CA2639396A1 - Local delivery of rapamycin for treatment of proliferative sequelae associated with ptca procedures, including delivery using a modified stent - Google Patents

Local delivery of rapamycin for treatment of proliferative sequelae associated with ptca procedures, including delivery using a modified stent Download PDF

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Publication number
CA2639396A1
CA2639396A1 CA002639396A CA2639396A CA2639396A1 CA 2639396 A1 CA2639396 A1 CA 2639396A1 CA 002639396 A CA002639396 A CA 002639396A CA 2639396 A CA2639396 A CA 2639396A CA 2639396 A1 CA2639396 A1 CA 2639396A1
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Prior art keywords
channel
struts
stent
rapamycin
strut
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Abandoned
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CA002639396A
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French (fr)
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Carol Wright
Gerard H. Llanos
Ronald Rakos
Kristen King
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Cordis Corp
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Cordis Corporation
Carol Wright
Gerard H. Llanos
Ronald Rakos
Kristen King
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Application filed by Cordis Corporation, Carol Wright, Gerard H. Llanos, Ronald Rakos, Kristen King filed Critical Cordis Corporation
Publication of CA2639396A1 publication Critical patent/CA2639396A1/en
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/82Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/86Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
    • A61F2/90Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
    • A61F2/91Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
    • A61F2/915Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/82Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/86Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
    • A61F2/90Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
    • A61F2/91Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61LMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L31/00Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
    • A61L31/08Materials for coatings
    • A61L31/10Macromolecular materials
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61LMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L31/00Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
    • A61L31/14Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
    • A61L31/16Biologically active materials, e.g. therapeutic substances
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/82Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/86Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
    • A61F2/90Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
    • A61F2/91Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
    • A61F2/915Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other
    • A61F2002/91533Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other characterised by the phase between adjacent bands
    • A61F2002/91541Adjacent bands are arranged out of phase
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/82Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/86Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
    • A61F2/90Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
    • A61F2/91Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
    • A61F2/915Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other
    • A61F2002/9155Adjacent bands being connected to each other
    • A61F2002/91558Adjacent bands being connected to each other connected peak to peak
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2250/00Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2250/0058Additional features; Implant or prostheses properties not otherwise provided for
    • A61F2250/0067Means for introducing or releasing pharmaceutical products into the body
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2250/00Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2250/0058Additional features; Implant or prostheses properties not otherwise provided for
    • A61F2250/0067Means for introducing or releasing pharmaceutical products into the body
    • A61F2250/0068Means for introducing or releasing pharmaceutical products into the body the pharmaceutical product being in a reservoir
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61LMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2300/00Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
    • A61L2300/40Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices characterised by a specific therapeutic activity or mode of action
    • A61L2300/416Anti-neoplastic or anti-proliferative or anti-restenosis or anti-angiogenic agents, e.g. paclitaxel, sirolimus
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61LMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2300/00Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
    • A61L2300/60Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices characterised by a special physical form
    • A61L2300/606Coatings

Abstract

Delivery of rapamycin locally, particularly from an intravascular stent, directly from micropores in the stent body or mixed or bound to a polymer coating applied on stent, to inhibit neointimal tissue proliferation and thereby prevent restenosis. This invention also facilitates the performance of the stent in inhibiting restenosis.

Description

- ~ -LOCAL DELIVERY OF RAPAMYCIN FOR TREAIMENT OF PRQLIFERATIVE
SEQL]ELAE ASSOCIATED WITH PTCA PEOCED[IRES, INCLUDING DELIVERY USING A MDIFIED STENT

This application is a Divisional of co-pending Canadian Patent Application No. 2,269,310 dated April 16, 1999.
Field of the Invention:
Delivery of rapamycin locally, particularly from an intravascular stent, directly from micropores in the stent body or mixed or bound to a polymer coating applied on stent, to inhibit neointimal tissue proliferation and thereby prevent restenosis. This invention also I5 facilitates the performance of the stent in inhibiting restenosis.

Background of the Invention:
Re-narrowing (restenosis) of an artherosclerotic . coronary artery after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) occurs in 10-50% of patients undergoing this procedure and subsequently requires either further angioplasty or coronary artery bypass graft. While the exact hormonal and cellular processes promoting restenosis=
are still being determined, our present understanding is that the process of PTCA, besides opening the artherosclerotically obstructed artery, also injures resident coronary arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC). In response to this injury, adhering platelets, infiltrating macrophages, leukocytes, or the smooth muscle cells (SMC) themselves release cell derived growth factors with subsequent proliferation and migration of medial SMC
through the internal elastic lamina to the area of the vessel intima. Further proliferation and hyperplasia of JJl-43
- 2 -~ intimal SMC and, most significantly, production of large amounts of extracellular matrix over a period of 3-6 months results in the filling in and narrowing of the vascular space sufficient to significantly obstruct coronary blood flow.
o-Several recent experimental approaches to preventing sMC proliferation have shown promise althrough the mechanisms for most agents employed are still unclear.
Heparin is the best known and characterized agent causing -!5 inhibition of SMC proliferation both in vitro and in animal mQdels of balloon angioplasty-mediated injury. The mechanism of SMC inhibition with heparin is still not known but may be due to any or all of the following: 1) reduced expression of the growth regulatory protooncogenes 20 c-fos and c-myc, 2) reduced cellular production of tissue plasminogen activator; are 3) binding and dequestration of growth regulatory factors such as fibrovalent growth factor (FGF).

25 Other agents which have demonstrated the ability to reduce myointimal thickening in animal models of balloon vascular injury are angiopeptin (a somatostatin analog), calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (captopril, cilazapril), cyclosporin A, 30 trapidil (an antianginal, antiplatelet agent), terbinafine (antifungal), colchicine and taxol (antitubulin antiproliferatives), and c myc and c-myb antinsense oligonucleotides.
- 3 -Additionally, a goat antibody to the SMC mitogen platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) has been shown to be effective in reducing myointimal thickening in a rat model of balloon angioplasty injury, thereby implicating PDGF
directly in the etiology of restenosis. Thus, while no therapy has as yet proven successful clinically in preventing restenosis after angioplasty, the in vivo experimental success of several agents known to inhibit SMC growth suggests that these agents as a class have the capacity to prevent clinical restenosis and deserve careful evaluation in humans.

Coronary heart disease is the major.cause of death in men over the age of 40 and in women over the age of fifty in the western world. Most coronary artery-related deaths are due to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic lesions which limit or obstruct coronary blood flow are the major cause of ischemic heart disease related mortality and result in 500,000-600,000 deaths in the United States annually. To arrest the disease process and prevent the more advanced disease states in which the cardiac muscle itself is compromised, direct intervention has been employed via percutaneous transiuminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG).
PTCA is a procedure in which a small balloon-tipped catheter is passed down a narrowed coronary artery and then expanded to re-open the artery. It is currently performed in approximately 250,000-300,000 patients each
- 4 -year. The major advantage of this therapy is that patients in which the procedure is successful need not undergo the more invasive surgical procedure of coronary artery bypass graft. A major difficulty with PTCA is the problem of post-angioplasty closure of the vessel, both immediately after PTCA (acute reocciusion) and in the long term (restenosis).

The mechanism of acute reocclusion appears to involve several factors and may result from vascular recoil with resultant closure of the artery and/or deposition of blood platelets along the damaged length of the newly opened blood vessel followed by formation of a fibrin/red blood cell thrombus. Recently, intravascular stents have been examined as a means of preventing acute reclosure after PTCA.

Restenosis (chronic reclosure) after angioplasty is a more gradual process than acute reocclusion: 30% of patients with subtotal lesions and 50% of patients with chronic total lesions will go on to restenosis after angioplasty. while the exact mechanism for restenosis is still under active investigation, the general aspects of the restenosis process have been identifiedr ' In the normal arterial will, smooth muscle cells (S,MC) proliferate at a low rate (<0.1%/day; ref). SMC in vessel wall exists in a `contractile' phenotype characterized by 80-90% of the cell cytoplasmic volume occupied with the contractile apparatus. Endoplasmic
- 5 -reticulum, golgi bodies, and free ribosomes are few and located in the perinuclear region. Extracellular matrix surrounds SMC and is rich in heparin-like glycosylaminoglycans which are believed to be responsible for maintaining SMC in the contractile phenotypic state.
Upon pressure expansion of an intracoronary balloon catheter during angioplasty, smooth muscle cells within the arterial wall become injured. Cell derived growth factors such as platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), etc. released from platelets (i.e., PDGF) adhering to the damaged arterial luminal surface, invading macrophages and/or leukocytes, or directly from SMC (i.e., BFGF) provoke a proliferation and migratory response in medial SMC. These cells undergo a phenotypic change from the contractile phenotyope to a`synthetic' phenotype characterized by only few contractile filament bundles but extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi and free ribosomes. Proliferation/migration usually begins within 1-2 days post-injury and peaks at 2 days in the media, rapidly declining thereafter (Campbell et al., In:
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Culture, Campbell, J.H.
and Campbell, G.R., Eds, CRC Press, Boca Ration, 1987, pp.
39-55); Clowes, A.W. and Schwartz,. S.M., Circ. Res.
56:139-145, 1985).

Finally, daughter synthetic cells migrate to the intimal layer of arterial smooth muscle and continue to proliferate. Proliferation and migration continues until
- 6 -s the damaged luminal endothelial layer regenerates at which time proliferation ceases within the intima, usually within 7-14 days postinjury. The remaining increase in intimal thickening which occurs over the next 3-6 months is due to an increase in extracellular matrix rather than cell number. Thus, SMC migration and proliferation is an acute response to vessel injury while intimal hyperplasia is a more chronic response. (Liu et al., Circulation, 79:1374-1387, 1989).

Patients with symptomatic reocclusion require either repeat ,PTCA or CABG. Because 30-50% of patients undergoing PTCA will experience restenosis, restenosis has clearly limited the success of PTC.A, as a therapeutic approach to coronary artery disease. Because SMC
proliferation and migration are intimately involved with the pathophysiological response to arterial injury, prevention of SMC proliferation and migration represents a target for pharmacological intervention in the prevention of restenosis.

Sunaaary of the Invention :

Novel Features and Applications to Stent Technology Currently, attempts to improve the clinical performance of stents have involved some variation of either applying a coating to the metal, attaching a covering or membrane, or embedding material on the surface via ion bombardment. A stent designed to include
- 7 -reservoirs is a new approach which offers several important advantages over existing technologies.

Local Drug Delivery from a Stent to Inhibit Restenosis In this application, it is desired to deliver a therapeutic agent to the site of arterial injury. The conventional approach has been to incorporate the therapeutic agent into a polymer material which is then coated on the stent. The ideal coating material must be able to adhere strongly to the metal stent both before and after expansion, be capable of retaining the drug at a sufficient load level to obtain the required dose, be able to release the drug in a controlled way over a period of several weeks, and be as thin as possible so as to minimize the increase in profile. In addition, the coating material should not contribute to any adverse response by the body (i.e., should be non-thrombogenic, non-inflammatory, etc.). To date, the ideal coating material has not been developed for this application.
An alternative would be to design the stent to contain reservoirs which could be loaded with the drug. A
coating or membrane of biocompatable material could be applied over the reservoirs which would control the diffusion of the drug from the reservoirs to the artery wall.

One advantage of this system is that the properties of the coating can be optimized for achieving superior - $ -biocompatibility and adhesion properties, without the addition requirement of being able to load and release the drug. The size, shape, position, and number of reservoirs can be used to control the amount of drug, and therefore the dose delivered.
Description of the Drawings:

The invention will be better understood in connection with the following figures in which Figures 1 and lA are i5 top views and section views of a stent containing reservoirs as described in the present invention;

Figures 2a and 2b are similar views of an alternate embodiment of the stent with open ends;
' Figures 3a and 3b are further alternate figures of a device containing a grooved reservoir; and Figure 4 is a layout view of a device containing a reservoir as in Figure 3.

Detailed Description of the Invention Pharmacological attempts to prevent 'restenosis by pharmacologic means have thus far been unsuccessful and all involve systemic administration of the trial agents.
Neither aspirin-dipyridamole, ticlopidine, acute heparin administration, chronic warfarin (6 months) nor methylprednisolone have been effective in preventing restenosis although platelet inhibitors have been effective in preventing acute reocclusion after angioplasty. The calcium antagonists have also been unsuccessful in preventing restenosis, although they are still under study. Other agents currently under study include thromboxane inhibitors, prostacyclin mimetics, platelet membrane receptor blockers, thrombin inhibitors and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. These agents must be given systemically, however, and attainment of a therapeutically effective dose may not be possible;
antiproliferative (or anti-restenosis) concentrations may exceed the known toxic concentrations of these agents so that levels sufficient to produce smooth muscle inhibition may not be reached (Lang et al., 42 Ann. Rev. Med., 127-132 (1991); Popma et al., 84 Circulation, 1426-1436 (1991)).
Additional clinical trials in which the effectiveness for preventing restenosis of dietary fish oil supplements, thromboxane receptor antagonists, cholesterol lowering agents, and serotonin antagonists has been examined have shown either conflicting or negative results so that no pharmacological agents are as yet clinically available to prevent post-angioplasty restenosis (Franklin, S.M. and Faxon, D.P., 4 Coronary Artery Disease, 232-242 (1993);
Serruys, P.W. et al., 88 Circulation, (part 1) 1588-1601, (1993).

Conversely, stents have proven useful in preventing reducing the proliferation of restenosis. Stents, such as the stent 10 seen in layout in Figure 4, balloon-J.7I-43 expandable slotted metal tubes (usually but not limited to stainless steel), which when expanded within the lumen of an angioplastied coronary artery, provide structural support to the arterial wall. This support is helpful in maintaining an open path for blood flow. In two randomized clinical trials, stents were shown to increase angiographic success after PTCA, increase the stenosed blood vessel lumen and to reduce the lesion recurrence at 6 months (Serruys et al., 331 New Eng Jour. Med, 495, (1994); Fischman et al., 331 New Eng Jour. Med, 496-501 (1994). Additionally, in a preliminary trial, heparin coated stents appear to possess the same benefit of reduction in stenosis diameter at follow-up as was observed with non-heparin coated stents. Additionally, heparin coating appears to have the added benefit of producing a reduction in sub-acute thrombosis after stent implantation (Serruys et al., 93 Circulation, 412-422, (1996). Thus, 1) sustained mechanical expansion of a stenosed coronary artery has been shown to provide some measure of restenosis prevention, and 2) coating of stents with heparin has demonstrated both the feasibility and the clinical usefulness of delivering drugs to local, injured tissue off the surface of the stent.

Numerous agents are being actively studied as antiproliferative agents for use in restenosis and have shown some activity in experimental animal models. These include: heparin and heparin fragments (Clowes and Karnovsky, 265 Nature, 25-626, (1977); Guyton, J.R. et al.
46 Circ. Res., 625-634, (1980); Clowes, A.W. and Clowes, M.M., 52 Lab. Invest., 611-616, (1985); Clowes, A.W. and Clowes, M.M., 58 Circ. Res., 839-845 (1986) ; Majesky et al., 61 Circ Res., 296-300, (1987); Snow et al., 137 Am.
J. Pathol., 313-330 (1990); Okada, T. et al., 25 Neurosurgery, 92-898, (1989) colchicine (Currier, J.W. et al., 80 Circulation, 11-66, (1989), taxol (ref), agiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (Powell, J.S. et al., 245 Science, 186-188 (1989), angiopeptin (Lundergan, C.F. et al., 17 Am. J. Cardiol. (Suppl. B);
132B-136B (1991), Cyciosporin A (Jonasson, L. et. al., 85 Proc. Nati, Acad. Sci., 2303 (1988), goat-anti-rabbit PDGF
antibody (Ferns, G.A.A., et al., 253 Science, 1129-1132 (1991), terbinafine (Nemecek, G.M. et al., 248 J.
Pharmacol. Exp. Thera., 1167-11747 (1989), trapidil (Liu, M.W. et al., 81 Circulation, 1089-1093 (1990), interferon-gamma (Hansson, G.K. and Holm, 84 J. Circulation, 1266-1272 (1991), steroids (Colburn, M.D. et al., 15 J. Vasc.
Surg., 510-518 (1992), see also Berk, B.C. et al., 17 J.
Am. Coll. Cardiol., 111B-1 17B (1991), ionizing radiation (ref), fusion toxins (ref) antisense oligonucleotides (ref), gene vectors (ref), and rapamycin (see below).

Of particular interest in rapamycin. Rapaznycin is a macrolide antibiotic which blocks IL-2- mediated T-cell proliferation and possesses antiinflammatory activity.
While the precise mechanism of rapamycin is still under active investigation, rapamycin has been shown to prevent the G1 to S phase progression of T-cells through the cell cycle by inhibiting specific cell cyclins and cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Siekierka, Inununol. Res. 13:

110-116, 1994). The antiproliferative action of rapamycin is not limited to T-cells; Marx et al. (Circ Res 76:412-417, 1995) have demonstrated that rapamycin prevents proliferation of both rat and human SMC in vitro while Poon et al. have shown the rat, porcine, and human SMC
0 migratin can also be inhibited by rapamycin (J Clin Invest 98: 2277-2283, 1996). Thus, rapamycin is capable of inhibiting both the inflammatory response known to occur after arterial injury and stent implantation, as well as the SMC hyperproliferative response. In fact, the L5 combined effects of rapamycin have been demonstrated to result in a diminished SMC hyperproliferative response in a rat femoral artery graft model and in both rat and porcine arterial balloon injury models (Gregory et al., Transplantation 55:1409-1418, 1993; Gallo et al., in 20 press, (1997)). These observations clearly support the potential use of rapamycin in the clinical setting of post-angioplasty restenosis.

Although the ideal agent for restenosis has not yet 25 been identified, some desired properties are clear:
inhibition of local thrombosis without the risk systemic bleeding complications and continuous and prevention of the dequale of arterial injury, including local inflammation and sustained prevention smooth muscle 30 proliferation at the site of angioplasty without serious systemic complications. Inasmuch as stents prevent .at least a portion of the restenosis process, an agent which prevents inflammation and the proliferation of SMC

combined with a stent may provide the most efficacious treatment for post-angioplasty restenosis.
Experiments Agents: Rapamycin (sirolimus) structural analogs (macrocyclic lactones) and inhibitors of cell-cycle progression.

Delivery Methods:
These can vary:

- Local delivery of such agents (rapaznycin) from the struts of a stent, from a stent graft, grafts, stent cover or sheath.

- Involving comixture with polymers (both deqradable and nondegrading) to hold the drug to the stent or graft.
- or entrapping the drug into the metal of the stent or graft body which has been modified to contain micropores or channels, as will be explained further herein.
- or including covalent binding of the drug to the stent via solution chemistry techniques (such as via the Canneda process) or dry chemistry techniques (e.g. vapour deposition methods such as rf-plasma polymerization) and combinations thereof.

- Catheter delivery intravascularly from a tandem balloon or a porous balloon for intramural uptake Lo - Extravascular delivery by the pericardial route - Extravascular delivery by the advential application of sustained release formulations.
Uses: for inhibition of cell proliferation to prevent neointimal proliferation and restenosis.
prevention of tumor expansion from stents prevent ingrowth of tissue into catheters and shunts inducing their failure.

1. Experimental Stent Delivery Method - Delivery from Polymer Matrix:

Solution of Rapamycin, prepared in a solvent miscible with polymer carrier solution, is mixed with solution of polymer at final concentration range 0.001 weight % to 30 weight % of drug. Polymers are biocompatible ( i. e. , not elicit any negative tissue reaction or promote mural thrombus formation) and degradable, such as lactone-based polyesters or copolyesters, e.g., polylactide, polycaprolacton-glycolide, polyorthoesters, polyanhydrides;
poly-aminoacids; polysaccharides; polyphosphazenes;
poly(ether-ester) copolymers, e.g., PEO-PLLA, or blends J.TI-43 thereof. Nonabsorbable biocompatible polymers are also suitable candidates. Polymers such as polydimethyl-siolxane; poly(ethylene-vingylacetate); acrylate based polymers or copolymers, e.g., poly(hydroxyethyl methylmethacrylate, polyvinyl pyrrolidinone; fluorinated polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene; cellulose esters.

Polymer/drug mixture is applied to the surfaces of the stent by either dip-coating, or spray coating, or brush coating or dip/spin coating or combinations thereof, and the,solvent allowed to evaporate to leave a film with entrapped rapamycin.

2. Experimental Stent Delivery Method - Delivery from Microporous Depots in Stent Through a Polymer Membrane Coating:

Stent, whose body has been modified to contain micropores or channels is dipped into a solution of Raparaycin, range 0.001 wt% to saturated, in organic solvent such as acetone or methylene chloride, for sufficient time to allow solution to permeate into the pores. (The dipping solution can also be' compressed to improve the loading efficiency.) After solvent has been allowed to evaporate, the stent is dipped briefly in fresh solvent to remove excess surface bound drug. A solution of polymer, chosen from any identified in the first experimental method, is applied to the stent as detailed above. This outerlayer of polymer will act as diffusion-controller for release of drug.

3. Experimental Stent Delivery Method - Delivery via lysis of a Covalent Drug Tether Rapamycin is modified to contain a hydrolytically or enzymatically labile covalent bond for attaching to the surface of the stent which itself has been chemically derivatized to allow covalent immobilization. Covalent bonds such as ester, amides or anhydrides may be suitable for this.

4. Experimental Method - Pericardial Delivery !0 A: Polymeric Sheet Rapamycin is combined at concentration range previously highlighted, with a degradable polymer such as poly(caprolactone-gylcolide) or non-degradable polymer, e.g., polydi.methylsiloxane, and mixture cast as a thin sheet, thickness range 10u to 25 1000u. The resulting sheet can be wrapped perivascularly on the target vessel. Preference would be for the absorbable polymer.

B: Conformal Coating: Rapamycin is combined with a 30 polymer that has a melting temperature just above 37 C, range 40 -45 C. Mixture is applied in a molten state to the external side of the target vessel. Upon cooling to body temperature the mixture solidifies conformally to the vessel wall. Both non-degradable and' absorbable biocompatible polymers are suitable.

As seen in the figures it is also possible to modify currently manufactured stents in order to adequately provide the drug dosages such as rapamycin. As seen in Figures la, 2a and 3a, any stent strut 10, 20, 30 can. be modified to have a certain reservoir or 'channel 11, 21, 31, which may be laser cut into the strut. Each lo of these reservoirs can be open or closed as desired. These reservoirs can hold the drug to be delivered. Figure 4 shows a stent 40 with a reservoir 45 created at the apex of a flexible strut. Of course, this reservoir 45 is intended to be useful to deliver rapamycin or any other drug at a.specific point of flexibility of .the stent. Accordingly, this concept can be useful for "second generation" type stents.

In any of the foregoing devices, however, it is useful to have the drug dosage applied with enough specificity and enough concentration to provide an effective dosage in the lesion area. In this regard,_ the reservoir size-- in--the- stent struts must be kept at a size of about 0.0005" to about 0.003". Then, it should be possible to adequately apply the drug dosage at the desired location and in the desired amount.

These and other concepts will are disclosed herein.
it would be apparent to the reader that modifications.are possible to the stent or the drug dosage applied.. In any event, however, the any obvious modifications should be s perceived to fall within the scope of the invention which is to be realized from the attached claims and their equivalents.

Claims (8)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS
1. A stent containing a polymer and rapamycin or its analogs wherein said rapamycin or its analogs are contained in a therapeutically beneficial amount to combat restenosis, said stent further comprising:

a generally thin walled cylinder, said cylinder containing a plurality of generally solid struts, said rapamycin or its analogs applied to said strut, and a channel formed in at least one of said struts, said channel having a closed perimeter on all sides and an open top, and said channel smaller in all dimensions than said strut, said channel containing a reservoir of said rapamycin containing coating applied therein.
2. A stent comprising:

a generally thin walled cylinder, said cylinder containing a plurality of struts, said struts expandable struts having a generally uniform thickness; and a channel formed in at least one of said struts, said channel having a closed perimeter on all sides and an open top, and said channel smaller in all dimensions than said strut, said channel containing a therapeutic agent applied therein and wherein the therapeutic agent is rapamycin.
3. A stent comprising:

a generally thin walled cylinder, said cylinder containing a plurality of struts, said struts expandable dependent on the amount of force applied to said strut, and said struts having a generally uniform thickness; and a channel formed in at least one of said struts, said channel having a closed perimeter on all sides and an open top, and said channel smaller in all dimensions than said strut, said channel containing a therapeutic agent applied therein; and wherein said channel has a generally rectangular perimeter.
4. In combination:

a stent comprising:

a generally thin walled cylinder, said cylinder containing a plurality of struts, said struts expandable dependent on the amount of force applied to said strut, and said struts having a generally uniform thickness; and a channel formed in at least one of said struts, said channel having a closed perimeter on all sides and an open top, and said channel smaller in all dimensions than said strut, said channel containing a therapeutic agent applied therein; and wherein said channel has a generally rectangular perimeter; and wherein said therapeutic agent is rapamycin coated to said channel.
5. The stent of claim 4 wherein said channel is rectangular in shape.
6. The combination of claim 5 wherein said channel is laser cut into said strut.
7. A stent comprising a generally thin walled structure containing a plurality of struts, the struts expandable to assume the shape of a lumen into which the stent is emplaced, said struts having a thickness, and a channel formed in at least one of said struts, said channel having a closed perimeter on all sides and an open top, and said channel smaller in all dimensions than said strut, said channel containing a therapeutic agent applied therein and wherein the therapeutic agent is rapamycin.
8. A stent comprising:

a generally thin walled cylinder, said cylinder containing a plurality of generally solid struts, said struts expandable dependent on the amount of force applied to said strut, and a channel formed in at least one of said struts, said channel having a closed perimeter on all sides and an open top, and said channel smaller in all dimensions than said strut, said channel containing a reservoir of a therapeutic agent applied therein.
CA002639396A 1998-04-16 1999-04-16 Local delivery of rapamycin for treatment of proliferative sequelae associated with ptca procedures, including delivery using a modified stent Abandoned CA2639396A1 (en)

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US09/061,568 US6273913B1 (en) 1997-04-18 1998-04-16 Modified stent useful for delivery of drugs along stent strut
CA002269310A CA2269310A1 (en) 1998-04-16 1999-04-16 Local delivery of rapamycin for treatment of proliferative sequelae associated with ptca procedures, including delivery using a modified stent

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