CA2605372A1 - Fiber optic accelerometer - Google Patents
Fiber optic accelerometer Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2605372A1 CA2605372A1 CA002605372A CA2605372A CA2605372A1 CA 2605372 A1 CA2605372 A1 CA 2605372A1 CA 002605372 A CA002605372 A CA 002605372A CA 2605372 A CA2605372 A CA 2605372A CA 2605372 A1 CA2605372 A1 CA 2605372A1
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- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- proof mass
- optical fiber
- acceleration
- housing
- sensing axis
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000011162 core material Substances 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 206010034972 Photosensitivity reaction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N argon Substances [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013536 elastomeric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036211 photosensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036962 time dependent Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01H—MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OR ULTRASONIC, SONIC OR INFRASONIC WAVES
- G01H9/00—Measuring mechanical vibrations or ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves by using radiation-sensitive means, e.g. optical means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01P—MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
- G01P15/00—Measuring acceleration; Measuring deceleration; Measuring shock, i.e. sudden change of acceleration
- G01P15/02—Measuring acceleration; Measuring deceleration; Measuring shock, i.e. sudden change of acceleration by making use of inertia forces using solid seismic masses
- G01P15/08—Measuring acceleration; Measuring deceleration; Measuring shock, i.e. sudden change of acceleration by making use of inertia forces using solid seismic masses with conversion into electric or magnetic values
- G01P15/093—Measuring acceleration; Measuring deceleration; Measuring shock, i.e. sudden change of acceleration by making use of inertia forces using solid seismic masses with conversion into electric or magnetic values by photoelectric pick-up
Abstract
A proof mass (22) suspended in a cavity (31) in a housing (24) moves along a sensing axis in response to linear acceleration. Elastic support members (32-35) connected between the proof mass (22) and the housing (24) exert a reaction force on the proof mass (22) in response to displacement of the proof mass (22) along the sensing axis. An optical fiber (16) is connected between the proof mass (22) and the housing (24) such that displacement of the proof mass (22) along the sensing axis elongates a first portion (13) of the optical fiber (16) and shortens another portion (15). A pair of fiber optic Bragg grating (12, 14) formed in the optical fiber (16) are arranged to reflect an optical signal guided by the optical fiber (16). Acceleration of the proof mass (22) modulates the wavelength of the reflected optical signal such that the acceleration may be determined.
Description
[0001] FIBER OPTIC ACCELEROMETER
[0002] Background of the Invention [0003] This invention relates generally to techniques for measuring acceleration and particularly to a fiber optic device for measuring linear acceleration.
[0004] Previous attempts to provide a fiber optic device that is sensitive to linear acceleration have involved microoptic techniques for fabricating individual components. Such techniques are labor intensive and therefore expensive.
[0005] Summary of the Invention [0006] The present invention privides a highly accurate fiber optic acceleration sensor that is inexpensive to manufacture using holographic techniques.
[0007] An acceleration transducer according to the present invention comprises a housing having a cavity therein with a proof mass suspended within the cavity. The proof mass is arranged to move along a sensing axis in response to linear acceleration along the sensing axis. A plurality of elastic support members is connected between the proof mass and the housing. The elastic support members are arranged to exert a reaction force on the proof mass in response to displacement of the proof mass along the sensing axis. An optical fiber has a first portion connected between a first side of the proof mass and a first sidewall portion of the housing and a second portion connected between a second side of the proof mass and a second sidewall portion of the housing such that displacement of the proof mass along the sensing axis elongates one of the first and second portions of the optical fiber and shortens the other. An optical signal source is arranged to provide a broadband optical signal input to the optical fiber.
A fiber optic Bragg grating is formed in the optical fiber and arranged to reflect a portion of the optical signal. The reflected portion has a wavelength that is modulated by acceleration of the proof mass along the sensing axis. The reflected signal may be processed to determine the acceleration of the proof mass.
A fiber optic Bragg grating is formed in the optical fiber and arranged to reflect a portion of the optical signal. The reflected portion has a wavelength that is modulated by acceleration of the proof mass along the sensing axis. The reflected signal may be processed to determine the acceleration of the proof mass.
[0008] The acceleration transducer according to the present invention may further comprise a first fiber optic Bragg grating formed in the first portion of the optical fiber; and a second fiber optic Bragg grating formed in the second portion of the optical fiber, the first and second fiber optic Bragg gratings being arranged such that they reflect different wavelengths Al and A Z, respectively, to produce a wavelength difference Al -A 2 that may be processed to determine the acceleration of the proof mass.
[0009] A plurality of acceleration transducers according to the present invention may be combined in a variety of array structures to provide the capability of measuring acceleration at a plurality of locations with a region defined by such an array.
[0010] Brief Description of the Drawings [0011] FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view showing an acceleration transducer according to the present invention;
[0012] FIG. 2 illustrates a first sensor array that includes a plurality of acceleration transducers according to the present invention; and [0013] FIG. 3 illustrates a second sensor array that includes a plurality or acceleration transducers according to the present invention.
[0014] Detailed Description of the Invention [0015] As shown in FIG. 1, a fiber optic acceleration transducer 10 includes a proof mass 22 and two Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) 12 and 14 working in a push pull manner. The FBGs 12 and 14 are formed in portions 13 and 15 in an optical fiber 16. The FBGs 12 and 14 and the proof mass 22 are mounted in a cavity 31 in a housing 24.
[0016] The FBG 12 is connected between a first side 20 of the proof mass 22 and the housing 24. The FBG 12 is connected between the housing 24 and a second side 26 of the proof mass 22 that is opposite the first side 20. The is secured to the housing 24 by any suitable means such as adhesive bonding in a passage 28. The FBG 14 is secured to the housing 24 by any suitable means such as adhesive bonding in a passage 30. A portion 18 of the optical fiber 16 is secured to the proof mass 22 by any suitable means such as being adhesively secured inside a passage 19 through the proof mass 22 or in a groove (not shown).
The proof mass 22 is supported within a cavity 31 in the housing 24 by a plurality of elastic members 32-35. The elastic members may be formed as springs as shown or as lengths of any suitable elastomeric material.
The proof mass 22 is supported within a cavity 31 in the housing 24 by a plurality of elastic members 32-35. The elastic members may be formed as springs as shown or as lengths of any suitable elastomeric material.
[0017] Suitable structures and fabrication techniques for forming the FBGs 12 and 14 are well known in the art. The FBGs 12 and 14 may be produced by forming a periodic or aperiodic perturbation in the index of refraction in selected lengths 15 and 17 of the optical fiber 16. The index perturbation primarily affects the core (or guiding region) of the optical fiber 16. There are several ways in which a suitable perturbation may be generated. The most common way is to capitalize on the photosensitivity of optical fibers containing particular dopant materials. It has been discovered that germania-doped silica optical fiber is sensitive to exposure to argon ion laser radiation and that a two-photon absorption at 488 nm was responsible for the effect. The early research lead to holographic writing methods that presently are used to fabricate FBG devices as disclosed in US Patent No. 4,725,110 to Glenn, et al; US Patent No. 6,836,592 to Mead et al.;
US Patent No. 6,310,996 to Byron; and US Patent No. 4,474,427 to Hill et al., the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference into the present disclosure.
US Patent No. 6,310,996 to Byron; and US Patent No. 4,474,427 to Hill et al., the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference into the present disclosure.
[0018] UV-light is caused to interfere, either by use of a phase mask, prism interferometer, or other method. The interfered light is apertured and focused on the core region of an optical fiber. The interference pattern formed on the core is a series of bright and dark bands, whose spacing can be either equidistant or chirped. The former case will form a highly period grating pattern, while the later will generate an aperiodic (or chirped) pattern. The bright bands interact with the doped core material and cause an index of refraction change to occur in the immediate area exposed to the light while the areas under the dark bands remain unaffected. It is this that gives rise to the periodic index perturbation. By changing the interference period, the grating period, Ag, is changed in turn changing the wavelength that is reflected or transmitted through the FBG
filter.
The strength of the index perturbation will govern the transmission and reflection characteristics of the FBG.
filter.
The strength of the index perturbation will govern the transmission and reflection characteristics of the FBG.
[0019] Referring again to FIG. 1, the formed FBGs 12 and 14 can then be used as reflection or rejection filters for a specific optical wavelength. The particular wavelength XBr1Oe that is acted upon by the FBG is governed by the period of the index perturbation and can be expressed to the first order as XBrugb 2Agry7eff (1) where rleff is the effective index of refraction of the optical fiber, and Ag is the period of the index perturbation.
[0020] The FBGs 12 and 14 can be fabricated as either reflective or transmissive devices. The device described here will work with either type of grating.
[0021] To form the acceleration (or vibration) transducer 10, the FBGs 12 and 14 are used in tandem and configured in a push-pull manner. In this configuration it is not a requirement for the FBGs 12 and 14 to be matched in wavelength when in a static environment because the important element for detection is the wavelength difference between the two FBGs 12 and 14 in the dynamic environment and not the their absolute wavelength shifts.
[0022] The proof mass 22 is allowed to move within the sensor housing 24 when excited by acceleration or vibration with damping provide by the springs 32-35. The FBGs 12 and 14 are rigidly attached to the proof mass 22 and the sensor case 24. When the proof mass 22 is excited and caused to move, the FBGs 12 and 14 are alternately placed into tension and compression. Placing an FBG
into tension causes the grating period, Ap, to become larger; and, when under compression, the grating period becomes smaller. The shift in grating period therefore drives the wavelength that is filtered by the grating as can be seen by application of Equation 1.
into tension causes the grating period, Ap, to become larger; and, when under compression, the grating period becomes smaller. The shift in grating period therefore drives the wavelength that is filtered by the grating as can be seen by application of Equation 1.
[0023] The signals that are returned for processing are modulated in wavelength. By taking the relative time-dependent wavelength differences from the two returns, the original vibration (acceleration) signature can be found.
An advantage of this configuration is that the sensitivity of the device is increased by 2 over that using a single FBG. This comes about because a percentage stain in one FBG causes a corresponding percentage change in wavelength. Using the two FBGs 12 and 14 in a difference configuration yields twice the sensitivity for the same given strain. The wavelength difference signal is then AX - 277,ff (As,1 - Ag 2) (2) [0024] Another advantage of this configuration is that it is temperature insensitive. This again comes from the fact that only the relative difference in wavelength change between the two FBGs 12 and 14 is used and not the absolute value. The expression for the wavelength shift in an FBG due to temperature is;
Xb (T) = 2As (1 + a[T, - T2]) ~,ff + ddT ~T, - TZ1 . (3) The expression for the wavelength difference between the two FBGs can be written as 0X(T)=2A,1(1+a[T-T2?1eff +ddT [T,-T21 -A,,2(I + a[T - T2]) 77eff + ~~ [T T21 (4) where a is a temperature expansion coefficient of the FBG. Equation 4 can be simplified to Di1,(T) = 2(Ag 1- Ab,2)(1 + a[T - T2~) 77,ff + ddT LT - T21 .
where the temperature terms behave only a static offset to the wavelength differences, therefore not affecting the dynamic performance of the sensor.
An advantage of this configuration is that the sensitivity of the device is increased by 2 over that using a single FBG. This comes about because a percentage stain in one FBG causes a corresponding percentage change in wavelength. Using the two FBGs 12 and 14 in a difference configuration yields twice the sensitivity for the same given strain. The wavelength difference signal is then AX - 277,ff (As,1 - Ag 2) (2) [0024] Another advantage of this configuration is that it is temperature insensitive. This again comes from the fact that only the relative difference in wavelength change between the two FBGs 12 and 14 is used and not the absolute value. The expression for the wavelength shift in an FBG due to temperature is;
Xb (T) = 2As (1 + a[T, - T2]) ~,ff + ddT ~T, - TZ1 . (3) The expression for the wavelength difference between the two FBGs can be written as 0X(T)=2A,1(1+a[T-T2?1eff +ddT [T,-T21 -A,,2(I + a[T - T2]) 77eff + ~~ [T T21 (4) where a is a temperature expansion coefficient of the FBG. Equation 4 can be simplified to Di1,(T) = 2(Ag 1- Ab,2)(1 + a[T - T2~) 77,ff + ddT LT - T21 .
where the temperature terms behave only a static offset to the wavelength differences, therefore not affecting the dynamic performance of the sensor.
[0025] FIG. 2 shows a first sensor array 40 that may include a plurality of fiber optic acceleration transducers Al, A2, ... AN formed accordance with FIG.
I and the foregoing description thereof. The array 40 is a linear array that receives an optical signal 42 from a broadband optical signal source 44. The input optical signal 42 propagates through an optical fiber 46 to an optical isolator 48 that prevents propagation in the reverse direction.
I and the foregoing description thereof. The array 40 is a linear array that receives an optical signal 42 from a broadband optical signal source 44. The input optical signal 42 propagates through an optical fiber 46 to an optical isolator 48 that prevents propagation in the reverse direction.
[0026] The input optical signal 42 then propagates to an optical coupler 50 that is arranged to have ports P1-P4. The input optical signal 42 is input to port P1 of the optical coupler 50. Part of the optical signal 42 input to the optical coupler 50 is cross-coupled to be output at port P4 where the cross-coupled signal is absorbed by and absorber 52. The portion of the input optical signal that remains in the optical fiber 46 is output from the optical coupler 50 at port P3 for input to the acceleration sensors A1, A2, ... AN. Each of the acceleration sensors A,, A2, ... AN returns a wavelength doublet signal back to the optical coupler 50. Each doublet signal returned indicates acceleration of the corresponding acceleration sensor.
[0027] The doublet signal returns are guided by the optical fiber back to the optical coupler 50, which couples the doublet signal returns from port P3 for output to an optical fiber 54 at port P2. The optical fiber 54 guides the doublet signal returns to an optical wavelength interrogator 56 for wavelength processing to extract the desired acceleration information.
[0028] FIG. 3 shows a second sensor array 60 that includes a linear array 62 that is similar to the array 40 of FIG. 1 and a linear array 64, which is also similar to the array 40. A broadband optical signal source 66 provides an optical signal 68 to an optical fiber 70 that is arranged to guide the input signal to an optical isolator 72. The input optical signal propagates through the optical isolator 72 to an optical coupler 74 that has ports Pl-P4. A first portion 75 of the input optical signal remains in the optical fiber 70 and is output from the optical coupler at port P3 for input to the array 62 that includes a plurality of acceleration sensors A,, A3, ... AN. A second portion 76 of the input optical signal cross-couples from port PI to port P3 into an optical fiber 77 for input to the array 64 that includes a plurality of acceleration sensors A2, A4, ... A2N.
[0029] The array 62 produces a first set of doublet signal returns that propagate back to the optical coupler 74 wllere they are cross-coupled to port and into the optical fiber 77. The array 64 produces a second set of doublet signal returns that return to the optical coupler 74 where they propagate from port P4 to port P2. Both sets of doublet signal returns propagate in the optical fiber 77 to an optical interrogator 78 that processes the doublet signal returns to obtain numerical data for the acceleration at each acceleration sensor in the arrays 62 and 64.
Claims
1. An acceleration transducer (10) that includes a housing (24) having a cavity (31) therein, a proof, mass (22) suspended within the cavity (31), the proof mass (22) being arranged to move along a sensing axis in response to linear acceleration along the sensing axis, characterised by:
a plurality of elastic support members (32-35) connected between the proof mass (22) and the housing (24), the elastic support members (32-35) being arranged to exert a reaction force on the proof mass (22) in response to displacement of the proof mass (22) along the sensing axis;
an optical fiber (16) having a first portion (13) connected between a first side (20) of the proof mass (22) and the housing (24) and a second portion (15) connected between a second side (26) of the proof mass (22) and the housing (24) such that displacement of the proof mass (22) along the sensing axis elongates one of the first and second portions (13, 15) of the optical fiber and shortens the other;
a first fiber optic Bragg grating (12) formed in the first portion (13) of the optical fiber (16) and arranged to reflect a first portion of an optical signal propagating in the optical fiber (16), the first reflected portion having a wavelength .LAMBDA.1 that is modulated by acceleration of the proof mass (22) along the sensing axis; and a second fiber optic Bragg grating (14) formed in the second portion (15) of the optical fiber (16) and arranged to reflect a second portion of the optical signal propagating in the optical fiber (16), the second reflected portion having a wavelength .LAMBDA.2 that is modulated by acceleration of the proof mass (22) along the sensing axis, the first and second reflected portions having a wavelength difference .LAMBDA.1 .LAMBDA.-2 that may be processed to determine the acceleration of the proof mass (22).
a plurality of elastic support members (32-35) connected between the proof mass (22) and the housing (24), the elastic support members (32-35) being arranged to exert a reaction force on the proof mass (22) in response to displacement of the proof mass (22) along the sensing axis;
an optical fiber (16) having a first portion (13) connected between a first side (20) of the proof mass (22) and the housing (24) and a second portion (15) connected between a second side (26) of the proof mass (22) and the housing (24) such that displacement of the proof mass (22) along the sensing axis elongates one of the first and second portions (13, 15) of the optical fiber and shortens the other;
a first fiber optic Bragg grating (12) formed in the first portion (13) of the optical fiber (16) and arranged to reflect a first portion of an optical signal propagating in the optical fiber (16), the first reflected portion having a wavelength .LAMBDA.1 that is modulated by acceleration of the proof mass (22) along the sensing axis; and a second fiber optic Bragg grating (14) formed in the second portion (15) of the optical fiber (16) and arranged to reflect a second portion of the optical signal propagating in the optical fiber (16), the second reflected portion having a wavelength .LAMBDA.2 that is modulated by acceleration of the proof mass (22) along the sensing axis, the first and second reflected portions having a wavelength difference .LAMBDA.1 .LAMBDA.-2 that may be processed to determine the acceleration of the proof mass (22).
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11/112,203 US7137299B2 (en) | 2005-04-21 | 2005-04-21 | Fiber optic accelerometer |
| US11/112,203 | 2005-04-21 | ||
| PCT/US2005/023948 WO2006115511A1 (en) | 2005-04-21 | 2005-07-05 | Fiber optic accelerometer |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2605372A1 true CA2605372A1 (en) | 2006-11-02 |
Family
ID=35427618
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002605372A Abandoned CA2605372A1 (en) | 2005-04-21 | 2005-07-05 | Fiber optic accelerometer |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7137299B2 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2008538607A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2605372A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2440298B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2006115511A1 (en) |
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| CN112379414B (en) * | 2020-10-29 | 2024-02-02 | 安徽大学 | Optical fiber acceleration sensing probe with resonance suppression function and optical fiber microseismic monitoring sensor |
| CN113281535A (en) * | 2021-04-16 | 2021-08-20 | 中山市精量光电子科技有限公司 | FBG (fiber Bragg Grating) three-dimensional acceleration sensor |
| CN115015578B (en) * | 2022-06-15 | 2023-06-27 | 华中科技大学 | Optical fiber accelerometer probe and system of symmetrical double-reed supporting structure |
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| US4474427A (en) | 1979-05-07 | 1984-10-02 | Canadian Patents & Development Limited | Optical fiber reflective filter |
| US4322829A (en) * | 1980-09-11 | 1982-03-30 | Dynamic Systems, Inc. | Fiber optic accelerometer and method of measuring inertial force |
| US4500979A (en) * | 1981-09-16 | 1985-02-19 | Western Geophysical Co Of America | Optical seismic transducer |
| WO1986001303A1 (en) | 1984-08-13 | 1986-02-27 | United Technologies Corporation | Method for impressing grating within fiber optics |
| US4800267A (en) * | 1987-07-06 | 1989-01-24 | Freal James B | Optical fiber microbend horizontal accelerometer |
| US5317929A (en) * | 1991-02-07 | 1994-06-07 | Brown David A | Fiber optic flexural disk accelerometer |
| US5426297A (en) * | 1993-09-27 | 1995-06-20 | United Technologies Corporation | Multiplexed Bragg grating sensors |
| US5680489A (en) * | 1996-06-28 | 1997-10-21 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Optical sensor system utilizing bragg grating sensors |
| GB2329484A (en) | 1997-09-22 | 1999-03-24 | Northern Telecom Ltd | Writing Bragg reflection gratings in optical waveguides |
| US5987197A (en) * | 1997-11-07 | 1999-11-16 | Cidra Corporation | Array topologies for implementing serial fiber Bragg grating interferometer arrays |
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| JP3360257B2 (en) * | 2000-03-31 | 2002-12-24 | 独立行政法人防災科学技術研究所 | Seismograph |
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| JP4786808B2 (en) * | 2001-03-02 | 2011-10-05 | 株式会社東横エルメス | Optical fiber strain detector |
| JP2004012280A (en) * | 2002-06-06 | 2004-01-15 | Tokyo Gas Co Ltd | Optical fiber vibration sensor and vibration measuring method |
| US6921894B2 (en) * | 2002-09-10 | 2005-07-26 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Fiber optic micro accelerometer |
| US6901176B2 (en) * | 2002-10-15 | 2005-05-31 | University Of Maryland | Fiber tip based sensor system for acoustic measurements |
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2005
- 2005-04-21 US US11/112,203 patent/US7137299B2/en active Active
- 2005-07-05 CA CA002605372A patent/CA2605372A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-07-05 WO PCT/US2005/023948 patent/WO2006115511A1/en active Application Filing
- 2005-07-05 JP JP2008507619A patent/JP2008538607A/en active Pending
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2007
- 2007-11-12 GB GB0722109A patent/GB2440298B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| US7137299B2 (en) | 2006-11-21 |
| GB0722109D0 (en) | 2007-12-19 |
| GB2440298A (en) | 2008-01-23 |
| WO2006115511A1 (en) | 2006-11-02 |
| US20060236762A1 (en) | 2006-10-26 |
| JP2008538607A (en) | 2008-10-30 |
| GB2440298B (en) | 2010-07-28 |
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