CN100350984C - 静脉注射针导管 - Google Patents

静脉注射针导管 Download PDF

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CN100350984C
CN100350984C CNB2004100458923A CN200410045892A CN100350984C CN 100350984 C CN100350984 C CN 100350984C CN B2004100458923 A CNB2004100458923 A CN B2004100458923A CN 200410045892 A CN200410045892 A CN 200410045892A CN 100350984 C CN100350984 C CN 100350984C
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pin
arm
wire guide
protector
pin protector
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马克·温库普
马修·科勒
凯文·沃尔
曼弗雷德·奥尔特
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B Braun Melsungen AG
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
    • A61M25/01—Introducing, guiding, advancing, emplacing or holding catheters
    • A61M25/06—Body-piercing guide needles or the like
    • A61M25/0612—Devices for protecting the needle; Devices to help insertion of the needle, e.g. wings or holders
    • A61M25/0618—Devices for protecting the needle; Devices to help insertion of the needle, e.g. wings or holders having means for protecting only the distal tip of the needle, e.g. a needle guard
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
    • A61M25/01—Introducing, guiding, advancing, emplacing or holding catheters
    • A61M25/06—Body-piercing guide needles or the like
    • A61M25/0612—Devices for protecting the needle; Devices to help insertion of the needle, e.g. wings or holders
    • A61M25/0618—Devices for protecting the needle; Devices to help insertion of the needle, e.g. wings or holders having means for protecting only the distal tip of the needle, e.g. a needle guard
    • A61M25/0625—Devices for protecting the needle; Devices to help insertion of the needle, e.g. wings or holders having means for protecting only the distal tip of the needle, e.g. a needle guard with a permanent connection to the needle hub, e.g. a guiding rail, a locking mechanism or a guard advancement mechanism
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
    • A61M5/178—Syringes
    • A61M5/31—Details
    • A61M5/32—Needles; Details of needles pertaining to their connection with syringe or hub; Accessories for bringing the needle into, or holding the needle on, the body; Devices for protection of needles
    • A61M5/3205—Apparatus for removing or disposing of used needles or syringes, e.g. containers; Means for protection against accidental injuries from used needles
    • A61M5/321—Means for protection against accidental injuries by used needles
    • A61M5/3243—Means for protection against accidental injuries by used needles being axially-extensible, e.g. protective sleeves coaxially slidable on the syringe barrel
    • A61M5/3245—Constructional features thereof, e.g. to improve manipulation or functioning
    • A61M2005/3247—Means to impede repositioning of protection sleeve from needle covering to needle uncovering position
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
    • A61M5/178—Syringes
    • A61M5/31—Details
    • A61M5/32—Needles; Details of needles pertaining to their connection with syringe or hub; Accessories for bringing the needle into, or holding the needle on, the body; Devices for protection of needles
    • A61M5/3205—Apparatus for removing or disposing of used needles or syringes, e.g. containers; Means for protection against accidental injuries from used needles
    • A61M5/321—Means for protection against accidental injuries by used needles
    • A61M5/3243—Means for protection against accidental injuries by used needles being axially-extensible, e.g. protective sleeves coaxially slidable on the syringe barrel
    • A61M5/3245—Constructional features thereof, e.g. to improve manipulation or functioning
    • A61M2005/3247—Means to impede repositioning of protection sleeve from needle covering to needle uncovering position
    • A61M2005/325—Means obstructing the needle passage at distal end of a needle protection sleeve
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
    • A61M5/178—Syringes
    • A61M5/31—Details
    • A61M5/32—Needles; Details of needles pertaining to their connection with syringe or hub; Accessories for bringing the needle into, or holding the needle on, the body; Devices for protection of needles
    • A61M5/3205—Apparatus for removing or disposing of used needles or syringes, e.g. containers; Means for protection against accidental injuries from used needles
    • A61M5/321—Means for protection against accidental injuries by used needles
    • A61M5/3243—Means for protection against accidental injuries by used needles being axially-extensible, e.g. protective sleeves coaxially slidable on the syringe barrel
    • A61M5/3273—Means for protection against accidental injuries by used needles being axially-extensible, e.g. protective sleeves coaxially slidable on the syringe barrel freely sliding on needle shaft without connection to syringe or needle
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
    • A61M5/178—Syringes
    • A61M5/31—Details
    • A61M5/32—Needles; Details of needles pertaining to their connection with syringe or hub; Accessories for bringing the needle into, or holding the needle on, the body; Devices for protection of needles
    • A61M5/3205—Apparatus for removing or disposing of used needles or syringes, e.g. containers; Means for protection against accidental injuries from used needles
    • A61M5/321—Means for protection against accidental injuries by used needles
    • A61M5/3243—Means for protection against accidental injuries by used needles being axially-extensible, e.g. protective sleeves coaxially slidable on the syringe barrel
    • A61M5/3275—Means for protection against accidental injuries by used needles being axially-extensible, e.g. protective sleeves coaxially slidable on the syringe barrel being connected to the needle hub or syringe by radially deflectable members, e.g. longitudinal slats, cords or bands

Abstract

一种安全IV针导管，包括一个在一针导管毂中的整体弹针防护器。针防护器包括一个近臂或壁，后者包括一个针穿过其中可轴向移动的开口。在针从针导管缩回时，它解除以前阻止针防护器在针导管毂中移动的力。这又使得针防护器咬入到在针杆上被夹紧的位置，在此位置远壁阻挡接近针尖。在此状态中，弹性针防护器和针可从针导管毂中取出。在针杆上形成一个窄槽或凸起，在被保护的针和针防护器从针导管取出后与针防护器接合，从而防止被保护的针从针防护器上脱开。

Description

静脉注射针导管
本申请是1998年8月18日提交的题目为“安全IV针导管用的保护针尖的弹簧卡子”的专利申请98808228.4的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及静脉注射(IV)针导管，具体的说，涉及一种安全IV针导管，它的针尖在针拔出来之后被自动盖住，以防止护士意外地接触针尖。
背景技术
I.V.针导管主要用于直接向患者的血管系统输液，有时还含有药物。这种针导管由护士用手持的具有针尖锐的针尖的注射装置将其插入患者的静脉中。针放置在针导管的中空部分，其针尖稍微超过针导管的边缘。与针尖相反的一端装置的端部由连接在针毂上的针构成，在插入过程中，护士能把持这个针毂。
插入过程包含四个基本步骤：(1)护士把针和针导管一起插入患者的静脉中；(2)针尖插入静脉之后，护士用手指把针导管向前推进，进入患者的静脉中；(3)护士抓住针毂这一端(与针尖端相反的)把针撤出来，同时用另一只空着的手对患者插入部位的皮肤加压；以及(4)然后，护士把已经插入的针导管绑在患者的皮肤上，并把针导管露出的一端，和针导管毂连接在要输入患者静脉中的液体源上。
这里的问题在于，紧接着从患者的静脉中拔出针之后，护士必须同时至少进行两个紧急的程序：把暴露出来的针尖放在近处，还必须着手进行为了完成拔针所要求的任务。就在这种交接的过程中，暴露出来的针尖会发生意外地刺人的危险，在这种情况下，就使得护士很容易受到血液携带的各种危险的病原体，包括爱滋病和肝炎的病原体的传染。
护士会受到意外的针刺的危险促进了安全IV针导管的开发，这种安全的IV针导管能防止所述偶然的针刺。已经公开的研制出来的具有这种效果的安全针导管有，例如，Lemteux的重新发布的专利Re.34,416，Crawford的美国专利5,558,651，McLees的美国专利5,135,504，Gaba的美国专利5,697,907，以及Dombrowski的美国专利4,978,344。Kulli的美国专利4,929,241和Chamuel的美国专利5,053,017公开了一种与皮下注射针一起使用的防护用的针保护器。
现有技术中的安全针导管都有或多或少的缺点，因而大大地限制了它们的使用性能，也不能被护士完全认可。例如，在Lemieux专利中公开的安全针导管中，使针的窄槽啮合在防护器的凸缘中需要相当大的力量，并且会妨碍把针拔出来。而要把这种力量减小到可以接受的程度，则在针从针导管中拔出之后，针的防护器可能会留在针导管毂中。结果，在Lemieux专利中公开的安全针导管就不能总是可靠地起作用。
同样，公开在Dombrowski的专利中的安全针导管，当罩子连接在针上时，也要求使用者必须施加相当大的力量，才能把保护罩子从针导管毂中卸下来。这种公开在Dombrowski的专利中的安全针导管的制造成本也比较高，因为它还有柔性的凸缘和系链。
McLees的保护装置需要通过一个保持环在针的防护器上施加麻烦的额外的拉力，才能把受到保护的针从针导管毂上拔下来。McLees的保护装置还需要把两个分开的零件装配起来，因此制造的成本相当高。此外，McLees的保护装置中的针在接近针尖并在其上要有一个直径较大的部分。McLees的保护装置的这一特征要求针的其余部分的直径较小，这将造成使血液通过针的倒流减慢的不良影响。
发明内容
因此，本发明的一个目的是提供一种安全IV针导管，它能可靠而且自动地防止在使用之后偶然不小心地接触针尖。
本发明的又一个目的是提供一种安全针导管，它能为护士提供可靠的保护，防止针刺，而不需要护士对安全针导管的使用方式作任何的改变。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种所述的安全IV针导管，这种类型的安全IV针导管比较简单，制造的成本低。
本发明的又一个目的是提供一种所述的安全针导管，它能防止针在使用后从针的防护器上掉下来。
为实现本发明的目的，提供一种静脉注射针导管，包括：
-一个管状针导管；
-一个针，它有一个针杆和一个针尖，当在一个准备位置时所述针容纳在所述管状针导管内；
-一个固定在所述针导管近端上的针导管毂，所述针导管毂有一个由一内壁包围的空心内部；
-所述针能在所述准备位置与一个缩回位置之间移动，在准备位置上所述针尖在所述针导管毂的外面，而在缩回位置上所述针尖在针导管毂内；
-一个针防护器，在所述针导管毂内，并包括：
--一个弹性部分，当针处于所述准备位置时所述弹性部分与所述针杆接合；其包括
---所述针防护器的弹性部分的一段，当针处于所述准备位置时，被所述针杆推向与所述针导管毂形成保持关系；
---一个从所述弹性部分的段延伸出来的远臂，当所述针处于所述准备位置时，所述远臂离开所述针尖接合着针，而当所述针处于其缩回位置时，所述远臂能在所述针导管内移动到离所述针尖远处的阻挡位置上；
--通过针防护器的弹性部分与针杆接合，使得在准备位置时使针接合进并将弹性部分的段推到与针导管毂保持接触，
其特征在于：
-所述弹性部分的所述段是一个非线性部分，它在针导管毂的所述内壁上与一个保持变形部保持接触，使与针杆接合的针保护器保持在针导管毂内壁的准备位置上，从而在轴向保持固定；
-和设在针防护器上的夹紧装置，当所述针防护器在它的所述阻挡位置时，在针杆的至少两个位置上夹紧接合，将所述针防护器夹紧到所述针上，所述针杆不再向所述针防护器的所述弹性部分上施力。
为达到所述目的，本发明的安全IV针导管包括一个弹性的弹簧夹子的针防护器，该防护器包括一个远端或前端，和一个近端或后端。这种弹簧夹子插入针导管毂内，用针杆对其加压，使它与针导管毂的内壁接触，于是，针防护器便可靠地保持在它里面。当从针导管中拔出针时，松开原先施加在针防护器上的力，使针防护器在针导管毂内转动，直到它夹在针杆上。此时，针防护器的远端的臂便挡住针远端的针尖。此外，这种弹簧夹子和它所夹住的被防护的针能很容易而且安全地从针导管毂中拔出来。在针上可以设置一条窄槽或凸起，它与针防护器协同工作，以防止针和针防护器一起从针导管毂中取出之后，针会意外地与针防护器脱开。
按照本发明的另一个弹簧夹子安全针导管的实施例，在针导管毂的内壁上形成一条保持凹槽或隆起，在准备状态下，这条凹槽或隆起与弹簧夹子的下臂啮合，增大了弹簧夹子在针导管毂中的保持。
按照本发明的弹簧夹子安全针导管的另一个实施例，在针上形成了一条窄槽。在弹簧夹子转动到它的收缩位置，并且针被弹簧夹子夹住之后，针继续向邻近的方向运动将使弹簧夹子的后或近的臂落入窄槽内，从而更可靠地把针杆夹在弹簧夹子上。
在本发明的弹簧夹子针导管防护器的又一个实施例中，在针毂和弹簧夹子防护器上连接了一条系绳，以防止弹簧夹子防护器从被保护的针上拉出来，而不需要在它们之间过大的夹紧力。
在本发明的又一个实施例中，弹簧夹子针防护器的形式是弹性的交叉臂形状，每一条臂的唇部在远处的防护器壁上。当针处于准备状态时，它穿过防护器，并把两条弹性臂互相推开，使它们靠在针导管毂的内壁上。当针通过防护器壁缩回时，两条弹性臂弹向安全位置，此时，两道防护器的臂都远离针尖，从而形成一道屏障，可防止意外地与针尖接触。
附图说明
为了完成以上的和其他可能达到的目的，下面参照附图详细描述本发明的实施例。附图中：
图1A和1B是按照本发明的第一实施例的安全IV针导管分别处于准备和缩回状态下的局部剖视图；
图1C和1D与图1A和1B相似，是图示实施例的另一可能方案；
图2A和2B是按照本发明的第二实施例的安全IV针导管分别处于准备和缩回状态下的局部剖视图；
图3A和3B是按照本发明的第三实施例的安全IV针导管分别处于准备和缩回状态下的局部剖视图；
图4A和4B是按照本发明的第四实施例的安全IV针导管分别处于准备和缩回状态下的局部剖视图；
图5A和5B是按照本发明的第五实施例的安全IV针导管分别处于准备和缩回状态下的局部剖视图；
图6A和6B是按照本发明的第六实施例的安全IV针导管分别处于准备和缩回状态下的局部剖视图；
图7A，7B和7C是按照本发明的七实施例的安全IV针导管分别处于准备，啮合和缩回或被保护状态下的局部剖视图；
图7D和7E与图7A和7B相似，是本发明在图7A和图7B中的实施例的变型；
图8是用于图7的实施例中的弹簧夹子针防护器的透视图；
图9是图8中的弹簧夹子针防护器的剖视图；
图10A和10B是按照本发明的又一个实施例的安全IV针导管分别处于准备和被保护状态下的局部剖视图；
图11是图10中的实施例的针保护器夹子的透视图；
图12是按照本发明的另一个实施例的安全IV针导管的透视图；
图13A和13B是按照本发明在图12中的实施例的分别处于准备和被保护状态下的剖视图。
具体实施方式
本发明的安全IV针导管整体用标号10表示，在图1A和1B所示的实施例中，它包括一个针毂12，该针毂有一个轴向孔14，其中可固定容纳一个具有尖锐的针尖18的针16的近端。针毂12是常用的那种，它呈中空状，有一个灌注腔室22。针16也是常用的，它装在中空的针导管24内，它的近端固定在针导管毂26的远端。该针导管毂有一段远段28和一段连接用的，直径较大的近段30。
针导管毂26的近端有一个路厄氏接头32，可容纳一组管道，这组管道以公知的方式将静脉注射液引入患者体内。针导管24用一个装在通道34内的套筒20固定在针导管毂的远段28的轴向通道34内，而该通道34与针导管的近端接触。通道34的近端与在段30中形成的灌注腔室36连通。
在图1A所示的针导管的准备位置上，针毂12的远端紧紧地卡在腔室36内部的近端，使得针16穿过腔室36和通道34，并远远地超过针导管毂26和针导管24以外，于是，它的针尖便出针导管锥形的远端以外。
当使用时，针和针导管的远端要插入患者的静脉内。然后，护士再用手把针导管进一步伸进静脉内，然后再用手抓住针毂12的近端，把针拔出来。然后，把针导管毂26的路厄氏接头装配在打算输入患者的静脉中去的液体源上。
按照本发明，当针16从患者身上抽出来时，一个位于腔室36内的保护用的针防护器40便自动弹到一个收缩位置，在该位置上它挡住了接近远端针尖的通路，防止针尖进一步向远处移动，从而防止了护士意外地与针尖接触。
如图1A和1B所示，针防护器40的形状是一个整体的弹簧夹子，它最好是用有弹性的金属，例如不锈钢制作的。这种弹簧夹子有一条远臂42，其上端终止在弯曲唇部44处，其下端则终止在针尖端46处，该针尖端在图1的实施例中卡在一个在针导管毂段30的下部内壁上形成的相配的凹槽48中。
这种弹簧夹子针防护器40还有一个从下部针尖端46附近向上延伸，并终止在U形上端52处的横向段50。在图1A中所示的弹簧夹子的准备位置上，上端52靠压在针导管毂的近段30的上部内壁上。该弹簧夹子防护器40还有一条近臂54，这条臂从U形上端52向下延伸，终止在针导管毂的近段30的下壁的上方。横向段50和近臂54各自有一个轴向对准的孔56和58，针16的针杆穿过这两个孔，能沿着轴向自由移动。孔58的直径稍微大于针杆的直径，而孔56的直径又大于孔58的直径。
在拔出针之前的针导管的准备状态下，针16的针杆与弹簧夹子针防护器40的弯曲唇部44接触，从而在弹性的弹簧夹子上施加一个基本上向下的力。这个力使得弹簧夹子的下端46牢固地卡在a点的凹槽48内。这种啮合，加上弹簧夹子的上端在b点与针导管毂的上部内壁的靠压，牢固地使弹簧夹子针防护器40在针导管毂内保持在准备位置上。
在针导管插入患者的静脉之后，当把针16从图1A所示的位置向右缩回到图1B中所示的完全缩回的位置时，针远端的针尖便大约通过弹簧夹子针防护器40的弯曲唇部44上的c点，此时，原先由针杆作用在弹簧夹子上的向下的力就消失了。
针16移动大约通过c点的结果是，在针导管毂中作用在弹簧夹子针防护器40上的保持力消失了，使得弹簧夹子针防护器40向顺时针方向转动，或卡在图1B所示的缩回位置上。如图1B所示，针防护器40的远臂42挡住了针16向远处的通路。与挡住通路和保持力消失的同时，弹簧夹子防护器40牢牢地在d点和e点夹在针杆上，从而牢固地把针防护器40锁定在针杆上。此时，就能把针16和针防护器40一起从针导管毂26上卸下来，而针尖却不能向前通过针防护器，因为它被针防护器的远臂42和唇部44挡住了。
如有必要，可以在稍微靠近针尖处在针杆上形成窄槽60。当针和针防护器处于缩回和夹住的位置(图1B)时，窄槽60的位置处在比针防护器40的横向段的夹紧点e点稍远的位置上，因此，如果以后想要使针向后方或近处移动时，在e点上的横向段50就会卡在窄槽60中，从而提供了额外的力，使针防护器40保持在针16的保护位置上，以防止接近针尖。
图1C和1D中的安全IV导管与图1A和1B中的相似，只是针杆上的窄槽60用一圈隆起61来代替，这圈隆起的直径大于近臂54上的孔58。如果想要使图1C中的受到保护的针向后方或近处移动时，隆起61就会与近臂54接触，而不能通过孔58，于是就防止了针进一步向近处移动，也防止了针从针防护器上卸下来。
图2中所示的本发明的实施例也与图1中的相似，只是在针导管毂的下壁上形成的，与弹簧夹子的下端啮合的凹槽，用在这道壁上形成的保持凸起62来代替，当针防护器40处于图2A中的准备位置时，针防护器40的下端46就被这个凸起挡住。
图3A和3B中所示的本发明的实施例基本上与图2中的相同，只是增加了一端固定在针毂12上而另一端固定在弹簧夹子针防护器40的近臂54上的系绳64。如图3B所示，当针毂缩回到针卸下来的位置时，系绳64就伸长到它的全长，从而当处于缩回位置针防护器40夹在针上时，使针毂12和弹簧夹子针防护器40更加牢固地保持在一起。如上所述，在缩回位置上，弹簧夹子的远臂42防止接近针尖，并且针防护器40和针都从针导管毂上脱开了。
图4A和4B表示用另一种结构实施本发明的构思的弹簧夹子针防护器。如图所示，这种弹簧夹子针防护器40a包括一条其上端终止在一个弯曲唇部66处的远臂65，而远臂的下端为U形部分67，在图4A所示的准备位置上，U形部分67与在针导管毂的下部内壁上形成的凸起68接触。
带有中心孔70的横向段69向上，向近处延伸，并在上部U形部分72处终止。带有孔76的近臂74从U形部分72垂直地悬挂，然后又向远处延伸成水平的下段78，该下段有一个孔80，远臂65的下半部分和横向段69穿过孔80，并延伸到针防护器的准备位置。下段78的远端向上延伸，成为一道远臂82，这道远臂有一个沿轴向与孔70和76对准的中心孔84。在远臂82在其上端又向近处延伸出一段上段86，如图4A所示，上段86基本上以其全部长度与针导管毂的上部内壁接触。
如图4A所示，当针导管处于准备位置时，针杆穿过孔70，76和84，并压在弯曲唇部66上，将臂65压向针导管毂的下壁上的凸起68。这种接触和上段86与针导管毂的上部内壁的弹性接触一起，使得弹簧夹子40a保持在针导管毂内的准备位置上。
如图4A所示，当针毂和针向右缩回到足够的距离时，针尖便通过下唇部66，然后，便松开施加在臂65上的向下的力。如已经描述过的第一实施例中所述，针杆与弹簧夹子的臂65脱离，使得臂65向上弹到图4B中所示的缩回位置，在该位置上，臂65和唇部66延伸在针尖上，从而按照要求的那样，防止了与针尖的意外接触。在这种状态下，针防护器夹在针杆上的方式基本上与第一实施例中所描述的相同，并且，如图4B所示，夹在一起的针和针防护器能够很容易地从针导管毂上卸下来。
图5A和5B中所示的针防护器的实施例基本上与图4A和4B中所示的一样，只是加上了一圈在针尖端附近的窄槽90。当针和针防护器处于缩回和夹紧的位置(图5B)时，窄槽90的位置处在比横向段69的夹紧点e点稍远的位置上，因此，如果以后想要使针向后方或近处进一步移动时，横向段69就会卡在窄槽90中，从而提供了额外的力，使针防护器保持在保护位置上的针上，以防止接近针尖。
图6A和6B中所示的本发明的实施例与图4A和4B中所示的相同，只是它有一个一端固定在针毂上，而另一端固定在弹簧夹子针防护器的近臂上的系绳92。如图6A所示，在准备位置上，系绳绕在针毂的远端。如图6B所示，当针和针防护器处于缩回的位置时，系绳就伸长到它的全部长度，增强了把针防护器保持在针毂上的力量。如有需要，图6A和6B中所示的本发明的实施例还可以具有与图5A和5B中所示的实施例同样的针的窄槽。
图7A-C中的实施例与以前所描述的实施例的不同之处主要在于弹簧夹子针防护器96的结构和操作。如图8和9所示，这种弹簧夹子96有一段中央横向段98，它有一条中央窄槽100。一个倾斜段102从横向部分98向近处的方向延伸，终止在弧形端104，然后再从弧形端延伸出一条近臂106。臂106在其下端的U形部分108处终止。横向部分98的远端终止在弧形部分110处，再从弧形部分延伸出一段远臂112。远臂112的上端终止在弧形臂114处。
在部分98处的切口形成了一条柔性舌片116，它的远自由端终止在向下倾斜的锁定舌片118上。和以前的实施例一样，近臂106上有一个孔58。
如图7A所示，当弹簧夹子针防护器96处于图中所示的准备状态时，，它插入针导管毂26内，以便能让针16穿过孔58和窄槽100。和以前描述过的实施例一样，弧形端104在b点靠压在针导管毂26的上部内壁上，而弧形部分110则在a点卡在针导管毂下部的内壁上形成的，与其相配的凹槽48内。此外，下部弧形部分108在f点上与接近点b的位置上的针导管毂26的下部内壁接触。
操作时，一开始把针撤回到针导管毂内，直到它到达图7B中所示的与舌片啮合的位置，在该位置上，锁定舌片118落入针的凹槽或窄槽60内。此时，弹簧夹子仍然在a，b和f点上与针导管毂的内壁接触，而针尖18则与弧形端114接触，从而迫使弧形部分110在a点进入凹槽48。点f与点b的相对位置防止了针和夹子过早从针导管毂上松开，因为当夹子处于图7B所示的与舌片啮合的位置上时，防止了夹子的远端向上倾斜和近端向下滑动。
如图7C所示，当进一步把针从患者撤出来时，针尖退出弧形端114，从而松开了以前由针施加在弧形端114上的向下的力。
这种作用在弹簧夹子端头上的向下的力的突然松开，使得弹簧夹子96的远端向上转动，于是弹簧夹子96的远臂112迅速移动到这样一个位置，这个位置能防止或阻挡针向远方移动。弹簧夹子96仍留在针16上，并且，当针完全卸下来时，它也将从针导管毂26上卸下来。锁定舌片118插入针凹槽60内，进一步防止了弹簧夹子96从图7C所示的保护位置或撤回位置移开，因为它防止了弹簧夹子绕着针的圆周转动。这又进一步使弹簧夹子那怕在受到扭转力和拉力时仍能固定在针上。
图7D和7E中所示的安全IV针导管与图7A和7B中所示的相似，只是针杆上的窄槽60用一圈隆起61(图7E)来代替，这圈隆起的直径大于近臂54上的孔58。如果想要使图7D中的受到保护的针向后方或近处移动时，隆起61就会与臂106接触，而不能通过孔58，于是就防止了针进一步向近处移动，也防止了针从针防护器上卸下来。
图10A，10B和11中所示的弹簧夹子针防护器120的实施例具有第一和第二臂122和124，它们的近端分别以铰链结构的形式在125处连接在近臂126的两端。臂122，124的远端各有一个延伸到远臂130的弧形凸起部分128，而臂130又终止在唇部132处。由图11可见，在近臂126上有一个中心孔134，而臂122和124各有一个在远的宽阔部分140和近的宽阔部分144之间延伸的狭窄部分142。在远的宽阔部分144上形成了横向的夹紧边缘146。
如图10A所示，当针防护器120处于准备位置时，各条臂122，124上的弧形凸起部分128都卡在针导管毂26内壁上的环形凹槽136中。和以前的实施例一样，针导管毂26以可拆卸的方式装在针毂12的远端内。同样，也和以前的实施例一样，在它的远端有一个针尖锐的针尖18的针16装在管状针导管24内，而针导管则固定在针导管毂26的远端。针16的近端穿过近臂126上的孔134。针16有一个直径增大的隆起138，这个隆起138的直径足够小能让针16沿针导管24的轴向移动，但却比孔134的直径大，其理由如下。
在图10A所示的准备位置上，针杆穿过针防护器，并借助于与唇部132接触对弹性臂122和124施加向外的径向力，以迫使各条臂的弧形部分128进入环形凹槽136内，使得针防护器120保持在针导管毂26内壁中的固定位置上。针16的穿过针防护器120的针杆与臂122和124的狭窄部分142摩擦接触，使得针进一步牢固地保持在它的准备位置。
当针处在针导管毂内沿轴向撤回到图10A的右方，并且通过针防护器的唇部132时，原来施加在针防护器120的臂122和124上的径向力便突然消失。这就使得针防护器的两道远臂130脱离环形凹槽136，并向内转向针导管毂内部，直到如图10B所示的那样，远臂130在离开针尖处的前方位置上互相重叠，从而形成防止意外地接触针尖和针尖向远处移动的屏障。与此同时，针防护器的夹紧边缘146紧密地靠压在针尖上，限制针进一步作轴向移动。
如图10B所示，针防护器120和夹在针防护器上的针在针缩回之后，能作为一个整体件从针导管毂上拆卸下来，并安全地废弃掉。如果因为故意或者意外地试图将针进一步向右拉，如图10B所示的那样拉出针防护器时，则针杆上的隆起138便与近臂126接触。由于隆起的直径大于孔134的直径，所以这时近臂126就能防止针进一步作轴向移动而脱离针防护器。
本发明的如图12，13A和13B所示的弹簧夹子针防护器包括一条其远端终止于远臂152处的横向臂150，而远臂在其上端有一个弯曲唇部154，在其下端有一个弯曲唇部156。在横向臂150上设有一条长形的矩形开口或窄槽158。横向臂150和开口158的近端终止在延伸部分160处，该延伸部分以一角度从臂150向上延伸，并且有一向着开口158延伸的指状物或舌片162。
延伸部分160的近端终止在弯曲唇部166处，从该唇部166向下延伸出一道近臂168。臂168上有一个孔170，它终止在它的下端的弧形部分172处，从部分172延伸出一条向上倾斜的臂174，这条臂终止在夹紧边缘176处。从图13A和13B可见，从针的针尖18稍微向里处围绕着针16的圆周壁形成360度的环形凹槽178。
如图13A所示，在图12的弹簧夹子针防护器的准备位置上，针杆穿过近臂168和横向臂150上互相对准的孔170和158，并向远端延伸，超出针导管毂。和以上所描述的实施例一样，在该位置上的针杆由于与弯曲唇部154接触，在臂150上施加向下的径向力。这个向下的力推压弹簧夹子的弯曲唇部156牢固地卡在针导管毂在a点的内壁上形成的凹槽164内。
与此同时，近臂168的上弧形端166与针导管毂的内部在b点处啮合，而臂168的下弧形端172则与针导管毂的内壁在f点处啮合。指状物162与针杆的上部在e点的接触，以及夹紧边缘176与针杆的下表面在g点的接触，进一步加强了针杆与弹簧夹子之间的啮合。这样，针就牢固地，但又是能移动地在它的准备位置上保持在针导管毂内。
当沿着轴向将针向右撤回到如图13A和13B所示的位置时，它最后通过与唇部154的接触位置，于是原先施加在针防护器的臂150上的径向力就突然消失。针杆与唇部154之间的脱离能让弹簧夹子的远臂152上的弯曲唇部156脱离环形凹槽164，结果，臂150和远臂152便迅速地向针导管毂的内部转动，如图13B所示，转动到臂152成为针尖的屏障的位置。臂152的定位防止了与针尖的意外接触。指状物162与夹紧边缘176对于针相对侧的啮合防止了针向任何方向作进一步轴向移动。
如果以后想要把针进一步沿轴向向右拉动，则如图13B所示，指状物162将进入在针表面上形成的环形凹槽178内，从而防止了针向近端进一步作轴向移动而离开针防护器。
从以上的陈述就能理解，本发明的用于IV针导管的弹簧夹子针防护器，在针撤出时形成自动而且可靠的针尖保护而防止护士意外地接触针尖。同时还应该理解，在不脱离本发明的构思的前提下，能对本发明以上所描述的实施例进行各种改进。

Claims (12)

1.一个针防护器(120)，用于保护针尖，它包括：
一条近臂(126)，该近臂具有一个开口(134)，该开口用于容纳从中穿过的针(16)；和
第一臂(122)和第二臂(124)，该第一臂和第二臂从近臂向远端延伸，
其中，第一臂和第二臂每条在其端部都具有一条远臂(130)，并且
第一臂与第二臂交叉。
2.如权利要求1所述的针防护器，其中所述臂具有在远部和近部之间延伸的狭窄部分(142)，从而针(16)的针杆能够在交叉臂(122、124)之间穿过针防护器(120)。
3.如权利要求2所述的针防护器，其中穿过针防护器(120)的针(16)的针杆摩擦地接合所述臂(122、124)的狭窄部分(142)的内缘。
4.如前面任意一项权利要求所述的针防护器，其中所述臂(122、124)由弹性材料制成，并且穿过所述针防护器的针(16)的针杆在所述弹性臂上施加向外的径向力。
5.如权利要求1所述的针防护器，其中所述交叉臂(122、124)的远臂(130)彼此重叠。
6.如权利要求1所述的针防护器，其中每条臂(122、124)具有远端的宽阔部分(144)，该远端的宽阔部分设有横向的夹紧边缘(146)。
7.如权利要求1所述的针防护器，其中每条臂(122、124)的远臂(130)终止在与针(16)的针杆接合的弯曲唇部(132)。
8.如权利要求1所述的针防护器，其中针杆将弹性臂的一部分推动成与针导管毂保持接触。
9.如权利要求1所述的针防护器，其中每条臂(122、124)在远臂(130)上设有弧形凸起部分(128)。
10.如权利要求9所述的针防护器，其中弧形凸起部分(128)容纳在形成于针导管毂(26)内壁中的环形凹槽(136)中。
11.如权利要求1所述的针防护器，其中所述针防护器位于针导管毂(26)内的针(16)的针杆上，
针在准备位置中以针尖延伸出针导管毂的方式位于针导管毂(26)中，
针防护器的臂(122、124)位于第一位置中，在该第一位置针杆径向向外压迫所述臂，
其中，当所述针防护器处于针从所述针导管毂缩回的第二位置中时，所述臂位于第二位置中，在该第二位置所述臂的远臂(130)向内转动并保护针尖(18)，
所述针的径向凸起部分(61、138)与所述针防护器的近臂(126)的开口(134)的边缘接合。
12.如权利要求11所述的针防护器，其中针防护器包括一个靠近弹性臂并且在准备位置时与相对的针导管毂的内壁接触的端部。
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