CA2543510A1 - A membrane/distillation method and system for extracting co2 from hydrocarbon gas - Google Patents

A membrane/distillation method and system for extracting co2 from hydrocarbon gas Download PDF

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Publication number
CA2543510A1
CA2543510A1 CA002543510A CA2543510A CA2543510A1 CA 2543510 A1 CA2543510 A1 CA 2543510A1 CA 002543510 A CA002543510 A CA 002543510A CA 2543510 A CA2543510 A CA 2543510A CA 2543510 A1 CA2543510 A1 CA 2543510A1
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stream
hydrocarbon
product
separating
hydrocarbon gas
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CA002543510A
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French (fr)
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CA2543510C (en
Inventor
David Parro
Edgar S. Sanders, Jr.
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Cameron Solutions Inc
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Individual
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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/22Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
    • B01D53/229Integrated processes (Diffusion and at least one other process, e.g. adsorption, absorption)
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L3/00Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
    • C10L3/06Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by C10G, C10K3/02 or C10K3/04
    • C10L3/10Working-up natural gas or synthetic natural gas
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/0204Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the feed stream
    • F25J3/0209Natural gas or substitute natural gas
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/0228Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream
    • F25J3/0233Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream separation of CnHm with 1 carbon atom or more
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/0228Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream
    • F25J3/0266Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream separation of carbon dioxide
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2200/00Processes or apparatus using separation by rectification
    • F25J2200/02Processes or apparatus using separation by rectification in a single pressure main column system
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2200/00Processes or apparatus using separation by rectification
    • F25J2200/74Refluxing the column with at least a part of the partially condensed overhead gas
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2200/00Processes or apparatus using separation by rectification
    • F25J2200/76Refluxing the column with condensed overhead gas being cycled in a quasi-closed loop refrigeration cycle
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2205/00Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
    • F25J2205/40Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using hybrid system, i.e. combining cryogenic and non-cryogenic separation techniques
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2205/00Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
    • F25J2205/80Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using membrane, i.e. including a permeation step
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2215/00Processes characterised by the type or other details of the product stream
    • F25J2215/04Recovery of liquid products
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2230/00Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams
    • F25J2230/08Cold compressor, i.e. suction of the gas at cryogenic temperature and generally without afterstage-cooler
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2235/00Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure or for conveying of liquid process streams
    • F25J2235/80Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure or for conveying of liquid process streams the fluid being carbon dioxide
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2245/00Processes or apparatus involving steps for recycling of process streams
    • F25J2245/02Recycle of a stream in general, e.g. a by-pass stream
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2270/00Refrigeration techniques used
    • F25J2270/02Internal refrigeration with liquid vaporising loop
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02CCAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
    • Y02C20/00Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
    • Y02C20/40Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S62/00Refrigeration
    • Y10S62/928Recovery of carbon dioxide
    • Y10S62/929From natural gas

Abstract

A method of separating CO2 from a hydrocarbon gas inlet stream that is within predetermined pressure and temperature ranges, including the steps of subjecting the inlet stream to fractional distillation providing a CO2 bottom product stream and a distillation overhead stream, passing the distillation overhead stream to the inlet of a primary reflux drum producing a primary reflux liquid stream and a hydrocarbon vapor stream, subjecting the hydrocarbon vapor stream to membrane separation to provide a hydrocarbon product stream and a permeate stream, compressing the permeate stream and recycling the compressed permeate stream to the inlet of the primary reflux drum thereby providing a CO2 liquid product and a hydrocarbon gas product.

Claims (18)

1. A method of separating CO2 from a hydrocarbon gas inlet stream that is within predetermined pressure and temperature ranges, comprising the steps of:

(a) subjecting the inlet stream to fractional distillation providing a CO2 bottom product stream and a distillation overhead stream;

(b) passing the distillation overhead stream to the inlet of a primacy reflux drum producing a primary reflux liquid stream and a hydrocarbon vapor stream;

(c) subjecting the hydrocarbon vapor stream from step (b) to membrane separation to provide a hydrocarbon product stream and a permeate stream;

(d) compressing the permeate stream from step (c) to provide a compressed permeate stream; and (e) recycling the compressed permeate stream from step (d) to said inlet of said primary reflux drum thereby providing a primary reflux liquid stream and a hydrocarbon gas product vapor stream.
2. A method of separating CO2 from a hydrocarbon gas inlet stream according to claim 1 including:

passing said CO2 bottom product stream from step (a) to a reboiler separator that provides a reboiler separator vapor stream directed to a bottom portion of said distillation column and a reboiler separator liquid stream.
3. A method of separating CO2 from a hydrocarbon gas inlet stream according to claim 2 wherein said CO2 bottom product stream from step (a) is pumped at increased pressure to said reboiler separator.
4. A method of separating CO2 from a hydrocarbon gas inlet stream according to claim 1, including the step of passing at least a portion of said reboiler separator liquid stream through a pressure reduction device to reduce the pressure thereof and adding heat thereto to provide a CO2 gas product.
5. A method of separating CO2 from a hydrocarbon gas inlet stream that is within predetermined pressure and temperature ranges comprising the steps of:

(a) subjecting the inlet stream to fractional distillation in a distillation column providing a CO2 bottom product stream and a distillation overhead stream;

(b) subjecting said distillation overhead stream of step (a) to membrane separation, providing a hydrocarbon gas product stream and a permeate stream;

(c) compressing said permeate stream to provide a compressed permeate stream; and (d) refluxing said compressed permeate stream from step (c) back into said distillation column.
6. A method of separating CO2 from a hydrocarbon gas inlet stream according to claim 5 in which step (d) is carried out by refluxing said compressed permeate stream from step (c) through a primary reflux drum having a primary reflux liquid stream outlet in communication with said distillation column.
7. A method of separating CO2 from a hydrocarbon gas inlet stream according to claim 5, including between steps (c) and (d) the additional step of passing said compressed permeate stream through a secondary reflux drum.
8. A method of separating CO2 from a hydrocarbon gas inlet stream according to claim 5 including:

subjecting at least a portion of said CO2 bottom product stream from step (a) to reduced pressure to provide a CO2 gas product.
9. A method of separating CO2 from a hydrocarbon gas inlet stream according to claim 8 including the step of:

passing a portion of said CO2 bottom product stream through a pressure reduction device through at least one heat exchanger used to adjust the temperature range of said hydrocarbon inlet stream.
10. A method of separating CO2 from a hydrocarbon gas inlet stream that is within predetermined pressure and temperature ranges, including the steps of:

(a) subjecting the inlet stream to a distillation column producing a bottom product stream and a distillation overhead stream;

(b) condensing said distillation overhead stream of step (a) in a primary reflux drum producing a primary reflux liquid stream and a hydrocarbon vapor stream;

(c) recycling said primary reflux liquid stream of step (b) to said distillation column as a reflux stream;

(d) separating said concentrated hydrocarbon vapor stream from step (b) by membrane separation into a hydrocarbon gas product stream and a permeate stream;

(e) compressing said permeate gas stream from step (d) to produce a compressed permeate stream;

(f) condensing said compressed permeate stream of step (e) to produce a primary reflux liquid stream that is conveyed to an upper portion of said distillation column;

(g) pumping said bottom product stream from step (a) to provide an elevated pressure liquid CO2 product; and (h) subjecting said bottom product stream of step (a) to a reboiler separator to produce a CO2 liquid product and a reboiler separator vapor stream that is recycled to a bottom portion of said distillation column.
11. A system for separating CO2 from a hydrocarbon gas inlet stream that is within predetermined pressure and temperature ranges, comprising:

a distillation column receiving the hydrocarbon gas inlet stream and providing a CO2 bottom product stream and a distillation overhead stream;

a primary reflux drum having an inlet receiving the distillation overhead stream and producing a primary reflux liquid stream and a hydrocarbon vapor stream;

a membrane unit receiving the hydrocarbon vapor stream from said primary reflux drum to provide a hydrocarbon gas product stream and a permeate stream;

a compressor receiving said permeate stream from said membrane unit to provide a compressed permeate stream; and piping to recycle said compressed permeate stream to said inlet of said primary reflux drum thereby providing a liquefied CO2 product and a hydrocarbon gas product.
12. A system of separating CO2 from a hydrocarbon gas inlet stream according to claim 11 including:

a reboiler separator having an inlet that receives said CO2 bottom product stream from said distillation column and that provides a reboiler separator vapor stream to a bottom portion of said distillation column and a CO2 liquid product.
13. A system for separating CO2 from a hydrocarbon gas inlet stream according to claim 11 including;

a CO2 bottom product pump in line with said CO2 bottom product stream to increase the pressure within said reboiler separator.
14. A system of separating CO2 from a hydrocarbon gas inlet stream according to claim 11 including a primary refrigerant pressure reduction device through which at least a portion of said CO2 liquid product from said reboiler separator is passed to reduce the pressure thereof and add heat thereto to provide a CO2 gas product.
15. A system for separating CO2 from a hydrocarbon gas inlet stream that is within prescribed pressure and temperature ranges comprising:

a distillation column for receiving and fractionally distilling the hydrocarbon gas inlet stream providing a CO2 liquid product and a distillation overhead stream;

a membrane unit receiving the distillation overhead stream and providing a hydrocarbon gas product and a permeate stream;

a compressor receiving the permeate stream and providing a compressed permeate stream; and a primary reflux drum receiving said compressed permeate stream providing a primary reflux liquid stream that is refluxed back into said distillation column.
16. A system for separating CO2 from a hydrocarbon stream according to claim including a secondary reflux drum that receives said compressed permeate stream and that provides a secondary reflux liquid stream that is refluxed to said distillation column.
17. A system for separating CO2 from a hydrocarbon stream according to claim including a primary refrigerant pressure reduction device through which at least a portion of said CO2 bottom product stream is passed to reduce the pressure thereof to provide a CO2 gas product.
18. A system for separating CO2 from a hydrocarbon inlet stream according to claim 17 including an inlet cross heat exchanger through which said CO2 gas product from said refrigerant pressure reduction device passes and through which the hydrocarbon inlet stream passes to thereby serve to adjust the temperature range of the hydrocarbon inlet stream.
CA2543510A 2003-10-30 2004-10-19 A membrane/distillation method and system for extracting co2 from hydrocarbon gas Expired - Fee Related CA2543510C (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/697,380 2003-10-30
US10/697,380 US7124605B2 (en) 2003-10-30 2003-10-30 Membrane/distillation method and system for extracting CO2 from hydrocarbon gas
PCT/US2004/034590 WO2005044424A1 (en) 2003-10-30 2004-10-19 A membrane/distillation method and system for extracting co2 from hydrocarbon gas

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CA2543510A1 true CA2543510A1 (en) 2005-05-19
CA2543510C CA2543510C (en) 2012-05-08

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CA2543510A Expired - Fee Related CA2543510C (en) 2003-10-30 2004-10-19 A membrane/distillation method and system for extracting co2 from hydrocarbon gas

Country Status (6)

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US (2) US7124605B2 (en)
EP (1) EP1680208B1 (en)
JP (1) JP2007509745A (en)
CA (1) CA2543510C (en)
NO (1) NO336144B1 (en)
WO (1) WO2005044424A1 (en)

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