 10-337457.
The collision angle 0 is preferably in a range of 95 to 178 , and more preferably 100 to 170 . When the nozzles are oriented to define an angle of smaller than 95 , for example, an angle of 90 , that is, to achieve perpendicular collision, the nozzle structure tends to allow more jets of liquid dispersion to collide directly against the chamber wall rather than colliding against each other. The direct collision against the wall, even if once, often results in a polymerization degree reduction of more than 10%. When the collision angle is larger than 178 , for example, equal to 180 , that is, to achieve head-on collision, a substantial quantity of collision energy may be produced to induce a noticeable reduction of degree of polymerization even after a single collision.
The number of pulverizing cycles is typically in a range of 1 to 200, and preferably 5 to 120. Too much pulverizing cycles may cause to polysaccharide a reduction of more than 10% in the degree of polymerization. It is important to determine an optimum number of pulverizing cycles in order to achieve subdivision to an average particle length equal to or less than 10 Eun.
In the practice of the invention, a polysaccharide having an initial average particle length is pulverized until the polysaccharide is subdivided to an average particle length which is equal to or less than 1/4 of the initial average particle length, preferably in a range of 1/5 to 1/100, more preferably 1/6 to 1/50, and most preferably 1/7 to 1/20 of the initial average particle length.
Specifically, polysaccharide is pulverized so as to provide an average particle length of equal to or less than 10 m, preferably 0.01 to 9 pin, more preferably 0.1 to 8 gm, and most preferably 0.1 to 5 m.
It is noted that particles of fibrillated cellulose have a length in one direction and an breadth in a direction perpendicular to the one direction. Thus the polysaccharide particles as pulverized also have an average particle breadth which is preferably equal to or less than 10 m, more preferably 0.01 to 9 pm, most preferably 0.1 to 8 m. Within this range, a reduction in degree of polymerization of polysaccharide is suppressed to 10% or less. The method of determining the average particle breadth will be described later in Example.
As pulverizing cycles are repeated, the pulverized liquid elevates its temperature. Preferably after every wet pulverization, the pulverized liquid is fed to the heat exchanger where it is cooled, typically to a temperature of 4 .C to 20 C, preferably 5 C to 15 C.
The wet pulverizing method of the invention ensures that polysaccharide experiences a reduction of less than 10t, especially 0 to 8%, in the degree of polymerization on the course of pulverization. The method of measuring the degree of polymerization of polysaccharide may resort to a weight, number or viscosity averaging technique because only a percent reduction of the degree of polymerization is of significance. It suffices that the reduction of the degree of polymerization is less than 10% regardless of the method of determining a degree of polymerization.
The method of the invention pulverizes polysaccharide into finely divided polysaccharide, from which a fraction of submicron particles can be recovered by centrifuging the finely dispersed liquid and collecting the supernatant.
Typically a fraction of submicron particles having an average particle length of less than 1 m is obtained, in which finely divided polysaccharide has experienced a reduction of less than 10% in degree of polymerization.
In the practice of the invention, other components may be added to the liquid dispersion of polysaccharide in the dispersing medium as long as the objects of the invention are not compromised. Such components include water-soluble high-molecular weight substances, humectants, surfactants, flavors, sweeteners, parabens, preservatives, and dyes. All these additional components should have an average particle diameter which ensures passage through the conduit of the pulverizing system.
Suitable water-soluble high-molecular weight substances include calcium secondary phosphate dihydrate and anhydride, calcium primary phosphate, calcium tertiary phosphate, calcium carbonate, calcium pyrophosphate, aluminum hydroxide, alumina, insoluble sodium metaphosphate, magnesium tertiary phosphate, magnesium carbonate, calcium sulfate, and methyl polymethacrylate in microparticulate form.
Suitable humectants include sorbitol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and xylitol, alone or in admixture.
Suitable surfactants include anionic surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate, nonionic surfactants such as decaglyceryl laurate and myristic acid diethanol amide, ampholytic surfactants such as betaines. They may be used to improve the dispersion after compounding and pulverization.
-i0-Suitable flavors include menthol, carvone, anethol, methyl salicylate, limonene, n-decyl alcohol, citronellol, vanillin, peppermint oil, spearmint oil, clove oil, and eucalyptus oil, alone or in admixture.
Additionally, sweeteners such as saccharin sodium, stevioside, glycyrrhizin and perillartine; preservatives such as sodium benzoate, parabens (e.g., methylparaben, propylparaben), sorbic acid, sodium sorbate and potassium sorbate; pharmaceutical agents such as lysozyme chloride, dextranase chlorohexidine, sorbic acid, cetyl pyridinium chloride, triclosan, E-aminocaproic acid, tranexamic acid, azulene, vitamin El, sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, quaternary ammonium compounds, and hexametaphosphates; and coloring agents may be compounded depending on the intended use of the pulverized polysaccharide.
EXAMPLE
Examples are given below for illustrating the invention, but are not intended to limit the invention thereto.
The average degree of polymerization, average particle length and average particle breadth were determined as follows.
Degree of Polymerization An intrinsic viscosity [1] of a cellulose sample was measured in a copper ethylene diamine solution according to the procedure described in the Cellulose Society Ed., Dictionary of Cellulose, 2000, p. 80. From this viscosity, a degree of polymerization is calculated according to the equation between intrinsic viscosity and degree of polymerization: [1] (ml/g) = 1.67x[Dp] '71, described ibid.
In Examples 4 and 5, a degree of polymerization was measured otherwise.
Average particle length and breadth A cellulose sample was dispersed in deionized water in a concentration of 0.001% by weight, and a photograph of particles was taken under a polarizing microscope BHA
(Olympus Optical Co., Ltd.). Using an image analysis software Image-Pro Plus 4.5.2 (Media Cybernetics), the length and breadth of more than 50 particles were measured. An average of these measurements was computed. For those cellulose dispersions which had undergone 30 or more pulverizing cycles, a sample was dripped on a 200-mesh copper grid and dyed with 2 wt% uranyl acetate, after which an image was taken under a transmission electron microscope JEM-100CX
(Nippon Electron Co., Ltd.) with an accelerating voltage of 80 W. Using the image analysis software Image-Pro Plus 4.5.2 (Media Cybernetics), the particle length and breadth were measured. More than 50 measurements were made and averaged.
Example 1 Funacel II (Funakoshi Co., Ltd.) which is a crystalline cellulose powder having an average degree of polymerization of 220, an average particle length of 28 m and an average particle breadth of 11 m was added to deionized water and dispersed therein to form 400 g of a dispersion having a concentration as shown in Table 1. Using a high-pressure pulverizing system, as shown in FIG. 1, Altemaizer Model HJP-25005 by Sugino Machine Co., Ltd. in which a pair of nozzles were angled in the chamber to provide a collision angle 0 of 170 , the dispersion was ejected for collision under 200 MPa. The pulverization was repeated 1 to 180 cycles. The pulverized cellulose had an average degree of polymerization, average particle length and average particle breadth which are shown in Table 1. FIG. 2 shows photographs of cellulose under a polarizing microscope. FIG.
2a is a photomicrograph of the unprocessed cellulose, i.e., starting Funacel II; FIG. 2b is a photomicrograph after a 1 wt% dispersion of Funacel II was collided 5 cycles; FIG. 2c is a photomicrograph after the dispersion was collided 50 cycles.
Next, 20 g of the processed liquid was placed in a dish having a diameter of 120 mm, where it was dried at 105 C
for 2 hours while keeping the dish horizontal. Drying resulted in a film which was determined for transparency and thickness at ten points, with a standard deviation of film thickness calculated. The results are reported in Table 1.
The film was found uniform, indicating that the pulverized product consisted of polymers whose degree of polymerization was kept substantially unchanged as demonstrated by a reduction of less than 10% in degree of polymerization.
A piece of each film reported in Table 1 was analyzed on a X ray diffractometry analyzer Model Rigaku Rint 2000F
(Rigaku Instrument Co., Ltd.), with Cu Ka-line and a diffraction angle of 5-350 . The results of X-ray diffractometry are shown in FIG. 3. A crystallinity was determined from the charts using the method of Kai, A and Ping, X, Polymer Journal, 22 (11), p. 955 (1999). Curve (a) corresponding to the starting cellulose, Funacel II gave a crystallinity of 70%, curve (b) corresponding to the product after 50 pulverizing cycles of a 1 wt% dispersion gave a crystallinity of 69%, and curve (c) corresponding to the product after 130 pulverizing cycles of a 1 wt% dispersion gave a crystallinity of 70%, proving that the crystallinity was also kept unchanged.
Samples of 1 wt% cellulose dispersion at the initial and after 30 and 180 cycles of wet pulverization were dried at 105 C for 2 hours and examined for infrared absorption behavior by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (JASCO). The results are shown as curves (a), (b) and (e) in FIG. 4. As compared with the starting cellulose, the pulverized cellulose products showed no changes in absorption peaks of hydroxyl and other groups, proving that cellulose molecules experienced no chemical change during pulverization.
A sample of 1 wt% cellulose dispersion after 100 cycles of wet pulverization was centrifuged under 1.7x103 G.
In the supernatant, a clear solution portion was observed where a cellulose fraction corresponding to 1.4% by weight of the entire cellulose was present. It was seen that wet pulverizing by the inventive method caused cellulose to be finely divided and dispersed to a nano-order of less than 1 m. A sample of the supernatant was dried at 105 C for 2 hours and examined for infrared absorption behavior by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, with the result being shown as curve (d) in FIG. 4. For this dry sample, a degree of polymerization was determined to be 220, indicating no reduction from the initial. These results that the pulverized product in the centrifugal supernatant kept unchanged both the chemical structure and the molecular weight indicate that a finely divided product without a lowering of molecular weight is obtained by centrifuging the pulverized dispersion.
In FIG. 4, curve (a) is an infrared absorption spectrum of the starting cellulose (Funacel II), curve (b) is an infrared absorption spectrum of the product after 30 pulverizing cycles of a 1 wt% Funacel II dispersion, curve (c) is an infrared absorption spectrum of a precipitate from the product after 100 pulverizing cycles of a 1 wt% Funacel II dispersion, curve (d) is an infrared absorption spectrum of a supernatant from the same product as (c), and curve (e) is an infrared absorption spectrum of the product after 180 pulverizing cycles of a 1 wt% Funacel II dispersion.
Table 1 Wet pulverized products of crystalline cellulose, Funacel II
Average Average Film Cellulose Film thickness Pulverizing Degree of particle particle Film cycles concentration polymerization length breadth transparency thickness standard (wt%) (m) (pm) (pun) deviation (Wn) (starting 1 220 28 11 opaque 20 8 cellulose) 1 1 210 7 4 transparent 20 2 1 210 5 3 transparent 20 2 50 1 210 4 3 transparent 20 2 130 1 210 4 3 transparent 20 2 180 1 210 3 3 transparent 20 1 28 2 210 4 3 transparent 40 3 119 2 210 4 3 transparent 40 2 5 Example 2 4 g of the crystalline cellulose powder used in Example 1 (Funacel II) was added to 396 g of deionized water and dispersed therein. Using a high-pressure pulverizing system, Altemaizer Model HJP-25005 by Sugino Machine Co., Ltd. in which a pair of nozzles were angled in the chamber to provide a collision angle 0 of 1000, the dispersion was ejected for collision under 250 MPa. Pulverization was repeated 10 cycles. The pulverized cellulose had an average particle length of 8 m. The pulverized dispersion was dried at 80 C for 24 hours, after which its degree of polymerization was measured to be 202, which indicated a reduction of 8% in degree of polymerization.
Example 3 16 g of the crystalline cellulose powder used in Example 1 (Funacel II) was added to 384 g of deionized water and dispersed therein. Using a high-pressure pulverizing system, Altemaizer Model HJP-25005 by Sugino Machine Co., Ltd. in which a pair of nozzles were angled in the chamber to provide a collision angle 0 of 175 , the dispersion was ejected for collision under 250 MPa. Pulverization was repeated 15 cycles. The pulverized cellulose had an average particle length of 7 .m. The pulverized dispersion was dried at 80 C for 24 hours, after which its degree of polymerization was measured to be 205, which indicated a reduction of 7% in degree of polymerization.
Example 4 Chitin available from Wako Junyaku Co., Ltd. was milled on a stamp mill. The milled particles were passed through a 125 m mesh and determined for size by microscopic observation and image analysis as in Example 1. In this way, a chitin powder having an average particle length of 60 m and an average particle breadth of 40 m was obtained. This chitin powder was found to have a degree of polymerization of 150 when measured according to "the direct measurement of chitin molecular weight" in the Journal of Chitin/Chitosan Research Society, vol. 3, pages 190-191, by dissolving chitin in a calcium chloride dihydrate methanol solution, measuring the viscosity of the solution, and computing a molecular weight therefrom. 10 g of the chitin powder was added to 800 g of deionized water and dispersed therein. Using a high-pressure pulverizing system, Altemaizer Model HJP-25005 by Sugino Machine Co., Ltd. in which a pair of nozzles were angled in the chamber to provide a collision angle 0 of 165 , the dispersion was ejected for collision under 200 MPa.
Pulverization was repeated 15 cycles. The pulverized dispersion was determined for size by microscopic observation and image analysis as in Example 1, finding an average particle length of 1.2 m and an average particle breadth of 25 nm. The degree of polymerization after pulverization was 138, which indicated a reduction of 8% in degree of polymerization. Dry samples before and after the pulverization were examined for infrared absorption behavior by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, finding no change in absorption behavior. This indicated that pulverization introduced no change in chemical structure. A
sample of the pulverized dispersion was centrifuged under 1.7x103 G. In the supernatant, a clear solution portion was observed where a finely divided fraction corresponding to 25.4% by weight of the entire cellulose was present.
Example 5 Low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose was carbanilated. This modified low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose had a degree of polymerization of 450 as measured by the GPC-MALLS method, an average particle length of 110 m, and a molar substitution of 0.2. 4 g of the modified low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose powder was added to 396 g of deionized water and dispersed therein. Using a high-pressure pulverizing system, Altemaizer Model HJP-25005 by Sugino Machine Co., Ltd. in which a pair of nozzles were angled in the chamber to provide a collision angle 0 of 100 , the dispersion was ejected for collision under 250 MPa.
Pulverization was repeated 20 cycles. The pulverized cellulose had an average particle length of 7 m. The pulverized dispersion was dried at 80 C for 24 hours, after which its degree of polymerization was similarly measured to be 440, which indicated a reduction of 2.2% in degree of polymerization.
Next, 50 g of the pulverized dispersion was placed in a dish having a diameter of 120 mm, where it was dried at 105 C for 2 hours while keeping the dish horizontal. Drying resulted in a transparent film which was determined for thickness at ten points, finding an average thickness of 51 m. The standard deviation of film thickness was 7 m, demonstrating formation of a uniform film.
Comparative Example 1 4 g of the crystalline cellulose powder used in Example 1 (Funacel II) was added to 396 g of deionized water and dispersed therein. Using a high-pressure pulverizing system, Altemaizer Model HJP-25005 by Sugino Machine Co., Ltd. in which a pair of nozzles were angled in the chamber to provide a collision angle 0 of 900, the dispersion was ejected under 250 MPa. Pulverization was repeated 15 cycles.
The pulverized cellulose had an average particle length of 8 m. The pulverized dispersion was dried at 80 C for 24 hours, after which its degree of polymerization was measured to be 185, which indicated a reduction of 16% in degree of polymerization.
Comparative Example 2 8 g of the crystalline cellulose powder used in Example 1 (Funacel II) was added to 392 g of deionized water and dispersed therein. Using a high-pressure pulverizing system, Altemaizer Model HJP-25005 by Sugino Machine Co., Ltd. in which a pair of nozzles were angled in the chamber to provide a collision angle 6 of 90 , the dispersion was ejected under 250 MPa. Pulverization was repeated 210 cycles. The pulverized cellulose had an average particle length of 8 dam. The pulverized dispersion was dried at 80 C
for 24 hours, after which its degree of polymerization was measured to be 190, which indicated a reduction of 14% in degree of polymerization.
Claims (6)
1. A method of wet pulverizing a polysaccharide in particle form having an initial average particle length, comprising ejecting a liquid dispersion of polysaccharide from a pair of nozzles under a pressure of 70 to 250 MPa to form a pair of jets so that the jets collide against each other for thereby pulverizing the polysaccharide, wherein the nozzles are angled such that the jets collide against each other at a point distant from outlets of the nozzles, whereby the polysaccharide is pulverized to an average particle length which is equal to or less than 1/4 of the initial while undergoing a reduction in degree of polymerization of less than 10%;
wherein the angle of collision between the jets is in a range of 95 to 178 degrees, and wherein the number of pulverizing cycles is from 1 to 200.
wherein the angle of collision between the jets is in a range of 95 to 178 degrees, and wherein the number of pulverizing cycles is from 1 to 200.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the polysaccharide is pulverized to an average particle length which is equal to or less than 10 µm while undergoing a reduction in degree of polymerization of less than 10%.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the polysaccharide is pulverized to an average particle breadth which is equal to or less than 10 µm while undergoing a reduction in degree of polymerization of less than 10%.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising, after the wet pulverizing step, centrifuging the liquid dispersion of polysaccharide to collect polysaccharide submicron particles having an average particle length which is less than 1 µm.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the polysaccharide is selected from among cellulose or derivatives thereof, chitin or derivatives thereof, and chitosan or derivatives thereof.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the cellulose is crystalline cellulose.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2004-090799 | 2004-03-26 | ||
JP2004090799A JP2005270891A (en) | 2004-03-26 | 2004-03-26 | Wet crushing method of polysaccharide |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2502028A1 CA2502028A1 (en) | 2005-09-26 |
CA2502028C true CA2502028C (en) | 2012-08-21 |
Family
ID=34879887
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA2502028A Active CA2502028C (en) | 2004-03-26 | 2005-03-23 | Wet pulverizing of polysaccharides |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7357339B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1582551B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2005270891A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20060044774A (en) |
CN (1) | CN100515575C (en) |
CA (1) | CA2502028C (en) |
DE (1) | DE602005006456D1 (en) |
NO (1) | NO334456B1 (en) |
TW (1) | TW200534924A (en) |
Families Citing this family (46)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2007088974A1 (en) * | 2006-02-02 | 2007-08-09 | Kyushu University, National University Corporation | Method of imparting water repellency and oil resistance with use of cellulose nanofiber |
ATE538246T1 (en) * | 2006-02-23 | 2012-01-15 | Rettenmaier & Soehne Gmbh & Co | RAW PAPER AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
JPWO2007136086A1 (en) * | 2006-05-23 | 2009-10-01 | 国立大学法人九州大学 | Material containing polylactic acid and cellulose fiber |
JP2009052016A (en) | 2007-07-27 | 2009-03-12 | Fujifilm Corp | Composition, molded product, its manufacturing method, film and its manufacturing method |
US11001776B2 (en) * | 2007-07-31 | 2021-05-11 | Richard B. Hoffman | System and method of preparing pre-treated biorefinery feedstock from raw and recycled waste cellulosic biomass |
EP2022802B1 (en) | 2007-08-10 | 2017-03-22 | Dow Global Technologies LLC | Nanoparticles from slightly oxidised cellulose |
EP2022801B1 (en) | 2007-08-10 | 2018-01-17 | Dow Global Technologies LLC | Nanoparticles made of amorphous cellulose |
JP5234725B2 (en) * | 2007-08-29 | 2013-07-10 | 国立大学法人九州大学 | Extracting ingredients and extracts from tea |
EP4105380A1 (en) * | 2009-03-30 | 2022-12-21 | FiberLean Technologies Limited | Process for the production of nanofibrillar cellulose suspensions |
JP5334055B2 (en) * | 2009-09-14 | 2013-11-06 | 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 | Production method of bionanofiber |
JP2011127067A (en) * | 2009-12-21 | 2011-06-30 | Teijin Ltd | Method for producing microstructurally modified cellulose |
JP2012051991A (en) * | 2010-08-31 | 2012-03-15 | Nagoya Univ | Cellulose nanofiber dispersion and method for manufacturing the same |
CN103828104B (en) | 2011-09-20 | 2017-09-08 | 日产化学工业株式会社 | Contain cellulose fibre as the lithium secondary battery electrode formation paste compound and electrode of lithium secondary cell of adhesive |
FI125835B (en) * | 2012-02-13 | 2016-03-15 | Upm Kymmene Corp | Method for fibrillating cellulose and fibrillated cellulose product |
JP2014098073A (en) * | 2012-11-14 | 2014-05-29 | Yokohama Rubber Co Ltd:The | Method for preparing rubber composition for tire, and rubber composition for tire |
CN104955440A (en) * | 2012-12-04 | 2015-09-30 | 日产化学工业株式会社 | Cosmetic additive and cosmetic containing same |
US20150353780A1 (en) * | 2013-01-17 | 2015-12-10 | Zeon Corporation | Method for manufacturing electroconductive adhesive composition for electrochemical device eletrode |
US20150368108A1 (en) | 2013-01-24 | 2015-12-24 | Zeon Corporation | Carbon nanotube dispersion liquid, method of manufacturing same, carbon nanotube composition, and method of manufacturing same |
JP6439937B2 (en) | 2013-04-22 | 2018-12-19 | 日産化学株式会社 | Thickening composition |
JP6016317B2 (en) * | 2013-11-08 | 2016-10-26 | Dic株式会社 | Method for producing resin composition and method for producing molded body |
JP6363340B2 (en) * | 2013-11-19 | 2018-07-25 | 中越パルプ工業株式会社 | Emulsions containing nano-sized fibrous polysaccharides, materials and methods for producing them |
JP5712322B1 (en) * | 2013-12-25 | 2015-05-07 | 中越パルプ工業株式会社 | Nano refined product manufacturing apparatus, nano refined product manufacturing method |
US20160325011A1 (en) | 2013-12-25 | 2016-11-10 | Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd. | Aqueous dispersion for solidifying serum and blood |
JP6360408B2 (en) * | 2014-01-21 | 2018-07-18 | 株式会社スギノマシン | Emulsifier and method for producing the same, and organic cosmetics |
CN105934511B (en) | 2014-01-23 | 2021-01-22 | 日产化学工业株式会社 | Culture medium composition |
JP6512662B2 (en) | 2014-01-23 | 2019-05-15 | 日産化学株式会社 | Undifferentiated maintenance culture material |
WO2015133439A1 (en) * | 2014-03-07 | 2015-09-11 | 日本全薬工業株式会社 | Pullulan gel, method for producing same, and use of same |
WO2016010016A1 (en) * | 2014-07-14 | 2016-01-21 | 中越パルプ工業株式会社 | Derivatized cnf, method for producing same, and polyolefin resin composition |
JP6190844B2 (en) * | 2015-04-08 | 2017-08-30 | 株式会社ユーグレナ | Swelled paramylon and method for producing the same |
JP6424391B2 (en) * | 2015-05-27 | 2018-11-21 | 国立大学法人信州大学 | Method for producing bio-nano whisker-containing powder and method for producing bio-nano whisker aqueous dispersion |
US10577432B2 (en) | 2015-06-05 | 2020-03-03 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Cellulose ether powders |
BR112018007115B1 (en) | 2015-10-14 | 2022-06-14 | Fiberlean Technologies Limited | 3D-FORMABLE SHEET MATERIAL, PROCESSES FOR PREPARING A 3D-FORMED ARTICLE, ITS USES AND 3D-FORMED ARTICLE |
JP6621370B2 (en) | 2016-05-16 | 2019-12-18 | 中越パルプ工業株式会社 | Opposing collision processing device |
EP3254569A1 (en) * | 2016-06-09 | 2017-12-13 | Deutsches Institut für Lebensmitteltechnik e.V. | Method for the preparation of hydrocolloid with increased water binding capabilities |
JP2019205354A (en) * | 2016-09-28 | 2019-12-05 | 株式会社大成化研 | Powder seasoning composition, food product using the same, and method of producing powder seasoning composition |
JP2018065920A (en) * | 2016-10-19 | 2018-04-26 | 中越パルプ工業株式会社 | Cellulose nanofiber and method for producing cellulose nanofiber |
CA3049855C (en) | 2017-01-16 | 2022-06-14 | Kri, Inc. | Sulfuric acid esterification modified cellulose nanofibers and method for producing cellulose nanofibers |
US20200040304A1 (en) | 2017-03-30 | 2020-02-06 | Nissan Chemical Corporation | Cell culturing using nanofibers |
JP7079633B2 (en) | 2018-03-20 | 2022-06-02 | 大王製紙株式会社 | Manufacturing method of cellulose nanofibers |
JP7068939B2 (en) | 2018-06-20 | 2022-05-17 | Fdk株式会社 | Method for manufacturing alkaline batteries and negative electrode gels for alkaline batteries |
WO2020045620A1 (en) | 2018-08-31 | 2020-03-05 | 日産化学株式会社 | Medium composition for suspension culture of adhesive cells |
WO2020050286A1 (en) | 2018-09-03 | 2020-03-12 | 旭化成株式会社 | Composite particles and resin composition |
CN112996901A (en) | 2018-09-11 | 2021-06-18 | 日产化学株式会社 | Separation device and method for separating separation object using same |
EP3854212A4 (en) | 2018-09-21 | 2021-10-27 | Marubeni Corporation | Plant pathogen control agent |
JP7307904B2 (en) * | 2019-06-27 | 2023-07-13 | 吉田工業株式会社 | Ultrahigh-pressure wet microparticulation apparatus, its control method, and ultrahigh-pressure wet microparticulation method |
WO2021002448A1 (en) | 2019-07-04 | 2021-01-07 | 日産化学株式会社 | Method for producing culture medium composition for suspension culturing adherent cells |
Family Cites Families (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4374702A (en) | 1979-12-26 | 1983-02-22 | International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation | Microfibrillated cellulose |
GB2066145B (en) | 1979-12-26 | 1983-05-25 | Itt | Microfibrillated cellulose |
US4533254A (en) * | 1981-04-17 | 1985-08-06 | Biotechnology Development Corporation | Apparatus for forming emulsions |
US4483743A (en) | 1981-10-22 | 1984-11-20 | International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation | Microfibrillated cellulose |
JPS6019921A (en) | 1983-07-15 | 1985-02-01 | Toyota Motor Corp | Supercharged pressure control device for turbo-supercharger |
IT1243390B (en) * | 1990-11-22 | 1994-06-10 | Vectorpharma Int | PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS IN THE FORM OF PARTICLES SUITABLE FOR THE CONTROLLED RELEASE OF PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES AND PROCEDURE FOR THEIR PREPARATION. |
JP2786336B2 (en) * | 1991-03-04 | 1998-08-13 | 富士写真フイルム株式会社 | Immunoassay element and immunoassay method |
EP0679441A3 (en) * | 1991-07-16 | 1995-12-20 | Canon Kk | Toner production process. |
JPH0649768A (en) | 1992-07-17 | 1994-02-22 | Family:Kk | High-density pile fabric and its production |
CN2210033Y (en) * | 1994-12-26 | 1995-10-18 | 薛彬 | Double disc air flow type disintegrating machine |
US5681600A (en) * | 1995-12-18 | 1997-10-28 | Abbott Laboratories | Stabilization of liquid nutritional products and method of making |
JP3151706B2 (en) | 1997-06-09 | 2001-04-03 | 株式会社スギノマシン | Jet collision device |
JP2003001079A (en) * | 2001-06-18 | 2003-01-07 | Karasawa Fine Ltd | Apparatus for finely pulverizing particles |
JP2003073229A (en) * | 2001-09-03 | 2003-03-12 | Asahi Kasei Corp | Cellulose-containing spray agent |
JP4082656B2 (en) * | 2002-03-04 | 2008-04-30 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | Low substituted cellulose ether powder and method for producing the same |
-
2004
- 2004-03-26 JP JP2004090799A patent/JP2005270891A/en active Pending
-
2005
- 2005-03-23 NO NO20051538A patent/NO334456B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-03-23 CA CA2502028A patent/CA2502028C/en active Active
- 2005-03-24 US US11/087,678 patent/US7357339B2/en active Active
- 2005-03-24 EP EP05251865A patent/EP1582551B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-03-24 DE DE602005006456T patent/DE602005006456D1/en active Active
- 2005-03-25 TW TW094109458A patent/TW200534924A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-03-25 KR KR1020050025028A patent/KR20060044774A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-03-25 CN CNB2005100592787A patent/CN100515575C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE602005006456D1 (en) | 2008-06-19 |
NO334456B1 (en) | 2014-03-10 |
CN1672802A (en) | 2005-09-28 |
US20050236121A1 (en) | 2005-10-27 |
EP1582551B1 (en) | 2008-05-07 |
NO20051538D0 (en) | 2005-03-23 |
US7357339B2 (en) | 2008-04-15 |
JP2005270891A (en) | 2005-10-06 |
NO20051538L (en) | 2005-09-27 |
EP1582551A1 (en) | 2005-10-05 |
TWI342797B (en) | 2011-06-01 |
CA2502028A1 (en) | 2005-09-26 |
KR20060044774A (en) | 2006-05-16 |
CN100515575C (en) | 2009-07-22 |
TW200534924A (en) | 2005-11-01 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CA2502028C (en) | Wet pulverizing of polysaccharides | |
Wang et al. | Fabrication and characterization of chitin nanofibers through esterification and ultrasound treatment | |
CN107207626B (en) | Polysaccharide suspensions, method for the production thereof, and use thereof | |
JP5921976B2 (en) | Method for producing particulate water-soluble cellulose derivative | |
Kadokawa | Ionic liquid as useful media for dissolution, derivatization, and nanomaterial processing of chitin | |
US8182839B2 (en) | Production of cellulose nanoparticles | |
JP7163964B2 (en) | Cellulose composition, cellulose molded article, method for producing cellulose composition, and method for improving toughness of cellulose molded article | |
KR20010032777A (en) | Cellulose dispersion | |
Leguy et al. | Periodate oxidation followed by NaBH4 reduction converts microfibrillated cellulose into sterically stabilized neutral cellulose nanocrystal suspensions | |
Goodwin et al. | Ultrasonic degradation for molecular weight reduction of pharmaceutical cellulose ethers | |
JP6034365B2 (en) | A method for producing a cellulose derivative having high bulk density, good fluidity and improved cold water dispersibility. | |
EP0384046A1 (en) | Grinding process for high viscosity cellulose ethers | |
JP4082656B2 (en) | Low substituted cellulose ether powder and method for producing the same | |
EP3353232B1 (en) | Supercritical co2 cellulose spraydrying | |
KR101499530B1 (en) | Depolymerization Method of Natural Polymer Using a High Pressure Homogenizer | |
WO2015144983A1 (en) | Starch nanoparticles and process for the manufacture thereof | |
Huan et al. | High yield production of chitin nanocrystals via hydrochloric acid vapor pre-treatment | |
Gan et al. | Synthesis of kenaf cellulose carbamate and its smart electric stimuli-response | |
Yamane et al. | Dissolution of cellulose nanofibers in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution | |
Cui et al. | The impact of cellulose nanocrystals on the rheology of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium alginate | |
Melo et al. | Effect of ultra-turrax on nanocellulose produced by acid hydrolysis and modified by nano ZnO by sol-gel method | |
JP3998477B2 (en) | Cellulose composite and production method thereof | |
CN112745518A (en) | Preparation method of chitosan nanosheet | |
US20230381114A1 (en) | Method of preparing hyaluronic acid nanoparticles | |
Zewude et al. | Optimum Preparation Conditions for Highly Individualized Chitin Nanofibers Using Ultrasonic Generator. Polymers 2021, 13, 2501 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
EEER | Examination request |