CA2613460A1 - Techniques for prediction and monitoring of clinical episodes - Google Patents

Techniques for prediction and monitoring of clinical episodes Download PDF

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Publication number
CA2613460A1
CA2613460A1 CA002613460A CA2613460A CA2613460A1 CA 2613460 A1 CA2613460 A1 CA 2613460A1 CA 002613460 A CA002613460 A CA 002613460A CA 2613460 A CA2613460 A CA 2613460A CA 2613460 A1 CA2613460 A1 CA 2613460A1
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subject
parameter
onset
sensing
breathing
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CA2613460C (en
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Avner Halperin
Daniel H. Lange
Yosef Gross
Itzhak Pinhas
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EarlySense Ltd
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Avner Halperin
Daniel H. Lange
Yosef Gross
Itzhak Pinhas
Earlysense Ltd.
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/08—Detecting, measuring or recording devices for evaluating the respiratory organs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/103—Detecting, measuring or recording devices for testing the shape, pattern, colour, size or movement of the body or parts thereof, for diagnostic purposes
    • A61B5/11—Measuring movement of the entire body or parts thereof, e.g. head or hand tremor, mobility of a limb
    • A61B5/113—Measuring movement of the entire body or parts thereof, e.g. head or hand tremor, mobility of a limb occurring during breathing
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/02—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse, heart rate, blood pressure or blood flow; Combined pulse/heart-rate/blood pressure determination; Evaluating a cardiovascular condition not otherwise provided for, e.g. using combinations of techniques provided for in this group with electrocardiography or electroauscultation; Heart catheters for measuring blood pressure
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/40—Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the nervous system
    • A61B5/4076—Diagnosing or monitoring particular conditions of the nervous system
    • A61B5/4094—Diagnosing or monitoring seizure diseases, e.g. epilepsy
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
    • A61B5/6887—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient mounted on external non-worn devices, e.g. non-medical devices
    • A61B5/6892—Mats
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/72—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes
    • A61B5/7271—Specific aspects of physiological measurement analysis
    • A61B5/7275—Determining trends in physiological measurement data; Predicting development of a medical condition based on physiological measurements, e.g. determining a risk factor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
    • G16H50/00—ICT specially adapted for medical diagnosis, medical simulation or medical data mining; ICT specially adapted for detecting, monitoring or modelling epidemics or pandemics
    • G16H50/30—ICT specially adapted for medical diagnosis, medical simulation or medical data mining; ICT specially adapted for detecting, monitoring or modelling epidemics or pandemics for calculating health indices; for individual health risk assessment
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/72—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes
    • A61B5/7235—Details of waveform analysis
    • A61B5/7264—Classification of physiological signals or data, e.g. using neural networks, statistical classifiers, expert systems or fuzzy systems

Abstract

A method is provided for predicting an onset of an asthma attack. The method includes sensing at least one parameter of a subject without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing, and predicting the onset of the asthma attack at least in part responsively to the sensed parameter. Also provided is a method for predicting an onset of an episode associated with congestive heart failure (CHF), including sensing at least one parameter of a subject without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing, and predicting the onset of the episode at least in part responsively to the sensed parameter. Other embodiments are also described.

Claims (175)

1. A method comprising:
sensing a motion-related parameter of a subject without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing;
deriving heartbeat- and breathing-related signals from the motion-related parameter; and demodulating the heartbeat-related signal using the breathing-related signal.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein demodulating the heartbeat-related signal comprises multiplying the heartbeat-related signal by the breathing-related signal.
3. The method according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein deriving the heartbeat-and breathing-related signals comprises filtering the motion-relating signals at heartbeat- and breathing-related frequency ranges, respectively.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the heartbeat-related frequency range is between 0.8 and 5 Hz.
5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the breathing-related frequency range is between 0.05 and 0.8 Hz.
6. A method for measuring a heartbeat of a fetus in a pregnant subject, comprising:
sensing a motion-related parameter of the pregnant subject without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing; and deriving the fetal heartbeat from the motion-related parameter.
7. The method according to claim 6, wherein sensing the motion-related parameter comprises measuring a pressure in, on, or under a reclining surface upon which the subject lies.
8. The method according to claim 6, comprising generating an acoustic signal of the derived fetal heartbeat by simulating a sound generated by a fetal monitor.
9. The method according to claim 6, comprising determining a measure of fetal heart rate variability by analyzing the derived fetal heartbeat.
10. The method according to claim 6, wherein deriving the fetal heartbeat comprises deriving a first signal from the motion-related parameter that is indicative of both the fetal heartbeat and a maternal heartbeat, and deriving, from the first signal, a second signal indicative of the fetal heartbeat and not indicative of the maternal heartbeat.
11. The method according to any one of claims 6-10, wherein deriving the fetal heartbeat comprises:
deriving from the motion-related parameter: (a) a maternal breathing-related signal and (b) a fetal heartbeat-related signal; and demodulating the fetal heartbeat-related signal using the maternal breathing-related signal.
12. A method for monitoring movement of a fetus in a pregnant subject, comprising:
sensing a motion-related parameter of the pregnant subject without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing; and deriving a measure of motion of the fetus from the motion-related parameter.
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein sensing the motion-related parameter comprises measuring a pressure in, on, or under a reclining surface upon which the subject lies.
14. A method comprising:
sensing at least one parameter of a subject while the subject sleeps;
analyzing the parameter;
predicting an onset of a clinical episode at least in part responsively to the analysis; and alerting the subject to the predicted onset only after the subject awakes.
15. A method for predicting an onset of a clinical episode, comprising:
acquiring a breathing-related time-domain signal of a subject;
transforming the time-domain signal into a frequency-domain signal;
determining a breathing rate of the subject by identifying a peak in a breathing-related frequency range of the frequency-domain signal;
determining one or more harmonics of the peak frequency;
determining a relationship between:
(a) a first energy level, selected from the list consisting of: an energy level associated with one of the one or more harmonics, and an energy level associated with a frequency of the peak, and (b) a second energy level, associated with one of the one or more harmonics;
comparing the relationship with a baseline level of the relationship; and predicting the onset of the episode at least in part responsively to the comparison.
16. A method for monitoring blood pressure, comprising:
sensing a motion-related parameter of a subject without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing; and analyzing the parameter to determine a measure of blood pressure of the subject.
17. The method according to claim 16, wherein sensing the motion-related parameter comprises sensing first and second motion-related parameters of the subject in a vicinity of a first site and in a vicinity of a second site of the subject, respectively, without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing.
18. A method for treating a subject, comprising:
sensing a motion-related parameter of a subject without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing;
analyzing the parameter;
responsively at least in part to the analysis, determining an initial dosage of a drug for administration to the subject; and communicating the initial dosage to a drug administration device used by the subject.
19. The method according to claim 18, wherein analyzing the parameter comprises:
analyzing a clinical effect of the drug administered by the drug administration device at the communicated initial dosage;
responsively to the analysis, determining an updated dosage of the drug, which updated dosage is different from the initial dosage; and communicating the updated dosage to the drug administration device.
20. A method for predicting an onset of a clinical episode, comprising:
sensing at least one parameter of a subject;
analyzing the parameter;
receiving data regarding a drug administered to the subject; and predicting the onset of a clinical episode at least in part responsively to the analysis and the drug administration data in combination.
21. The method according to claim 20, wherein receiving the drug administration data comprises receiving the drug administration data from a drug administration device that administers the drug to the subject.
22. The method according to claim 20, wherein the drug administration data includes a dosage of the drug.
23. The method according to any one of claims 20-22, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one parameter while the subject is sleeping.
24. A method for treating a clinical episode, comprising:
sensing at least one parameter of a subject without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing;
analyzing the parameter;
detecting the clinical episode at least in part responsively to the analysis;
and responsively to detecting the clinical episode, treating the clinical episode using a device implanted in the subject.
25. A method comprising:
sensing at least one parameter of a subject while the subject sleeps, without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing; and analyzing the parameter to determine a measure of restlessness of the subject.
26. The method according to claim 25, wherein the at least one parameter includes at least one motion-related parameter of the subject, and wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one motion-related parameter.
27. A method comprising:
sensing at least one parameter of a subject while the subject sleeps, without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing; and detecting Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep (PLMS) of the subject by analyzing the parameter.
28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the at least one parameter includes at least one motion-related parameter of the subject, and wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one motion-related parameter.
29. A method comprising:
sensing at least one parameter of a subject, using exactly one sensor placed in or under a reclining surface upon which the subject lies, which sensor does not contact the subject or clothes the subject is wearing; and detecting coughing of the subject by analyzing the parameter.
30. The method according to claim 29, wherein the at least one parameter includes at least one motion-related parameter of the subject, and wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one motion-related parameter.
31. A method for predicting an onset of an asthma attack, comprising:
sensing breathing of a subject;
sensing a heartbeat of the subject;
determining at least one breathing pattern of the subject responsively to the sensed breathing, and at least one heart pattern of the subject responsively to the sensed heartbeat;
comparing the breathing pattern with a baseline breathing pattern, and the heart pattern with a baseline heart pattern; and predicting the onset of the asthma attack at least in part responsively to the comparisons.
32. The method according to claim 31, wherein determining the at least one breathing pattern and the at least one heart pattern comprises determining at least one breathing rate pattern of the subject and at least one heart rate pattern of the subject, respectively, wherein comparing the breathing pattern with the baseline breathing pattern comprises comparing the breathing rate pattern with a baseline breathing rate pattern, and wherein comparing the heart pattern with the baseline heart pattern comprises comparing the heart rate pattern with a baseline heart rate pattern.
33. The method according to claim 31 or claim 32, wherein sensing the breathing and the heartbeat comprise sensing at least one motion-related parameter of the subject, and deriving the breathing and heartbeat from the motion-related parameter.
34. The method according to claim 33, comprising deriving at least one additional physiological parameter from the motion-related parameter, wherein predicting the onset comprises predicting the onset at least in part responsively to the comparison and to the additional physiological parameter.
35. The method according to claim 34, wherein the additional physiological parameter is selected from the list consisting of: a measure of coughs of the subject, a ratio of expiration to inspiration time of the subject, a blood pressure of the subject, a measure of restlessness during sleep of the subject, and a measure of arousals during sleep of the subject.
36. A method for predicting an onset of an asthma attack, comprising:
sensing breathing of a subject;
determining at least one breathing pattern of the subject responsively to the sensed breathing;
comparing the breathing pattern with a baseline breathing pattern;
determining a measure of coughing of the subject; and predicting the onset of the asthma attack at least in part responsively to the comparison and the measure of coughing.
37. A method for predicting an onset of an episode associated with congestive heart failure (CHF), comprising:
sensing breathing of a subject;
sensing a blood pressure of the subject;
determining at least one breathing pattern of the subject responsively to the sensed breathing;
comparing the breathing pattern with a baseline breathing pattern; and predicting the onset of the episode at least in part responsively to the comparison and the blood pressure.
38. A method for determining a heart rate of a subject, comprising:

sensing a first pulse signal of the subject in a vicinity of a first location of the subject selected from: a chest of the subject, and an abdomen of the subject, without contacting the subject or clothes the subject is wearing;
sensing a second pulse signal of the subject in a vicinity of a second location of the subject anatomically below a waist of the subject, without contacting the subject or clothes the subject is wearing; and determining the heart rate responsively to the first and second pulse signals.
39. The method according to claim 38, wherein determining the heart rate comprises calculating a cross correlation signal of the first and second pulse signals, and determining the heart rate to be a frequency of the cross correlation signal.
40. The method according to claim 39, wherein the second location of the subject includes a location in a vicinity of legs of the subject.
41. The method according to claim 39, wherein sensing the first and second pulse signals comprises sensing the first and second pulse signals without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing.
42. The method according to claim 39, wherein sensing the first pulse signal comprises sensing a first motion-related parameter of the subject in the vicinity of the first location, and deriving the first pulse signal from the first motion-related parameter, and wherein sensing the second pulse signal comprises sensing a second motion-related parameter of the subject in the vicinity of the second location, and deriving the second pulse signal from the second motion-related parameter.
43. The method according to claim 39, comprising predicting an onset of a clinical episode responsively to the heart rate.
44. A method comprising:
sensing first and second motion-related parameters of a subject in a vicinity of a first site and in a vicinity of a second site of the subject, respectively, without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing;
deriving first and second breathing-related signals from the first and second motion-related parameters, respectively; and analyzing the first and second breathing-related signals to determine a measure of thoracoabdominal asynchrony (TAA) of the subject.
45. The method according to claim 44, wherein analyzing the first and second breathing-related signals comprises calculating a phase shift between the first and second breathing-related signals.
46. The method according to claim 44 or claim 45, wherein the first site includes lungs of the subject, wherein the second site includes a lower abdomen of the subject, and wherein sensing comprises sensing the first and second motion-related parameters in the vicinity of the lungs and lower abdomen, respectively.
47. A method comprising:
sensing first and second motion-related parameters of a subject in a vicinity of a first site and in a vicinity of a second site of the subject, respectively, without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing;
deriving first and second breathing-related signals from the first and second motion-related parameters, respectively; and analyzing the first and second breathing-related signals to determine a measure of accessory muscle activity of the subject.
48. The method according to claim 47, wherein analyzing the first and second breathing-related signals comprises calculating a ratio of the first and second breathing-related signals.
49. The method according to claim 47 or claim 48, wherein the first site includes lungs of the subject, wherein the second site includes a lower abdomen of the subject, and wherein sensing comprises sensing the first and second motion-related parameters in the vicinity of the lungs and lower abdomen, respectively.
50. A method for monitoring a subject, comprising:
setting respective first and second thresholds that are different;
sensing at least one parameter of a subject without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing;
analyzing the parameter to generate a score;
if the score is between the first and second thresholds, generating a first output indicative of a predicted onset of a clinical episode; and if the score passes the second threshold, generating a second output indicative of a currently occurring clinical episode.
51. The method according to claim 50, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing a plurality of parameters of the subject without contacting or viewing the subject or the clothes the subject is wearing, and wherein analyzing the parameter to generate the score comprises analyzing the plurality of parameters to generate the score.
52. The method according to claim 50, wherein the parameter includes a breathing-related parameter of the subject, and wherein analyzing the parameter comprises determining at least one breathing pattern of the subject responsively to the parameter, and comparing the breathing pattern with a baseline breathing pattern.
53. The method according to any one of claims 50-52, wherein the at least one parameter includes at least one motion-related parameter of the subject, and wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one motion-related parameter.
54. A method for detecting pulsus paradoxus of a subject, comprising:
sensing at least one parameter of a subject without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing;
analyzing the parameter to generate a measure of blood pressure change of the subject over an inspiration/expiration cycle;
comparing the measure of blood pressure change to a threshold; and responsively to the measure being greater than the threshold, detecting the pulsus paradoxus.
55. The method according to claim 54, wherein the at least one parameter includes at least one motion-related parameter of the subject, and wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one motion-related parameter.
56. A method for predicting an onset of an asthma attack, comprising:
sensing at least one parameter of a subject without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing; and predicting the onset of the asthma attack at least in part responsively to the sensed parameter.
57. The method according to claim 56, wherein the at least one parameter includes at least one motion-related parameter of the subject, and wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one motion-related parameter.
53. The method according to claim 56, wherein predicting the onset comprises predicting the onset before the subject or a caretaker of the subject becomes aware of the onset.
59. The method according to claim 56, wherein predicting the onset comprises generating subject-specific data regarding the parameter by analyzing previous occurrences of the asthma attack, and predicting the onset at least in part responsively to the data.
60. The method according to claim 56, wherein predicting the onset comprises determining a measure of restlessness of the subject, and predicting the onset at least in part responsively to the measure of restlessness.
61. The method according to claim 56, comprising determining a measure of coughing of the subject, wherein predicting the onset comprises predicting the onset at least in part responsively to the sensed parameter and the measure of coughing.
62. The method according to claim 56, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one parameter without requiring human compliance.
63. The method according to any one of claims 56-62, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one parameter while the subject is sleeping.
64. The method according to claim 63, comprising alerting the subject to the predicted onset only after the subject awakes.
65. The method according to any one of claims 56-62, wherein the at least one parameter includes at least one breathing-related parameter of the subject, and wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one breathing-related parameter.
66. The method according to claim 65, wherein the at least one parameter includes at least one heartbeat-related parameter of the subject, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one heartbeat-related parameter, and wherein predicting the onset of the asthma attack comprises predicting the onset of the asthma attack at least in part responsively to the breathing-related and the heartbeat-related parameters.
67. The method according to claim 65, wherein predicting the onset comprises:
determining at least one breathing pattern of the subject responsively to the sensed breathing-related parameter;
comparing the breathing pattern with a baseline breathing pattern; and predicting the onset at least in part responsively to the comparison.
68. The method according to any one of claims 56-62, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises measuring a pressure in, on, or under a reclining surface upon which the subject lies.
69. The method according to claim 68, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises measuring the pressure using exactly one sensor placed in, on, or under the reclining surface.
70. A method for predicting an onset of an episode associated with congestive heart failure (CHF), comprising:
sensing at least one parameter of a subject without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing; and predicting the onset of the episode at least in part responsively to the sensed parameter.
71. The method according to claim 70, wherein the at least one parameter includes at least one motion-related parameter of the subject, and wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one motion-related parameter.
72. The method according to claim 70, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises measuring a pressure in, on, or under a reclining surface upon which the subject lies.
73. The method according to claim 70, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one parameter while the subject is sleeping.
74. The method according to claim 70, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing a breathing-related parameter of the subject, and a blood pressure of the subject, and wherein predicting the onset comprises predicting the onset at least in part responsively to the breathing-related parameter and the blood pressure.
75. The method according to any one of claims 70-74, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one parameter without requiring human compliance.
76. A method for predicting an onset of a clinical episode, comprising:
sensing at least one parameter of a subject; and while a breathing rate of the subject is less than 120% of a baseline asymptomatic breathing rate of the subject, predicting the onset of the clinical episode at least in part responsively to the sensed parameter.
77. The method according to claim 76, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one parameter without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing.
78. The method according to claim 76, wherein the clinical episode includes an asthma attack, and wherein predicting the onset of the clinical episode comprises predicting the onset of the asthma attack.
79. The method according to any one of claims 76-78, wherein predicting the onset comprises predicting the onset while the breathing rate is less than 110% of the baseline asymptomatic breathing rate.
80. The method according to claim 79, wherein predicting the onset comprises predicting the onset while the breathing rate is less than 105% of the baseline asymptomatic breathing rate.
81. A method for predicting an onset of an asthma attack, comprising:
sensing at least one parameter of a subject; and while a forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of the subject is greater than 90% of a baseline asymptomatic FEV1 of the subject, predicting the onset of the asthma attack at least in part responsively to the sensed parameter.
82. The method according to claim 81, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one parameter without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing.
83. A method for predicting an onset of a clinical episode, comprising:
sensing at least one parameter of a subject without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing; and at least one hour prior to the onset of the clinical episode, predicting the onset at least in part responsively to the sensed parameter.
84. The method according to claim 83, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing at least two parameters of the subject without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing, and wherein predicting the onset comprises predicting the onset at least in part responsively to the sensed parameters.
85. The method according to claim 83, wherein predicting the onset comprises predicting the onset at least four hours prior to the onset.
86. The method according to claim 83, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one parameter substantially continuously for a period having a duration of at least one hour.
87. The method according to any one of claims 83-86, wherein the clinical episode includes an asthma attack, and wherein predicting the onset of the clinical episode comprises predicting the onset of the asthma attack.
88. A method for predicting an onset of a clinical episode, comprising:
sensing at least one parameter of a subject substantially continuously during a period having a duration of at least one hour; and at least one hour prior to the onset of the clinical episode, predicting the onset at least in part responsively to the sensed parameter.
89. The method according to claim 88, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one parameter without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing.
90. The method according to claim 88, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing at least two parameters of the subject substantially continuously during the period, and wherein predicting the onset comprises predicting the onset at least in part responsively to the sensed parameters.
91. The method according to claim 88, wherein the clinical episode includes an asthma attack, and wherein predicting the onset of the clinical episode comprises predicting the onset of the asthma attack.
92. The method according to claim 88, wherein predicting the onset comprises predicting the onset at least four hours prior to the onset.
93. The method according to any one of claims 88-92, wherein the period has a duration of at least four hours, and wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one parameter substantially continuously during the period having the duration of at least four hours.
94. A method for predicting an onset of a clinical episode, comprising:
sensing at least one parameter of a subject substantially continuously during at least 80% of a period of time a subject is sleeping at night; and at least in part responsively to the sensed parameter, predicting the onset of the clinical episode at least one hour prior to the onset.
95. The method according to claim 94, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing at least two parameters of the subject substantially continuously during the 80% of the period, and wherein predicting the onset comprises predicting the onset at least in part responsively to the sensed parameters.
96. The method according to claim 94, wherein the clinical episode includes an asthma attack, and wherein predicting the onset of the clinical episode comprises predicting the onset of the asthma attack.
97. The method according to any one of claims 94-96, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one parameter without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing.
98. A method comprising:
sensing at least one parameter of a subject; and at least in part responsively to the sensed parameter, calculating a probability that a clinical episode will occur within a predetermined period of time after the calculating.
99. The method according to claim 98, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing at least two parameters of the subject, and wherein calculating a probability comprises calculating the probability at least in part responsively to the sensed parameters.
100. The method according to claim 98, comprising notifying the subject if the probability exceeds a threshold value.
101. The method according to claim 98, wherein the clinical episode includes an asthma attack, and wherein predicting the onset of the clinical episode comprises predicting the onset of the asthma attack.
102. The method according to claim 98, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one parameter without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing.
103. The method according to claim 98, wherein calculating the probability comprises calculating the probability at least in part responsively to data including a population-based average of the parameter.
104. The method according to any one of claims 98-103, wherein calculating the probability comprises generating subject-specific data regarding the parameter by analyzing previous occurrences of the clinical episode, and calculating the probability at least in part responsively to the data.
105. A method for predicting an onset of a clinical episode, comprising:
sensing at least one parameter of a subject without requiring human compliance;
and predicting the onset at least in part responsively to the sensed parameter.
106. The method according to claim 105, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one parameter without contacting or viewing the subject or clothes the subject is wearing.
107. The method according to claim 105, wherein the at least one parameter includes at least one motion-related parameter of the subject, and wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one motion-related parameter without requiring human compliance.
108. The method according to claim 105, wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one parameter while the subject is sleeping, and comprising alerting the subject to the predicted onset only after the subject awakes.
109. The method according to claim 105, wherein sensing the at least one parameter without requiring human compliance comprises measuring a pressure in, on, or under a reclining surface upon which the subject lies.
110. The method according to claim 105, wherein the clinical episode includes an asthma attack, and wherein predicting the onset comprises predicting the onset of the asthma attack.
111. The method according to claim 105, wherein the clinical episode includes an episode associated with congestive heart failure (CHF) of the subject, and wherein predicting the onset comprises predicting the onset of the episode associated with the CHF.
112. The method according to claim 105, wherein the clinical episode includes an episode of hypoglycemia caused by diabetes, and wherein predicting the onset comprises predicting the onset of the episode of hypoglycemia.
113. The method according to claim 105, wherein the clinical episode is selected from the list consisting of: an episode of abnormal autonomic nervous system activity caused by a neurological condition, an epileptic seizure, an episode of Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep (PLMS), a stroke, an episode of essential tremor, an episode of stress, an episode of fibrillation, an episode associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an episode associated with cystic fibrosis (CF), and an episode of anaphylactic shock, and wherein predicting the onset comprises predicting the onset of the selected clinical episode.
114. The method according to any one of claims 105-113, wherein the at least one parameter includes at least one breathing-related parameter of the subject, and wherein sensing the at least one parameter comprises sensing the at least one breathing-related parameter without requiring human compliance.
115. The method according to claim 114, wherein predicting the onset comprises:
determining at least one breathing pattern of the subject responsively to the sensed breathing-related parameter;

comparing the breathing pattern with a baseline breathing pattern; and predicting the onset at least in part responsively to the comparison.
116. Apparatus comprising:
a non-contact sensor, adapted to sense a motion-related parameter of a subject without contacting the subject or clothes the subject is wearing; and a control unit, adapted to:
derive heartbeat- and breathing-related signals from the motion-related parameter, and demodulate the heartbeat-related signal using the breathing-related signal.
117. Apparatus for measuring a heartbeat of a fetus in a pregnant subject, comprising:
a non-contact sensor, adapted to sense a motion-related parameter of the pregnant subject without contacting the subject or clothes the subject is wearing; and a control unit, adapted to derive the fetal heartbeat from the motion-related parameter.
118. Apparatus for monitoring movement of a fetus in a pregnant subject, comprising:
a non-contact sensor, adapted to sense a motion-related parameter of the pregnant subject without contacting the subject or clothes the subject is wearing; and a control unit, adapted to derive a measure of motion of the fetus from the motion-related parameter.
119. Apparatus comprising:
a sensor, adapted to sense at least one parameter of a subject while the subject sleeps;
a user interface; and a control unit, adapted to:
analyze the parameter, predict an onset of a clinical episode at least in part responsively to the analysis, and drive the user interface to alert the subject to the predicted onset only after the subject awakes.
120. Apparatus for predicting an onset of a clinical episode, comprising:

a sensor, adapted to acquire a breathing-related time-domain signal of a subject;
and a control unit, adapted to:
transform the time-domain signal into a frequency-domain signal, determine a breathing rate of the subject by identifying a peak in a breathing-related frequency range of the frequency-domain signal, determine one or more harmonics of the peak frequency, determine a relationship between:
(a) a first energy level, selected from the list consisting of: an energy level associated with one of the one or more harmonics, and an energy level associated with a frequency of the peak, and (b) a second energy level, associated with one of the one or more harmonics;
compare the relationship with a baseline level of the relationship, and predict the onset of the episode at least in part responsively to the comparison.
121. Apparatus for monitoring blood pressure, comprising:
a non-contact sensor, adapted to sense a motion-related parameter of a subject without contacting the subject or clothes the subject is wearing; and a control unit, adapted to analyze the parameter to determine a measure of blood pressure of the subject.
122. Apparatus for treating a subject, comprising:
a non-contact sensor, adapted to sense a motion-related parameter of a subject without contacting the subject or clothes the subject is wearing;
a drug administration device, adapted to administer a drug to the subject; and a control unit, adapted to:
analyze the parameter, responsively at least in part to the analysis, determine an initial dosage of the drug, and communicate the initial dosage to the drug administration device.
123. Apparatus for predicting an onset of a clinical episode, comprising:
a sensor, adapted to sense at least one parameter of a subject; and a control unit, adapted to:
analyze the parameter, receive data regarding a drug administered to the subject, and predict the onset of a clinical episode at least in part responsively to the analysis and the drug administration data in combination.
124. The apparatus according to claim 123, comprising a drug administration device adapted to administer the drug to the subject, wherein the control unit is adapted to receive the drug administration data from the drug administration device.
125. Apparatus for treating a clinical episode, comprising:
a non-contact sensor, adapted to sense at least one parameter of a subject without contacting the subject or clothes the subject is wearing;
a treatment device, adapted to be implanted in the subject; and a control unit, adapted to:
analyze the parameter, detect the clinical episode at least in part responsively to the analysis, and responsively to detecting the clinical episode, drive the treatment device to treat the clinical episode.
126. Apparatus comprising:
a non-contact sensor, adapted to sense at least one parameter of a subject while the subject sleeps, without contacting the subject or clothes the subject is wearing; and a control unit, adapted to analyze the parameter to determine a measure of restlessness of the subject.
127. Apparatus comprising:
a non-contact sensor, adapted to sense at least one parameter of a subject while the subject sleeps, without contacting the subject or clothes the subject is wearing; and a control unit, adapted to detect Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep (PLMS) of the subject by analyzing the parameter.
128. Apparatus comprising:

exactly one non-contact sensor, adapted to be placed in or under a reclining surface upon which the subject lies such that the sensor is not in contact with the subject or clothes the subject is wearing, and to sense at least one parameter of a subject; and a control unit, adapted to detect coughing of the subject by analyzing the parameter.
129. Apparatus for predicting an onset of an asthma attack, comprising:
a sensor, adapted to sense breathing of a subject and a heartbeat of the subject;
and a control unit, adapted to:
determine at least one breathing pattern of the subject responsively to the sensed breathing, and at least one heart pattern of the subject responsively to the sensed heartbeat, compare the breathing pattern with a baseline breathing pattern, and the heart pattern with a baseline heart pattern, and predict the onset of the asthma attack at least in part responsively to the comparisons.
130. The apparatus according to claim 129, wherein the sensor comprises a first sensor, adapted to sense the breathing, and a second sensor, adapted to sense the heartbeat.
131. Apparatus for predicting an onset of an asthma attack, comprising:
a sensor, adapted to sense breathing of a subject; and a control unit, adapted to:
determine at least one breathing pattern of the subject responsively to the sensed breathing, compare the breathing pattern with a baseline breathing pattern, determine a measure of coughing of the subject, and predict the onset of the asthma attack at least in part responsively to the comparison and the measure of coughing.
132. Apparatus for predicting an onset of an episode associated with congestive heart failure (CHF), comprising:

a sensor, adapted to sense breathing of a subject and a blood pressure of the subject; and a control unit, adapted to:
determine at least one breathing pattern of the subject responsively to the sensed breathing, compare the breathing pattern with a baseline breathing pattern, and predict the onset of the episode at least in part responsively to the comparison and the blood pressure.
133. The apparatus according to claim 132, wherein the sensor comprises a first sensor, adapted to sense the breathing, and a second sensor, adapted to sense the blood pressure.
134. Apparatus for determining a heart rate of a subject, comprising:
a first non-contact sensor, adapted to sense a first pulse signal of the subject in a vicinity of a first location of the subject selected from: a chest of the subject, and an abdomen of the subject;
a second non-contact sensor, adapted to sense a second pulse signal of the subject in a vicinity of a second location of the subject anatomically below a waist of the subject;
and a control unit, adapted to determine the heart rate responsively to the first and second pulse signals.
135. Apparatus comprising:
a first sensor and a second sensor, adapted to sense first and second motion-related parameters of a subject in a vicinity of a first site and in a vicinity of a second site of the subject, respectively, without contacting the subject or clothes the subject is wearing; and a control unit, adapted to:
derive first and second breathing-related signals from the first and second motion-related parameters, respectively, and analyze the first and second breathing-related signals to determine a measure of thoracoabdominal asynchrony (TAA) of the subject.
136. Apparatus comprising:

a first sensor and a second sensor, adapted to sense first and second motion-related parameters of a subject in a vicinity of a first site and in a vicinity of a second site of the subject, respectively, without contacting the subject or clothes the subject is wearing; and a control unit, adapted to:
derive first and second breathing-related signals from the first and second motion-related parameters, respectively, and analyze the first and second breathing-related signals to determine a measure of accessory muscle activity of the subject.
137. Apparatus for monitoring a subject, comprising:
a non-contact sensor, adapted to sense at least one parameter of a subject without contacting the subject or clothes the subject is wearing;
a user interface; and a control unit, adapted to:
set respective first and second thresholds that are different, analyze the parameter to generate a score, if the score is between the first and second thresholds, drive the user interface to generate a first output indicative of a predicted onset of a clinical episode, and if the score passes the second threshold, drive the user interface to generate a second output indicative of a currently occurring clinical episode.
138. Apparatus for detecting pulsus paradoxus of a subject, comprising:
a non-contact sensor, adapted to sense at least one parameter of a subject without contacting the subject or clothes the subject is wearing; and a control unit, adapted to:
analyze the parameter to generate a measure of blood pressure change of the subject over an inspiration/expiration cycle, compare the measure of blood pressure change to a threshold, and responsively to the measure being greater than the threshold, detect the pulsus paradoxus.
139. Apparatus for predicting an onset of an asthma attack, comprising:

a non-contact sensor, adapted to sense at least one parameter of a subject without contacting the subject or clothes the subject is wearing; and a control unit, adapted to predict the onset of the asthma attack at least in part responsively to the sensed parameter.
140. The apparatus according to claim 139, wherein the at least one parameter includes at least one motion-related parameter of the subject, and wherein the sensor is adapted to sense the at least one motion-related parameter.
141. The apparatus according to claim 139, wherein the control unit is adapted to predict the onset before the subject or a caretaker of the subject becomes aware of the onset.
142. The apparatus according to claim 139, wherein the control unit is adapted to generate subject-specific data regarding the parameter by analyzing previous occurrences of the asthma attack, and to predict the onset at least in part responsively to the data.
143. The apparatus according to claim 139, wherein the control unit is adapted to determine a measure of restlessness of the subject, and to predict the onset at least in part responsively to the measure of restlessness.
144. The apparatus according to claim 139, wherein the control unit is adapted to determine a measure of coughing of the subject, and to predict the onset at least in part responsively to the sensed parameter and the measure of coughing.
145. The apparatus according to claim 139, wherein the sensor is adapted to sense the at least one parameter without requiring human compliance.
146. The apparatus according to any one of claims 139-145, wherein the sensor is adapted to sense the at least one parameter while the subject is sleeping.
147. The apparatus according to claim 146, comprising a user interface, wherein the control unit is adapted to drive the user interface to alert the subject to the predicted onset only after the subject awakes.
148. The apparatus according to any one of claims 139-145, wherein the at least one parameter includes at least one breathing-related parameter of the subject, and the sensor is adapted to sense the at least one breathing-related parameter.
149. The apparatus according to claim 148, wherein the at least one parameter includes at least one heartbeat-related parameter of the subject, wherein the sensor is adapted to sense the at least one heartbeat-related parameter, and wherein the control unit is adapted to predict the onset of the asthma attack at least in part responsively to the breathing-related and heartbeat-related parameters.
150. The apparatus according to claim 148, wherein the control unit is adapted to:
determine at least one breathing pattern of the subject responsively to the sensed breathing-related parameter, compare the breathing pattern with a baseline breathing pattern, and predict the onset at least in part responsively to the comparison.
151. The apparatus according to any one of claims 139-145, wherein the sensor comprises a pressure gauge, configured to measure a pressure in, on, or under a reclining surface upon which the subject lies.
152. The apparatus according to claim 151, wherein the pressure gauge comprises exactly one pressure gauge.
153. Apparatus for predicting an onset of an episode associated with congestive heart failure (CHF), comprising:
a non-contact sensor, adapted to sense at least one parameter of a subject without contacting the subject or clothes the subject is wearing; and a control unit, adapted to predict the onset of the episode at least in part responsively to the sensed parameter.
154. The apparatus according to claim 153, wherein the at least one parameter includes at least one motion-related parameter of the subject, and wherein the sensor is adapted to sense the at least one motion-related parameter.
155. The apparatus according to claim 153, wherein the sensor comprises a pressure gauge, configured to measure a pressure in, on, or under a reclining surface upon which the subject lies.
156. The apparatus according to claim 153, wherein the sensor is adapted to sense the at least one parameter while the subject is sleeping.
157. The apparatus according to claim 153, wherein the sensor is adapted to sense a breathing-related parameter of the subject, and a blood pressure of the subject, and wherein the control unit is adapted to predict the onset at least in part responsively to the breathing-related parameter and the blood pressure.
158. The apparatus according to any one of claims 153-157, wherein the sensor is adapted to sense the at least one parameter without requiring human compliance.
159. Apparatus for predicting an onset of a clinical episode, comprising:
a sensor, adapted to sense at least one parameter of a subject; and a control unit, adapted to predict, while a breathing rate of the subject is less than 120% of a baseline asymptomatic breathing rate of the subject, the onset of the clinical episode at least in part responsively to the sensed parameter.
160. Apparatus for predicting an onset of an asthma attack, comprising:
a sensor, adapted to sense at least one parameter of a subject; and a control unit, adapted to predict, while a forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of the subject is greater than 90% of a baseline asymptomatic FEV1 of the subject, the onset of the asthma attack at least in part responsively to the sensed parameter.
161. Apparatus for predicting an onset of a clinical episode, comprising:
a non-contact sensor, adapted to sense at least one parameter of a subject without contacting the subject or clothes the subject is wearing; and a control unit, adapted to predict, at least one hour prior to the onset of the clinical episode, the onset at least in part responsively to the sensed parameter.
162. Apparatus for predicting an onset of a clinical episode, comprising:
a sensor, adapted to sense at least one parameter of a subject substantially continuously during a period having a duration of at least one hour; and a control unit, adapted to predict, at least one hour prior to the onset of the clinical episode, the onset at least in part responsively to the sensed parameter.
163. Apparatus for predicting an onset of a clinical episode, comprising:
a sensor, adapted to sense at least one parameter of a subject substantially continuously during at least 80% of a period of time a subject is sleeping at night; and a control unit, adapted to predict, at least one hour prior to the onset, the onset of the clinical episode at least in part responsively to the sensed parameter.
164. Apparatus comprising:
a sensor, adapted to sense at least one parameter of a subject; and a control unit, adapted to calculate, at least in part responsively to the sensed parameter, a probability that a clinical episode will occur within a predetermined period of time after the calculating.
165. Apparatus for predicting an onset of a clinical episode, comprising:
a sensor, adapted to sense at least one parameter of a subject without requiring human compliance; and a control unit, adapted to predict the onset at least in part responsively to the sensed parameter.
166. The apparatus according to claim 165, wherein the sensor comprises a non-contact sensor, adapted to sense the at least one parameter without contacting the subject or clothes the subject is wearing.
167. The apparatus according to claim 165, wherein the at least one parameter includes at least one motion-related parameter of the subject, and wherein the sensor is adapted to sense the at least one motion-related parameter without requiring human compliance.
168. The apparatus according to claim 165, wherein the sensor is adapted to sense the at least one parameter while the subject is sleeping, and comprising a user interface, wherein the control unit is adapted to drive the user interface to alert the subject to the predicted onset only after the subject awakes.
169. The apparatus according to claim 165, wherein the sensor comprises a pressure gauge, configured to measure a pressure in, on, or under a reclining surface upon which the subject lies.
170. The apparatus according to claim 165, wherein the clinical episode includes an asthma attack, and wherein the control unit is adapted to predict the onset of the asthma attack.
171. The apparatus according to claim 165, wherein the clinical episode includes an episode associated with congestive heart failure (CHF) of the subject, and wherein the control unit is adapted to predict the onset of the episode associated with the CHF.
172. The apparatus according to claim 165, wherein the clinical episode includes an episode of hypoglycemia caused by diabetes, and wherein the control unit is adapted to predict the onset of the episode of hypoglycemia.
173. The apparatus according to claim 165, wherein the clinical episode is selected from the list consisting of: an episode of abnormal autonomic nervous system activity caused by a neurological condition, an epileptic seizure, an episode of Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep (PLMS), a stroke, an episode of essential tremor, an episode of stress, an episode of fibrillation, an episode associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an episode associated with cystic fibrosis (CF), and an episode of anaphylactic shock, and wherein the control unit is adapted to predict the onset of the selected clinical episode.
174. The apparatus according to any one of claims 165-173, wherein the at least one parameter includes at least one breathing-related parameter of the subject, and wherein the sensor is adapted to sense the at least one breathing-related parameter without requiring human compliance.
175. The apparatus according to claim 174, wherein the control unit is adapted to:
determine at least one breathing pattern of the subject responsively to the sensed breathing-related parameter, compare the breathing pattern with a baseline breathing pattern, and predict the onset at least in part responsively to the comparison.
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