CA2580928C

CA2580928C - Coplanar x-ray guided aiming arm for locking of intramedullary nails

Info

Publication number: CA2580928C
Application number: CA2580928A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Alberto Fernandez; Markus Buttler; Andreas Waelchli
Original assignee: Synthes USA LLC
Current assignee: Synthes USA LLC
Priority date: 2004-09-23
Filing date: 2005-09-23
Publication date: 2014-03-04
Anticipated expiration: 2025-09-23
Also published as: EP2481363A1; CN101584598A; US20090131951A1; KR20070067688A; US20190015114A1; JP4955561B2; BRPI0515574B1; EP2481363B1; US20060064106A1; US20120232561A1; US20110130765A1; NZ554233A; US7887545B2; US20060106400A1; EP1799127B1; CN101584598B; CN101068501A; US8500746B2; US10820916B2; EP1799127A1

Abstract

A novel coplanar X-ray guided method and device for insertion of distal locking screws in intramedullary bone nails. The device has coplanar holes, which allow insertion of protective sleeves. A drill and bone screws can be inserted through the protective sleeves. Radiopaque target markers in the aiming arm enable the easy positioning of an X-ray source such that an X-ray beam is coplanar with the aiming arm transverse holes. After the X-ray source is accurately oriented, a single X-ray snapshot is enough to assess the exact distortion of the implanted intramedullary nail. The X-ray beam need not be coaxial with the intramedullary nail holes. The aiming arm has a mobile portion and a fixed portion fastened to the nail, wherein said aiming arm can be adjusted, displacing the mobile portion over the fixed portion, to compensate for the distortion of the intramedullary nail after implantation.
Once the aiming arm is precisely positioned, the aiming arm transverse holes and intramedullary nail holes are accurately aligned, protective sleeves are inserted through aiming arm holes, bone drills are drilled through the intramedullary nail holes and surrounding bone material, and bone screws are inserted, locking the intramedullary nail to the bone.

Description

COPLANAR X-RAY GUIDED AIMING ARM FOR LOCKING OF
INTRAMEDULLARY NAILS
FIELD OF INVENTION

[0002] The present invention is directed to aiming arin locking of intramedullary nails, and in particular to X-ray guided aiming arm locking of intramedullary nails.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] It is well known the use of intramedullary nails to treat bone fractures in tubular bones. A nail is implanted in the medullary canal of the bone across the fracture site in order to retain the bone fragments on the bone nail and to secure the bone fragments from being displaced. The nail has transverse holes and is fixed to the bone by a number of locking screws or fixation bolts which must pass through holes in the nail and into the surrounding bone material. After the nail is inserted into the medullary canal, the distal end of the nail is invisible to the naked eye. Numerous methods and apparatus have been developed to successfully place locking screws across both a fractured bone and an implanted intramedullary nail.

[0004] Usually nails are locked at both ends, close to the entry point and far away from the entry point. The region of the bone where the nail is implanted is identified as proximal and the opposite end of the intramedullary nail is distal. Nail locking is currently made using either mechanical aiming arms or X-ray guidance.

[0005] Mechanical aiming instruments, which are fixedly attached to the proximal end of the implanted bone nail, may provide concentric alignment with the proximal screw holes in order to enable reliable drilling such as those disclosed in United States Patent Nos. 5,334,192, 5,766,179, and 6,514,253.

[0006] An advantage of this mechanical aiming arm is that neither the patient nor the surgeon will be exposed to the X-ray source. However, distal screw holes may not perform satisfactorily due to distortion of the intramedullary nail while being driven into the bone and/or mechanical stress on the aiming arm. Aiming-arm-guided-locking is usually successful for proximal locking since the distortion of the nail when inserted into the bone is negligible for a short length of nail. However, it is usually not successful for distal locking except for very short nails since the distortion of the nail when inserted into the bone is not negligible.

[0007] Distortion in the implanted intramedullary nail happens in the 3D
space and can be analyzed into its main components:

[0008] - Length variation in the axis of the intramedullary nail.

[0009] - Rotational distortion in the axis of the intramedullary nail.

[0010] - Flexion distortion in the plane of the intramedullary nail distal holes [0011] - Flexion distortion perpendicular to the plane of the distal holes of the intramedullary nail.

[0012] We can accept, when using non slotted intramedullary nails provided of coplanar distal holes, that the first three mentioned distortions: (1) length distortion in the axis of the nail, (2) rotational distortion in the axis of the nail, and (3) flexion deformity in the plane of the distal screw holes of the nail, are negligible for our task of distal locking.
However, flexion distortion in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the distal screw holes of the nail is very important and the distortion of concern when distal locking is the objective.

[0013] X-ray guidance is what is presently most used for distal locking except for very short nails. The procedure starts by exactly positioning the X-ray beam in the axis of the nail holes, something that is not always straightforward for the X-ray technician.
The intramedullary nail will cast a dark, elongate image on the X-ray monitor, while the nail holes will appear as light circles or ovals. In particular, the nail hole will appear as a circle when the X-ray source is positioned such that the X-ray beam is parallel to the axis of the nail hole, something that is a complex 3D procedure.

[0014] After the nail holes have been located, a drill is used to drill through the bone for insertion of the locking screw. This procedure may be accomplished either with or without the use of an aiming arm guide, wherein said aiming arm guide can be fastened to the bone nail or not.

[0015] Various aiming guides are already known in the art to be used in conjunction with the X-ray source in order to accurately place the locking bone screws across both a fractured bone and an implanted intramedullary nail, such as those disclosed in United States Patent Nos.
4,803,976, 4,850,344, 6,656,189, 4,667,664, and 4,881,535.

[0016] All these X-ray guided procedures require the X-ray source positioned such that the X-ray beam is parallel to the axis of the nail hole. This is not always simple, and sometimes not even possible. It may also increase undesirable X-ray exposure to the surgeon, patient and operating room staff, and lengthen the surgical procedure.

[0017] Attempts have been made in the past to obtain a successful method for distal locking, which overcome the problems associated with X-ray guided locking.
However, most of these systems are cumbersome and require additional bone screw holes in order to exactly assess the position of the hole in the distorted intramedullary nail after implantation into the bone.

[0018] The present invention relates to a novel apparatus and method of distal locking that allows the surgeon to target and install bone screws into an intramedullary nail in an accurate, fast and reliable manner.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0019] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an aiming ann capable of being adjusted to compensate for the intramedullary nail distortion after its insertion into the bone, making use of the information given by a few snap shots of the X-ray image intensifier.

[0020] Another object of the present invention is to provide a radio lucent aiming arm for distal locking of an intramedullary nail having radiopaque target markers for use in determining when the position of an X ray source is such that an X ray beam is coplanar with the aiming arm holes axis.

[0021] Further, it is an object of the present invention to reduce undesirable X-ray exposure to the surgeon, patient and operating room staff.

[0022] The present invention provides an easy and straightforward procedure for the X-ray technician and the surgeon and makes distal bone fixation of intramedullary nails simple and fast, thereby addressing one of the most important issues in actual surgery ¨
time shortening.

[0023] The aiming arm of the present invention overcomes the disadvantages of conventional aiming arms by providing an easily obtainable X-ray guidance for distal locking without requiring that the X-ray beam be coaxial with the nail hole, thus reducing undesirable X-ray exposure to the surgeon, patient and operating room staff [0024] The novel feature of the present invention is an aiming arm capable of being adjusted to compensate for the nail deformation after its insertion into bone, making use of the information given by a few snap shots of the X-ray image intensifier.

[0025] By fulfilling the objectives mentioned above, the present invention is extremely helpful to the medical care area.

[0026] The preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an adjustable aiming arm fastened to a bone nail. The aiming arm is constructed of a radiolucent material and has coplanar transverse holes or apertures. The aiming arm has a number of radiopaque target markers to enable the X-ray technician to assess when the position of an X-ray source is such that an X-ray beam is coplanar with the transverse holes of aiming ann. The image shown by a single X-ray snapshot in this position gives the surgeon precise information on the amount of nail distortion after nail insertion into the bone, thereby allowing the surgeon to determine the aiming arm adjustment needed to compensate for the distortion of the intramedullary nail. Once the aiming arm is accurately oriented over the nail hole, so that the aiming arm transverse holes are coaxial with the nail holes, the surrounding bone material can be drilled.
After the bone is drilled, locking bone screws are screwed through the protective sleeves previously inserted into the aiming arm transverse holes.

[0027] Other objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] Preferred features of the present invention are disclosed in the accompanying drawings, wherein similar reference characters denote similar elements throughout the several views, and wherein:

[0029] FIG. 1 shows a plan view of an aiming arm according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention wherein the protective sleeves and a fastened intramedullary nail are shown;

[0030] FIG. 2 is a side view illustrating the aiming arm transverse holes precisely aligned with the intramedullary nail holes;

[0031] FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of the aligned aiming arm according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein the protective sleeves and the intramedullary nail fastened to the aiming arm are shown;

[0032] FIG. 4 shows a side view of an aiming arm according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein the fastened intramedullary nail is distorted after bone insertion, and wherein aiming arm holes and intramedullary nail transverse holes are not aligned thereof;

[0033] FIG. 5 shows a side view of an aiming arm according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention after compensation for the nail deformation was made, so that aiming arm holes and intramedullary nail transverse holes are aligned;

[0034] FIG. 6 is a perspective view in the plane of the aiming arm holes, illustrating how the alignment of intramedullary nail cross holes and aiming arm holes can be confirmed despite the fact that the X-ray beam is not aligned with the axis of the intramedullary nail holes;

[0035] FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of FIG. 5;

[0036] FIG. 8 shows a perspective view of an aiming arm according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention wherein a fastened short intramedullary nail implanted into the bone is shown;

[0037] FIG. 9 is a side view illustrating the aiming arm holes precisely aligned with the short intramedullary nail;

[0038] FIG.10 shows a perspective view of FIG. 9, wherein the protective sleeves, the short intramedullary nail fastened to the aiming arm, and the front and rear radiopaque markers are shown;

[0039] FIG. 11 shows a side view of the aiming arm according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein the fastened intramedullary nail is distorted after bone insertion, and wherein the aiming arm holes and intramedullary nail transverse holes are not aligned;

[0040] FIG. 12 is a perspective view in the plane of the aiming arm holes, illustrating how a single X - ray snapshot in this plane enables one to assess the exact distortion of the intramedullary nail after insertion into the bone;

[0041] FIG. 13 shows a perspective view of the aiming arm according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention wherein the distorted intramedullary nail, and an insert with offset holes to compensate for the distortion of the intramedullary nail are shown;

[0042] FIG. 14 shows a side view of FIG. 13;

[0043] FIG. 15 is a side view of an aiming arm according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein the aiming arm is connected to an intramedullary nail.;

[0044] FIG. 16 is a top view of the aiming arm shown in FIG. 15;

[0045] FIG. 17 includes both top and side views of the lower portion of the aiming arm of FIG. 15;

[0046] FIG. 18 is a partial view of a top surface of the distal portion of the aiming arm of FIG. 15 showing the radiopaque markers;

[0047] FIG. 19 is a partial view of the bottom surface of the aiming arm of FIG. 15, opposite the surface shown in FIG. 18; and [0048] FIG. 20 is a partial view of the properly aligned radiopaque markers of the aiming arm shown in FIG. 15.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0049] Hereinafter, a method of bone fixation according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention will be explained with reference to FIGS. 1 ¨ 7.

[0050] Referring to FIG. 1 there is shown an aiming device 4, on which is mounted a mobile aiming arm portion 6. An intramedullary nail 2, with two coplanar transverse holes 3 is fastened to the aiming arm 4. Protective sleeves 7 slide through holes 5 located in the mobile part of the aiming arm 6, guiding drills and bone screws through the nail transverse holes 3 for distal locking of the intramedullary nail 2. Mobile aiming arm portion 6 rotates about the axis 9 with respect to aiming arm 4.

[0051] The aiming arm 4 is fastened to the intramedullary nail 2, and before the nail 2 is inserted into the bone 1, aiming arm holes 5 and intramedullary nail holes 3 are precisely aligned as shovvn in FIGS. 2 and 3.

[0052] After implantation into the bone, the distortion of the intramedullary nail causes the intramedullary nail holes 3 to move out of alignment with aiming arm holes 5 as shown in FIG. 4.

[0053] In a preferred embodiment, the aiming arm 4 is formed, at least partially, of a relatively radio lucent material and is provided with radiopaque target markers 10, 11, which enable one to asses when the position of the X ray source and ensure that the X-ray beam is coplanar with the plane of the aiming arm holes, eliminating the need for the X-ray beam to be coaxial with the intramedullary nail holes 3. As a consequence, a single snapshot from an X-ray source positioned such that an X-ray beam is coplanar with the aiming arm holes 5 is enough to determine the exact distortion of the intramedullary nail 2, as shown in FIG.
6.

[0054] By turning the adjusting knob 8 the required amount, the mobile part of the aiming arm 6 can be positioned to compensate for the distortion of the intramedullary nail 2, so that aiming arm holes 5 and nail holes 3 are re-aligned as shown in FIGS. 5 and 7.

[0055] Once aiming arm holes 5 and intramedullary nail holes 3 are aligned it is easy to slide in the protective sleeves 7 through the aiming arm holes 5. After the protective sleeves 7 are positioned, a drill bit is aligned with the nail hole 3 and drilled through the nail hole 3 and the surrounding bone material. Once the second drill bit is drilled accurately through the second nail hole 3 and the surrounding bone material, the second drill bit is removed, and a locking screw is inserted through the protection sleeve and screwed through the bone and second nail hole 3 to secure the nail to the bone. Finally, the first drill bit is removed, and a second locking screw is inserted through the sleeve 7 and screwed through the bone 1 and first nail hole 3 to secure the intramedullary nail 2 to the bone 1.

[0056] Next, an aiming arm device according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention will be explained with reference to FIGS. 8-14.

[0057] Referring to FIG. 8 there is shown an aiming device 14, fastened to a short intramedullary nail 12. The intramedullary nail 12 is provided with two coplanar transverse holes 13. Protective sleeves 17 can slide through holes 15, existing in the insert 16 situated in the aiming arm 14 in order to guide drills and bone screws through the nail cross holes 13, for distal locking of the intrameudullary nail 12. Insert holes 15, and nail holes 13 have the same axis 19.

[0058] The aiming arm 14 having radiopaque target markers, e.g., bubbles 20 and lines 21, is fastened to the bone nail 12. Before the intramedullary nail 12 is inserted into bone 1, aiming arm holes 15 and nail holes 13 are perfectly aligned as it can be seen in FIGS. 9 and 10.

[0059] After insertion into the bone, the intramedullary nail 12 commonly distorts such that aiming arm holes 15 and nail holes 13 are not aligned anymore as shown in FIG. 11.

[0060] A single snapshot of an X-ray source positioned such that an X ray beam is coplanar with the aiming arm holes 15 is sufficient to determine the amount of nail distortion, as shown in FIG. 12. By using an insert 16, provided with offset holes, aiming arm holes 15 and intramedullary nail holes 13 can be aligned again as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14.

[0061] Once aiming arm holes 15 and intramedullary nail holes 13 are aligned it is easy to slide in the protective sleeves 17 through the aiming arm holes 15 and slide a drill through the protective sleeves 17 to bore the bone 1. One may then slide bone screws through the protective sleeves 17 and through the aligned nail holes 13 in order to lock the intramedullary nail 12.

[0062] In still another preferred embodiment, shown in FIGS. 15-16, the present inventions relates to a radiolucent aiming device 30 for targeting transverse bores in an intramedullary nail 32 in order to distally lock nail 32 in place within a patient's bone. Aiming device 30 includes an aiming arm 34, which is removably and adjustably connected to an upper handle 36 and includes at least one transverse hole 33 for receiving and guiding drilling and fixation elements. Aiming arm 34 is configured to be both rotated with respect to handle 36 about axis 50 and translated with respect to handle 36 along axis 53 in the direction 52. Aiming arm 34 may also be removed from and re-connected to handle 36 for use with either left-hand or right-hand intramedullary nails. Handle 36 is attached to intramedullary nail 32 via nail insertion handle 38, which is releasably mounted to aiming arm handle 36 via a bolt, screw or other connection element having a knurled nut 39.

[0063] Aiming arm 34 includes a radiolucent lower portion 35 and an upper portion 37, where lower portion 35 is pivotally attached to upper portion 37 via a pin 40 and includes an adjustment knob 42 that actuates a screw mechanism to rotate arm portion 34 about axis 50 in order to adjust the angle of lower aiming arm portion 35 with respect to upper aiming arm portion 37 and handle 36. In a preferred embodiment, axis 50 is parallel to the axis of the transverse holes in the intramedullary nail. Handle 36 also includes a plurality of elongated slots 44 along which the upper portion 37 of aiming arm 34 may be adjustably mounted. A particular rail is selected based upon the orientation of the nail, i.e., right or left, and the size/length of the nail 32. Once mounted along a slot 44 by one or more pins 46, aiming arm 34 may be releasably locked against further translation along the direction 52 by knurled nut 48.

[0064] As shown best in FIGS. 18 and 19, lower portion 35 of aiming arm 34 includes a set of radiopaque markers on both its top and bottom surfaces, 56, 58, respectively. Top surface 56 includes a plurality of peripheral circles 60 aligned along the two longitudinal edges of top surface 56 and a series of dots 62 along the centerline of top surface 56. In addition, as discussed more fully below, a series of scale markers 64 (in the form of dashes), aid in determining the degree of angular adjustment necessary when the aiming arm 34 is not correctly aligned with the X-ray source. Top surface 56 may also include radiopaque markers 66 indicating the correct orientation of the device for the given installation, i.e., the letters "L"
and "R." In a preferred embodiment, circles 60 may have a diameter on the order 5.0 mm and scale markers 64 may have a length on the order of 5.0 mm.

[0065] As shown in FIG. 19, bottom surface includes its own set of radiopaque markers in the form of two peripheral lines 68 and one median line 70, all of which run parallel to one another. Peripheral lines 68 extend along both longitudinal edges of the bottom surface 58, while median line 70 runs along the centerline of bottom surface 58. Lines 68, 70 may a have a thickness on the order of 1.0-2.0 mm. As shown in FIGS. 16 and 17, in addition to being radiolucent, lower portion 35 of aiming arm 34 may include one or more recessed sections 72 between the top and bottom surfaces 56, 58, and their respective sets of radiopaque markers, such that less solid material lies between the radiopaque markers. This will aid in visualization and alignment of the radiopaque markers under image intensification.

[0066] In an effort to further describe the features and benefits of the present invention, reference will now be made to a method of using the disclosed aiming device.
First, prior to insertion of the intramedullary nail, the nail must be properly aligned with the aiming device of the present invention. Accordingly, nail insertion handle 38 is attached to aiming arm handle 36.
Next, aiming arm 34 is connected to an appropriate slot 44, which is selected based upon the nail length/size and the side of the patient requiring implantation, i.e., left or right. Knurled nut 48 is loosely coupled to handle 36 and calibration trocars 41 are used to align the aiming arm holes 33 with the transverse holes in the intramedullary nail and determine the appropriate length of aiming arm 34. Once the aiming arm holes 33 are properly aligned with the nail holes, knurled nut 48 is tightened securely and the calibration trocars are removed from device 30. Following this initial calibration, aiming device 30 is removed from insertion handle 38, and the nail is inserted into the medullary canal of the patient. After insertion, the nail is typically locked proximally using known techniques.

[0067] With the nail 32 inserted into the patient and proximally locked, aiming device 30 is re-attached to the nail insertion handle 38, with care taken not to adjust the knurled nut 48, which locks the aiming arm 34 against translational movement along slot 44.
Next, the image intensification equipment (C-ARM) is moved toward the patient and angled approximately 30-40 to the longitudinal axis of the bone. (This keeps the surgeon out of the radiation beam and helps avoid the contralateral limb.) Next, using the C-ARM, the surgeon verifies that the image of the radiopaque markers of aiming arm 34 is configured for the appropriate side (left or right).
If so, the "L" or "R" symbol, shown as 66 in FIG. 17. If necessary, the image may be transposed. While still using the C-ARM, the surgeon then identifies the various radiopaque markers, e.g., peripheral circles 60, dots 62, scale markers 64, and lines 68, 70. The C-ARM
beam is then adjusted in order to align the dots 62 so that they overlay the median line 70 and/or so that the relationship between the peripheral circles 60 and peripheral lines 68 is symmetrical (as shown in FIGS. 5 & 20). Therefore, if the dots 62 and circles 60 are above lines 68 and 70, the C-ARM should be rotated down, and if the dots 62 and circles 60 are below the lines 68, 70, then the C-ARM should be rotated up. In a preferred embodiment, scale markers 64 are configured such that each graduation of the scale represents 2 of rotation.
Therefore, the surgeon can use the scale markers 64 to determine the amount the C-ARM needs to be rotated in order to properly align the beam with the plane of the aiming arm holes 33. As shown in FIG.
20, when the center dots 62 overlay the median line 70, and the peripheral circles 60 lie symmetrically with respect to the peripheral lines 68, aiming arm 34 has been properly aligned with the C-ARM. If circles 60 are not symmetrically positioned with respect to the peripheral lines 68, the C-ARM still requires adjustment.

[0068] Once aiming an-n 34 is properly aligned with the C-ARM, the surgeon can visualize the nail and determine if any deflection in the anterior-posterior plane, i.e., in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the nail holes, has occurred. If so, the lower portion 35 of aiming arm 34 can be adjusted to re-align the aiming arm holes 33 with the nail holes. As discussed above, turning of adjustment knob 42 rotates the lower portion 35 of aiming arm 34 with respect to the handle 36 to accomplish this alignment and compensate for the anterior-posterior nail deflection. After adjusting the angle of the aiming arm 34, a final check should be made to ensure that the radiopaque markers are still in proper alignment. If not, the alignment steps described above should be repeated. Once aligned, a sleeve/trocar assembly is inserted through the aiming arm holes 33, and the radiopaque markers are checked once again to confirm alignment prior to drilling and insertion of locking elements.

[0069] While I have illustrated and described preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be understood that those skilled in the art will thereby be enabled to devise variations and modifications .

Claims

The embodiments of the present invention for which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
A radiolucent aiming ann for determining the location of a transverse hole in an implanted intramedullary nail, comprising:
an elongated body constructed substantially of radiolucent material, wherein the elongated body includes a first longitudinal axis, a front surface, a back surface, at least one transverse hole intersecting the front and back surfaces and defining a central hole axis, the elongated body having a first end configured and adapted for releasable attachment to a proximal end of the intramedullary nail; and at least a first radiopaque target marker positioned on a portion of the front surface at a second end of the elongated body and at least a second radiopaque target marker positioned on a portion of the back surface at the second end of the elongated body, the first radiopaque target marker having a different shape than the second radiopaque target marker wherein the first and second radiopaque target markers are configured and dimensioned to indicate that an X-ray beam is coplanar with a plane defined by the central hole axis of the aiming arm and a second longitudinal axis of the intramedullary nail, prior to any distortion caused by insertion of the nail into bone.
2. An aiming arm for determining a location and orientation of a transverse hole in an implanted intramedullary nail comprising:
an aiming device having a first longitudinal axis, a first end configured and adapted for releasable attachment to a proximal end of an intramedullary rod, and a second end, and a mobile aiming arm portion coupled to the second end of the aiming device, the mobile aiming arm portion having at least one transverse hole intersecting a first and second surface, the transverse hole having a first opening configured and adapted for user-controlled rotation with respect to the aiming device about an axis perpendicular to the first longitudinal axis;
wherein a first radiopaque target marker is integrally disposed within the mobile aiming arm portion adjacent to the first surface and a second radiopaque target marker is integrally disposed within the mobile aiming arm portion adjacent to the second surface, wherein the first radiopaque target marker at the first surface is of a different shape than the second radiopaque target marker at the second surface.
3. The radiolucent aiming arm of claim 1 wherein: the elongated body includes a fixed part configured and adapted for releasable attachment to the proximal end of the intramedullary nail and a second mobile part containing both the first and second radiopaque target markers and the transverse hole; and the second mobile part is adapted for user-controlled movement with respect to the fixed part to permit alignment of the transverse hole of the aiming arm with a transverse hole through the intramedullary nail.
4. The radiolucent aiming arm of claim 3 wherein the second mobile part of the elongated body is pivotable with respect to the fixed part about an axis perpendicular to the first longitudinal axis of the aiming arm.
5. The radiolucent aiming arm of claim 4 additionally comprising an adjusting knob configured and adapted to control the pivoting motion of the second mobile part with respect to the fixed part.
6. The radiolucent aiming arm of claim 3 wherein the second mobile part of the elongated body is slidably movable with respect to the fixed part in a direction substantially parallel to the first longitudinal axis of the elongated body.
7. The radiolucent aiming arm of claim I wherein the at least one first radiopaque target marker positioned on the front surface of the elongated body is at least one of the group consisting of a circle and a line, and the at least one second radiopaque target marker positioned on the back surface of the elongated body is at least one of the other of the group consisting of a circle and a line.
8. The aiming arm of claim 2, further comprising an adjustment element configured and adapted to permit user-controlled rotation of the mobile aiming arm portion with respect to the aiming device.
9. The aiming arm of claim 2 wherein the first radiopaque target marker at the first surface includes at least three circles and the second radiopaque target marker at the second surface includes at least one straight line.
10. The aiming arm of claim 8, wherein the adjustment element permits user-controlled locking of the mobile aiming arm portion with respect to the aiming device over a plurality of positions in order to maintain the position of the mobile portion after it is rotated to a desired position.
11. The aiming arm of claim 2, wherein the aiming device and the mobile aiming arm portion are non-detachably coupled to each other.
12. The aiming arm of claim 10, wherein user-controlled rotation and locking of the mobile aiming arm portion with respect to the aiming device occurs while the mobile aiming arm portion is engaged with or coupled to the aiming device.
13. The aiming arm of claim 2, wherein a longitudinal axis of the intramedullary nail is substantially parallel to the first longitudinal axis of the aiming device.
14. The aiming device of claim 13, wherein user-controlled rotation of the mobile aiming arm portion with respect to the aiming device is about an axis perpendicular to both the first longitudinal axis of the aiming device and the longitudinal axis of the intramedullary nail.
15. The aiming device of claim 2, wherein the mobile aiming arm portion rotates independently of the intramedullary nail.
16. A radiolucent aiming arm for determining the location of at least one transverse hole in an implanted intramedullary nail, comprising:
an elongated body constructed substantially of radiolucent material, the elongated body having a first end configured and adapted for releasable attachment to a proximal end of the intramedullary nail;
an insert removably inserted into an opening of the elongated body, the insert including a front surface, a back surface, and at least one transverse hole intersecting the front and back surfaces and defining a central hole axis, wherein the at least one transverse hole of the insert is axially aligned with the at least one transverse hole in the intramedullary nail; and a first radiopaque marker positioned on a portion of the front surface and a second radiopaque marker positioned on a portion of the back surface, the first radiopaque marker having a different shape than the second radiopaque marker.
17. The radiolucent aiming arm of claim 16, wherein the first and second radiopaque markers are configured and dimensioned to indicate that an X-ray beam is coplanar with a plane defined by the central hole axis and a second longitudinal axis of the intramedullary nail, prior to any distortion caused by insertion of the nail into bone.
18. The radiolucent aiming arm of claim 16 wherein: the elongated body includes a first part configured and adapted for releasable attachment to the proximal end of the intramedullary nail and a second part containing the opening for receiving the insert.
19. The radiolucent aiming arm of claim 17, wherein the first radiopaque marker positioned on the front surface is at least one of the group consisting of a circle and a line, and the second radiopaque marker positioned on the back surface is at least one of the other of the group consisting of a circle and a line.
20. The radiolucent aiming arm of claim 16, wherein the at least one transverse hole on the insert includes a plurality of offset holes with an orientation that matches an orientation of corresponding transverse holes in the intramedullary nail after a distortion occurs in the intramedullary nail.
21. The radiolucent aiming arm of claim 20, wherein the plurality of offset holes are structured to accommodate sleeves.
22. The radiolucent aiming arm of claim 20, wherein the offset holes are coaxial with the corresponding offset holes in the intramedullary nail when the insert is inserted in the opening of the elongated body.
23. The radiolucent aiming arm of claim 16, wherein the elongated body is adjustable to intramedullary nails of different lengths.
24. The radiolucent aiming arm of claim 17, wherein the first radiopaque marker positioned on the front surface includes at least three circles and the second radiopaque marker positioned on the back surface includes at least one straight line.
25. An aiming device for determining the location and orientation of a transverse hole in an implanted intramedullary nail comprising:
a handle portion attachable to a proximal end of an intramedullary nail; and an aiming arm formed of a radiolucent material and configured and dimensioned for removable attachment to the handle portion, the aiming arm having at least one transverse hole, the transverse hole running from a first surface to a second surface, each of the first and second surfaces having at least one radiopaque marker;
wherein the radiopaque marker on the first surface comprises at least three circles and the radiopaque marker on the second surface comprises at least one line;
and wherein the aiming arm is adjustably rotatable with respect to the handle portion and the aiming arm is adjustably translatable with respect to the handle portion.
26. The aiming device of claim 25, wherein the transverse hole in the aiming arm defines a first axis, and the aiming arm is adjustably rotatable about a second axis parallel to the first axis of the transverse hole.
27. The aiming device of claim 25, wherein the handle portion includes at least one longitudinal slot configured and dimensioned to permit translation of the aiming arm with respect to the handle portion.
28. The aiming device of claim 25, wherein the radiopaque marker on the first surface is scaled to indicate an adjustment value to a user.
29. The aiming device of claim 25, further comprising at least one recessed volume formed between the first and second surfaces to minimize the amount of material between the radiopaque markers.
30. The aiming device of claim 25, wherein the radiopaque markers on the first and second surfaces indicate the alignment of an X-ray source to obtain an X-ray beam coplanar with a central axis of the at least one transverse hole of the aiming ann.
31. The aiming device of claim 30, wherein the intramedullary nail has a longitudinal axis, and alignment of the radiopaque markers indicates that the X-ray beam is coplanar with a plane defined by the central axis of the aiming arm transverse hole and the longitudinal axis of the intramedullary nail, before the nail was inserted into the bone.