CA2555977C

CA2555977C - Microchannel compression reactor assembly

Info

Publication number: CA2555977C
Application number: CA2555977A
Authority: CA
Inventors: W. Allen Rogers; Christopher P. Weil; Robert D. Litt; Ronald C. Pasadyn; George Bradley Smith; Charles R. Miele; Thomas P. Forte; Jimmy Glen Pelham; Paul William Neagle; Michael Alan Marchiando
Original assignee: Velocys Inc
Current assignee: Velocys Inc
Priority date: 2004-02-06
Filing date: 2005-02-07
Publication date: 2011-06-21
Anticipated expiration: 2025-02-07
Also published as: US7445650B2; CA2555977A1; US7807113B2; WO2005077516A1; US20140364518A1; US8450381B2; EP1732677A1; US9403142B2; US20050214202A1; US7569195B2; US20050175519A1; US20120184633A1; CN1960801A; US20110065813A1; CN101658777A; EP1732677A4; US20110004345A1; US8460411B2; US20090318574A1; US20140357738A1

Abstract

A first microchannel module comprises a first unit operation (22) having microchannels in fluid communication with a first inlet stream and a first outlet stream, and a second unit operation (26) having microchannels in thermal communication with the first unit operation and in fluid communication with a second inlet stream and a second outlet stream. A pressurized vessel (18) at least partially contains the first microchannel module and is occupied by a compressive medium (10) in thermal communication with the first microchannel module. The present invention also includes a removable microchannel unit including an inlet orifice and an outlet orifice in fluid communication with a plurality of microchannels distributed throughout the microchannel unit, and a pressurized vessel adapted to have the microchannel unit mounted thereto, where the pressurized vessel contains a pressurized fluid exerting a positive gauge pressure upon at least a portion of the exterior of the microchannel unit.

Description

Title: MICROCHANNEL COMPRESSION REACTOR ASSEMBLY
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[00011 This application claims the benefit of United States Patent Application Serial No.
10/774,298, filed on February 6, 2004, entitled MICROCHANNEL COMPRESSION
REACTOR,".

BACKGROUND

[0002] The present disclosure is related to unit operations where at least a portion of the unit operation is in compression; and more particularly, to unit operations where at least a portion of the unit operation is contained within a pressure vessel and maintained in compression.

[0003] Prior art disclosures, such as U.S. Patent No. 5,167,930, disclose a sealed chamber encasing a reactor, where the pressure within the sealed chamber equals that of the reactor. The equalization of pressures between reactor and chamber is maintained by providing an expandable reactor and an expandable sealed chamber that accommodated for such changes.

[0004] Other prior art disclosures, such as U.S. Patent No. 3,515,520, disclose a reactor with an internal corrosion resistant sleeve adapted to receive a catalyst and/or a corrosive reactant therein. The sleeve is jacketed by a higher-pressure flow of a non-corrosive reactant to prohibit leaks in the sleeve from leaking the corrosive reactant and/or catalyst and making contact with the exterior reactor walls. The non-corrosive reactant enters the sleeve through an opening and exits via another opening in fluid communication with the catalyst/corrosive reactant and is thereafter consumed through the normal reaction process.

[0005] Still further prior art disclosures, such as U.S. Patent No. 2,462,517, disclose a multiple walled reactor where an internal, first wall confines the reaction chamber, and a second wall defines a cavity occupied by a pressurized atmosphere, and a third wall defines a cavity occupied by a cooling fluid. The pressurized atmosphere is used to regulate the external reactor vessel pressure, while the cooling fluid is used to regulate the thermal energy within the pressurized reservoir and the reactor.

SUMMARY

[0006] The present disclosure is related to unit operations where at least a portion of the unit operation is in compression; and more particularly, to unit operations where at least a portion of the unit operation is contained within a pressure vessel and maintained in compression by a compressive medium that may include, without limitation, an inert medium and a chemical reactant. The compressive nature of the medium ensures that a leak within the unit operation will result in the ingress of the medium into the unit operation and inhibit the egress of any material from the unit operation. A unit operation may include one or more of a chemical reactor, a mixer, a chemical separation unit, and a heat exchanger. A chemical separation unit may perform, without limitation, distillation, extraction, absorption, and adsorption. A further detailed embodiment makes available an inert medium generally isothermal with the unit operation to concurrently maintain compression of the unit operation and provide a sufficient source of the inert medium for purging a chemical reactor of the unit operation during a reactor shutdown procedure.

[0007] The present disclosure is also related to chemical reactors, which utilize microchannel technology, in which at least a portion of the reaction takes place within the microchannels.
More specifically, the present disclosure makes use of a chemical reactor comprising a plurality of microchannels maintained in compression from a compressive, possibly inert, medium external thereto. Even more specifically, the inert medium may provide heating or cooling of the microchannels and, when applicable, a blocking medium to inhibit reactant and/or product from exiting the chemical reactor if the integrity of the reactor has been compromised and/or to purge the reactor during a shutdown procedure.

[0008] The present invention discloses microchannel-based chemical processing unit operations at least partially contained within a pressurized vessel. The pressurized nature of the vessel acts as a pressure balance upon the microchannel process units as the pressure exerted upon the exterior of the process units approximates the pressures exerted upon the interior of the process units by the processes carried out within the microchannels.

[0009] In addition, the present invention includes microchannel process units that are removable from a pressurized vessel. An exemplary embodiment disclosed herein provides a pressurized vessel having conduits adapted to carry materials to and from the microchannel process units. In this manner, a docking structure associated with the vessel enables the process units to be removed, replaced, and/or reinstalled without requiring total or partial destruction of the pressurized vessel, the conduits, or the microchannel process units. In instances where one or more of the microchannel process units includes a microchannel reactor having catalyst retained within the microchannels, refurbishment of the catalyst can occur at a remote location from the vessel without utilizing the conduits of the vessel or requiring additional conduits to be constructed to provide access to the reactors through the vessel. In sum, the ability to remove and/or reinstall the microchannel process units from the pressure vessel simplifies the process for modifying, testing, and replacing the units prior to operation of the units within a pressurized environment, such as that provided by the vessel.

[0010] The present invention also includes an exemplary embodiment for carrying out a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis within a fixed or removable microchannel process unit housed at least partially within a pressurized vessel. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reacts carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to create higher molecular weight hydrocarbons.
These higher molecular weight hydrocarbons provide the potential for partial solidification that might clog the microchannels of a microchannel process unit if the solids content of the streams is too great. To reduce the likelihood of a clog, the exemplary embodiment injects an elevated temperature fluid into the downstream sections of the microchannel process units to elevate the temperature of the product stream carrying the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products to maintain a fluid flow within the microchannels. Before the elevated temperature fluid enters the microchannel process unit, a counter current heat exchanger is established between the conduit carrying the elevated temperature fluid and the conduit carrying the product of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis so that farther downstream sections of the product conduit are contacted by higher elevated temperature fluid to ensure fluid flow. The exemplary embodiment also capitalizes upon the exothermic Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to provide steam for this or other processes within a chemical facility.

The present invention includes a chemical process system comprising a first unit operation adapted to be in fluid communication with an inlet stream and an outlet stream;
a pressure vessel at least partially containing the first unit operation therein, the pressure vessel concurrently adapted to be occupied by an inert medium to compress the first unit operation; and a purge stream adapted to be in fluid communication with an inert medium source for selectively conveying the inert medium from the inert medium source and into fluid communication with the first unit operation.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the first unit operation includes a chemical reactor.

The chemical process system as defined above, further comprising a second unit operation in thermal communication with the first unit operation.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the second unit operation includes at least one of a heat exchanger and a chemical rector.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein at least one of the first unit operation and the second unit operation includes microchannels.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the chemical reactor includes microchannels; the inlet stream includes a first reactant stream; and the outlet stream includes a first product stream.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the first unit operation is at least one of cooled and heated at least in part by the inert medium.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the inert medium includes at least one of helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and nitrogen.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the inert medium includes water.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the microchannels include a catalyst.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one of a catalytic lining, a catalytic pellet, and a catalytic insert.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the inert medium within the pressure vessel is adapted to be in fluid communication with at least one of a heat exchanger, a pump, a compressor, and an inert medium source.

The chemical process system as defined above, further comprising a controller operatively coupled to a first sensor monitoring an internal pressure within the pressure vessel and a second sensor monitoring an internal pressure within the first unit operation, 4a wherein the controller is responsive to data generated by the first sensor and the second sensor to operate the pressure vessel at a higher pressure than the first unit operation.
The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the controller is operatively coupled to a vent valve in fluid communication with the pressure vessel to selectively vent at least a portion of the inert medium within the pressure vessel to decrease the internal pressure within the pressure vessel.

The chemical process sytern is as defined above, wherein the controller is operative to detect a leak within the first unit operation from the data generated by at least one of the first sensor and the second sensor.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the second unit operation is at least partially contained within the pressure vessel.

The present invention further includes a chemical process system comprising; a first unit operation including microchannels adapted to be in fluid communication with an inlet stream and an outlet stream; a second unit operation in thermal communication with the first unit operation; and a pressure vessel at least partially containing the first unit operation therein and adapted to be concurrently occupied by a compressive medium adapted to maintain the first unit operation in compression.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the second unit operation includes at least one of a heat exchanger and a chemical reactor.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the second unit operation includes a chemical reactor adapted to be in fluid communication with a reactant stream and a product stream.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the second unit operation also includes a heat exchanger facilitating thermal energy transfer between the second unit operation and the first unit operation.

4b The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the second unit operation includes a heat exchanger facilitating thermal energy transfer between the second unit operation and the first unit operation.

The chemical process system as defined above, further comprising a purge stream adapted to be in fluid communication with the compressive medium and in selective fluid communication with the first unit operation.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the first unit operation includes at least one of a chemical reactor, a heat exchanger, a mixer, and a separation unit; and the second unit operation includes at least one of a chemical reactor, a heat exchanger, a mixer, and a separation unit.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the pressure vessel at least partially contains the second unit operation.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the second unit operation includes microchannels; and the first unit operation and the second unit operation are coupled together in a single microchannel module.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the first unit operation includes a chemical reactor; the first unit operation includes a catalyst in series with the microchannels thereof; and the catalyst comprises at least one of a catalytic lining, a catlytic pellet, and a catalytic insert.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the second unit operation includes a chemical reactor; the second unit operation includes a catalyst in series with the microchannels thereof; and the catalyst comprises at least one of a catalytic lining, a catalytic pellet, and a catalytic insert.

4c The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the pressure vessel at least partially contains a plurality of microchannel modules therein.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein at least one of the microchannels of the first unit operation and the microchannels of the second unit operation include a catalyst in series therewith; and the microchannels at least one of upstream of the catalyst and downstream from the catalyst comprise a heat exchanger.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the microchannels of the first unit operation and the second unit operation each include a catalyst in series therewith;
and the microchannels of the first unit operation and the second unit operation at least one of upstream of the catalyst and downstream from the catalyst each include a heat exchanger.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the microchannels of the first unit operation are adapted to carry a first fluid in a first direction and the microchannels of the second unit operation are adapted to carry a second fluid in a second direction, opposite the first direction.

The chemical process system as defined above, further comprising a controller to regulate an internal pressure within the pressure vessel.

The chemical process system is as defined above, wherein the pressure vessel includes a recycle stream for cycling the compressive medium into an out of the pressure vessel.

The present invention further includes a method of starting up one or more unit operations, the method comprising the steps of: feeding a material to a first unit operation including microchannels therein; processing, within the first unit operation, at least a portion of the material; monitoring at least one of internal pressure, temperature, and concentration at least one of within the first unit operation or downstream from the first unit operation;

4d and pressurizing a containment device, at least partially containing the first unit operation therein. with a compressive medium to maintain a pressure differential between an internal pressure within the containment device and an internal pressure within the first unit operation such that the internal pressure within the containment device is greater than the internal pressure within the first unit operation.

The method as defined above, further comprising the step of adjusting the internal pressure within the containment device to track the internal pressure within the first unit operation.

The method is as defined above, wherein the first unit operation includes a tubular flow reactor.

The method is as defined above, wherein the pressurizing step includes the step of monitoring the internal pressure within the containment device.

The method is as defined above, wherein the pressurizing step includes providing selective fluid communication between the containment device and a compressive medium source.

The method is as defined above, wherein the compressive medium includes at least one of an inert medium, the material fed to the first unit operation, and the processed material exiting the first unit operation.

The method as defined above, further comprising the steps of. feeding a composition to a second unit operation; processing, within the second unit operation, at least a portion of the composition; monitoring at least one of internal pressure, temperature, and concentration at least one of within the second unit operation or downstream from the second unit operation; and pressurizing the containment device, at least partially containing the second unit operation therein, with the compressive medium to maintain the pressure differential between the internal pressure within the containment device and 4e an internal pressure within the second unit operation such that the internal pressure within the containment device is greater than the internal pressure within the second unit operation.

The method is as defined above, wherein the second unit operation includes microchannels through which the composition may flow therethrough.

The present invention further includes a method of shutting down one or more unit operations, the method comprising the steps of: containing at least a portion of a first unit operation including microchannels within a pressure containment vessel including an inert medium operative to compress the first unit operation; decreasing material within a supply stream entering the first unit operation; directing inert medium into fluid communication with the first unit operation to provide an inert concentration within the first unit operation; monitoring at least one of pressure, temperature, and concentration at least one of within and downstream from the first unit operation; and increasing the inert medium concentration within the first unit operation.

The method is as defined above, wherein the containing step includes the step of venting the inert medium to a lower pressure sink to reduce an internal pressure of the pressure containment vessel.

The method is as defined above, wherein the directing step includes directing at least a portion of the inert medium from the pressure containment vessel into fluid communication with the first unit operation to provide the inert concentration within the first unit operation.

The method as defined above, further comprising the steps of: containing at least a portion of a second unit operation within the pressure containment vessel including the inert medium operative to compress the second unit operation; decreasing a feed supply within a feed supply stream entering the second unit operation; and monitoring at least 4f one of pressure, temperature, and concentration at least one of within and downstream from the second unit operation.

The method as defined above, further comprising the steps of. directing inert medium into fluid communication with the second unit operation to provide an inert concentration within the second unit operation; and increasing the inert concentration within the second unit operation.

The method is as defined above, wherein the second unit operation includes microchannels.

The present invention further includes a unit operation containment system comprising: a first unit operation including microchannels adapted to be coupled to a supply stream and an outlet stream; a pressure containment device adapted to maintain at least a portion of the first unit operation in compression via a pressurized medium, where the pressure containment device is in selective fluid communication with a medium source;
and a controller operatively coupled to at least a first system sensor detecting an internal pressure within the first unit operation and a second system sensor detecting an internal pressure within the pressure containment device, the controller being responsive to data generated by the first system sensor and the second system sensor to adjust the internal pressure within the pressure containment device.

The unit operation containment system is as defined above, wherein the fist unit operation includes a plurality of microchannels in which at least a portion of a chemical reaction takes place.

The unit operation containment system as defined above, further comprising a second unit operation in thermal communication with the first unit operation.

The unit operation containment system is as defined above, wherein the second unit operation includes microchannels therein; and the microchannels of the second unit 4g operation are coupled to the microchannels of the first unit operation to provide an integrated module.

The unit operation containment system is as defined above, wherein the pressure containment device includes an integrated module at least partially housed therein; the first unit operation includes a chemical reactor; the second unit operation includes at least one of a chemical reactor and a heat exchanger; the chemical reactor of the first unit operation is housed within the pressure containment device; and at least one of a chemical reactor and a heat exchanger of the second unit operation are housed within the pressure containment device.

The unit operation containment system is as defined above, wherein the controller is operatively coupled to a control valve in fluid communication with the medium source and upstream from the pressure containment device to selectively provide the pressurized medium to the containment device and increase the internal pressure therein in response to data received from the first sensor and the second sensor; and the pressure containment device includes an outlet stream including a vent valve in series therewith to vent excess pressurized medium from the pressure containment device.

The unit operation containment system is as defined above, wherein the pressure containment device includes a purge valve in series therewith, operatively coupled to the controller, and in selective fluid communication with the first unit operation.

The unit operation containment system is as defined above, wherein the second unit operation includes a chemical reactor in thermal communication with the chemical reactor of the first unit operation.

The unit operation containment system is as defined above, wherein the first unit operation includes a heat exchanger comprising microchannels at least one of upstream and downstream from the chemical reactor of the first unit operation, and the second unit operation includes a heat exchanger comprising microchannels at least one of upstream 4h and downstream from the chemical reactor of the second unit operation in thermal communication with the heat exchanger of the first unit operation.

The unit operation containment system is as defined above, wherein: the pressure containment vessel includes a recycle stream; and the recycle stream is in series with at least one of a compressor, a pump, a condenser, and a heat exchanger.

The unit operation containment system is as defined above, wherein the pressurized vessel includes at least one refurbishment line to refurbish a catalyst in series with a chemical reactor of the first unit operation.

The unit operation containment system is as defined above, wherein the pressurized medium includes an inert medium; and the inert medium within the pressure containment device is in selective fluid communication with a chemical reactor of the first unit operation.

The present invention further includes a process unit comprising a first microchannel module comprising: a first unit operation including microchannels, in which at least a portion of a unit operation takes place, adapted to be in fluid communication with a first inlet stream and a first outlet stream, a second unit operation including microchannels adapted to be in thermal communication with the first unit operation, the second unit operation adapted to be in fluid communication with a second inlet stream and a second outlet stream; and a pressurized vessel at least partially containing the first microchannel module adapted to be concurrently occupied by a compressive medium in thermal communication with the first microchannel module.

The process unit is as defined above, wherein at least one microchannel of the first unit operation is adjacent to at least one microchannel of the second unit operation and in thermal communication therewith; at least one of a chemical reactor, a mixer, a chemical separation unit, and a heat exchanger includes the at least one microchannel of the first 4i unit operation; and at least one of a chemical reactor, a mixer, a chemical separation unit, and a heat exchanger includes the at least one microchannel of the second unit operation.
The process unit is as defined above, wherein the first unit operation includes a chemical reactor including the at least one microchannel; the at least one microchannel of the first unit operation includes a catalyst in series therewith; and the catalyst comprises at least one of a catalytic lining, a catalytic pellet, and a catalytic insert.

The process unit is as defined above, wherein the chemical reactor of the first unit operation houses the catalyst therein; the at least one microchannel of the first unit operation is adjacent to the at least one microchannel of the second unit operation; and the at least one microchannel of the first unit operation is adapted to carry a first fluid therein in a first direction and the at least one microchannel of the second unit operation is adapted to carry a second fluid in a second direction.

The process unit is as defined above, wherein the pressurized vessel is generally cylindrical in shape; and the first microchannel module is generally rectangular in cross-section.

The process unit is as defined above, wherein at least one of the first unit operation and the second operation is in fluid communication with an open atmosphere.

The process unit is as defined above, wherein the first unit operation includes a first chemical reactor adapted to receive a first reactant feed via the first inlet stream; the second unit operation includes a second chemical reactor adapted to receive a second reactant feed via the second inlet stream; the first chemical reactor and the second chemical reactor are adapted to be maintained in compression by the compressive medium within the pressurized vessel; and the first microchannel module comprises a plurality of laminated sheets.

4j The present invention further comprises a process unit comprising: a first chemical reactor including microchannels adapted to be in fluid communication with a first reactant stream and a first product stream; a second chemical reactor including microchannels adapted to be in thermal communication with the first chemical reactor, wherein the microchannels of the second chemical reactor are adapted to be in fluid communication with a second reactant stream and a second product stream; and a pressurized vessel containing the first chemical reactor and the second chemical reactor, wherein the pressurized vessel is adapted to be concurrently occupied by a compressive medium in thermal communication with the first chemical reactor.

The process unit is as defined above, wherein the compressive medium includes water and the pressurized vessel is an elevated temperature water source.

The process unit is as defined above, wherein the compressive medium includes an inert medium.

The process unit is as defined above, wherein the first chemical reactor accommodates a throughput of between 100 liters per hour to approximately 10,000 liters per hour.

The process unit as defined above, further comprising a vent valve in fluid communication with the pressurized vessel.

The process unit as defined above, further comprising a controller operatively coupled to sensors associated with the pressurized vessel and the first chemical reactor, wherein the controller is operative to maintain an internal pressure within the pressurized chamber to be greater than an internal pressure within the first chemical reactor.

The process unit as defined above, further comprising a purge stream providing selective fluid communication between an interior of the pressurized vessel and an interior of the first chemical reactor.

4k The process unit as defined above, further comprising a recycle stream for cycling the inert medium into and out of the pressurized vessel, wherein a heat exchanger is in thermal communication with the recycle stream.

The process unit as defined above, further comprising: a first heat exchanger comprising microchannels in fluid communication with the microchannels of the first chemical reactor; a second heat exchanger comprising microchannels in fluid communication with the microchannels of the second chemical reactor; at least a portion of the microchannels of the first heat exchanger are housed within the pressurized vessel; and at least a portion of the microchannels of the second heat exchanger are housed within the pressurized vessel.

The process unit is as defined above, wherein at least one of the microchannels of the first heat exchanger is adjacent to at least one of the microchannels of the second heat exchanger; the at least one microchannel of the first heat exchanger is adapted to carry a first fluid therein in a first direction; and the at least one microchannel of the second heat exchanger is adapted to carry a second fluid therein in a second direction.

The process unit is as defined above, wherein the first fluid has a higher thermal energy content than the second fluid.

The process unit is as defined above, wherein the first fluid includes a product from an exothermic reaction; and the second fluid includes a reactant for an endothermic reaction.
The process unit is as defined above, wherein the first fluid includes a product from an exothermic reaction; and the second fluid includes a reactant for an exothermic reaction.
The present invention further includes a process unit comprising: a chemical process conduit including microchannels adapted to be in fluid communication with a chemical process stream; and a pressurized vessel containing at least a portion of the chemical process conduit; wherein the pressurized vessel is adapted to be concurrently occupied by a compressed medium and at least the portion of the chemical process conduit;
wherein at least a portion of the chemical process conduit is maintained in compression by the compressed medium within the pressurized vessel.

The process unit as defined above, further comprising a process conduit in thermal communication with the chemical process conduit and in fluid communication with a process conduit stream.

The process unit is as defined above, wherein a first reaction occurs within the microchannels of the chemical process conduit; and the chemical process stream is adapted to be in fluid communication with a reactant supply stream and a product stream.
The process unit is as defined above, wherein the process conduit includes microchannels; a second reaction occurs within the microchannels of the process conduit;
and the process conduit stream is adapted to be in fluid communication with a second reactant supply stream and a second product stream.

The process unit as defined above, further comprising a heat exchange recuperator adapted to exchange thermal energy with at least one of the reactant supply stream, the product stream, the second reactant supply stream, and the second product stream.

The process unit is as defined above, wherein the heat exchange recuperator includes microchannels.

The process unit is as defined above, wherein the heat exchange recuperator is at least partially contained within the pressurized vessel.

The process unit is as defined above, wherein the microchannels of the chemical process stream are wholly contained within the pressurized vessel; the microchannels of the process conduit are wholly contained within the pressurized vessel; and the 4m microchannels of the heat exchange recuperator are wholly contained within the pressurized vessel.

The process unit is as defined above, wherein the compressed medium contained within the pressurized vessel includes an inert medium.

The process unit is as defined above, wherein the compressed medium contained within the pressurized vessel includes a reactant from at least one of the reactant supply stream and the second reactant supply stream.

The process unit is as defined above, wherein the compressed medium contained within the pressurized vessel includes a product from at least one of the product stream and the second product stream.

The present invention further includes a method of operating a unit operation comprising the steps of: containing a first microchannel module at least partially within a containment vessel, the first microchannel module comprising a first unit operation and a second unit operation, where the first unit operation and the second unit operation each include at least one of a chemical reactor, a mixer, a chemical separation unit, and a heat exchanger; pressurizing the containment vessel at least partially housing the first unit operation and the second unit operation with a compressive medium within the containment vessel; operating the first unit operation and the second unit operation to include passing a first fluid through the first unit operation and a second fluid through the second unit operation; and monitoring at least one of an internal pressure within the first unit operation, an internal pressure within the second unit operation, and an internal pressure within the containment vessel; wherein the first unit operation and the second unit operation include microchannels conveying the first fluid through the first unit operation and conveying the second fluid through the second unit operation.

The method is as defined above, wherein the first microchannel module includes a plurality of laminated sheets mounted to one another to define internal microchannels of 4n the first unit operation and the second unit operation, where at least one of the internal microchannels of the first unit operation is adjacent to at least one of the internal microchannels of the second unit operation.

The method as defined above, further comprising the step of adjusting the pressure within the containment vessel to maintain a predetermined pressure differential between the internal pressure of the containment vessel and at least one of the internal pressure of the first unit operation and the internal pressure of the second unit operation.

The method as defined above, further comprising the steps of. carrying out a fluid medium reaction within the first unit operation; and carrying out a fluid medium reaction within the second unit operation; wherein thermal energy is exchanged between the first fluid and the second fluid based in part upon the nature of the fluid medium reactions carried out in the first unit operation and the second unit operation.

The method is as defined above, wherein the first unit operation includes a chemical reactor; the second unit operation includes a chemical reactor; and the compressive medium contained within the containment vessel includes at least one of a reactant from at least one of a reactant supply stream in fluid communication with the first unit operation and a reactant from at least one of a reactant supply stream in fluid communication with the second unit operation.

The process unit is as defined above, wherein the compressive medium contained within the containment vessel includes at least one of a product from at least one of a product stream in fluid communication with the first unit operation and a product from at least one of a product stream in fluid communication with the second unit operation.

The present invention further includes a microchannel unit assembly comprising: a removable microchannel unit including an inlet orifice and an outlet orifice in fluid communication with a plurality of microchannels distributed throughout the removable microchannel unit; and a pressurized vessel adapted to have the removable microchannel unit mounted thereto, the pressurized vessel adapted to contain a pressurized fluid exerting a positive gauge pressure upon at least a portion of the exterior of the removable microchannel unit.

The microchannel unit assembly is as defined above, wherein the pressurized vessel includes a docking station adapted to have the removable microchannel unit mounted thereto and provide fluid communication with at least one inlet conduit adapted to carry an input stream to the removable microchannel unit and at least one outlet conduit adapted to carry away an output stream from the removable microchannel unit;
and the docking station includes an inlet orifice and an outlet orifice, where the inlet orifice of the docking station is adapted to be generally aligned with the inlet orifice of the removable microchannel unit to provide fluid communication between the microchannels and the inlet conduit, and where the outlet orifice of the docking station is adapted to be generally aligned with the outlet orifice of the removable microchannel unit to provide fluid communication between the microchannels and the outlet conduit.

The microchannel unit assembly as defined above further comprising: a retainer operative to maintain the general orientation of the inlet orifice of the docking station with the inlet orifice of the removable microchannel unit, as well as maintain the general orientation of the outlet orifice of the docking station with the outlet orifice of the removable microchannel unit; and a first gasket assembly sandwiched between at least one of the retainer and the docking station, and the removable microchannel unit and the docking station, to ensure a fluidic seal therebetween.

The microchannel unit assembly is as defined above, wherein the removable microchannel unit includes at least one side that is tapered; and the docking station includes at least one side that is tapered to correspond to the taper of at least the one side of the removable microchannel unit.

The microchannel unit assembly is as defined above, wherein the removable microchannel unit includes two opposing sides that are tapered; and the docking station 4p includes two opposing sides that are tapered to correspond to the taper of two opposing sides of the removable microchannel unit.

The microchannel unit assembly is as defined above, wherein the retainer is bolted to at least one of the pressurized vessel and the removable microchannel unit.

The microchannel unit assembly is as defined above, wherein the two opposing sides of the removable microchannel unit that are tapered are tapered outward to provide at least a partial V-shaped profile; the two opposing sides of the docking station that are tapered are tapered outward to provide at least a partial V-shaped profile; the V-shaped profile of the removable microchannel unit is seated upon and supported by the V-shaped profile of the docking station.

The microchannel unit assembly is as defined above, wherein the first gasket assembly is sandwiched between the retainer and the docking station to provide a first fluidic seal; a second gasket assembly is sandwiched between the retainer and the removable microchannel unit to provide a second fluidic seal, where at least one of the first and second gasket assemblies is operative to seal a gap between the pressurized vessel and the removable microchannel unit; and a third gasket assembly is sandwiched between the removable microchannel unit and the docking station to provide a sealed fluidic interface between the inlet orifices and the outlet orifices.

The microchannel unit assembly is as defined above, wherein the two opposing sides of the removable microchannel unit that are tapered are tapered outward to provide at least a partially inverted V-shaped profile; the two opposing sides of the docking station that are tapered are tapered outward to provide at least a partially inverted V-shaped profile; and the inverted V-shaped profile of the removable microchannel unit is adapted to be seated against the inverted V-shaped profile of the docking station.

The microchannel unit assembly is as defined above, wherein the first gasket assembly is sandwiched between the retainer and the docking station to provide a first fluidic seal; a 4q second gasket assembly is sandwiched between the retainer and the removable microchannel unit to provide a second fluidic seal, where at least one of the first and second gasket assemblies is operative to seal a gap between the pressurized vessel and the removable microchannel unit; and a third gasket assembly is sandwiched between the removable microchannel unit and the docking station to provide a sealed fluidic interface between the inlet orifices and the outlet orifices.

The present invention further includes a microchannel system comprising: a plurality of modular microchannel unit operations, where each modular microchannel unit operations includes a plurality of distributed microchannels and at least one inlet orifice and at least one outlet orifice in fluid communication with the plurality of distributed microchannels;
at least one inlet conduit adapted to carry and direct an inlet stream toward at least one of the plurality of modular microchannel unit operations; at least one outlet conduit adapted to carry an outlet stream away from at least one of the plurality of modular microchannel unit operations; a support structure including at least one dock having: at least one inlet stream opening in fluid communication with at least one inlet conduit, the inlet stream opening is adapted to interface with the inlet orifice of at least one of the modular microchannel unit operations to provide fluid communication between the plurality of distributed microchannels and the inlet conduit, at least one outlet stream opening in fluid communication with at least one outlet conduit, the outlet stream opening is adapted to interface with the outlet orifice of at least one of the modular microchannel unit operations to provide fluid communication between the plurality of distributed microchannels and the outlet conduit; a vessel adapted to contain a fluid exposed to a portion of at least one of the plurality of modular microchannel unit operations; wherein at least one of the plurality of modular microchannel unit operations is removably mounted to at least one of the support structure and the vessel.

The microchannel system is as defined above, wherein the at least one modular microchannel unit operation removably mounted to the support structure does not necessitate destruction of at least one of the modular microchannel unit operation and the support structure to achieve separation from the support structure.

4r The microchannel system is as defined above, wherein the at least one modular microchannel unit operation removably mounted to the vessel does not necessitate destruction of at least one of the modular microchannel unit operation and the vessel to achieve separation from the vessel.

The microchannel system is as defined above, wherein the support structure, at least one inlet conduit, and at least one outlet conduit are mounted to the pressure vessel.

The microchannel system is as defined above, wherein at least one of the plurality of modular microchannel unit operations includes a microchannel reactor; and at least a portion of the plurality of distributed microchannels contain a catalyst.

The microchannel system is as defined above, wherein the support structure is mounted to the vessel; and the vessel includes an opening for receiving the dock, which includes an opening adapted to be occupied by each of the plurality of modular microchannel unit operations.

The microchannel system is as defined above, wherein a first manifold in fluid communication with a first inlet conduit distributes a first inlet stream among the plurality of modular microchannel unit operations; a second manifold in fluid communication with a second inlet conduit distributes a second inlet stream among the plurality of modular microchannel unit operations; a third manifold in fluid communication with a third inlet conduit distributes a third inlet stream among the plurality of modular microchannel unit operations; and a fourth manifold in fluid communication with a first outlet conduit collects outlet streams among the plurality of modular microchannel unit operations.

The microchannel system is as defined above, wherein a gasketing material interposes at least one of the plurality of modular microchannel unit operations and provides sealed fluid communication between the at least one inlet orifice and the at least one inlet stream opening ; the gasketing material provides sealed fluid communication between the at least 4s one outlet orifice and the at least one outlet stream opening; and the dock is angled to match a corresponding angle of the at least one of the plurality of modular microchannel unit operations, where the corresponding angle is other than completely vertical.

The microchannel system is as defined above, wherein at least one of the plurality of modular microchannel unit operations includes a series of sequential metal plates operative to form a labyrinth of microchannels; and the series of sequential plates provide two opposite and tapered surfaces that are adapted to interface two corresponding tapered surfaces of the dock, where the surfaces of the sequential plates are parallel to the tapered surfaces of the dock.

The microchannel system is as defined above, wherein at least one of the plurality of modular microchannel unit operations exhibits a frustropyramidal portion adapted to be oriented between corresponding surfaces of the dock to wedge the least one of the plurality of modular microchannel unit operations between the corresponding surfaces of the dock.

The microchannel system as defined above, further comprising a removable retainer for mounting the at least one of the plurality of modular microchannel unit operations to at least one of the dock and the vessel, wherein the retainer is positioned circumferentially around a frustum of the frustropyramidal portion.

The microchannel system is as defined above, wherein the frustum is multi-sided; and the retainer is mounted with removable fasteners to the dock.

The microchannel system is as defined above, wherein the frustum is generally a parallelogram; the retainer is bolted to the dock; and a gasketing material interposes the retainer and at least one of the dock and the vessel, where the gasketing material is operative to seal a gap between the removable microchannel unit and at least one of the dock and the vessel.

4t The present invention further includes a process for removing a microchannel unit comprising: disengaging a retainer operative to mount a microchannel unit to a support structure, where the retainer is adapted to be reusable; and removing the microchannel unit from the support structure subsequent to disengaging the retainer.

The process is as defined above, wherein the support structure includes a pressurized vessel; and the retainer includes a bolted assembly and the act of disengaging the retainer includes at least one of removal or manipulation of bolts of the bolted assembly.

The process is as defined above, wherein the microchannel unit includes a microchannel reactor having a catalyst contained therein; the catalyst is refurbished while the microchannel reactor is disengaged from the support structure.

The present invention further includes a method of installing a microchannel unit comprising: seating a microchannel unit including: aligning at least one inlet conduit of the microchannel unit with at least one feed stream conduit of a first preexisting structure, and aligning at least one outlet conduit of the microchannel unit with at least one product stream conduit of a second preexisting structure; fastening the microchannel unit in a seated position using removable fasteners.

The present invention further includes a microchannel unit assembly comprising: a microchannel unit operation including: a first set of microchannels in fluid communication with a first inlet orifice and a first outlet orifice, and a second set of microchannels in fluid communication with a second inlet orifice and a second outlet orifice; a first inlet conduit in fluid communication with the first set of microchannels and adapted to direct a first inlet stream toward the first set of microchannels;
a first outlet conduit in fluid communication with the first set of microchannels and adapted to direct a first outlet stream away from the first set of microchannels; a second inlet conduit in fluid communication with the second set of microchannels and adapted to direct a second inlet stream toward the second set of microchannels; a pressurized vessel housing at least a portion of the microchannel unit operation therein, the pressurized vessel adapted to 4u contain a pressurized fluid exerting a positive gauge pressure upon at least a portion of the exterior of the microchannel unit operation; wherein the second outlet orifice is in fluid communication with an interior of the pressurized vessel.

The microchannel unit assembly is as defined above, wherein the microchannel unit operation include a microchannel reactor carrying out a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis; the first inlet stream includes carbon monoxide and hydrogen; the first outlet stream includes hydrocarbons; the second inlet stream includes liquid water; and the interior of the pressurized vessel includes liquid water and water vapor.

The microchannel unit assembly is as defined above, wherein the pressurized vessel includes an outlet for the liquid water; the pressurized vessel includes an outlet for the water vapor; and at least a portion of the liquid water entering the second set of microchannels exits the second set of microchannels as water vapor.

The microchannel unit assembly is as defined above, further comprising an elevated temperature fluid conduit adapted to direct an elevated temperature fluid into the first set of microchannels.

The microchannel unit assembly is as defined above, wherein the elevated temperature fluid flows out of the first set of microchannels and into the first outlet conduit; the elevated temperature fluid conduit jackets the first outlet conduit; and the elevated temperature fluid transfers thermal energy to the first outlet stream prior to flowing through the first set of microchannels.

The present invention further includes a method of carrying out a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis comprising: containing, at least partially, a microchannel unit operation within a pressurized vessel, where the microchannel unit operation includes a first set of microchannels in fluid communication with a first inlet conduit, a second inlet conduit, and a first outlet conduit, and where the microchannel unit operation includes a second set of microchannels in thermal communication with the first set of microchannels;
4v reacting carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst within the first set of microchannels to produce hydrocarbons; introducing an elevated temperature fluid via the second inlet conduit downstream from the catalyst within the first set of microchannels; and generating steam in a second set of microchannels, where the steam is vented to the interior of the pressurized vessel.

These and other aspect of the present invention will become apparent from the following disclosure. While some construe the claims to provide a summary of the present invention, it is to be understood that the summary of the invention is not limited to or by the claims, nor the explicit exemplary embodiments contained herein as a basis for making use of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a third exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
4w [0015] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a first exemplary reaction process carried out in accordance with the present invention;

[0016] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a first alternate exemplary reaction process carried out in accordance with the present invention;

[0017] FIG. 6 is a right side view of a first exemplary pressurized vessel in accordance with the present invention;

[0018] FIG. 7 is an overhead view of the first exemplary pressurized vessel in accordance with the present invention;

[0019] FIG. 8 is an end view of the first exemplary pressurized vessel in accordance with the present invention;

[0020] FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of the first exemplary pressurized vessel in accordance with the present invention;

[0021] FIG. 10 is a schematic representation of fluid flow through an exemplary segment of a microchannel module in accordance with the present invention;

[0022] FIG. 11 is a schematic representation of fluid flow through an exemplary repeating unit of a microchannel module in accordance with the present invention;

[0023] FIG. 12 is an elevated perspective view of a second exemplary pressurized vessel in accordance with the present invention;

[0024] FIG. 13 is an overhead view of the second exemplary pressurized vessel in accordance with the present invention;

[0025] FIG. 14 is a right side view of the second exemplary pressurized vessel in accordance with the present invention;

[0026] FIG. 15 is a right side cut-away view of the second exemplary pressurized vessel in accordance with the present invention;

[0027] FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of the second exemplary pressurized vessel in accordance with the present invention;

[0028] FIG. 17 is an elevated perspective view of a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

[0029] FIG. 18 is an elevated perspective view of the first exemplary embodiment with an exploded view of a microchannel process unit, flange, and gaskets.

[0030] FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of the first exemplary embodiment;

[0031] FIG. 20 is an elevated perspective view of a first exemplary structure for use in fabricating the first exemplary embodiment;

[0032] FIG. 21 is an elevated perspective view of a second exemplary structure for use in fabricating the first exemplary embodiment;

[0033] FIG. 22 is an elevated perspective view of a third exemplary structure for use in fabricating the first exemplary embodiment;

[0034] FIG. 23 is an elevated perspective view of a fourth exemplary structure for use in fabricating the first exemplary embodiment;

[0035] FIG. 24 is an elevated perspective view of a fifth exemplary structure for use in fabricating the first exemplary embodiment;

[0036] FIG. 25 is an elevated perspective view of a sixth exemplary structure for use in fabricating the first exemplary embodiment;

[0037] FIG. 26 is an elevated perspective view of a seventh exemplary structure for use in fabricating the first exemplary embodiment;

[0038] FIG. 27 is an elevated perspective view of an eighth exemplary structure for use in fabricating the first exemplary embodiment;

[0039] FIG. 28 is an elevated perspective view of the first exemplary embodiment without the microchannel process units installed;

[0040] FIG. 29 is an elevated cross sectional view of a first alternate exemplary embodiment;
[0041] FIG. 30 is an elevated perspective view of a second exemplary embodiment;

[0042] FIG. 31 is a right-side view of the second exemplary embodiment of FIG.
30;
[0043] FIG. 32 is a frontal view of the second exemplary embodiment of FIG.
30;

[0044] FIG. 33 is a right-side, cross-sectional view of the second exemplary embodiment of FIG.
30;

[0045] FIG. 34 is a frontal, cross-sectional view of the second exemplary embodiment of FIG.
30;

[0046] FIG. 35 is an elevated perspective view from the front of the second exemplary embodiment of FIG. 30, with the shell of the pressure vessel removed; and [0047] FIG. 36 is an elevated perspective view from the rear of the second exemplary embodiment of FIG. 30, with the shell of the pressure vessel removed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0048] The exemplary embodiments of the present invention are illustrated and described below as steps, procedures, and mechanisms for carrying out desired processes. The various orientational, positional, and reference terms used to describe the elements of the invention are utilized according to such exemplary steps, procedures, and mechanisms.
However, for clarity and precision, only a unitary orientational or positional reference will be utilized; and, therefore it will be understood that the positional and orientational references used to describe the elements of the exemplary embodiments of the present invention are only used to describe the elements in relation to one another. Thus, variations envisioned by one of ordinary skill shall concurrently fall within the scope of the disclosure of this invention.

[0049] Referring now to the drawings, and in particular to FIG. 1, a first exemplary system 8 includes a compressive medium supply/source 10 in selective fluid communication with an optional compressor/pump 12. The compressive medium contained within the supply/source 10 may be in the form of a gas or a liquid and may likewise include inert fluids known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In a gaseous form, the compressive medium is fed to the compressor 12 prior to filtration of the medium by a filtration unit 14 to remove impurities or particulate matter associated therewith. Those of ordinary skill are familiar with the plethora of filtration operations available and represented by the filtration unit 14. The compressive medium may be deposited within a holding tank 16 in selective fluid communication with a pressurized vessel 18 to provide a filtered and pressurized compressive medium thereto.

[00501 The pressurized vessel 18 contains a first unit operation 22 therein that is maintained in compression by the compressive medium occupying interior regions of the pressurized vessel 18 exterior to the first unit operation 22. Both the pressurized vessel 18 and the first unit operation 22 include sensors 20, 24 coupled thereto operative to detect pressures within the pressurized vessel 18 and the first unit operation 22. The first unit operation 22 may include, without limitation, a chemical reactor, a mixer, a chemical separation unit, and a heat exchanger. A
chemical separation unit may perform, without limitation, distillation, extraction, absorption, and adsorption. Thus, it is to be understood that a unit operation may perform one or more than one operation.

[00511 The first unit operation 22 is adapted to be in fluid communication with a material source 28 and receive material therefrom, while an output conduit carries away processed material from the first unit operation 22 and is adapted to be in fluid communication with a processed material reservoir 30. The first unit operation 22 may include one or more microchannels in exemplary configurations, such as, without limitation, as discussed in U.S. Patent No.
6,192,596 entitled "Active microchannel fluid processing unit and method of making," and U.S.
Patent No.
6,622,519 entitled "Process for cooling a product in a heat exchanger employing microchannels for the flow of refrigerant and product," . Such microchannels may include catalytic agents such as, without limitation, in the form of an interior wall lining, in the form of packed particles, and in the form of lined or packed inserts adapted to be positioned within the microchannels. The outlet stream of the first unit operation 22 may be in fluid communication and/or thermal communication with one or more additional unit operations, in addition to or in lieu of the process material reservoir. Such an additional unit operation may be adapted to process one or more of the constituents comprising the processed material stream and such an additional unit operation may include, without limitation, a distillation unit separating one or more constituent components thereof.

[00521 A second unit operation 26 may be in thermal communication with the first unit operation 22 to allow for thermal energy to be exchanged therebetween. For instance, in an exemplary circumstance where the first unit operation 22 includes a chemical reactor carrying out endothermic reactions, the second unit operation 26 may include a heat exchanger to facilitate providing at least a portion of the thermal energy required to initiate and/or maintain the reactions within the chemical reactor of the first unit operation 22. Such an exemplary second unit operation 26 may be adapted to carry saturated steam into thermal communication with the chemical reactor of the first unit operation 22 and carry away condensed water or lower temperature steam therefrom. Various assemblies and mechanisms capable of facilitating the transfer of thermal energy between unit operations via at least one of convection, conduction, and radiation are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

[00531 It is likewise within the scope and spirit of the invention for the second unit operation 26 to include a chemical reactor in addition to, or in place of, the heat exchanger. An exemplary chemical reactor of the second unit operation 26 might carry out an exothermic reaction, such as a combustion reaction, providing a thermal energy source available to be transferred to the first unit operation 22 in thermal communication therewith. Likewise, the second unit operation 26 may include a heat exchanger having a high thermal energy fluid flowing therethrough, where a process parameter might require the reduction of the thermal energy content therein that may be achieved by thermal communication between such a fluid and the first unit operation 22.
Exemplary processes the first unit operation 22 may carry out where such thermal energy transfer may be advantageous include, without limitation, distillation and endothermic reactions.

[0054] It is also within the scope and spirit of the invention for the second unit operation 26 to provide a thermal energy sink in thermal communication with the first unit operation 22. The first unit operation 22, for example, may include a chemical reactor carrying out an exothermic reaction, such as a combustion reaction. Likewise, the first unit operation 22 may include a heat exchanger having a high thermal energy fluid flowing therethrough, where a process parameter might require the reduction of the thermal energy content therein that may be achieved by thermal communication between such a fluid and the second unit operation 26.
In such an exemplary circumstance, the second unit operation 26 may include a chemical reactor carrying out an endothermic reaction, a heat exchanger, and/or another process unit adapted to facilitate thermal energy transfer from the first unit operation 22. Those of ordinary skill are familiar with the plethora of such processes falling within such exemplary circumstances.

[0055] The pressurized vessel 18 may include a vent valve 32 to vent a portion of the compressive medium contained therein. Exemplary instances where the vent valve 32 may be opened include excess thermal expansion of the compressive medium and shutdown of the first unit operation 22 and/or the second unit operation 26.

[0056] The pressurized vessel 18 may further include a purge stream and valve 34 in series therewith to provide selective fluid communication between the compressive medium within the pressurized vessel 18 and the first unit operation 22. In an exemplary configuration, the first unit operation 22 may include a chemical reactor incorporating microchannels and a catalytic agent.
In such a configuration, it may be advantageous to provide a generally isothermal stream of compressive medium, optionally an inert medium, during a shutdown procedure of the chemical reactor in order to avoid thermal shock to the first unit operation 22, maintain the integrity of any microchannels therein, and minimize or virtually eliminate thermal fouling of any catalytic agent therein. An exemplary source of generally isothermal compressive medium may include the compressive medium within the pressurized vessel 18. As such, compressive medium from the pressurized vessel 18 may be withdrawn to flow through the purge stream and associated valve 34, into the supply stream, and thereafter into the chemical reactor of the first unit operation 22 to dilute the reactant and reduce the number and/or frequency of reactions occurring therein.
Alternatively, or in addition to, the compressive medium of the purge stream may flow directly into the supply stream no longer carrying a significant amount of reactant therein to achieve a complete purge. Likewise, the chemical reactor of the first unit operation 22 may include an inlet within the pressurized vessel 18 where compressive medium may directly and selectively enter therein without utilizing the supply stream. The above exemplary purge processes may also be applicable where process units other than a chemical reactor of the first unit operation 22 are included therewith or in place thereof.

[00571 A controller 36 may be operatively coupled to the first sensor 20, the second sensor 24, the vent valve 32, and the valve 34 of the purge stream. The first sensor 20 and the second sensor 24 concurrently detect the respective pressures within the pressurized vessel 18 and the first unit operation 22 and transmit such pressure data to the controller 36.
In an exemplary circumstance, it may be advantageous to maintain a higher pressure within the pressurized vessel 18 and a comparatively lower pressure within the first unit operation 22;
i.e., a circumstance where the first unit operation 22 is in compression. Upon receiving data from the first sensor 20 and the second sensor 24, a number of actions may be taken by the controller 36 to manipulate such pressures as will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the relevant art.

[00581 It is also within the scope of the present invention to provide more unit operations other than solely the first and second unit operations discussed above. Likewise, it is within the scope of the present invention to provide more than one unit operation within the pressurized vessel, and/or provide more than one unit operation outside of the pressurized vessel that may be in thermal communication therewith. The above discussion is equally applicable to alternate embodiments having more than two unit operations, where more than one unit operation is located within the pressurized vessel or outside thereof. Such alternate embodiments will be obvious to one of ordinary skill after fully appreciating the foregoing.

[00591 In an exemplary unit operation startup procedure in accordance with the present invention, the first unit operation 22 may include a chemical reactor in fluid communication with the material source 28. A supply stream coming from the material source 28 may be ramped-up, in concentration and/or in volumetric flow, resulting in more and more material molecules flowing therethrough. Presuming that the chemical reactor of the first unit operation 22 is carrying out a reaction where, on a mole-by-mole basis, a net increase in molecules results from converting reactant (material) to product (processed material), the pressure within the chemical reactor of the first unit operation 22 may increase as more reactant is converted to product, and may also increase from increases in pressure and temperature associated with the inlet stream.
The second sensor 24 conveys pressure data to the controller 36 representing any such variance in pressure within the chemical reactor. If the comparative pressure data from the first sensor 20 and second sensor 24 indicate that the pressure within the pressurized vessel 18 is not adequate to maintain the first unit operation 22 in compression within a predetermined tolerance, the controller 36 might direct a valve (not shown) to be opened between the holding tank 16 and the pressurized vessel 18. Compressive medium maintained within the holding tank 16 at a comparatively higher pressure would rush into the pressurized vessel 18 and the resulting increase in pressure would be indicative of pressure data generated by the first sensor 20 and conveyed to the controller 36. The controller 36 would instruct the valve between the pressurized vessel 18 and the holding tank 16 to be closed after the pressure within the pressurized vessel 18 was within a predetermined tolerance of parameters associated with the startup process. This cycle may continue up to, and including, steady state operation if a pressure deficiency is observed by the controller 36.

[0060] In an exemplary unit operation shutdown procedure in accordance with the present invention, the first unit operation 22 may include a chemical reactor in fluid communication with the material source 28. The supply stream coming from the material source 28 maybe constrained to limit the number of material molecules reaching the first unit operation 22. This constraint may result in the generation of fewer and fewer processed material molecules, presuming the reaction conversion rate remains relatively unchanged. Presuming that the chemical reactor of the first unit operation 22 is carrying out a chemical reaction which, on a mole-by-mole basis, results in a net increase in molecules when reactant (material) is converted to product (processed material), the pressure within the chemical reactor may decrease.
Likewise, the pressure and/or temperature of the supply stream may be decreased to decrease the pressure within the chemical reactor of the first unit operation 22. The second sensor 24 conveys pressure data to the controller 36 representative of any variance in pressure within the chemical reactor of the first unit operation 22. If the comparative pressure data from the first sensor 20 and the second sensor 24 indicate that the pressure within the pressurized vessel 18 is higher than a predetermined tolerance, the controller 36 might direct the vent valve 32 to be opened to vent at least a portion of the compressive medium within the pressurized vessel 18, thereby reducing the pressure therein. Compressive medium would exit the higher pressure pressurized vessel 18 until the controller 36 received data from the first sensor 20 indicating that the pressure within the pressurized vessel 18 was within a predetermined tolerance for shutdown and resulting in the vent valve 32 directed closed by the controller 36. Alternatively, in circumstances where the atmospheric pressure is greater than the pressure within the pressurized vessel 18, a compressor or pump (not shown) may be provided in fluid communication therewith to reduce the internal pressure within the pressurized vessel 18.

[00611 In the exemplary shutdown procedure discussed above, it may also be advantageous to concurrently purge the chemical reactor of the first unit operation 22 with the compressive medium contained within the pressurized vessel 18. The compressive medium within the pressurized vessel 18 may provide a source of compressive medium that may be relatively isothermal with the chemical reactor of the first unit operation 22 and the contents associated therewith. As the purge valve 34 is directed open by the controller 36 during an exemplary shutdown procedure, compressive medium (optionally inert medium) leaves the higher pressure pressurized vessel 18 and enters the reactant stream, thereafter entering the chemical reactor of the first unit operation 22. As discussed above, the first unit operation 22 may include a direct inlet system (not shown) for allowing compressive medium from the pressurized vessel 18 to flow directly into the first unit operation 22 without use of the supply conduit carrying the reactant stream. The purging of the chemical reactor of the first unit operation 22 with the compressive medium is intended to decrease the number of reactions occurring therein, and in an exothermic reaction cycle, will concurrently act to reduce the temperature of the chemical reactor, presuming that the reactant and/or purge entering the reactor is not at an elevated temperature. As compressive medium leaves the pressurized vessel 18, the first sensor 20 detects the drop in internal pressure and relays this data to the controller 36. The controller 36 may respond to such data by opening the valve between the holding tank 16 and the pressurized vessel 18 to allow more compressive medium to flow into the pressurized vessel, presuming that the pressure differential between the pressurized vessel 18 and the reactor 22 is outside of a predetermined tolerance. The compressive medium flowing into the pressurized vessel 18, from the holding tank 16, may be above, at, or below the temperature of the chemical reactor of the first unit operation 22 and any other contents of the pressurized vessel 18.

[0062] One of ordinary skill in the art will readily realize that the present invention does not require the first unit operation 22 to unilaterally withstand high internal pressures exhibited therein. The pressure of the compressive medium, that may optionally include an inert medium, provides a compressive force acting upon the first unit operation 22, thereby providing a counteracting force to any internal pressure developed therein. In sum, components of the first unit operation 22 may be constructed from materials having dimensions not possible but for the pressurized vessel 18 and the counteracting external pressure force acting upon the first unit operation 22.

[00631 Referring to FIG. 2, a second exemplary system 8' in accordance with the present invention includes a first unit operation 22' and a second unit operation 26' within the pressurized vessel 18'. As discussed above, the first unit operation 22' and the second unit operation 26' may include, without limitation, a chemical reactor, a mixer, a chemical separation unit, and a heat exchanger. Likewise, the first unit operation 22' and the second unit operation 26' may include microchannels and be adapted to be maintained in compression by the compressive medium within the pressurized vessel 18'. Discussion of exemplary processes that may be carried out within the first unit operation 22 of the first exemplary system 8 are equally applicable for the first unit operation 22' and the second unit operation 26' of the second exemplary system 8'. In addition, the second unit operation 26' may include a sensor 38 for detecting pressure within the second unit operation 26' and relaying such information to the controller 36' operatively coupled thereto.

[00641 Referencing FIG. 3, a third exemplary system 8" in accordance with the present invention includes a compressive medium supply/source 10" in fluid communication with a compressor 12" outputting the compressed medium to a filtration unit 14". After filtration, the compressed medium may be deposited into a holding tank 16" in fluid communication with a pressurized vessel 18" having a first sensor 20" to monitor the pressure therein. The pressurized vessel 18"
contains a first unit operation 22" having a sensor 24" monitoring the pressure therein. A supply stream directs materials from a material source 28" into the first unit operation 22" and an output stream carries processed materials from the first unit operation 22" and to a processed material reservoir 30". The pressurized vessel 18" may also contain a second unit operation 26", with a sensor 38", that may be coupled to and/or in thermal communication with the first unit operation 22". The pressurized vessel 18" may also include a vent valve 32" to selectively vent compressive medium therefrom.

[0065] The first unit operation 22" and the second unit operation 26" may include one or more microchannels therein. Such microchannels, as discussed above, may include a catalytic agent in fluid communication with some or all of the supply stream such as in the form of a catalytic lining occupying at least a portion of the internal walls of the microchannels in exemplary configurations where the first unit operation 22" and/or the second unit operation 26" include a chemical reactor.

[0066] As discussed previously with respect to the first and second exemplary embodiments 8, 8', the first unit operation 22" and the second unit operation 26" may include, without limitation, a chemical reactor, a mixer, a chemical separation unit, and a heat exchanger.
A chemical separation unit may perform, without limitation, distillation, extraction, absorption, and adsorption. As discussed in more detail in the first exemplary embodiment 8, the first unit operation 22" may include a chemical reactor in thermal communication with a chemical reactor of the second unit operation 26". Exemplary shutdown, steady state, and start-up procedures as discussed previously are applicable to the third exemplary embodiment 8", as the pressurized vessel 18" may include a valve (not shown) to provide selective fluid communication between the compressive medium contained therein and the first unit operation 22"
and/or the second unit operation 26" to encompass the exemplary purposes discussed above, such as purging, and other purposes apparent to those of ordinary skill. A near isothermal purge fluid, such as the compressive medium within the pressurized vessel 18", may avoid potential equipment damage due to thermally induced stresses otherwise associated with large temperature differences between the purge fluid and the components of the first unit operation 22"
and/or the second unit operation 26".

[0067] The third exemplary embodiment 8" also includes a recycle stream having a recycle valve 39 in series therewith to provide selective fluid communication between the pressurized vessel 18" and at least one of an auxiliary heat exchanger 40 and the compressive medium source 10".
The auxiliary heat exchanger 40 may be utilized to vary the thermal energy associated with the compressive medium cycled therethrough before being directed to the compressive medium supply/source 10".

[00681 It is also within the scope and spirit of the present invention to concurrently provide heat transfer from or to the first unit operation 22" and/or the second unit operation 26" via the compressive medium. In such an exemplary procedure it is anticipated that the compressive medium within the pressurized vessel 18" and within the system is sufficient in and of itself to handle the heat loads of the first unit operation 22" without requiring the second unit operation 26" to bear any of the heat load, and vice versa. It is likewise within the spirit of the present invention to enable one unit operation 22", 26" to bear the entire heat load without necessitating the compressive medium within the recycle stream and system to bear a significant duty of the heat load of the alternate unit operation 26", 22". In an exemplary procedure where the first unit operation 22" requires thermal energy added thereto or taken away therefrom, it may be desirable for the second unit operation 26" to be capable of accommodating the entire heat load, and likewise providing the compressive medium and the system associated therewith to be capable of accommodating the entire heat load, such that the complete failure of either the compressive medium and system or a unit operation 26" would allow the other to fully accommodate the thermal energy duty associated with the first unit operation 22", and vice versa.

[00691 Referring to FIG. 4, a first exemplary reaction process 100 may be carried out using components described in the first, second, or third exemplary embodiments 8, 8', 8", and obvious variations thereof. However, for purposes of simplicity, not all components analogous to the exemplary components of the first, second, or third exemplary embodiments 8, 8', 8" are shown and/or discussed. A pressurized vessel 18"' contains a compressive medium compressing a first unit operation 22"' adjacent to a second unit operation 26"'. The first unit operation 22"' includes a first chemical reactor carrying out an exothermic reaction process, such as, without limitation, a combustion reaction process. Those of ordinary skill are familiar with such a process and the conditions under which it may be carried out. The second unit operation 26"' includes a second chemical reactor that carries out an endothermic reaction therein, such as, without limitation, steam reformation, in thermal communication with the first chemical reactor.

[0070] The first chemical reactor includes microchannels in fluid communication with fuel from a fuel source 102 and oxygen from an oxygen source 104. The microchannels of the first chemical reactor may include catalyst that facilitates the combustion reaction between the fuel and oxygen to result in at least one product and the generation of thermal energy. After combustion, the exhaust/product flows from the first chemical reactor and may be released to the open atmosphere and/or be collected in an exhaust/product reservoir 106.

[0071] The second chemical reactor includes microchannels in fluid communication with steam from a steam feed 108 and hydrocarbons from a hydrocarbon source 110. (See U.
S. Patent No.
6,680,044). The microchannels of the second chemical reactor may include catalyst that facilitates an endothermic reformation reaction between the steam and hydrocarbons and results in at least one product. After the reaction, the product flows from the second chemical reactor and is directed to a product reservoir 112. It is envisioned that the product reservoir 112 may provide a feed source for one or more downstream unit operations.

[0072] The oxygen, fuel, steam and hydrocarbons may travel in a cross current, counter current or co-current direction with respect to the exhaust/product to facilitate thermal energy transfer therebetween. The enhanced heat transfer capabilities offered by microchannels allow thermal energy generated by the combustion reaction to be efficiently transferred to the oxygen, fuel, steam and hydrocarbons flowing therethrough.

[0073] The compressive medium within the pressurized vessel 18"' may include high pressure water that is heated by the thermal energy generated from the combustion reaction within the first chemical reactor. A fraction of the high pressure water may be withdrawn from the pressurized vessel 18and directed through a recycle conduit 114 where it is flashed into a steam drum 116. The pressure inside the steam drum 116 is considerably less than that within the pressurized vessel 18"' and the recycle conduit 114 which enables a portion of the high temperature high pressure water to change phase and generate saturated steam.
The bottoms product, liquid water, is fed to a compressor/pump 118 and cycled back to the pressurized vessel 18"' to absorb thermal energy from the first chemical reactor. The tops product, or steam, is fed to the steam feed 108 that provides steam as a reactant for the steam reformation reaction carried out within the second chemical reactor. Those of ordinary skill are familiar with the various processes that may likewise make use of the steam generated by the first exemplary reaction process 100.

[0074] Referring to FIG. 5, an alternate first exemplary reaction process 100"" may be carried out using some of the components described in the first reaction process 100, and obvious variations thereof. The reaction process 100"" includes an exothermic reaction within the first unit operation 22"" and an endothermic reaction within the second unit operation 26"". The alternate first exemplary reaction process 100"" includes a water source 117 in fluid communication with the compressor/pump 118"" to provide a source of pressurized water to the pressurized vessel 118"". Those of ordinary skill will understand that a water source is implicit in the first exemplary reaction process 100 discussed previously. Vapor is generated from the water contained in 118"" by the excess heat generated by 22"". A steam drum/separator 119 in fluid communication with the pressurized vessel 1181... contains both water and steam, and provides a source of steam to the steam feed 108"" and second unit operation 26"". The steam and water are separated within the drum 119 prior to the steam being directed to the stream feed ""
108 .

[0075] The reactants and products discussed herein may include fluids, such as, without limitation, gases, liquids, and mixtures thereof that may contain solids.
Although the above discussion refers to streams, conduits, and channels, it is to be understood that such process paths may be comprised of a plurality of streams, conduits, and channels. For example, tens, hundreds, thousands, tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, or millions of separate process paths operating concurrently may be employed with the present invention. For example, a process stream may be comprised of a plurality of individual microchannels that accommodate a requisite volumetric flow, with such microchannels being provided in multiples as needed to accommodate such flow.

[00761 Referencing FIGS. 6-9, a first exemplary pressurized vessel unit 120 includes a long cylindrical pressurized vessel 18, 18', 18", 18"', 18"" (collectively 18*) that contains a first unit operation 22, 22', 22", 22"', 22"" (collectively 22*) and a second unit operation 26, 26', 26", 26"', 26"" (collectively 26*) of the exemplary embodiments 8, 8', 8", 8"', 8""
discussed above, where the first unit operation 22* and the second unit operation 26* are combined to form an integrated module 122.

[00771 Referencing FIG. 10, an exemplary segment of a module 122 includes a repeating unit 124 that may comprise a series of adjacent microchannels. For purposes of explanation only, the first unit operation 22* and the second unit operation 26* each include a chemical reactor. The first unit operation 22* may include a first microchannel 126 adapted to carry a processed material (product) therein, where the processed material may be the resultant of an endothermic reaction, for example. The first unit operation 22* may also include a second microchannel 128 adapted to carry a material (reactant) therein, isolated adjacently in the repeating unit 124 from, but in fluid communication with, the first microchannel 126. The second unit operation 26*
may include a third microchannel 130 that may be adapted to carry a reactant (fuel) therein. The second unit operation 26* may also include a fourth microchannel 132 that may be adapted to carry a reactant (air) therein and be in fluid communication with the third microchannel 130 to selectively mix the reactants in a catalytic portion of the third microchannel 130 where a reaction is carried out to convert the reactants to product. The second unit operation 26* may further include a fifth microchannel 134 that maybe adapted to carry a flow of products, isolated adjacently in the repeating unit 124 from, but in fluid communication with, the third and fourth microchannels 130, 132. Whereas, the first and second microchannels 126, 128 are adapted to be separate from, and not in fluid communication with, the third, fourth, and fifth microchannels 130, 132, 134.

[0078] Referring to FIG. 11, the repeating unit 124 may be combined with a second repeating unit 124 to create a basic unit 136 that is repeated throughout the module 122. Reference is had to U.S. Patent No. 6,622,515 entitled "Process for Cooling a Product in a Heat Exchanger Employing Microchannels for the Flow of Refrigerant and Product," U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 10/222,196 entitled "Integrated Combustion Reactors and Methods of Conducting Simultaneous Endothermic And Exothermic Reaction," U.S. Patent Application Serial No.
10/222,604 entitled "Multi-Stream Microchannel Device," U.S. Patent Application Serial No.
10/219,956 entitled "Process for Conducting an Equilibrium Limited Chemical Reaction in a Single Stage Process Channel," and U.S. Patent Application Serial No.
10/306,722 entitled "Microchannel Apparatus, Methods of Making Microchannel Apparatus, and Processes of Conducting Unit Operations," for a more detailed explanation of the construction of the module 122.

[0079] Referencing FIGS. 6-9, the pressurized vessel unit 120 includes a throughput 140 adapted to receive a supply stream in fluid communication with a material source (not shown), a throughput 142 adapted to receive an output stream in fluid communication with a processed material reservoir (not shown), and a throughput 144 adapted to receive a compressive medium stream in fluid communication with a compressive medium source (not shown).
Two headers 146, 148 are mounted to the pressurized vessel unit 120 and include openings 150, 152 therein that are adapted to be in fluid communication with a second material source (not shown), such as a methane holding tank, and third material source (not shown), such as an air tank. The exemplary unit 120 includes five microchannel modules 122 located at least partially therein, with each of the first unit operations 22* in fluid communication with the others 22*, to the exclusion of the second unit operations 26*, and with each of the second unit operations 26* in fluid communication with the others 26*.

[0080] Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9, a module 122 is at least partially contained within the pressurized vessel unit 120, such that the first unit operation 22* and the second unit operation 26* are adapted to be in compression. A conduit 154 in fluid communication with the header 146 may provide a supply stream to the second unit operation 26*, while a conduit 156 in fluid communication with the header 148 may likewise carry a supply stream to the second unit operation 26*. An internal conduit 158 in fluid communication with the throughput 140 (See FIG. 8) may provide a material, such as a reactant, to the first unit operation 22*, while an internal conduit 159 in fluid communication with a throughput 142 (See FIG. 8) may carry away processed material, such as a product, from the first unit operation 22*. In an exemplary combustion reaction occurring within the second unit operation 26*, the conduit 154 may carry a hydrocarbon and the other conduit 156 may carry oxygen, air, or another oxygen source. The e exhaust or product stream from the second unit operation 26* may be vented through a port 160 approximate the exposed portion of the module 122. It is also within the scope and spirit of the present invention to capture the exhaust/product by placing a manifold over the port 160 and directing the exhaust/product to a subsequent process unit (not shown).

[0081] The pressurized vessel unit 120 may also include two or more refurbishment lines 162, 164 for catalyst regeneration within the unit operations 22*, 26*. Optionally, the pressurized vessel unit 120 may include flanged conduits 166 to be utilized as inspection ports for the unit operations 22*, 26* contained therein. Such flanged conduits 166 would typically be flanged closed under normal operation of the pressurized vessel unit 120 and unit operations 22*, 26*
contained therein.

[0082] Referencing FIGS. 11-15, a second exemplary pressurized vessel unit 200 includes a long cylindrical pressurized vessel 18* that houses the first unit operation 22*
and the second unit operation 26* therein under a compressive force supplied by a compressive medium also housed therein and entering via an opening 201. As discussed with respect to the first exemplary pressurized vessel unit 120, the first unit operation 22*, and the second unit operation 26* may each include a microchannel chemical reactor for purposes of explanation only.

[0083] The unit 200 is sealed at both longitudinal ends 202, 204 with respect to an external environment and may include five microchannel modules 122', at least partially housed therein, in selective fluid communication with headers 206, 208, 210, 212 mounted exteriorly thereto. A
first header 206 includes a supply stream inlet 214 in fluid communication with a reactor of the first unit operation 22*, while a second header 208 includes an output stream outlet 216 also in fluid communication with the first unit operation 22*. A third header 210 includes a supply stream inlet 218 in fluid communication with a reactor of the second unit operation 26*, and a fourth header 212 includes a supply stream inlet 220 in fluid communication with the second unit operation 26*. As discussed above, each module 122' may comprise a first unit operation and a second unit operation including microchannels therein, and thus, the headers 206, 208, 210, 212 provide fluid communication with the respective modules 122.

[0084] In an exemplary steam reformation reaction carried out within the first unit operation 22*, the first header 206 may carry steam and methane (material) and the second header 208 may carry hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide (processed material). In an exemplary combustion reaction within the second unit operation 26*, the third header 208 may carry a hydrocarbon (reactant or fuel) and the fourth header 210 may carry air or another oxygen source (reactant). The exhaust or product stream from the second unit operation 26*
may be vented through a port 230 approximate the exposed portion of the module 122. It is also within the scope of the present invention to capture the exhaust/product by placing a manifold over the port 230 and direct the exhaust/product to a subsequent process unit (not shown).

[0085] The pressurized vessel unit 200 may also include two or more refurbishment lines 222, 224 (not shown in FIGS. 12 and 13) for catalyst regeneration within the reactors of the unit operations 22*, 26*. Optionally, the pressurized vessel unit 200 may include flanged conduits (not shown) to be utilized as inspection ports for the unit operations 22*, 26*. Such flanged conduits would typically be flanged closed under normal operation of the pressurized vessel unit 200.

[0086] As will be understood by one skilled in the art, the exemplary pressurized vessel units 120, 200 shown in FIGS. 6-9 and 12-16 are wholly exemplary in nature and may be further configured to include features discussed in any of the exemplary embodiments above.

[0087] The present invention has been described above with respect to exothermic and endothermic reactions in general, and combustion and reformation reactions as more specific examples, however, the present invention is applicable for carrying out other reactions, such as, without limitation, acetylation, addition reactions, alkylation, dealkylation, hydrodealkylation, reductive alkylation, amination, ammoxidation aromatization, arylation, autothermal reforming, carbonylation, decarbonylation, reductive carbonylation, carboxylation, reductive carboxylation, reductive coupling, condensation, cracking, hydrocracking, cyclization, cyclooligomerization, dehalogenation, dehydrogenation, oxydehydrogenation, dimerization, epoxidation, esterification, exchange, Fischer-Tropsch, halogenation, hydrohalogenation, homologation, hydration, dehydration, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, hydrocarboxylation, hydroformylation, hydrogenolysis, hydrometallation, hydrosilation, hydrolysis, hydrotreating (including hydrodesulferization HDS/HDN), isomerization, methylation, demethylation, metathesis, nitration, oxidation, partial oxidation, polymerization, reduction, reformation, reverse water gas shift, Sabatier, sulfonation, telomerization, transesterification, trimerization, and water gas shift.
[0088] For each of the exemplary reactions listed above, there are catalysts and conditions known to those skilled in the art for carrying out such reactions that likewise fall within the scope and spirit of the present invention. For example, the invention contemplates methods of amination through an amination catalyst and apparatuses containing the amination catalyst. In sum, the invention can be described for each of the reactions listed above, either individually (e.g., hydrogenolysis), or in groups (e.g., hydrohalogenation, hydrometallation and hydrosilation with hydrohalogenation, hydrometallation and hydrosilation catalyst, respectively).

[00891 Referring to FIGS. 17-19, a third exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a microchannel unit operation assembly 1000. The microchannel unit operation assembly 1000 includes a cylindrical pressurized vessel 1200 that defines an interior cavity bounded by a cylindrical wall 1400 and two end caps 1600, 1800. An entrance orifice and an exit orifice (not shown) through the rear end cap 1600 provide access to the interior cavity and are operative to supply or remove a pressurized fluid housed within the vessel 1200. A dock 2000 is mounted to the top of the vessel 1200 and runs the majority of the longitudinal length of the vessel 1200. The dock 2000 circumscribes a rectangular opening 2200 within the cylindrical wall 1400 and defines five generally rectangular openings 2400 that are operative to receive five removable microchannel process units 2600. As will be discussed in more detail below, the microchannel process units 2600 include at least one side that is tapered and adapted to rest upon a correspondingly tapered surface of the dock 2000. Thereafter, a rectangular flange 2800 bolts to the dock 2000 (and optionally to the unit 2600) and is operative to sandwich a gasket assembly 3000, 3000' between each process unit 2600 and the dock 2000. The first gasket assembly 3000 is operative to seal the rectangular opening in the dock 2000 occupied by the microchannel process units 2600 and seal an interface between the flange 2800 and each process unit 2600, while the second gasket assembly 3000' is operative to seal the interface between the openings within the process unit 2600 and the openings on the side of the dock 2000.

[00901 A series of conduits 3200, 3400, 3600, 3800 are mounted to the vessel 1200 and are adapted to direct fluid streams into, or away from, each of the microchannel process units 2600.
Each microchannel process unit 2600 includes a series of microchannels adapted to be in fluid communication with the conduits mounted to the vessel 1200. Three of the conduits 3200, 3400, 3600 are operative to carry input streams, while one conduit 3800 carries an output stream. A

second output stream is exhausted at the top of each microchannel process unit 2600 through the rectangular opening 4000 in the flange 2800 and gasket assembly 3000.

[00911 For purposes of explanation only, the microchannel process unit 2600 includes a microchannel reactor 2600 operative to carry out two concurrent reactions.
While various reactions may be carried out within a microchannel reactor 2600, for purposes of explanation, it is presumed that the microchannel reactor 2600 will carry out a combustion reaction and a syngas reaction (where methane and stream are reacted to generate primarily carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas). In such an exemplary combustion reaction, a fluid fuel stream, which may consist of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide, is carried through the first input conduit 3200 and directed to a first set of microchannels within the reactor 2600. The second input conduit 3400 is operative to carry an oxygen-rich fluid, which may consist of air, that is directed to a second set of microchannels within the reactor 2600. The second set of microchannels is operative to direct the oxygen-rich fluid into direct contact with the fuel stream flowing within a downstream section of the first set of microchannels. This downstream section includes distributed catalyst that facilitates a combustion reaction between the oxygen-rich fluid and the fuel stream generating thermal energy and reaction products. The catalyst may line the walls of the downstream section of the first set of microchannels or be retained within the microchannels in another manner.

[00921 The downstream section of the first set of microchannels is in intimate contact with a third set of microchannels containing a reactant stream delivered thereto by the third input conduit 3600. The reactant stream includes a pressurized mixture of steam and methane that utilize the thermal energy generated by the combustion reaction, in the presence of a catalyst, to drive an endothermic syngas (steam reformation) reaction where the product stream is rich in hydrogen gas. The exhaust of the combustion reaction is vented through openings 4000 within the top of the reactor 2600, while the steam reformation products are directed out of the reactor 2600 and into the first output stream 3800 for further processing downstream.
Exemplary pressures exerted upon the microchannels of the reactor for these reactions include pressures at or above 335 psig. In order to reduce the stress upon the microchannels, the reactors 2600 are at least partially surrounded by a pressurized fluid within the vessel 1200 operative to provide a pressure balance by exerting a pressure of approximately 335 psig. In order to exert such pressures upon the exterior of the reactors 2600, the pressurized vessel 1200 must be fabricated to withstand these pressures for extended periods. The following is an exemplary sequence to fabricate the pressurized vessel 1200 and associated conduits 3200, 3400, 3600, 3800 in accordance with the present invention, based upon a cylindrical vessel 1200 having a diameter of thirty-six inches.

[00931 Referring to FIG. 20, a preliminary frame 10000 includes a rectangular metal bar 10200 having five sets of four dove-tailed rectangular openings 10400 formed therethrough that are each separated by a series of metal blocks 10600. Exemplary dimensions for the bar 10200 include 16000 inches in length, 12.15 inches in width, and 2.38 inches in thickness, while exemplary dimensions for each block 10600 include 4.00 inches in length, 12.15 inches in width, and 7.24 inches in thickness. The metal blocks 10600 are mounted to an interior surface 10800 of the bar 10200 at a predetermined angle that, as will be discussed below, can vary between 45 degrees from perpendicular. Each of the four rectangular openings 10400 has a dimension of 27.19 inches length, 12.15 inches width with the depth corresponding to the thickness of the bar.
Ten sets of gasketing material 11000 are mounted to a channel (not shown) within the interior surface 10800 of the bar 10200, with each set of gasketing material 11000 surrounding two (top two 11200 or bottom two 11400) of the four dove-tailed openings 10400.
Exemplary gasketing material 11000 for use with the present invention includes, without limitation, Garlock Helicoflex Spring Energized Seals, metal/graphite gaskets, reinforced graphite, corrugated metal/spiral wound gaskets, and elastomeric seals. As discussed previously, the gasketing material 11000 is operative to provide a fluidic seal between the interior surface 10800 of the bar 10200 and an exterior surface of the microchannel process unit (see FIG. 18, 3000'). Two mirror image frames 10000 are constructed so that the metal blocks 10600 of each frame face one another and the exterior surfaces 11600 of each bar 10200 face away from one another.

[00941 Referencing FIGS. 21 and 22, an arcuate metal strip 11800 is welded to the exterior surface 11600 of each bar 10200. As will be apparent below, the metal strip 11800 is incorporated into the overall structure to define the cylindrical vessel 1200 (see FIG. 17) and, therefore, has an arc representative of a 9.69 inch wide longitudinal section of a thirty-six inch cylinder. The metal strip 11800 runs the entire length of the bar 10200 and is operative to divide the top two 11200 and bottom two 11400 rectangular openings 10400. A ten inch pipe segment 12000 is welded to the underneath side 12200 of the strip 11800 and welded to the exterior surface 11600 of the bar 10200 to create a longitudinal conduit 12400 supplying the bottom 11400 openings. Two arcuate extensions 12600, 12800 are aligned with the ends of the metal strip 11800 and welded to respective ends of the frame 10000, which includes mounting the extensions 12600, 12800 to the ends of the strip 11800, bar 10200, and block 10600. The arcuate extensions 12600, 12800 are representative of a 19.65 inch segment of a thirty-six inch diameter cylinder, with the first extension 12600 having a width Wl of 20.00 inches, and the second extension 12800 having a width W2 of 6.00 inches.

[00951 Referencing FIG. 23, a ten inch pipe segment 14000 is welded to the exterior 11600 of the bar 10200, the strip 11800, the block 10600, and the extensions 12600, 12800 to provide a separate longitudinal conduit 14200 feeding the top 11200 series of openings.
This conduit 14200 runs in parallel with the conduit 12400 feeding the bottom two 11400 series of openings.
A notch is cut from the segment 14000 prior to welding in order to allow the front aspect 14300 to match the contours of the ends of the bar 10200, the block 10600, and top surface of the first extension 12600.

[0096] Referencing FIGS. 24 and 25, end caps 14400, 14600 contacting the ends of the two respective segments 12000, 14000, the bar 10200, and the far block 10600 are welded above and below the second extension 12800 in order to enclose the ends of the conduits 12400, 14200.
[0097] Referring to FIG. 26, an opposing end 14800 of the first conduit 12400 receives an adapter 15000 operative to redirect the flow of materials in a direction other than along the linear longitudinal length of the bar 10200. The adapter 15000 comprises a ten inch pipe segment 15200 and an end cap 15400 contoured to match the arc of the underside of the first extension 12600. A six inch pipe segment 15600 is circumferentially welded to an orifice (not shown) in the ten inch pipe segment 15200 to provide a down tube. The resulting structure comprises an intermediate frame 16000.

[0098] Referencing FIG. 27, the two, mirror image intermediate frames 16000 are joined by welding a series of block spacers 16200 between opposing blocks 10600, resulting in five rectangular openings 16400 within the top of the eventual vessel 1200 (see FIG. 28). A
corresponding spacer 16600, 16800 is welded between the extensions 12600,12800 and to the block spacers 16200 and opposing blocks 10600 in order to bridge the gap between the extensions. An elbow pipe 17000 is welded to the circumferential opening of each adapter 15000, where the elbow pipe has an extension pipe 17200 welded thereto.

[0099] Referring to FIG. 28, a semicircular pipe 17200 is welded to the opposing ends 17400 of each strip 11800 and extensions 12600, 12800 to provide a continuous cylindrical body 17600 (outside of the openings 15400). A rear end cap 18000 and a front end cap 18200 are welded to the cylindrical body 17600 to enclose the 3600 inch diameter opening on each end. The rear end cap 18000 includes two flanged pipes (not shown) providing fluid communication with the interior of the vessel 1200. The front end cap 18200 includes two orifices 18400 adapted to allow the pair of extension pipes 17200 to pass therethrough as the cap is oriented to abut the opening at the front of the cylindrical body 17600. A first circumferential weld mounts the body 17600 to the rear cap 18000, and a second circumferential weld mounts the front cap 18200 to the body 17600. A third set of circumferential welds is operative to close the front end of the vessel 1200 by sealing any gap between the openings 18400 and the extension pipes 17200 piercing the openings 18400. A flange 18600 is mounted to each end of the respective extension pipes 17200 and is adapted to mate with a preexisting flanged conduit (not shown). Two ten inch flanged pipes 18800 are respectively contoured to match the exterior shape of the vessel 1200 and welded to the ends of the pipe sections 14000 and to the exterior of the vessel 1200.
The flanges at the end of the pipe 18800 are adapted to mate with a preexisting flanged conduit (not shown) upon installation of the vessel 1200.

[01001 The resulting vessel 1200 is operative to provide sealed fluid communication between the flanged openings 19000, 19200, 19400, 19600 and the openings 11200, 11400 along the interior sides of the vessel 1200. More specifically, the first flanged opening 19000 provides the sealed conduit 3200 (see FIG. 17) in fluid communication with the top openings 11200 longitudinally spaced along the left hand side 20000 of the vessel, whereas the second flanged opening 19200 provides the sealed conduit 3400 (see FIG. 17) in fluid communication with the top openings 11200 longitudinally spaced along the right hand side 20200 of the vessel. The third flanged opening 19400 provides the sealed conduit 3800 (see FIG. 17) in fluid communication with the bottom openings 11400 longitudinally spaced along the right hand side 20200 of the vessel, whereas the fourth flanged opening 19600 provides the sealed conduit 3600 (see FIG. 17) in fluid communication with the bottom openings 11400 longitudinally spaced along the left hand side 20000 of the vessel.

[01011 As discussed above, the orientation of the blocks 10600 with respect to the bar 10200 may be manipulated during fabrication to angle the openings 11200, 11400 with respect to completely vertical, such as tapering the openings 11200, 11400 inward (from bottom to top) or tapering the openings 11200, 11400 outward (from bottom to top). Other methods operative to angle the openings with respect to completely vertical will become obvious to those of ordinary skill, and all such methods and apparatuses concurrently fall within the scope of the present invention. By manipulating the dimensions of the opening 16400, is it possible to suspend the microchannel process unit 2600 within the opening. For example, if each bar 10200 is oriented outward 5 degrees (from bottom to top) from vertical, a V-shaped profile is provided along at least one plane of the opening 16400 (see FIG. 19). If the microchannel process unit 2600 is correspondingly shaped to taper inward from top to bottom to match the taper of the opening 16400, it is possible to vertically suspend the reactor from the dock 2000 without requiring the process unit 2600 to be rigidly mounted to the dock, such as by welding.

[0102] Referring to FIG. 29, an alternate configuration 10000' may be utilized in instances where the operating pressure exerted upon the process unit 2600' by the fluid within the vessel 1200' will be a positive gauge pressure, tending to push the process unit 2600' out of the opening 16400', it may be advantageous to orient each bar 10200' inward 5 degrees (from bottom to top) from vertical to provide an inverted V-shaped profile or frustropyramidal portion is provided along at least one plane of the opening 16400' so that higher pressures tend to push a process unit 2600' with a correspondingly inverted V-shaped profile more tightly against the dock 2000'. In such an instance, the process unit 2600' may include a flange 2800' or other attachment point to mount the unit 2600' to the dock/vessel 2000'/1200'. It is to be understood either approach (tapered inward or tapered outward) could be utilized in conditions calling for positive or negative operational gauge pressures to be exerted upon the process unit 2600, 2600' by the contained fluid of the vessel 1200, 1200'.

[0103] Several advantages are apparent from the exemplary embodiments of the present invention. For example, by making the microchannel process unit 2600 removable from the vessel 1200, replacement of the units 2600 is made much easier, as opposed to prior methods requiring cutting the welds between the units and the vessel 1200. Welding of the units 2600 also introduced high local temperatures that tended to degrade or destroy catalyst in proximity to the weld and/or result in delaminations. In addition, by making the units 2600 removable by simply twisting a few bolts, refurbishment of catalyst within the reactor units may be accomplished without the need for separate catalyst refurbishment lines piercing the pressure vessel 1200 and units.

[0104] Other advantages of making the microchannel process units 2600 removable include the removal or replacement of individual units 2600 (as opposed to a bank of units), the ability to refurbish active metal catalysts away from the pressure vessel 1200, and the ability to pressure test or perform other tests upon the process unit 2600 away from the pressure vessel 1200.
[0105] Referencing FIGS. 30-32, a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a Fischer-Tropsch reactor assembly 30000. The reactor assembly includes a pressurized vessel 30200 consisting of a hollow cylindrical shell 30400 sealed at its ends by a front end cap 30600 and a rear end cap 30800. The front end cap 30600 includes three orifices that receive three corresponding flanged conduits 31000, 31200, 31400 that extend into the interior of the shell 30400. Two other flanged conduits 31600, 31800 are received by two orifices within the shell 30400 and provide communication with the interior of the shell. Each end cap 30600, 30800 is mounted circumferentially to the cylindrical shell to provide a fluid tight seal therebetween. Exemplary techniques for mounting the end caps 30600, 30800 to the cylindrical shell 30400 include, without limitation, welding and flanged connections utilizing torqued bolts.
Each flanged conduits 31000, 31200, 31400, 31600, 31800 is circumferentially welded to a corresponding opening within the vessel 30200 in order to mount the conduits to the vessel and ensure the vessel is capable of being pressurized and maintaining such pressure.

[0106] For purposes of explanation only, the Fischer-Tropsch reactor assembly 30000 is adapted to carry out a Fisher-Tropsch synthesis where carbon monoxide and hydrogen within a feed stream are converted into higher molecular weight hydrocarbons in the presence of a catalyst. More specifically, the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons include Cs-100 paraffins, oxygenates, and olefms. In order to increase the yield of desired products, the dissipation of thermal energy away from the reactive zones of a Fischer-Tropsch reactor is important, as the reaction is highly exothermic.

[0107] Referencing FIG. 33, the present invention makes use of microchannel reactors 32000 such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,192,596 entitled "Active microchannel fluid processing unit and method of making," and U.S. Patent No. 6,622,519 entitled "Process for cooling a product in a heat exchanger employing microchannels for the flow of refrigerant and product," each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Exemplary microchannel reactors 32000 for use with the present invention are fabricated from stainless steel alloys and include interposed microchannels, where a first set of microchannels contain catalysts utilized for Fisher-Tropsch synthesis where the reactants (CO and 112) form hydrocarbons and generate thermal energy, and a second set of microchannels carry a coolant adapted to remove at least a portion of the thermal energy generated by the Fisher-Tropsch synthesis.

[0108] Referring FIGS. 33-36, a series of microchannel reactors 32000 are housed within the interior of the vessel 30200 and receive a reactant stream with relatively high concentrations of carbon monoxide and hydrogen by way of the reactant conduit 31400. A manifold 32200 in communication with the reactant conduit 31400 is welded to each of the reactors and operative to distribute the reactant stream amongst the six microchannel reactors 32000. As the reactants flow through the microchannels (not shown), Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst contained within the microchannels facilitates an exothermic reaction generating thermal energy. An internal coolant is delivered to the microchannel reactors 32000 by way of the coolant conduit 31200 feeding a manifold 32400 welded to and distributing the coolant amongst the six microchannel reactors. In this exemplary embodiment, the coolant is boiler feed water entering the reactors 32000 at approximately 220 C and exiting the reactors as a mixture of liquid water and saturated steam opposite the manifold 32400.

[0109] Superheated steam enters the reactors 32000 by way of the steam conduit 31000 in order to provide a flowing stream of product from the reactors 32000. As discussed above, the products from the reactors 32000 include high molecular weight hydrocarbons which may result in partial solidification within the microchannels. To inhibit the solid content of the products stream from blocking the microchannels, superheated steam is injected into the microchannels downstream from the reaction section of the microchannels to provide a source of thermal energy to the product stream and elevate the temperature within the product stream and ensure that fluid flow continues. As the product stream exits the reactors 32000 via a welded manifold 32600, the products are collected into a product conduit 32800. The product conduit 32800 is jacketed by the steam conduit 31000 and provides a countercurrent heat exchanger providing more thermal energy (higher temperature steam) to the product stream as it travels farther downstream from the reactors 32000.

[0110] The vessel 30200 includes an active level control system (not shown) to inhibit the level of water within the vessel from reaching the outlets of the reactors 32000 where water and steam are exiting. An orifice (not shown) within a lower circumferential area of the vessel 30200 provides access to the water conduit 31800 for removal of water from the vessel. It is envisioned that the water withdrawn from the vessel 30200 be routed through the coolant conduit 31200 to supply the boiler feed water. At the top of the vessel 30200 is the steam outlet conduit 31600 operative to withdraw the steam produced within the reactors 32000. The active control system is also operative to maintain the fluid surrounding the reactors 32000 at an elevated pressure so that the pressure exerted upon the exterior of the reactors is not significantly less than the pressures exerted upon the interior aspects of the reactors.

[0111] Those of ordinary skill will understand that the pressure exerted by the fluids surrounding the reactors 32000 will vary depending upon the operating parameters chosen for the reactors.
Nevertheless, it is within the scope of the present invention that the vessel be constructed to withstand internal pressures of 500 psig. Exemplary materials for use in fabricating the vessel 30200 include, without limitation, SA 515, SA 516, and 1 1/4 chrome alloys.

[01121 Those of ordinary skill are familiar with commercially available catalysts for use in a Fisher-Tropsch synthesis. These catalysts include, without limitation, those disclosed and taught by U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 10/776,297 entitled "Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Using Microchanel Technology and Novel Catalyst and Microchannel Reactor".

[01131 It is also within the scope of the present invention that the reactors 32000 be removable from the manifolds 32200, 32400, 32600. In this manner, the manifolds 32200, 32400, 32600 are bolted to the reactors 32000 with an interposing gasket to ensure a fluidic seal between the manifolds and reactors. Exemplary gaskets for use with this alternate exemplary embodiment include, without limitation, Garlock Helicoflex Spring Energized Seals, graphite gaskets, reinforced graphite, corrugated metal/spiral wound gaskets, and elastomeric seals. As discussed previously, welding of the reactors 32000 introduces high local temperatures that may degrade or destroy catalyst in proximity to the weld and/or result in delaminations. In addition, the availability to quickly remove one or more reactors 32000 from the vessel 30200 obviates the need to provide separate catalyst refurbishment lines. In such an alternate exemplary embodiment, the refurbishment of active metal catalysts can occur away from the pressure vessel 30400, as well as the ability to perform tests upon the reactors 32000 away from the pressure vessel 30400.

[0114] Following from the above description and invention summaries, it should be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that, while the apparatuses and methods described herein and illustrated constitute exemplary embodiments of the present invention, it is understood that the invention is not limited to these precise embodiments and that changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the claims.
Additionally, it is to be understood that the invention is defined by the claims and it is not intended that any limitations or elements describing the exemplary embodiments set forth herein are to be incorporated into the claims unless explicitly recited in the claims themselves. Likewise, it is to be understood that it is not necessary to meet any or all of the recited advantages or objects of the invention disclosed herein in order to fall within the scope of any claim, since the invention is defined by the claims and since inherent and/or unforeseen advantages of the present invention may exist even though they may not have been explicitly discussed herein.

[01151 What is claimed is:

Claims

1. A method of starting up one or more units, the method comprising the steps of:

feeding a material to a first unit including microchannels therein;
increasing the material within a supply stream entering the first unit;
processing, within the first unit, at least a portion of the material;

monitoring at least one of internal pressure, temperature, and concentration at least one of within the first unit or downstream from the first unit; and pressurizing a containment device, at least partially containing the first unit therein, with a compressive medium to maintain a pressure differential between an internal pressure within the containment device and an internal pressure within the first unit such that the internal pressure within the containment device is greater than the internal pressure within the first unit.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of monitoring the internal pressure within the containment device and responding to the internal pressure measurements by pressurizing the containment device to track the internal pressure within the first unit.

3. The method of claims 1 or 2, wherein the first unit includes at least one of a chemical reactor, a heat exchanger, a mixer, and a separation unit.

4. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the pressurizing step includes providing selective fluid communication between the containment device and a compressive medium source.

5. The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the compressive medium includes at least one of an inert medium, the material fed to the first unit, and the processed material exiting the first unit.

6. The method of any one of claims 1-5, further comprising the steps of:
feeding a composition to a second unit;

processing, within the second unit, at least a portion of the composition;

monitoring at least one of internal pressure, temperature, and concentration at least one of within the second unit or downstream from the second unit; and pressurizing the containment device, at least partially containing the second unit therein, with the compressive medium to maintain the pressure differential between the internal pressure within the containment device and an internal pressure within the second unit such that the internal pressure within the containment device is greater than the internal pressure within the second unit.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the second unit includes microchannels through which the composition may flow therethrough.

8. A method of shutting down one or more units, the method comprising the steps of:
containing at least a portion of a first unit including microchannels within a pressure containment vessel including an inert medium operative to compress the first unit;

decreasing material within a supply stream entering the first unit;

directing inert medium into fluid communication with the material to provide an inert medium concentration within the first unit;

monitoring at least one of pressure, temperature, and concentration at least one of' within and downstream from the first unit; and increasing the inert medium concentration within the first unit.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the containing step includes the step of venting the inert medium to a lower pressure sink to reduce an internal pressure of the pressure containment vessel.

10. The method of claims 8 or 9, wherein the directing step includes directing at least a poi-tion of the inert medium from the pressure containment vessel into fluid communication with the first unit to provide the inert medium concentration within the first unit.

11. The method of any one of claims 8-10, further comprising the steps of containing at least a portion of a second unit within the pressure containment vessel including the inert medium operative to compress the second unit;

decreasing a feed supply within a feed supply stream entering the second unit;

and monitoring at least one of pressure, temperature, and concentration at least one of within and downstream from the second unit.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising the steps of:

directing inert material into fluid communication with the second unit to provide an inert material concentration within the second unit; and increasing the inert material concentration within the second unit.

13. The method of claim 11 or 12, wherein the second unit includes microchannels.

14. A method of operating a unit comprising the steps of:

containing a first microchannel module at least partially within a containment vessel, the first microchannel module comprising a first unit and a second unit, where the first unit and the second unit each include at least one of a chemical reactor, a mixer, a chemical separation unit, and a heat exchanger;

pressurizing the containment vessel at least partially housing the first unit and the second unit with a compressive medium within the containment vessel;

operating the first unit and the second unit to include passing a first fluid through the first unit and a second fluid through the second unit; and monitoring at least one of an internal pressure within the first unit, the second unit, and the containment vessel;

wherein the first unit and the second unit include microchannels conveying the first fluid through the first unit and conveying the second fluid through the second unit.

15. A method of carrying out a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis comprising:

containing, at least partially, a microchannel unit within a pressurized vessel, where the microchannel unit includes a first set of microchannels in fluid communication with a first inlet conduit, a second inlet conduit, and a first outlet conduit, and where the microchannel unit includes a second set of microchannels in thermal communication with the first set of microchannels;

reacting carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst within the first set of microchannels to produce hydrocarbons;

introducing an elevated temperature fluid via the second inlet conduit downstream from the catalyst within the first set of microchannels; and generating steam in a second set of microchannels, where the steam is vented to the interior of the pressurized vessel.

16. A method of producing hydrogen comprising the steps of:

containing a first microchannel module at least partially within a containment vessel, the first microchannel module comprising a microchannel chemical reactor;
pressurizing the containment vessel at least partially housing the microchannel chemical reactor with a medium within the containment vessel;

operating the microchannel chemical reactor to carry out a catalytic hydrogen production process using a hydrocarbon input stream; and monitoring at least one of an internal pressure within the microchannel chemical reactor and an internal pressure within the containment vessel.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the catalytic hydrogen production process includes at least one of a catalytic oxidation process and a Fischer-Tropsch process.

18. The method of claim 14, wherein the first microchannel module includes a plurality of laminated sheets mounted to one another to define internal microchannels of the first unit and the second unit, where at least one of the internal microchannels of the first unit is adjacent to at least one of the internal microchannels of the second unit.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of adjusting the pressure within the containment vessel to maintain a predetermined pressure differential between the internal pressure of the containment vessel and at least one of the internal pressure of the first unit and the internal pressure of the second unit.

20. The method of claim 19, further comprising the steps of:

carrying out a fluid medium reaction within the first unit; and carrying out a fluid medium reaction within the second unit;

wherein thermal energy is exchanged between the first fluid and the second fluid based in part upon the nature of the fluid medium reactions carried out in the first unit and the second unit.

21. The method of claim 14, wherein:

the first unit includes a chemical reactor;

the second unit includes a chemical reactor; and the compressive medium contained within the containment vessel includes at least one of a reactant from at least one of a reactant supply stream in fluid communication with the first unit and a reactant from at least one of a reactant supply stream in fluid communication with the second unit.

22. The process unit of claim 14, wherein the compressive medium contained within the containment vessel includes at least one of a product from at least one of a product stream in fluid communication with the first unit and a product from at least one of a product stream in fluid communication with the second unit.

23. The method of claim 1, wherein:

the material. comprises steam and methane;

the microchannels of the first unit comprise a microchannel reactor; and processing of the material includes reacting the steam and the methane as part of a steam reformation reaction.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of at least one of the steam and the methane within the microchannel reactor.

25. The method of claim 23, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of at least one of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide within the microchannel reactor.

26. The method of claim 23, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of at least one of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide downstream from the microchannel reactor.

27. The method of claim 23, wherein:

the compressive medium includes water; and at least a portion of the water comprises steam that is conveyed to the microchannel reactor.

28. The method of claim 23, wherein the containment device is pressurized prior to feeding the material to the microchannel reactor.

29. The method of claim 1, wherein:

the material comprises hydrogen and carbon monoxide;

the microchannels of the first unit comprise a microchannel reactor; and processing of the material includes reacting the hydrogen and carbon monoxide as part of a Fischer-Tropsch reaction.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of at least one of the hydrogen and the carbon monoxide within the microchannel reactor.

31. The method of claim 29, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of at least one the hydrogen and the carbon monoxide downstream from the microchannel reactor.

32. The method of claim 29, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of hydrocarbon product resulting from the Fischer-Tropsch reaction downstream from the microchannel reactor.

33. The method of claim 29, wherein:

the compressive medium includes water; and at least a portion of the water comprises steam that is conveyed outside the containment device.

34. The method of claim 29, wherein the containment device is pressurized prior to feeding the material to the microchannel reactor.

35. The method of claim 8, wherein:

the material comprises steam and methane; and the microchannels of the first unit comprise a microchannel reactor; and the steam and the methane flow into the microchannel reactor and react as part of a steam reformation reaction.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of at least one of the steam and the methane within the microchannel reactor.

37. The method of claim 35, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of at least one of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide within the microchannel reactor.

38. The method of claim 35, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of the inert medium within the microchannel reactor.

39. The method of claim 35, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of at least one of the steam and the methane downstream from the microchannel reactor.

40. The method of claim 35, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of at least one of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide downstream from the microchannel reactor.

41. The method of claim 35, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of the inert medium downstream from the microchannel reactor.

42. The method of claim 35, wherein:

the inert medium within the pressure containment vessel includes water; and at least a portion of the water comprises steam that is conveyed to the microchannel reactor.

43. The method of claim 35, further comprising the step of decreasing an internal pressure within the pressure containment vessel, wherein the decrease in the internal pressure coincides with the step of increasing the inert medium concentration within the first unit.

44. The method of claim 8, wherein:

the material comprises hydrogen and carbon monoxide;

the microchannels of the first unit comprise a microchannel reactor; and processing of the material includes reacting the hydrogen and carbon monoxide as part of a Fischer-Tropsch reaction.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of at least one of the hydrogen and the carbon monoxide within the microchannel reactor.

46. The method of claim 44, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of inert medium within the microchannel reactor.

47. The method of claim 44, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of hydrocarbon product resulting from the Fischer-Tropsch reaction within the microchannel reactor.

48. The method of claim 44, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of at least one of the hydrogen and the carbon monoxide downstream from the microchannel reactor.

49. The method of claim 44, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of inert medium downstream from the microchannel reactor.

50. The method of claim 44, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of hydrocarbon product resulting from the Fischer-Tropsch reaction downstream from the microchannel reactor.

51. The method of claim 44, wherein:

the inert medium within the pressure containment vessel comprises water; and at least a portion of the water comprises steam that is conveyed outside the pressure containment vessel.

52. The method of claim 44, further comprising the step of decreasing an internal pressure within the pressure containment vessel, wherein the decrease in the internal pressure coincides with the step of increasing the inert medium concentration within the first unit.

53. The method of claim 14, wherein:

the first fluid comprises steam and methane; and the microchannels of the first unit comprise a first chemical reactor; and the steam and the methane flow into the first chemical reactor and react as part of a steam reformation reaction.

54. The method of claim 53, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of at least one of the steam and the methane within the first chemical reactor.

55. The method of claim 53, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of at least one of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide within the first chemical reactor.

56. The method of claim 53, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of the inert medium within the first chemical reactor.

57. The method of claim 53, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of at least one of the steam and the methane downstream from the first chemical reactor.

58. The method of claim 53, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of at least one of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide downstream from the first chemical reactor.

59. The method of claim 53, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of the inert medium downstream from the first chemical reactor.

60. The method of claim 53, wherein:

the inert medium within the containment vessel includes water; and at least a portion of the water comprises steam that is conveyed to the first chemical reactor.

61, The method of claim 53, wherein:

the second fluid comprises hydrogen and carbon monoxide;
the second fluid is output from the first chemical reactor;

the microchannels of the second unit comprise a second chemical reactor; and processing of the second fluid includes reacting the hydrogen and carbon monoxide as part of a Fischer-Tropsch reaction.

62. The method of claim 61, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of at least one of the hydrogen and the carbon monoxide within the second chemical reactor.

63. The method of claim 61, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of inert medium within the second chemical reactor.

64. The method of claim 61, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of hydrocarbon product resulting from the Fischer-Tropsch reaction within the second chemical reactor.

65. The method of claim 61, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of at least one of the hydrogen and the carbon monoxide downstream from the second chemical reactor.

66. The method of claim 61, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of inert medium downstream from the second chemical reactor.

67. The method of claim 61, wherein monitoring step includes monitoring a concentration of hydrocarbon product resulting from the Fischer-Tropsch reaction downstream from the second chemical reactor.

68. The method of claim 61, wherein:

the inert medium within the pressure containment vessel comprises water; and at least a portion of the water comprises steam that is conveyed outside the containment vessel.