CA2545587A1 - Methods of fabricating brachytherapy implant seeds - Google Patents

Abstract

This invention includes methods of fabricating brachytherapy implant seeds, methods of fabricating brachytherapy implant seed cores, and brachytherapy implant seeds independent of method of fabrication. In one implementation, a brachytherapy implant seed includes a sealed inorganic metallic cylinder having a radioactive core received therein. The radioactive core includes an inorganic amorphous silicate glass tube having an exterior surface extending axially along the tube. An inorganic crystalline ceramic coating is received on at least a portion of the inorganic amorphous glass tube exterior surface.
The coating includes a therapeutic dose of radioactive material. A
radiographic marker is received within the sealed inorganic metallic cylinder.
Other aspects and implementations are contemplated.

Description

METHODS OF FABRICATING BRACHYTHERAPY IMPLANT SEEDS
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to methods of fabricating brachytherapy implant seeds, to methods of fabricating brachytherapy implant seed cores, and to brachytherapy implant seeds independent of method of fabrication.
BACKGROUND ART
Radiation therapy (radiotherapy) refers to the treatment of diseases, primarily but not lim ited to the treatment of tumors such as cancer, with radiation. Radiotherapy is used to destroy malignant or unwanted tissue without causing excessive damage to the nearby healthy tissues.
Ionizing radiation can be used to selectively destroy cancerous cells contained within healthy tissue. Malignant cells are normally more radiosensitive than healthy cells. Therefore, by applying radiation of the correct amount over the ideal time period, it is possible to destroy all of the undesired cancer cells while saving or minimizing damage to the healthy tissue. For many decades, localized cancer has often been cured by the application of a carefully determined quantity of ionizing radiation during an appropriate period of time. Various methods have been developed for irradiating cancerous tissue while minimizing damage to the nearby healthy tissue. Such methods include the use of high-energy radiation beams from linear accelerators and other devices designed for use in external beam radiotherapy.
Another method of radiotherapy includes brachytherapy. Here, substances in the form of seeds, needles, wires or catheters are implanted permanently or temporarily directly into/near the cancerous tumor.
Radioactive materials used include radon, radium and iridium-192. More recently, the radioactive isotopes cesium-131, iodine-125 and palladium-103 have been used. Examples are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,351,049;
4,323,055; and 4,784,116, which are incorporated herein by reference.

During the last 30 years, over 100 papers (both scientific and lay publications) have been published on the use of iodine-125 and palladium-103 in treating slow growth prostate cancer. Despite the demonstrated success of iodine-125 and palladium-103, there are certain disadvantages and limitations in their use. While the total dose can be controlled by the quantity and spacing of the seeds, the dose rate is set by the half-life of the radioisotope (60 days for I-125 and 17 days for Pd-103).
For use in faster growing tumors, the radiation should be delivered to the cancerous cells at a faster, more uniform rate, while simultaneously preserving all of the advantages of using a soft X-ray emitting radioisotope.
Such cancers are those found in the brain, lung, pancreas, prostate and other tissues.
The low energy X-ray seeds of I-125 and Pd-103 have been used successfully in the treatment of cancer. Methods for encapsulation of these radioactive isotopes as seeds or capsules for interstitial brachytherapy are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 1,753,287; 3,351,049; 4,323,055; 4,702,228;
4,784,116; 4,891,165; 4,994,013; 5,163,896; 5,405,309 and 6,099,458, and are incorporated herein by reference.
Some of the above-referenced seeds suffer from a number of disadvantages and limitations. They include: (a) the lower energy of the X-ray from Pd-103 (20 keV); (b) the half-life of the I-125 seed (60-days) is typically too long to permit its use as a permanent implant in anything other than slow growing tumors; (c) the use of a silver wire marker incorporated into I-125 seeds (U.S. Patent No. 4,323,005) has a large unwanted amount of characteristic low energy ('<10 keV) silver K-X-rays; and (d} seeds with various internal components with non-optimized geometrics, which require a . greater amount of isotope to compensate for the non-uniform dose pattern surrounding the seed.
The use of sealed radioactive sources became so widespread that standards used for production were established for radiation protection.
Leakage test methods for sealed radioactive sources continue to be refined (ISO 9978:1992(E) and ISO 2919:1999(E)). In order to meet these standards, the sealed seeds must be exposed to various environmental stresses while remaining completely sealed. The most difficult test to pass is the impact test, which requires that the metal seed body be placed on a steel anvil, and that a 2.54 cm diameter, 50 gram weight be dropped on the seed from a height of 1 meter_ Even though the typical titanium cased seed can is then flattened, there m ust be no leakage from the metal seed body.
To pass this stringent test, seed manufacturers (e.g., in constructions such as in prior art such as U.S. Patent Nos. 4,702,228; 4,784,116; 4,891,165;
5,405,309, etc.) incorporate tt-~ick end welds, thick end caps and/or massive internal components in order to retain the original cylindrical shape.
However, these characteristics can result in non-uniform dosimetric patterns around the seed due to the self-absorption of the radiation. This non-isotropic dose increases the probability that cancer cells residing in this shadowed low dose area will survive and give rise to a return of the cancer at a later date.
Several prior art seed designs (U.S. Patent Nos. 3,351,049;

4,994,013; and 5,163,896) suggest the use of plastics, a multitude of ion exchange resin types (nylon, cellulose ester or acetate binders, or rubber) to capture and hold the radioactive material. With increasing concentrations of radioisotopes, unacceptable g as pressure (e.g., H2, CO, C02, CH4, etc.) may be generated by the autoradiolysis of organic materials within the cavity of the seed. Release of radioactive material due to a breach in the seed can by over-pressurization is a risk.
While the invention was motivated in addressing at least some of the above issues, it is in no way so limited. The invention is only limited by the accompanying claims as literal 1y worded, without interpretative or other limiting reference to the specification.
SUMMARY
The invention comprises methods of fabricating brachytherapy implant seeds, methods of fabricati ng brachytherapy implant seed cores, and brachytherapy implant seeds independent of method of fabrication. In one implementation, a brachytherapy implant seed includes a sealed inorganic metallic cylinder having a radi oactive core received therein. The radioactive core includes an inorganic amorphous silicate glass tube having an exterior surface extending axially along the tube. An inorganic crystalline ceramic coating is received on at least a portion of the inorganic amorphous glass tube exterior surface. The coating includes a therapeutic dose of radioactive material. A radiographic marker is received within the sealed inorganic metallic cylinder.
In one implementation, a method of fabricating a brachytherapy implant seed comprises providing an inorganic amorphous silicate glass tube having an exterior surface extending axially along the tube. At least a portion of the tube exterior surface is coated with ceramic precursors. After the coating, the ceramic precursors are exposed to a temperature effective to form a continuous inorganic crystalline ceramic coating from the precursors over the tube exterior surface portion. After the exposing, a therapeutic dose of radioactive material is sorbed onto the ceramic coating.
At least a portion of the ceramic coated glass tube with therapeutic dose of radioactive material is provided within an inorganic metallic cylinder. An inorganic metallic cap is welded onto an end of the inorganic metallic cylinder having the portion of the ceramic coated glass tube with therapeutic dose of radioactive material therein.
In one implementation, a method of fabricating a brachytherapy implant seed core comprises providing a tube having an exterior surface extending axially along the tube. A vessel is provided which comprises a die passageway sized to slideably receive the tube therethrough to form a coating onto the tube exterior surface. A mixture of ceramic precursors is provided within the vessel. The tube is moved into the ceramic precursor mixture within the vessel and through the die passageway to out of the vessel effective to form a coating of the ceramic precursors onto the tube exterior surface. The ceramic precursor coating is exposed to a temperature effective to form an inorganic crystalline ceramic coating over the tube exterior surface portion. After such exposing, a therapeutic dose of radioactive material is sorbed onto the ceramic coating.
In one implementation, a method of fabricating a brachytherapy implant seed core comprises providing a tube having an exterior surface extending axially along the tube. A mold is provided which comprises a mold cavity sized to receive the tube and form a coating thereover. A mixture of ceramic precursors is inserted to within the mold cavity. The tube is inserted to within the mold cavity. An adherent coating of the ceramic precursors is formed onto the tube exterior surface within the mold cavity.
After such forming, the mold is destructively melted. After the melting, the ceramic precursor coating is exposed to a temperature effective to form an inorganic crystalline ceramic coating over the tube exterior surface. After such exposing, a therapeutic dose of radioactive material is sorbed onto the ceramic coating.

5 In one implementation, a method of fabricating a brachytherapy implant seed comprises providing an inorganic metallic cylinder. An inorganic metallic cap is welded onto an end of the inorganic metallic cylinder. The welding comprises firing a series of laser pulses towards the cap and cylinder while rotating the cap and cylinder effective to form a series of overlapping welds. In one implementation, adjacent welds overlap one another by no more than 50% calculated as weld diameter overlap divided by weld diameter. In one implementation, the laser pulses are fired towards the cap and cylinder at a firing angle from perpendicular to an outer surface of the metallic cylinder. A radioactive core is provided within the inorganic metallic cylinder. The radioactive core comprises a therapeutic dose of radioactive material.
Other aspects and implementations are contemplated.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Preferred embodiments of,the invention are described below with reference to the following accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a brachytherapy implant seed in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
Fig. 2 is an enlarged diagrammatic sectional view of an end region of an alternate embodiment brachytherapy implant seed in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic sectional view of another alternate embodiment brachytherapy implant seed in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic sectional view of still another alternate embodiment brachytherapy implant seed in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
Fig. 5 is a perspective view of an exemplary apparatus useable in accordance with a methodical aspect of the invention.

Fig. 6 is a view using the Fig . 5 apparatus used in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
Fig. 7 is a perspective view of another exemplary apparatus useable in accordance with a methodical aspect of the invention.
Fig. 8 is a diagrammatic depiction of weld overlap in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
Fig. 9 is a diagrammatic depiction of weld overlap in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
Fig. 1Q is a diagrammatic depiction of weld overlap in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
Fig. 11 is a diagrammatic depiction of weld overlap in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
Fig. 12 is a diagrammatic depiction of a brachytherapy implant seed in fabrication in accordance an aspect of the invention.
Fig. 13 is a diagrammatic depiction of a brachytherapy implant seed in fabrication in accordance an aspect of the invention, and is directed downwardly along line 13-13 in Fig. 12.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In accordance with preferred aspects of the invention, a preferred embodiment brachytherapy implant seed is initially described with reference to Fig. 1, and is indicated generally with reference numeral 10. In the context of this document, a "brachytherapy implant seed" is any solid object to be permanently or temporarily implanted for imparting a radiation dose regardless of exterior form, for example regardless of whether being needle-like, capsule-like, pellet-like, etc. Implant seed 10 comprises a sealed inorganic metallic cylinder 12 having a radioactive core 14 received therein.
Exemplary preferred materials for cylinder 12 are elemental or alloy titanium. However, any existing or yet-to-be developed metal or alloy is contemplated, preferably metals having a low atomic number and a high strength-to-weight ratio.
One preferred embodiment cylinder 12 comprises a cylindrical section 16 and a pair of opposing end caps 18 and 20. Components 16, 18 and 20 are preferably comprised of the same material, with caps 18 and 20 being welded to cylindrical section 16. Exemplary preferred methods of fabrication are described subsequently. An exemplary preferred length for cylindrical section 16 is from 1.Omm to 10.Omm. An exemplary preferred thickness for the wall of section 16 is from 0.05mm to 0.1 mm. An exemplary preferred outside diameter, or maximum cross-dimension, of cylinder 12 is from 0.1 mm to 2.Omm. A preferred thickness range for caps 18 and 20 is also from 0.05mm to 0.1 mm, with the caps preferably having a diameter or maximum cross-dimension which is slightly larger than that of cylindrical section 16. Caps 18 and 20 are preferably adhered to cylindrical section 16 by welding in a preferred manner to be described subsequently. Preferably, a uniform wall thickness of components 18, 16 and 20 is utilized for cylinder construction 12. °
The illustrated preferred cylinder 12 is in the form of a hermetically sealed right cylinder having substantially flat ends. Flat ends are preferred in providing an advantage of being able to stabilize the seed after being placed in position in the tumor or other tissue, as compared to implant seeds having rounded ends. Further, rounded ends have been known to jam in the needles during loading. Regardless, seeds having other than flat ends are also, of course, contemplated. One preferred embodiment example for cylinder construction 12 is a titanium right cylinder tube having a length of 4.3mm, an inner diameter of 0.7mm and an outer diameter of 0.8mm, with end caps welded thereto having a thickness of 0.1mm.
Radioactive core 14 comprises an inorganic amorphous silicate glass tube 22. Such tube can be considered as having longitudinally opposing ends 27 which, in the Fig. 1 embodiment, are open. Tube 22 also has an exterior surface 24, an interior surface 26 extending axially along the tube, and end surfaces 28. By way of example only, preferred silicate glasses are borosilicate glasses, phosphosilicate glasses, borophosphosilicate glasses, and quartz glasses. Further by way of example only, any boron or phosphorous doping of such silicate glasses is preferably in the range of from 3 weight percent to 12 weight percent. Regardless, the glass is preferably of a material that is highly transmissive of the therapeutic radiation. An exemplary preferred length for tube 22 is from 1.Omm to 10.Omm. An exemplary preferred outside diameter range for tube 22 is from 0.4mm to 2.Omm, with an exemplary preferred inside diameter range being from 0.25mm to 1.8mm. A specific exemplary embodiment is a glass tube having a 0.4mm outer diameter, a 0.3mm inner diameter and a 4mm to 4.25mm length.
An inorganic crystalline ceramic coating 30 is received on ~at least a portion of inorganic amorphous glass tube exterior surface 24. In the exemplary depicted Fig. 1 embodiment, coating 30 coats all of tube exterior surface 24. The inorganic crystalline ceramic coating can have a thickness that is the same, greater than, or less than that of the inorganic amorphous silicate glass tube, with the exemplary Fig. 1 embodiment depicting the thickness of coating 30 being greater than that of glass tube 22.
Regardless, an exemplary preferred thickness range for coating 30 is from 0.1 mm to 0.4mm, with a specific exemplary thickness being 0.15mm.
Exemplary preferred materials for inorganic crystalline ceramic coating 30 include metal silicates, for example aluminosilicates such as sodium aluminosilicate. In addition th erewith or in substitution therefor, exemplary additional materials include silicates and oxides of aluminum, sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium and lithium. Additionally, the preferred ceramic material 30 preferably is inherently chemically adsorptive or absorptive of one or more specific radionuclides or contains inorganic ion exchange material to be described subsequently.
Regardless, coating 30 comprises a therapeutic dose of radioactive material. In the particular exemplary Fig _ 1 embodiment, such is depicted as comprising a radioactive isotope 32 that has been sorbed onto the outer surface of ceramic coating 30. Such material might permeate some or much of ceramic coating 30 depending coating 30's porosity and outer surface smoothness, but is preferably received at the outermost portions of ceramic coating 30. This provides the radiochemical to be adjacent the inner surface of metallic cylinder 12, preferably minim izing the amount of self-absorption from internal components of the seed, and thereby maximizing the amount of radiation released from the seed, as well as enhancing uniform isotropy of the emitted radiation. An exemplary preferred radioactive material is cesium-131. However, any radioisotope is contemplated, whether existing or yet-to-be developed or isolated. By way of example only, examples include iodine-125, palladium-123, cesium-137, yttrium-90, strontium-90 and other radioisotopes of palladium, cobalt, silver, copper, iodine, uranium, thorium, actinium, rare earth metals and actinides. Further by way of example only, an exemplary preferred characteristic radiation emission is from 20 keV to 100 keV, with a specific example being 29 keV. Further by way of example only, exemplary preferred half-lives of manufactured seed are from 8 days to 100 days.
Brachytherapy implant seed 10 further comprises a radiographic marker that is received within the sealed inorganic metallic cylinder. By way of example only, such might comprise a metal vapor deposit, a metal paste, a metal ball, a metal wire, etc. Most preferably, the radiographic marker is received within the inorganic amorphous glass tube. In the depicted Fig. 1 embodiment, a radiographic marker 34 in the form of an effectively radiopaque wire is received within inorganic amorphous glass tube 22. An exemplary preferred material is gold, and regardless, an exemplary preferred thickness range or diameter for wire 34 is from 0.1 mm to 0.4mm, with a specific example being 0.25mm. By way of example only, exemplary additional materials for a radiopaque marker include tungsten, rhodium, platinum, lead and tin. The radiographic marker acts as an X-ray marker to facilitate external visualization of the seed after implantation to ensure adequate placement of the seed relative to the tumor or other tissue.
Fig. 1 depicts a brachytherapy implant seed having a radioactive core wherein glass tube 22 has longitudinally opposing ends 27 which are open.
By way of example only, an exemplary alternate embodiment brachytherapy implant seed 10a is shown in Fig. 2. Like numerals from the first embodiment have been utilized where appropriate, with differences being indicated with the suffix "a" or with different numerals. Inorganic amorphous silicate glass tube 22a comprises longitudinally opposing ends 27a that are sealed by inorganic amorphous silicate glass. Further in the depicted Fig. 2 embodiment, and by way of example only, materials 30a and 32a are also received over the ends 27a of inorganic amorphous silicate glass tube 22a.
The exemplary Figs. 1 and 2 embodiments depict the inorganic crystalline ceramic coating 30/30a as coating all of tube exterior surface 24, and radioisotope 30/32a being received all along tube 22/22a. By way of example only, Fig. 3 illustrates an alternate embodiment brachytherapy implant seed 10b. Like numerals from the first described embodiment are utilized where appropriate, with differences being indicated with the suffix "b" or with different numerals. Fig. 3 depicts some center or core portion 40 which is either not coated with ceramic material or is effectively masked with a material that will not adsorb/absorb the radioisotope.
Thereby, the therapeutic dose of radioactive material coats less than all of the tube exterior surface. Exemplary masking materials include 5 polyacrylonitrile and waxes. rln some implementations, such might be desirable to enhance uniform isotropy. An exemplary preferred length of region/portion 40 is from 1.Omm to 4.Omm, with such being centered relative to the length of metallic cylinder 12.
By way of example only, Fig. 4 depicts another exemplary 10 embodiment. Like numerals from the first described embodiment have been utilized where appropriate, with differences being indicated with the suffix "c" or with different numerals. Brachytherapy implant seed 10d comprises a pair of balls 41 proximate the ends of inorganic metallic cylinder 12. Such might comprise radiographic marker material and/or more preferably comprise a therapeutic dose of radioactive material. By way of example only, such might comprise a radiopaque or ceramic core 42 having a therapeutic dose of radioactive material 44 received thereabout.
The above describes exemplary preferred brachytherapy implant seed embodiments independent of the method of manufacture. Described below are exemplary preferred methods of fabricating the above and other brachytherapy implant seeds in accordance with aspects of the invention, including methods of fabricating a brachytherapy implant seed core in accordance with aspects of the invention.
In one implementation, a method of fabricating a brachytherapy implant seed core is described with reference to Figs. 5 and 6. Such depict a suitable vessel 48 comprising a vessel body 50 and a die passageway 52.
An exemplary volume for vessel body 50 is from 5m1 to 50m1. Exemplary dimensions for die passageway 52 are 20mm long, an outer diameter of 2.5mm, and an inner diameter of 1 mm. A tube is provided which has an exterior surface extending axially along the tube. An exemplary tube material comprises inorganic amorphous silicate glass material, with tube 22 from the first described embodiment being a preferred example.
Regardless, die passageway 52 is sized to slideably receive the tube therethrough to form a coating onto the tube exterior surface.

A mixture 51 of ceramic precursors is provided within vessel body 50.
Exemplary ceramic precursors include any capable of providing the exemplary ceramic coatings provided above, for example a mixture of sodium silicate containing from about 10 weight percent to 40 weight percent aluminum oxide. In one exemplary embodiment, the mixture of ceramic precursors comprises an inorganic ion exchange material having an affinity for the radioactive material to be used subsequently. Exemplary preferred inorganic ion exchange materials include zeolites, and for example silicotitanate.
Referring to Fig. 6, the tube (for example tube 22 from the first described embodiment) is moved into ceramic precursor mixture 51 within vessel body 50 and through die passageway 52 to outwardly of vessel 48 effective to form a coating 54 of the ceramic precursors onto the tube exterior surface. In reduction-to-practice examples, 100mm lengths of 0.4mm outer diameter by 0.3mm inner diameter borosilicate glass tubing were utilized.
Thereafter, the ceramic precursor coating on the tube is exposed to a temperature effective to form an inorganic crystalline ceramic coating (for example coating 30 of the first described embodiment) over the tube exterior surface. In reduction-to-practice examples, the coated tubing is air dried and subsequently placed in a furnace. Such was then heated to 170°C for approximately 60 minutes to convert the precursor coating to an inorganic crystalline ceramic coating which comprised sodium aluminosilicate. ' By way of example only, an exemplary temperature range to form the ceramic material is from 100°C to 500°C. In reduction-to-practice examples, the coated glass tube was then measured for uniform thickness and cut into 4.Omm to 4.25mm lengths. Preferred attributes are otherwise as described above with respect to coated glass tube 22.
Thereafter, a therapeutic dose of radioactive material is sorbed onto the ceramic coating. One preferred manner of doing so is contacting the ceramic coated exterior surface with a solution comprising radioisotope ions having an affinity for the ceramic material and/or. ion exchange material within the ceramic material. For example, an d by way of example only, a highly purified and accurately known amount of radioactivity in solution (mCilml) can be transferred to the ceramic coated cores by adsorption and/or absorption to the outer surfaces thereof by immersing the cores individually in 0.1 ml to 0.4m1 of solution for exemplary time periods of from minute to 24 hours. Again, an exemplary preferred radiochemical is cesium-131. The solution and core are preferably gently agitated during the treatment time. A specific example solution comprised 0.25 ml of water containing 96.4 millicurries of cesium-131 per ml for treating a single core, with the treatment time being 14.5 hours, and with the solution being at ambient room temperature and pressure conditions. Greater than 88% of the radioactivity was transferred to the core. The solution can be acid, base, aqueous or non-aqueous largely dependent upon the isotope and the ceramic material (including any ion exchange material, if any) that are utilized. The radioactive loaded cores are then removed from the solution, and preferably air-dried for one hour with the aid of a heat lamp.
The above provides but one exemplary described embodiment of a method of fabricating a brachytherapy implant seed core in accordance with exemplary methodical aspects of the invention. An additional method of fabricating a brachytherapy implant seed core comprises providing a tube having an exterior surface extending axially along the tube. Again preferably, the tube comprises an inorganic amorphous silicate glass material, for example tube 22 as described in the first embodiment. A mold is provided that comprises a mold cavity sized to receive the tube and form a coating thereover. By way of example only, Fig. 7 depicts a mold 60 having a mold cavity 62 formed therein. An exemplary manner of forming cavity 62 would be by drilling. Alternately, mold 60 might be comprised of two or more components/pieces which are assembled together to form mold body 60 with cavity 62. Regardless, the mold preferably has a melting temperature that is less than or equal to 500°C. Further and regardless, exemplary preferred mold materials comprise waxes (i.e., synthetic and/or natural waxes such as animal waxes, vegetable waxes and mineral waxes for example including petroleum waxes such as paraffin, microcrystalline, and petrolatum; and others) and plastics (i.e., polyethylenes, polyesters, polypropylenes, polyurethanes, polyvinyls, polycarbonates, nylons, acrylics, styrenes, and others).
A mixture of ceramic precursors is inserted within the mold cavity, and the tube is inserted within the mold cavity. Preferably, the ceramic precursor mixture is provided within the mold cavity first, followed by the tube, although the reverse order of insertion is also contemplated. An adherent coating of the ceramic precursors is formed onto the tube surface within the mold cavity, for example merely by allowing the ceramic precursors to cure onto the outer tube surface for some acceptable period of time, for example from one hour to twenty-four hours.
Thereafter, the mold is destructively melted, preferably melting the mold away from the ceramic precursor-coated to be, and even more preferably melting and vaporizing the mold material. An exemplary preferred heating temperature range for the melting is from 100°C to 170°C
where the mold material at least has a melting temperature which is at or below 170°C.
Any residual mold material can be dissolved in any suitable solvent, for ' example hexane for wax. After the melting, the ceram is precursor coating is exposed to a temperature effective to form an inorga nic crystalline coating over the tube exterior surface, for example ceramic coating 30 in the above-described first embodiment. An exemplary preferred temperature range is as described in the preceding embodiment above, with a specific example being 170°C and which will also tend to burn off any remaining wax or other molding material. After the exposing, a therapeutic dose of radioactive material is sorbed onto the ceramic coating, for example using any of the above-described or other methods. Note that with any of the above-described embodiments, the ceramic coating might be formed onto end surfaces and/or onto interior surfaces of the tube_ Further, the tube longitudinally-opposing ends might be opened or sealed as inserted into the mold cavity. Further, an inorganic metallic marker might be provided within the tube. By way of example only and in accordance with this aspect of the invention, exemplary preferred tubes are from 0.69mm to 0.70mm in diameter. A preferred average thickness of the coating is 0.15mm. At least where a radiographic marker in the form of a wire or rod is used, and in accordance with this particular embodiment, a preferred length is approximately 3.8mm.
Aspects of the invention also contemplate methods of fabricating a brachytherapy implant seed. In one implementati on, such comprises providing an inorganic amorphous silicate glass tube having an exterior surface extending axially along the tube. Preferred tubes are those described above in the first embodiment. At least a portion of the tube exterior surface is coated with ceramic precursors. Exemplary preferred manners are those described above, for example including the methods described in connection with Figs. 5 and 6, and the methods described in connection with Fig. 7. However, any coati ng method is contemplated, whether existing or yet-to-be developed. By way of example only, preferred coating methods in addition to those of Figs. 5-7 include aerosol spray, liquid spray, molding, die casting, non-aerosol microjet liquid spray, etc.
Further, the ceramic precursors preferably have the preferred attributes as described above.
After the coating action, the ceramic precursors are exposed to a temperature effective to form a continuous inorganic crystalline ceramic coating from the precursors over the tube exterior surface portion.
Exemplary preferred manners and temperatures for the exposing are as described above. Thereafter, a therapeutic dose of radioactive material is sorbed onto the ceramic coating. Preferred and exemplary manners of doing so are as described above.
At least a portion of the ceramic-coated glass tube with a therapeutic dose of radioactive material is provided within an inorganic metallic cylinder.
An exemplary cylinder is cylinder 12 of the first described embodiment.
Preferably, an exemplary such right cylinder has one of its ends open and the other end closed, for example by welding one of caps 18 and 20 onto cylinder portion 16. If an inorganic metallic radioactive marker in the form of a rod or wire is to be used or received within the ceramic-coated glass tube, such might be provided therein before or after insertion of the radioactive glass tube within the inorganic metallic cylinder. Such a radiographic marker might be crimped or otherwise cemented, or even just loosely received within the glass core.
Regardless, an inorganic metallic cap is ultimately welded onto an end of the inorganic metallic cylinder having the portion of the ceramic coated tube with therapeutic dose of radioactive material received therein.
Preferred manners of welding are described below.
Specifically, a form of precision laser welding is preferably used as the sealing method for end caps 18, 20 such that a minimum amount of the preferred titanium metal is melted. Preferably, the welding techniques also produce a seed with a uniform thick wall about the seed towards minimizing attenuation of the radiation field and in achieving a substantially uniform distribution of the radiation. In a preferred method, a 0.10mm thick end cap of approximately 0.81mm diameter is stamped out of titanium sheet stock, 5 and may produce edges that are "bottle cap" in appearance. Such can facilitate the end cap being seated on the cylindrical body immediately prior to welding. A preferred technique holds the end cap in place over/onto the cylindrical section with a carbide tip. The end cap is then tack welded at two locations approximately from 120° to 180° apart. The carbide tip is removed 10 after the initial tack welding.
In one preferred implementation, the cap and cylinder are next rotated while firing a series of laser pulses towards the cap and cylinder effective to form a series of overlapping welds. Adjacent welds overlap one another by no more than 50% calculated as weld diameter overlap divided by weld 15 diameter. More preferably, adjacent welds overlap one another by from 20%
to 40%, and even more preferably from 20% to 30%, calculated as weld diameter overlap divided by weld diameter. A preferred effect, by way of example only and not by way of limitation, is to provide adequate weld overlap to obtain a good fluid tight seal while maintaining a mechanically strong seal capable of withstanding mechanical strength testing, for example tests ISO 9978:1992(E) and ISO 2919:1999(E).
Figs. 8-11 diagrammatically depict exemplary laser weld overlaps, with Figs. 8 and 9 depicting 50% overlap and Figs. 10 and '11 depicting 25%
overlap. Figs. 8 and 10 diagrammatically depict the degrees of weld overlap, with Figs. 9 and 11 diagrammatically depicting a finished appearance of the welds where such pulses are sequenced in time going from left to right, with each subsequent weld overlapping a portion of the preceding weld. Specifically, Fig. 8 depicts overlapping welds 64, with the third from the left depicted weld having a diameter D which is overlapped by the next adjacent weld by an overlap O which includes a portion of D. In the depicted Figs. 8 and 9 example, O is 50% of D. Of course, the weld zone will likely not be perfectly circular, with the diameters referred to herein constituting an average diameter of immediately adjacent welds produced by the laser pulses.

Figs. 10 and 11 depict a 25% overlap with respect to a series of overlapping welds 66. Accordingly, O' is 25% of diameter D in this example.
Further preferably, the laser pulses are fired towards the cap and cylinder at a firing angle from perpendicular to an outer surface of the metallic cylinder. For example, Fig. 12 depicts inorganic metallic cylinder 16 having metal caps 18 and 20 received proximate opposing ends thereof.
Either or both of end caps 18 and 20 could be welded to inorganic metallic cylinder 16 in the manner being described. Inorganic metallic cylinder 16 can be considered as having a length L, a longitudinal axis 67, and an outer surface 70. Further, Fig. 12 depicts an exemplary interface 68 where metallic cap 18 meets or joins with metallic cylinder 16. Cap 18 has preferably been tack welded to cylinder 16 as described above. Fig. 12 also depicts an exemplary line 72 extending perpendicularly from outer surface 70 of metallic cylinder 16 proximate interface 68. A line 76 depicts an exemplary firing angle A from perpendicular line 72 for the laser pulses.
Preferably, angle A is no greater than 30° from perpendicular to the outer surface of the metallic cylinder, more preferably from 15° to 30°, and most preferably from 18° to 22°.
Further preferably, the laser pulses are fired towards the cap and cylinder, for example along line 76, such that the firing ang 1e (as depicted) is in a direction towards a majority of length L. Also contemplated, but considerably less preferred, would be directing laser pulses along a firing line 77 at a firing angle B which is in a direction away from the majority of length L of metallic cylinder 16. Further preferably, the inorganic metallic cap can be considered as having an outermost edge away from the inorganic metallic cylinder. Preferably, the welding comprises aiming respective centers of the laser pulses at locations which are more proximate to such outermost edge than to an interface of the cap and cylinder. In one preferred embodiment, the centers of the laser pulses are aimed at such outermost edge. For example, cap 18 can be considered as having such an outermost edge 75 extending about the upper periphery of cap 18 in the Fig. 12 orientation. Line 76a is an exemplary aiming line directed to upper edge 75 of cap 18.
Figs. 12 and 13 depict firing lines 76/76a (and accordingly, their firing angles from perpendicular) as being aligned to, and thereby extending to, longitudinal axis 67. Fig. 13 also depicts alternate exemplary firing lines 80 and 82. Such are still depicted as being angled from perpendiculars 81 and 83, respectively, from outer surface 70 by angles M and N, respectively, and may or may not be horizontally aligned relative to the Fig. 12 depicted orientation. Regardless, firing angles M and N are laterally spaced from longitudinal axis 67 such that the laser firing lines and angles do not extend to longitudinal axis 67, as occurs with respect to the illustrated firing lines and angles 76176a and A.
Regardless, the welding preferably produces a series of circumferential welds about the metallic cylinder and cap, sealing the two together. By way of example only, an exemplary rotation speed for the metallic cylinder and cap is from 3 to 4 seconds for a complete rotation, with pulse energy and pulse intervals preferably selected to produce a weld spot every 0.17mm to 0.25mm about the circumference of the cylinder. The welding zone is preferably continuously purged with an inert gas, for example argon, for example at a flow rate of from 2 to 3 standard cubic feet per hour. Exemplary preferred weld parameters are selected to produce a weld zone of approximately 0.20mm to 0.35mm diameter per pulse. An exemplary preferred pulse energy is 218 volts, with laser hits occurring at lengths of 3 milliseconds to 6 milliseconds, with the time between laser hits being approximately 300 milliseconds. Such exemplary preferred conditions utilizing a pulse overlap of 25%, firing angles at 18% to 22% from perpendicular as described, with the center of the pulse aimed at the upper edge of the end cap, resulted in and enabled the produced seeds to withstand an impact test wherein a steel hammer with a diameter of 1 inch and weighing 50 grams was dropped onto the seed from a height of 1 meter.
After the impact, the seed was tested for leak tightness by immersion in hot water at a temperature of between 90°C and 95°C for 1 minute, with no air bubbles having been formed on the outside of the seed.
The above describes but preferred techniques of welding in accordance with certain aspects of the invention. Yet, aspects of the invention further encompass methods of fabricating a brachytherapy implant seed utilizing one or a combination of the variously above-stated preferred exemplary welding attributes. In accordance with one implementation, a method of fabricating a brachytherapy implant seed comprises providing an inorganic metallic cylinder. An inorganic metallic cap is welded onto an end of the inorganic metallic cylinder. The welding comprises firing a series of laser pulses towards the cap and cylinder while rotating the cap and cylinder effective to form a series of overlapping welds. In one implementation, adjacent welds overlap one another by no more than 50% calculated as weld diameter overlap divided by weld diameter. In one implementation, the laser pulses are fired towards the cap and cylinder at a firing angle from perpendicular to an outer surface of the metallic cylinder. A radioactive core is provided within the inorganic metallic cylinder, with such core comprising a therapeutic dose of radioactive material. The radioactive core rnight be provided within the inorganic metallic cylinder before or after the welding, as well as the welding occurring with respect to both caps to opposing ends of the inorganic metallic cylinder. Radioactive core fabrication an d other attributes with respect to the design and manufacture are preferably as described in the above embodiments, although in no way being req uired in accordance with these latter aspects of the invention as just so literally stated.

Claims (123)

1. A method of fabricating a brachytherapy implant seed, comprising:
providing an inorganic amorphous silicate glass tube having an exterior surface extending axially along the tube;
coating at least a portion of the tube exterior surface with ceramic precursors;
after the coating, exposing the ceramic precursors to a temperature effective to form a continuous inorganic crystalline ceramic coating from the precursors over the tube exterior surface portion;
after the exposing, sorbing a therapeutic dose of radioactive material onto the ceramic coating;
providing at least a portion of the ceramic coated glass tube with therapeutic dose of radioactive material within an inorganic metallic cylinder;
and welding an inorganic metallic cap onto an end of the inorganic metallic cylinder having the portion of the ceramic coated glass tube with therapeutic dose of radioactive material therein.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the ceramic precursors comprise an inorganic ion exchange material.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the sorbing comprises contacting the ceramic coating with a solution comprising radioisotope ions having an affinity for the ion exchange material.

4. The method of claim 2 wherein the ion exchange material comprises at least one zeolite.

5. The method of claim 2 wherein the ion exchange material comprises silicotitanate.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the glass comprises borosilicate material.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the glass comprises phosphosilicate material.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the inorganic crystalline ceramic comprises a metal silicate.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein the inorganic crystalline ceramic comprises an aluminosilicate.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein the ceramic precursors comprise sodium silicate and aluminum oxide, and the ceramic comprises sodium aluminosilicate.

11. The method of claim 1 wherein the therapeutic dose of radioactive material coats all of the tube exterior surface.

12. The method of claim 1 wherein the therapeutic dose of radioactive material coats less than all of the tube exterior surface.

13. The method of claim 12 wherein the therapeutic dose of radioactive material does not coat from 1.0mm to 4.0mm of a longitudinal central portion of the glass tube.

14. The method of claim 1 wherein the inorganic crystalline ceramic coating has a thickness of from 0.1mm to 0.4mm.

15. The method of claim 1 comprising providing a radiographic marker within the inorganic metallic cylinder prior to the welding.

16. The method of claim 1 wherein the coating is by aerosol spray.

17. The method of claim 1 wherein the coating is by liquid spray.

18. The method of claim 1 wherein the coating is by molding.

19. The method of claim 1 wherein the coating is by die casting.

20. The method of claim 1 wherein the coating comprises:
providing a vessel comprising a die passageway sized to slideably receive the tube therethrough to form a coating onto the tube exterior surface;
providing a mixture of the ceramic precursors within the vessel; and moving the tube into the ceramic precursor mixture within the vessel and through the die passageway to out of the vessel effective to form a coating of the ceramic precursors onto the tube.

21. The method of claim 1 wherein the coating comprises:
providing a mold comprising a mold cavity sized to receive the tube and form a coating thereover;
inserting the mixture of ceramic precursors within the mold cavity;
inserting the tube within the mold cavity;
forming an adherent coating of the ceramic precursors onto the tube exterior surface with the mold cavity; and after the forming, destructively melting the mold.

22. The method of claim 1 wherein the inorganic crystalline ceramic coating has a thickness which is the same as that of the inorganic amorphous silicate glass tube.

23. The method of claim 1 wherein the inorganic crystalline ceramic coating has a thickness which is greater than that of the inorganic amorphous silicate glass tube.

24. The method of claim 1 wherein the inorganic crystalline ceramic coating has a thickness which is less than that of the inorganic amorphous silicate glass tube.

25. A method of fabricating a brachytherapy implant seed, comprising:
providing an inorganic amorphous silicate glass tube having an exterior surface extending axially along the tube;
coating at least a portion of the tube exterior surface with ceramic precursors;

after the coating, exposing the ceramic precursors to a temperature effective to form a continuous inorganic crystalline ceramic coating from the precursors over the tube exterior surface portion, the ceramic coating having a thickness from 0.1mm to 0.4mm and comprising a silicate and a metal oxide;
after the exposing, sorbing a therapeutic dose of radioactive material onto the ceramic coating;
providing at least a portion of the ceramic coated glass tube with therapeutic dose of radioactive material within an inorganic metallic cylinder;
providing an inorganic metallic radiographic marker within the portion of the ceramic coated glass tube; and welding an inorganic metallic cap onto an end of the inorganic metallic cylinder having the portion of the ceramic coated glass tube with therapeutic dose of radioactive material and the inorganic metallic radiographic marker therein.

26. The method of claim 25 wherein the inorganic metallic radiographic marker is provided within the ceramic coated glass tube prior to the sorbing.

27. The method of claim 25 wherein the inorganic metallic radiographic marker is provided within the ceramic coated glass tube after the sorbing.

28. The method of claim 27 wherein the inorganic metallic radiographic marker is provided within the ceramic coated glass tube after providing the ceramic coated glass tube within the inorganic metallic cap.

29. The method of claim 25 wherein ceramic precursors comprise an inorganic ion exchange material.

30. The method of claim 29 wherein the sorbing comprises contacting the ceramic coating with a solution comprising radioisotope ions having an affinity for the ion exchange material.

31. The method of claim 29 wherein the ion exchange material comprises at least one zeolite.

32. The method of claim 29 wherein the ion exchange material comprises silicotitanate.

33. The method of claim 25 wherein the continuous inorganic crystalline ceramic coating inherently has an affinity for the radioactive material without added ion exchange material.

34. The method of claim 33 wherein the sorbing comprises contacting the ceramic coating with a solution comprising radioisotope ions having an affinity for the continuous inorganic crystalline ceramic coating.

35. The method of claim 25 wherein the coating is by aerosol spray.

36. The method of claim 25 wherein the coating is by liquid spray.

37. The method of claim 25 wherein the coating is by die casting.

38. The method of claim 25 wherein the coating is by molding.

39. The method of claim 25 wherein the coating comprises:
providing a vessel comprising a die passageway sized to slideably receive the tube therethrough to form a coating onto the tube exterior surface;
providing a mixture of the ceramic precursors within the vessel; and moving the tube into the ceramic precursor mixture within the vessel and through the die passageway to out of the vessel effective to form a coating of the ceramic precursors onto the tube.

40. The method of claim 25 wherein the coating comprises:
providing a mold comprising a mold cavity sized to receive the tube and form a coating thereover;
inserting the mixture of ceramic precursors within the mold cavity;
inserting the tube within the mold cavity;
forming an adherent coating of the ceramic precursors onto the tube exterior surface with the mold cavity; and after the forming, destructively melting the mold.

41. The method of claim 25 wherein the inorganic crystalline ceramic coating has a thickness which is the same as that of the inorganic amorphous silicate glass tube.

42. The method of claim 25 wherein the inorganic crystalline ceramic coating has a thickness which is greater than that of the inorganic amorphous silicate glass tube.

43. The method of claim 25 wherein the inorganic crystalline ceramic coating has a thickness which is less than that of the inorganic amorphous silicate glass tube.

44. A brachytherapy implant seed comprising:
a sealed inorganic metallic cylinder having a radioactive core received therein, the radioactive core comprising:
an inorganic amorphous silicate glass tube having an exterior surface extending axially along the tube; and an inorganic crystalline ceramic coating received on at least a portion of the inorganic amorphous glass tube exterior surface, said coating comprising a therapeutic dose of radioactive material; and a radiographic marker received within the sealed inorganic metallic cylinder.

45. The brachytherapy implant seed of claim 44 wherein the glass comprises borosilicate.

46. The brachytherapy implant seed of claim 44 wherein the glass comprises phosphosilicate.

47. The brachytherapy implant seed of claim 44 wherein the inorganic crystalline ceramic comprises a metal silicate.

48. The brachytherapy implant seed of claim 47 wherein the inorganic crystalline ceramic comprises an aluminosilicate.

49. The brachytherapy implant seed of claim 44 wherein the therapeutic dose of radioactive material coats all of the tube exterior surface.

50. The brachytherapy implant seed of claim 44 wherein the therapeutic dose of radioactive material coats less than all of the tube exterior surface.

51. The method of claim 50 wherein the therapeutic dose of radioactive material does not coat from 1.0mm to 4.0mm of a longitudinal central portion of the tube.

52. The brachytherapy implant seed of claim 44 wherein the inorganic crystalline ceramic coating has a thickness of from 0.1mm to 0.4mm.

53. The brachytherapy implant seed of claim 44 wherein the inorganic crystalline ceramic coating has a thickness which is the same as that of the inorganic amorphous silicate glass tube.

54. The brachytherapy implant seed of claim 44 wherein the inorganic crystalline ceramic coating has a thickness which is greater than that of the inorganic amorphous silicate glass tube.

55. The brachytherapy implant seed of claim 44 wherein the inorganic crystalline ceramic coating has a thickness which is less than that of the inorganic amorphous silicate glass tube.

56. The brachytherapy implant seed of claim 44 wherein the inorganic amorphous silicate glass tube comprises longitudinally opposing ends which are sealed by inorganic amorphous silicate glass.

57. The brachytherapy implant seed of claim 44 wherein the radiographic marker is received within the inorganic amorphous silicate glass tube.

58. The brachytherapy implant seed of claim 44 comprising a pair of balls received within longitudinal ends of the sealed inorganic metallic cylinder.

59. The brachytherapy implant seed of claim 58 wherein the balls comprise radiographic marker material.

60. The brachytherapy implant seed of claim 58 wherein the balls comprise a therapeutic dose of radioactive material.

61. The brachytherapy implant seed of claim 58 wherein the balls comprise an inorganic crystalline ceramic coated with a therapeutic dose of radioactive material.

62. A method of fabricating a brachytherapy implant seed core, comprising:
providing a tube having an exterior surface extending axially along the tube;
providing a vessel comprising a die passageway sized to slideably receive the tube therethrough to form a coating onto the tube exterior surface;
providing a mixture of ceramic precursors within the vessel;
moving the tube into the ceramic precursor mixture within the vessel and through the die passageway to out of the vessel effective to form a coating of the ceramic precursors onto the tube exterior surface;
exposing the ceramic precursor coating to a temperature effective to form an inorganic crystalline ceramic coating over the tube exterior surface;
and after the exposing, sorbing a therapeutic dose of radioactive material onto the ceramic coating.

63. The method of claim 62 wherein the tube comprises an inorganic amorphous silicate glass material.

64. The method of claim 62 wherein the die passageway is sized to form the inorganic crystalline ceramic coating to have a thickness of from 0.1mm to 0.4mm.

65. The method of claim 62 wherein the ceramic precursors comprise an inorganic ion exchange material.

66. The method of claim 65 wherein the sorbing comprises contacting the ceramic coating with a solution comprising radioisotope ions having an affinity for the ion exchange material.

67. The method of claim 65 wherein the ion exchange material comprises at least one zeolite.

68. The method of claim 65 wherein the ion exchange material comprises silicotitanate.

69. The method of claim 62 wherein the inorganic crystalline ceramic comprises a metal silicate.

70. The method of claim 69 wherein the inorganic crystalline ceramic comprises an aluminosilicate.

71. The method of claim 62 wherein the ceramic precursors comprise sodium silicate and aluminum oxide, and the ceramic comprises sodium aluminosilicate.

72. The method of claim 62 wherein the inorganic crystalline ceramic coating has a thickness which is the same as that of the tube.

73. The method of claim 62 wherein the inorganic crystalline ceramic coating has a thickness which is greater than that of the tube.

74. The method of claim 62 wherein the inorganic crystalline ceramic coating has a thickness which is less than that of the tube.

75. A method of fabricating a brachytherapy implant seed core, comprising:
providing a tube having an exterior surface extending axially along the tube;
providing a mold comprising a mold cavity sized to receive the tube and form a coating thereover;
inserting a mixture of ceramic precursors within the mold cavity;
inserting the tube within the mold cavity;
forming an adherent coating of the ceramic precursors onto the tube exterior surface within the mold cavity;

after the forming, destructively melting the mold;
after the melting, exposing the ceramic precursor coating to a temperature effective to form an inorganic crystalline ceramic coating over the tube exterior surface; and after the exposing, sorbing a therapeutic dose of radioactive material onto the ceramic coating.

76. The method of claim 75 wherein the tube comprises an inorganic amorphous silicate glass material.

77. The method of claim 75 wherein the mold comprises wax.

78. The method of claim 75 wherein the mold comprises plastic.

79. The method of claim 75 wherein the mold has a melting temperature less than or equal to 500°C.

80. The method of claim 75 wherein the mixture of ceramic precursors is inserted into the mold cavity before the tube is inserted into the mold cavity.

81. The method of claim 75 wherein the tube is inserted into the mold cavity before the mixture of ceramic precursors is inserted into the mold cavity.

82. The method of claim 75 wherein the tube comprises longitudinally opposing ends which are open, the tube having end surfaces and interior surfaces, said forming also forming the adherent coating onto the end surfaces and onto the interior surfaces.

83. The method of claim 75 wherein the tube has longitudinally opposing ends which are sealed as inserted into the mold cavity.

84. The method of claim 83 further comprising providing an inorganic metallic marker within the sealed tube.

85. A method of fabricating a brachytherapy implant seed, comprising:
providing an inorganic metallic cylinder;

welding an inorganic metallic cap onto an end of the inorganic metallic cylinder, the welding comprising firing a series of laser pulses towards the cap and cylinder while rotating the cap and cylinder effective to form a series of overlapping welds, adjacent welds overlapping one another by no more than 50% calculated as weld diameter overlap divided by weld diameter; and providing a radioactive core within the inorganic metallic cylinder, the radioactive core comprising a therapeutic dose of radioactive material.

86. The method of claim 85 wherein the adjacent welds overlap one another by from 20% to 40% calculated as weld diameter overlap divided by weld diameter.

87. The method of claim 85 wherein the adjacent welds overlap one another by from 20% to 30% calculated as weld diameter overlap divided by weld diameter.

88. The method of claim 85 wherein the laser pulses are fired towards the cap and cylinder at a firing angle from perpendicular to an outer surface of the metallic cylinder.

89. The method of claim 88 wherein the firing angle is no greater than 30° from perpendicular to the outer surface of the metallic cylinder.

90. The method of claim 88 wherein the firing angle is from 15°
to 30° from perpendicular to the outer surface of the metallic cylinder.

91. The method of claim 88 wherein the firing angle is from 18°
to 22° from perpendicular to the outer surface of the metallic cylinder.

92. The method of claim 88 wherein the inorganic metallic cap has an outermost edge away from the inorganic metallic cylinder, the welding comprising aiming respective centers of the laser pulses at locations which are more proximate to said outermost edge than to an interface of the cap and cylinder.

93. The method of claim 92 wherein the welding comprises aiming respective centers of the laser pulses at said outermost edge.

94. The method of claim 88 wherein the laser pulses are fired towards the cap and cylinder at a firing angle from perpendicular to the outer surface of the metallic cylinder, the firing angle being in a direction towards a majority length of the metallic cylinder.

95. The method of claim 94 wherein the firing angle is no greater than 30° from perpendicular to the outer surface of the metallic cylinder.

96. The method of claim 94 wherein the firing angle is from 15°
to 30° from perpendicular to the outer surface of the metallic cylinder.

97. The method of claim 94 wherein the firing angle is from 18°
to 22° from perpendicular to the outer surface of the metallic cylinder.

98. The method of claim 88 wherein the laser pulses are fired towards the cap and cylinder at a firing angle from perpendicular to the outer surface of the metallic cylinder, the firing angle being in a direction away from a majority length of the metallic cylinder.

99. The method of claim 85 wherein, the laser pulses are fired towards the cap and cylinder at a firing angle from perpendicular to an outer surface of the metallic cylinder, the firing angle being in a direction towards a majority length of the metallic cylinder; and the inorganic metallic cap has an outermost edge away from the inorganic metallic cylinder, the welding comprising aiming respective centers of the laser pulses at locations which are more proximate to said outermost edge than to an interface of the cap and cylinder.

100. The method of claim 99 wherein the welding comprises aiming respective centers of the laser pulses at said outermost edge.

101. The method of claim 99 wherein the firing angle is no greater than 30° from perpendicular to the outer surface of the metallic cylinder.

102. The method of claim 99 wherein the firing angle is from 15°
to 30° from perpendicular to the outer surface of the metallic cylinder.

103. The method of claim 99 wherein the firing angle is from 18°
to 22° from perpendicular to the outer surface of the metallic cylinder.

104. The method of claim 85 wherein providing the radioactive core within the inorganic metallic cylinder occurs after the welding and is effective to form a sealed brachytherapy implant seed.

105. The method of claim 85 wherein providing the radioactive core within the inorganic metallic cylinder occurs before the welding.

106. The method of claim 85 comprising welding another inorganic metallic cap onto another end of the inorganic metallic cylinder.

107. The method of claim 106 wherein the welding the another inorganic metallic cap comprises firing a series of laser pulses towards the another cap and the cylinder while rotating the another cap and cylinder effective to form a series of other overlapping welds, adjacent other welds overlapping one another by no more than 50% calculated as other weld diameter overlap divided by other weld diameter.

108. The method of claim 85 wherein the inorganic metallic cylinder has a longitudinal axis, the firing angle extending to the longitudinal axis.

109. The method of claim 85 wherein the inorganic metallic cylinder has a longitudinal axis, the firing angle being laterally spaced from the longitudinal axis.

110. A method of fabricating a brachytherapy implant seed, comprising:
providing an inorganic metallic cylinder;
welding an inorganic metallic cap onto an end of the inorganic metallic cylinder, the welding comprising firing a series of laser pulses towards the cap and cylinder while rotating the cap and cylinder effective to form a series of overlapping welds, the laser pulses being fired towards the cap and cylinder at a firing angle from perpendicular to an outer surface of the metallic cylinder; and providing a radioactive core within the inorganic metallic cylinder, the radioactive core comprising a therapeutic dose of radioactive material.

111. The method of claim 110 wherein the firing angle is no greater than 30° from perpendicular to the outer surface of the metallic cylinder.

112. The method of claim 110 wherein the firing angle is from 15°
to 30° from perpendicular to the outer surface of the metallic cylinder.

113. The method of claim 110 wherein the firing angle is from 18°
to 22° from perpendicular to the outer surface of the metallic cylinder.

114. The method of claim 110 wherein the laser pulses are fired towards the cap and cylinder at a firing angle from perpendicular to the outer surface of the metallic cylinder, the firing angle being in a direction towards a majority length of the metallic cylinder.

115. The method of claim 114 wherein the firing angle is no greater than 30° from perpendicular to the outer surface of the metallic cylinder.

116. The method of claim 114 wherein the firing angle is from 15°
to 30° from perpendicular to the outer surface of the metallic cylinder.

117. The method of claim 114 wherein the firing angle is from 18°
to 22° from perpendicular to the outer surface of the metallic cylinder.

118. The method of claim 110 wherein providing the radioactive core within the inorganic metallic cylinder occurs after the welding and is effective to form a sealed brachytherapy implant seed.

119. The method of claim 110 wherein providing the radioactive core within the inorganic metallic cylinder occurs before the welding.

120. The method of claim 110 comprising welding another inorganic metallic cap onto another end of the inorganic metallic cylinder.

121. The method of claim 110 wherein the welding the another inorganic metallic cap comprises firing a series of laser pulses towards the another cap and cylinder while rotating the another cap and cylinder effective to form a series of other overlapping welds, the laser pulses fired towards the another cap and the cylinder being at a firing angle from perpendicular to the outer surface of the metallic cylinder.

122. The method of claim 110 wherein the inorganic metallic cylinder has a longitudinal axis, the firing angle extending to the longitudinal axis.

123. The method of claim 110 wherein the inorganic metallic cylinder has a longitudinal axis, the firing angle being laterally spaced from the longitudinal axis.