CN100355230C - 多接入方法和系统 - Google Patents

多接入方法和系统 Download PDF

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CN100355230C
CN100355230C CNB998049522A CN99804952A CN100355230C CN 100355230 C CN100355230 C CN 100355230C CN B998049522 A CNB998049522 A CN B998049522A CN 99804952 A CN99804952 A CN 99804952A CN 100355230 C CN100355230 C CN 100355230C
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cima
phase
frequency
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CN1296684A (zh
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史蒂文·J·沙蒂尔
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KIMKIS COMMUNICATIONS CORP
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/69Spread spectrum techniques
    • H04B1/707Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
    • H04B1/7097Interference-related aspects
    • H04B1/711Interference-related aspects the interference being multi-path interference
    • H04B1/7115Constructive combining of multi-path signals, i.e. RAKE receivers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/02Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception
    • H04L1/04Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception using frequency diversity
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/69Spread spectrum techniques
    • H04B1/7163Spread spectrum techniques using impulse radio
    • H04B1/717Pulse-related aspects
    • H04B1/7174Pulse generation
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0697Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using spatial multiplexing
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/12Frequency diversity
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04JMULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J13/00Code division multiplex systems
    • H04J13/0077Multicode, e.g. multiple codes assigned to one user
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04JMULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J14/00Optical multiplex systems
    • H04J14/02Wavelength-division multiplex systems
    • H04J14/0298Wavelength-division multiplex systems with sub-carrier multiplexing [SCM]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2626Arrangements specific to the transmitter only
    • H04L27/2627Modulators
    • H04L27/2637Modulators with direct modulation of individual subcarriers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2697Multicarrier modulation systems in combination with other modulation techniques
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04JMULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J14/00Optical multiplex systems
    • H04J14/02Wavelength-division multiplex systems
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0001Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
    • H04L5/0014Three-dimensional division
    • H04L5/0016Time-frequency-code
    • H04L5/0021Time-frequency-code in which codes are applied as a frequency-domain sequences, e.g. MC-CDMA

Abstract

无线通信系统同时在多个载波上发送数据,以提供频率分集。当多个载波的相对相位是零时,载波干涉在时域上造成窄脉冲。选择载波的频率分隔和相位来控制脉冲的时序。脉冲的时分和载波的频分可实现多址。载波干涉测量是借以得出其它通信协议的基础。如果保留载波之间的相对频率间隔和相位,则载波的跳频和频率移位不改变脉冲包络。通过预定的选择载波幅度,在时域上产生直接序列CDMA信号。每个脉冲可在不同的时间以不同的相位间隔被采样。这使得能够以传统的接收机不能检测的相位间隔进行通信。随时间变化的载波相位关系提供了由天线阵列发射的波束方向图的自动扫描。在波导通信中,载波频率和相位间隔可以与光纤的色散相匹配,以增加光纤的容量。

Description

多接入方法和系统
发明的领域
本发明涉及用于无线与波导通信以及雷达的全新的多载波扩频协议。
发明背景
多径衰落是接收信号幅度上的起伏。它是由在不同时间到达接收机的两个或多个版本的发射信号之间的干涉引起的。这种干涉是由于来自地面和附近的建筑的反射。多径衰落量取决于反射信号的强度和传播时间以及发射信号的带宽。接收信号可以包含大量的具有不同幅度、相位、和到达角的波。这些分量在接收机中矢量地组合,并且造成接收信号衰落或失真。
当接收机和其它目标在无线环境中移动时,该衰落和失真将发生改变。这些多径效应取决于被发送的信号的带宽。如果发射信号具有窄的带宽(即,发送的数据比特的持续时间长于由多径反射造成的延时),则当接收机在多径环境中移动时接收信号呈现深衰落。这被称为平衰落。为了补偿深衰落需要很大量的功率控制(例如,提高发射功率和或接收机增益)。此外,如果在接收数据比特持续期间无线环境的特征大大地改变,则低的数据速率信号受到失真。当接收机或附近目标的移动造成可与发送信号带宽相比较的、或大于发送信号带宽的接收信号的多卜勒频移时,造成失真。
在多径环境下发送的宽带信号导致频率选择性衰落。当接收机在多径环境下移动时,接收信号的总的强度具有相当小的变化。然而,接收信号在某些频率时具有深衰落。如果数据比特的持续时间小于多径延时,则接收信号受到由到达接收机的较早的比特的延时的复制品造成的符号间干扰。
频分多址(FDMA)通常受到平衰落的影响,而多载波协议,例如正交频分复用(OFDM),受到频率选择性衰落的影响。CDMA通常受到这二者的影响;然而,直接序列编码限制了多径对于小于地面的码片速率的延时的影响。另外,CDMA的容量受多用户干扰限制。改进的CDMA系统使用干扰抵消来增加容量;然而,需要的信号处理努力正比于至少带宽的立方。而且,CDMA对于远近干扰很敏感,且它的长的伪随机噪声(PN)码需要长的捕获时间。由于这些原因,把0FDM与CDMA组合。
OFDM具有高的频谱效率(副载波的频谱重叠),并能克服频率选择性衰落。然而,每个载波的幅度受Rayleigh(瑞利)法则影响,因此发生平衰落。所以,用适当的检测算法和信道编码得出的好的信道估值对于补偿衰落是重要的。OFDM频率分集的性能是与最佳CDMA系统的多径分集(这需要Rake接收机)的性能可比较的。因为分集是在0FDM中固有的,它的实现比起最佳CDMA系统来说简单得多。OFDM系统的好处在于较低速度并行型的信号处理。在最佳CDMA系统中的Rake接收机使用快速串行型的信号处理,这导致较大的功率消耗。此外,0FDM技术简化了信道估值问题,从而简化了接收机设计。
在多载波CDMA中,将扩频序列从串行变换成并行。该序列中的每个码片调制不同的载频。因此,结果的信号具有在频域中的PN-编码的结构,以及处理增益等于载波的数目。在多-音CDMA中,将可供使用的频谱分成多个用于发送窄带直接序列波形的等宽度的频带。
跳频扩频可以很好地处理远近干扰。最大的好处是它可避免部分的频谱。这允许系统更好地避免干扰和频率选择性衰落。缺点包括需要复杂的频率综合器和纠错。
时间跳跃比起直接序列和跳频具有高得多的带宽效率。它的实施比较简单。然而,它有长的捕获时间,以及需要纠错。
美国专利No.5,519,692和5,563,906描述几何谐波调制(GHM),其中前同步信号和业务波形从多载波频率(音)产生。该波形包括引入二进制相位码的音,其中信号相位是0或-π/2。加到这些音上的二进制相位偏移提供了扩频码。GHM信号的正交性是基于在接收机处的与参考信号的相关性实现的。前同步信号载波波形是通过把这些音相加而构建的。所以,前同步信号类似于MC-CDMA信号。
每个接收机对于它自己的相位码监视前同步信号,然后去扩频和译码附加的业务波形。业务波形是这些音的乘积。接收机从相应于接收机的相位码的、具有相位偏移的音的乘积中产生参考波形。将参考波形与接收的信号进行相关,产生在数据比特持续时间上和对于所有的音进行积分的相关的结果。
GHM使用二进制相位偏移,而不是差分相位偏移。这样,GHM不提供带有使得载波的叠加能够具有窄的时间域签名的相位关系的载波。因此,接收的GHM信号需要由相关器进行处理,而在时间上正交的信号可以通过使用较简单的信号处理技术(诸如,时间采样和加权与求和)而被处理。而且,GHM没有达到由时间正交信号能够给出的容量和信号质量利益。
美国专利No.4,628,517显示了一个把信息信号调制到多个载频上的无线系统。通过使用一组变换振荡器把每个接收的载波变换到同一个中频。然后,接收的信号被相加,得到频率分集的好处。在这种情况下,频率分集是以减小带宽效率为代价而达到的。把接收信号变换成同一个频率的过程不允许在被调制在同一个载波的多个信息信号之间的正交性。
每种通信协议给出不同的好处和缺点。通过合并不同的协议可以增加获利,但只能增加有限的程度。需要一种解决所有的或大多数问题(特别是与衰落有关的问题)的协议。
发明概要
本发明的主要目的是提供达到先前提到的组合的利益的协议。另一个目的是给出一种对于移动通信特别设计的扩频协议。这些目的是通过多载波的干涉测量而达到的。由本发明作出的协议是载波干扰多址联接(CIMA)。在CIMA中,每个载波的频率和相位这样地选择,以使得信号的叠加造成一个在特定的时间间隔内出现的脉冲(由载波之间的零相位关系造成的建设性干涉)。结果的信号具有其幅度远低于脉冲的幅度的边瓣。这样,在时域上达到了正交性。
因为载波存在于其中叠加产生可以忽略的信号电平的时间间隔内,可以得出结论,脉冲存在于不同的相位间隔中。将这个相位间隔足义为载波之间的时间(相位)偏移。这个偏移使得脉冲能够在特定的时间间隔内被观察到。调谐到多个相位间隔的接收机可以产生CIMA信号的多个样本。这样,CIMA使得信号能够同时处理为低数据速率和高数据速率的信号。这缓和了在这两类信号中固有的多径问题,以及使得系统能够以大大地减小的信号功率电平工作。而且,如果将CIMA载波脉冲幅度调制,以使得叠加不导致零-相位间隔中的脉冲,则CIMA信号只对于被调谐到非零相位间隔的CIMA接收机是可看的。传统的无线接收机不能检测这些信号。
在色散性媒体中,诸如光纤,可以选择CIMA传输的相位间隔来与沿着预定长度的媒体的(颜色)色散匹配。色散的效果在于,载波的相位对准,这导致脉冲出现在预定的位置的媒体中。
CIMA相位间隔的时间依赖性特性也使得天线阵列的波束方向图能够自动扫描。如果天线阵列的每个单元发送CIMA载波,则阵列的波束方向图以一个取决于载波的频率间隔和天线单元之间的间距的周期进行扫描。
可将CIMA用来产生前面提到的任何协议。本发明的一个目的是提供用于发送和接收的CIMA信号的方法和设备。为此,达到以下的目的:
本发明的一个目的是减小多径衰落和干扰的影响。这个目的的结果是所需要的发射功率的减小。
另一个目的是通过创建难以被侦听的传输而提供安全的通信,因为它们几乎不可能被检测。随之达到载波的低功率需求和载波在非零相位间隔内的发送。
本发明的另一个目的是减小对其它系统的干扰并使得通信系统受到所有类型的无线电干扰的损害最小。
本发明的另一个目的是减小和补偿当通信系统服务于多个用户时发生的同信道干扰。
另一个目的是提供扩频通信协议,它不单与自适应天线阵列相兼容,也使得天线阵列技术能够显著地进步。
另一个目的是使得扩频通信系统能够具有有限资源的系统的性能利益、有限干扰系统的容量和适当恶化的利益、以及提供两个系统同时工作的利益。在该最佳实施例说明中,将明白本发明的进一步的目的和利益。
附图简述
图1是产生CIMA信号的发射机的示意图。
图2是产生CIMA信号的发射机的第二实施例。
图3是产生由天线阵列发射的CIMA载波的发射机的示意图。
图4是多个CIMA载波和载波的叠加的图。
图5A是八个CIMA载波的图,显示载波之间的相对相位作为时间的函数以及由相对相位代表的相位间隔。
图5B是图5A所示的载波的叠加的时域图。
图6是图5A所示的载波的叠加的时间上的极坐标图。
图7是接收机接收CIMA信号和以多相位间隔采样信号的流程图。
图8显示对于一组CIMA载波的一部分的频率剖面。
图9A到9I显示了由图3的发射机产生的在不同时间的波束方向图。
图10是包括行波腔和频移装置的频移反馈腔,光信号在这些腔体中传播。
图11显示不同的CIMA信号在它们沿一条光纤传播时的情形,其中载波的相位偏移与的色散特性相匹配。
图12A是产生时域上的直接序列CDMA码片序列的CIMA载波的相对的频率对幅度剖面的图。
图12B是图12A所示的CIMA载波产生的直接序列CDMA信号的时域表示。
最佳实施例描述
图1显示了CIMA发射机的流程图,它把对于单个用户k的基带信息信号变换成用于发射的CIMA信号。从输入数据源12接收的实际调制N个数目的CIMA载波,它们具有不同载频。该调制是在多个载波混频器14n中发生的。在这种情况下,CIMA信号的频率是用位移频率fs加增量地间隔开的。然而,非均匀的频率间隔也可被使用来达到在美国专利申请#09/022,950中描述的特别的好处,该专利申请在此引用以供参考。载波频率典型地被选择为互相正交:
∫ 0 T c cos ( ω i t + φ i ) cos ( ω j t + φ j ) dt = 0
其中Tc是码片持续时间,ωi和ωj是第i和第j个载波频率,以及φi和φj是任意相位。第j频段中的信号并不造成第i频段中的干扰。然而,如果发送的信号是资源有限的,则不需要波形的正交性。
每个CIMA信号的相位是相对于预定的接收机时间间隔和相位间隔被设置的,其中CIMA信号在被CIMA接收机接收时建设性地组合。einΔφ k由多个N用户间隔延时系统16n中的一个系统被加到每个CIMA载波上。每个CIMA载波的增益由幅度控制系统18n进行调整。幅度控制系统18n提供增益剖面给CIMA信号。这个剖面可以包括相对于频域的变尖的幅度窗口,通信信道中CIMA载波平衰落的补偿,以及CIMA信号的脉冲调幅(它限制载波存在于靠近每个载波的预定的接收机时间间隔的临时区域内)。调整增益的CIMA信号由组合系统20进行相加。变频器22可被使用来把CIMA信号变换成适当的发射频率,再把它们输送到输出耦合器24。
输出耦合器24是把CIMA发送信号耦合到通信信道的任何的装置,CIMA信号是通过该通信信道被接收机接收的。对于无线通信,输出耦合器24可以包括一个或多个天线单元(未示出)。对于光通信,输出耦合器24可以是透镜或简单地把光耦合到光纤的耦合元件。虽然这个图上以逐步的程序过程显示了CIMA发送信号的产生,但用于完成这些过程的优选实施例是使用数字信号处理技术,例如,离散富立叶变换。
这些过程中的某些过程的次序可以交换。例如,由输入数据对于每个CIMA载波进行的调制可以是在组合以前的最后步骤。图2显示了用于产生CIMA信号的流程图。这些处理过程中的每个过程类似于图1所示的处理过程。这两个图之间的差别在于,在图2上,CIMA信号是在它们被发送到通信信道以后才被组合的。图3上显示了对于这一点的说明。
图3显示了被用来在多个混频器25n中调制多个CIMA载波的、来自数据源12的数据流。具有特定的频率、相位关系、和增益剖面的CIMA载波被输入到每个混频器25n。来自数据源12的每个比特调制所有的CIMA载波。每个混频器25n被连接到多个天线阵列单元24n中的一个单元;这样,每个天线单元24n值发射一个CIMA载波。虽然CIMA载波的汇集由于相同的比特被调制到多个载波而具有数据冗余性,但载波之间的频率和相位关系造成时间上的正交性(在频域上通过CIMA信号的富立叶反变换来表示)。这个正交性使得由数据冗余度造成的带宽效率上典型的降低反过来,以保持频率分集的好处。正交性是由CIMA载波之间的建设性和破坏性干扰造成的。建设性干涉造成窄的时域脉,其重复速率正比于载频间隔fs的倒数。
图4显示了CIMA载波的相位前沿如何对准特定的时间。在其它时间,载波组合破坏性地导致不可检测的信号电平。复合信号130是由载波相加造成的。复合信号130显示了在预定的时间间隔135内出现的脉冲包络。在没有幅度变尖(即,矩形窗口)和CIMA载波在频率上非均匀地间隔的情况下,复合的CIMA信号是:
e ( t ) = Σ n = 1 N e i [ ( ω c + n ω s ) t + nΔφ ]
它具有以下幅度:
| e ( t ) | = | sin ( N ( ω s t + Δφ ) / 2 ) sin ( ( ω s t + Δφ ) / 2 ) |
CIMA信号是周期性的,对于奇数个载波数N,周期为1/fs,以及对于偶数个载波数N,周期为2/fs。主瓣具有持续时间2/Nfs,以及N-2个边瓣,每个边瓣具有持续时间1/Nfs。第1个边瓣相对于主瓣幅度的幅度是:
A ( l ) = 1 N sin ( π ( l + 1 / 2 ) / N )
因为脉冲包络的周期和宽度依赖于CIMA载波的幅度、相位、和频率分隔,所有只要保留幅度、相位、和频率分隔,每个载波的频率可被改变而不影响脉冲包络。这样,载波的跳频和频移不影响复合信号130的时间特性。把变尖的幅度分布提供给CIMA载波,加宽了主瓣的宽度,以及减小边瓣的幅度。
图5A显示了图4所示的载波的相位间隔。随着时间向前移动,在CIMA载波之间的相位关系发生改变。直到113表示载波之间的零相位关系。在特定的相位间隔上看到载波的总和。当在所有的载波之间有零相位关系时,出现一个脉冲,但即使没有看到脉冲,载波也可存在于其它的时域。当脉冲移到这个相位间隔时(把它作为时间的周期性函数),把脉冲变成为可看到的。零相位是其中所有传统的接收机运行的相位间隔。这个相位间隔是通过载波幅度沿着绕固定点112旋转的任何直线的和值表示的。图5B上显示在直线113旋转时沿着直线113的波的幅度的和值,以及由图6显示极坐标的图。
在图5A上,曲线111显示了其中可以看到脉冲的许多相位间隔中的一个相位间隔。这个相位间隔111出现在曲线115和117为边界的时间间隔内。在这个时间间隔内,复合信号(图5B所示)是可忽略的。然而,接收机可以通过在相加载波以前选择地把每个接收的载波延时一段预定的量而调谐到特定的相位间隔。这样,接收机可以检测一个脉冲,它否则在零相位上是看不到的。
图7显示了单用户相位间隔接收机,它能够在多个相位间隔上采样。接收的CIMA信号由接收单元52从通信信道被检测,以及它在由频率滤波器56分开成N个分量载波以前被混频器54下变频。取决于发送信号如何被通信信道改变,多个增益补偿器(未示出)中的一个可以把增益补偿加到每个分量n。然后,每个增益补偿的分量被分成M个数目的延时的分量,每个分量被相位间隔延时补偿器60mn延时。每个m编号的延时的分量的输出在组合步骤62被相加,以重新构建在其它相位间隔上观察的脉冲。每个脉冲可以在延时步骤64m被延时,以便在输出原先的发送信号的估值的判决步骤66进行相加之前使脉冲同步。实际上,延时步骤64m可被合并到判决步骤66。
这个接收机得到脉冲的多个样本,因为它跟踪通过不同的相位间隔的脉冲。因此,接收机从组合来产生脉冲的CIMA载波的相对较慢的数据速率(即,脉冲周期)得到好处。这改善了符号间隔的多径问题。每个脉冲的短的持续时间允许接收机避免系统中固有的衰落和失真问题,该系统接收慢变化的信号和与窄带信号有关的平衰落。虽然脉冲是由许多窄带CIMA载波组成的,但平衰落(它造成非常深的衰落)被避免,因为CIMA脉冲取决于在大量的CIMA载波之间的干扰图案。而且,如果CIMA载波的数目和CIMA载波之间的间隔被适当地选择,则很少是一个以上的CIMA载波落在深的衰落中。因此,达到频率分集。
每个用户k在采用与其它用户相同的载波时通过唯一地选择相位频移(即,时间频移),可以共享通信资源。在这种情况下,对于每个用户有唯一的相对于时间的相位间隔的组合。同样地,采用不同的CIMA载波的用户可以使用相同的相对于时间的相位间隔,而没有同信道干扰。因为脉冲特性取决于CIMA载波之间的频率和相位关系,每个CIMA信号的频率和相位可以被改变而不改变脉冲包络的特性,只要在CIMA载波之间的那些关系保持不变。这使得发射机能够跳频,以避免干扰或增强安全性。
在用于每个用户的CIMA载波之间的频率间隔fs可如图8所示地被选择,以使得它超过相干带宽(即,多径持续时间的倒数)。这导致每个载波的频率非选择性衰落。如果相邻的CIMA载波在频率上叠加50%,则该系统容量比由非重叠载波加上的传统的限制增加两倍。这样的系统对于每个载波没有独立的信道衰落特性。然而,CIMA载波不需要在频率上是相邻的。系统通过对于每个用户集使用载频子集以使得对于每个用户k的载波分隔超过相干带宽而可以得到N倍频率分集增益。例如,在图8所示的频率剖面,对于一个特定的用户组可以选择一个非相邻的载频集42,43和44。这个频率剖面允许时间频移和频分复用,以使得带宽效率最佳化。如果每个载波的带宽比载波间隔fs小,由宽带接收机对CIMA载波的非合法截获是更困难的。由接收机所接收的背景噪声的总量依赖于接收机的带宽。CIMA接收机可被调谐,以接收在预定的窄频带内的CIMA载波,其中信号噪声比(SNR)是相对较大的。然而,宽带接收机接收在CIMA载波之间的频谱中的噪声分量,导致低的SNR。
如果用户数目k超过CIMA载波的数目N,则每个用户k的时间频移可被选择为CIMA脉冲的位置,以减小在脉冲之间的均方互相关。用户信号也可以相对于每个用户的通信信道的类型和优先权被放置。这确保对于特定的用户或传输的类型的业务质量。这也提供当用户数目处在或小于资源有限系统的经典限制时的资源有限系统的质量,以及提供当要求超过传统限制时干扰有限的操作。
虽然图7所示的接收机被描述为单用户接收机,但优选的运行模式是多用户检测。不像直接序列CDMA(其中每个用户贡献噪声给每个其它用户的通信信道)那样,CIMA限制多用户干扰加到在时域上靠近的用户信号(脉冲)。在优选的运行模式下,接收机在少到两个相邻用户的时间间隔内采样相邻的用户信号。然后,它在判决步骤66执行加权和求和,以抵消加到打算的用户信号的那些贡献。
在发射机70的天线单元24n(图3所示)之间的间隔d,由于CIMA信号的依赖时间的相位间隔特性,导致由天线24n产生的波束方向图的方位角变化。换句话说,当CIMA信号的相位间隔随时间改变时,阵列24n的波束方向图扫描。波束方向图的方向性的时间依赖性由以下的波束方向图公式表示:
D ( t ) = Σ n = 1 N a n cos ( ( ω 0 + n ω s ) t + 2 π nd sin θ / λ n )
其中an是每个CIMA载波的幅度,ω0+nωs是第n个CIMA载波的角频率,λn是CIMA载波波长,θ是方位角,以及d是天线单元24n之间的间隔。CIMA波束方向图的这个特性还可扩大CIMA的分集利益。现有技术表明,改变发射天线的波束方向图有助于分集接收。图9A到9L显示了对于d=λ2/2和时间t的增量值的波束方向图D(t)的图。不同的间隔d的数值导致主瓣数目的改变以及它们扫描的速率。调整频率间隔,改变了方向性D(t)。
图10显示了可被用来产生CIMA信号的频移的反馈腔(FSFC)70。基频发生器72产生光基频f0信号,从这个信号产生频移信号。基频信号被输入到行波腔74,它包括频率移位器76。频率移位器76可以是声光调制器(AOM)。当光波在腔体74中传播时,在它每次通过频率移位器76时,它在频率上移动一个量fs。行波腔74不是选择地衰减频率。而是,它所支持的振荡的特征在于,非正常的宽频谱输出,它没有模式结构。一部分光从腔体输出到多载波处理器78。例如,AOM(未示出)衍射传送通过它的光波;然后,光线被反馈到腔体74。非衍射的部分波束提供便利的输出。处理器78的输出被输送到输出耦合器(未示出),例如,天线、聚焦元件、或到光纤的连接头。
输出波束包含多个波束的加增量地延时的、频率移位的光线。由每个输出波束分量引起的延时量由分量的频率识别。如果腔体74不使得光线经受很大的色散,由输出分量引起的延时量基本上正比于波束引起的频率移位量。多载波处理器78可以包括将输出分量进行波长分接的衍射的光线。如果基频发生器72用信息信号调制光基本信号,多载波处理器78的输出包括调制的信号的多个延时的(和分开的)版本。调制的信号的每个延时的版本可被使用来调制由图3所示的每个天线阵列单元24n发射的发送信号。如果每个阵列单元24n发射具有相同的频率分布的发送信号,则由阵列24n产生的波束方向图的方向性不随时间改变。而是方向性只能通过行波腔74的长度而被调整。
FSFC70也可被用作为接收机,用于以非零相位间隔采样接收的CIMA信号。这需要由频率移位器76进行的频率移位与接收的CIMA信号的频率间隔相匹配。从FSFC 70输出的光线由波长分开,以识别接收的CIMA信号的不同的相位间隔样本。如果腔体74不造成色散,这些相位间隔基本上是线性的。线性相位间隔采样与接收信号的相位间隔相匹配,只要f0>>N*fs
图10所示的FSFC 70可被用来产生CIMA信号,用于通过光纤或波导传输。在这种运行模式下,频率发生器72产生非调制的光基本信号。行波腔74的输出是CIMA载波的共线叠加,很容易耦合到光纤。这样,多载波处理器78不把分量分开。多载波处理器78用时域上具有预定的持续时间的信息信号调制CIMA信号。信息信号的定时和持续时间可被选择,以补偿CIMA载波在通过光纤传播时的色散。
当不同波长的光线以不同的速度行进时,在光纤中出现色散。光纤对于不同的光波波长具有不同的折射指数。在物质中光的速度反比于折射指数。在物质色散时,长的波长的光比短的波长的先行进得快。这造成通过光纤传输的光脉冲的失真(展宽)。
图4显示了当CIMA信号在非色散媒质中传播时CIMA载波之间的相位关系。当CIMA载波在空间中传播时,CIMA脉冲不失真,因为载波之间的相位关系不改变,除了它们的周期关系以外。例如,以载波速度移动的接收机没有检测到载波的相对相位上的变化。描述这一点的另一个方法是两个驻定的接收机可以放置成相隔整数个脉冲周期,以及它们检测到CIMA之间的相同的相位关系。然而,在色散媒质中,两个驻定的检测器检测不同的相位关系,因为某些载波在相位上进一步行进。以下的公式表明相邻的CIMA载波之间在波长上的差值:
Δλ = c f s f o ( f o + f s )
这是非线性关系,其中相邻的CIMA载波之间波长差值Δλ随每个载波的波长增加而增加。这是由图4的载波最大值的相位剖面显示的。频率间隔f是相对于光纤150的色散特性被选择的,以使得载波的速度剖面与它们的相位剖面匹配。然后,部分载波被选择为建设性地组合,以便在光纤150的预定的位置上产生CIMA脉冲。
CIMA载波在相位剖面123出现的时间间隔133上被脉冲调制。在该时间间隔上,由载波的和值产生的复合信号130被忽略。当载波传播通过光纤150时,载波的相对相位改变。在以后的时间间隔135期间,载波信号相位在特定的时间125对直,这导致建设性干涉,使得脉冲出现在复合信号130中。在以后的时间间隔127和129,低波长载波行进稍远一点,导致失真的相位剖面137和139。在这些时间间隔中的复合信号130回到零。
图11显示了沿着色散光纤150的多个复合的CIMA信号。三个信号160、170和180在光纤150的一端被输入。第一信号160的相位剖面被选择成使得CIMA载波建设性地组合,以便在第一节点151产生脉冲161。第一CIMA载波160破坏性地组合,以便分别在第二和第三节点152和153产生低电平信号162和163。类似地,第二信号170的载波相位被选择成在第二节点152产生建设性的干涉信号172。同样地,第三信号180的载波相位被选择成在第三节点153提供破坏性干涉183。通过利用光纤中光的非线性色散,有可能把光纤的有用带宽扩展到在经典的限制以外。
图12A显示了对于20个CIMA载波的幅度分布。这些载波产生图12B所示的组合的信号,包含伪随机序列的正的和负的CIMA脉冲。这样,频域上的载波幅度的特定的分布导致直接序列CDMA码,它在时域上是周期的。当CIMA信号被用作为CDMA系统的基础时,CDMA系统获得好处:减小的多径和符号间干扰、增加的容量和减小的同信道干扰。因为CIMA信号是sinc函数,它们具有高的自相关效率。当同步丢失时,自相关函数快速地下降。
该最佳实施例展示了用于产生和接收CIMA信号的许多方法中的几个方法。这被用来给出对于CIMA特性的基本了解。通过这种了解,本发明的许多方面可以改变:例如,用来产生和处理CIMA信号的方法。应当看到,这样的变化属于本发明的范围内,它的本质更根本地在于达到的设计方案实现和发现,而不是开发的具体设计方案。
以上的讨论和随后的权利要求描述了本发明的最佳实施例。特别是对于权利要求,应当看到,有可能作出改变而不背离本发明的精神。在这方面,其意在这样的改变仍属于本发明的范围。就这样的修正利用本发明的本质来说,每个修正自然属于由本专利包括的保护范围内。这对于本发明是特别正确的,因为它的基本概念和理解是根本的,并可被广泛应用。

Claims (51)

1.一种发送载波干扰多址联接(CIMA)通信信号的方法,包括产生(14n)具有多个频率的多个电磁载波信号和利用至少一个信息信号调制(12)载波信号,该方法的特征在于:
相位偏移(16n)多个载波信号之中的每个信号,其中相位偏移是递增的相位偏移;以及
把调制的、相位偏移的载波信号组合(24)到至少一个通信信道中,以产生在调制的、相位偏移的载波信号之间的干扰,从而提供至少一个具有多频率载波信号分量的发送的CIMA信号。
2.如权利要求1所述的发送CIMA通信信号的方法,其中产生(14n)多个电磁载波信号的步骤包括产生具有相同的载波频率集的多个载波组,每个组被分配给多个用户之一,以及相位偏移(16n)载波的步骤包括提供唯一的相对相位给每个组的载波,以提供具有唯一的时间偏移的每个组。
3.如权利要求1所述的发送CIMA通信信号的方法,其中产生(14n)多个电磁载波信号的步骤包括产生多个载波组,每个组具有唯一的载波频率集并被分配给至少一个用户,以及相位偏移(16n)载波的步骤包括提供相对相位给每个组,以使得多个用户的每个用户可在同一个时间间隔中接收信号的建设性叠加。
4.如权利要求1所述的发送CIMA通信信号的方法,其中产生(14n)多个电磁载波信号的步骤的特征在于:提供载波频率相对于时间的变化的步骤,其中对应于每个用户的载波组中每个载波的频率变化基本上是相同的。
5.如权利要求1所述的发送CIMA通信信号的方法,其中调制(12)载波信号的步骤包括施加到多个载波上的脉冲幅度调制,该脉冲幅度调制具有的持续时间长于由于载波叠加造成的建设性干扰信号,以及把调制的、相位偏移的载波信号组合(24)到至少一个通信信道中的步骤的特征在于:产生在调制的、相位偏移的载波信号之间的干扰信号,具有的持续时间长于建设性干扰信号。
6.如权利要求1所述的发送CIMA通信信号的方法,其中调制(12)载波信号的步骤包括施加到多个载波上的脉冲幅度调制,该脉冲幅度调制具有的持续时间短于由于载波叠加造成的建设性干扰信号,以及把调制的、相位偏移的载波信号组合(24)到至少一个通信信道中的步骤的特征在于:产生在调制的、相位偏移的载波信号之间的干扰信号,其具有的持续时间短于建设性干扰信号。
7.如权利要求1所述的发送CIMA通信信号的方法,其中相对于载波的相位在至少一个预定的时间间隔中执行调制(12)载波信号的步骤,以及组合(24)调制的、相位偏移的载波信号的步骤的特征在于:产生具有调制的载波信号分量的信号,这些分量占用至少一个非零相位空间并在零相位空间中破坏性地组合。
8.如权利要求1所述的发送CIMA通信信号的方法,其中产生(14n)多个电磁载波信号的步骤的特征在于:把载波信号的频率对幅度窗口变尖的步骤;以及组合(24)调制的、相位偏移的载波信号的步骤的特征在于:产生具有减小的时域旁瓣能量的发送的CIMA信号。
9.如权利要求1所述的发送CIMA通信信号的方法,其中组合(24)调制的、相位偏移的载波信号的步骤包括把载波信号耦合到包括波导和自由空间信道的一组通信信道之中的至少一个信道中。
10.如权利要求1所述的发送CIMA通信信号的方法,其中执行相位偏移(16n)载波的步骤,以使得载波之间的相对相位与波导中载波的色散分布相匹配,以致于在波导中传播预定的距离之后该色散使载波相位具有预定的相位关系。
11.如权利要求1所述的发送CIMA通信信号的方法,其中组合(24)调制的、调相的载波信号的步骤的特征在于:把来自发射机单元阵列的载波信号耦合到信道中。
12.如权利要求11所述的发送CIMA通信信号的方法,其中与特定用户有关的每个载波信号从不同的发射机单元发送,导致由于每个发射机单元发送的载波的叠加而产生阵列波束方向图。
13.如权利要求11所述的发送CIMA通信信号的方法,其中发射机单元之间的分隔是相对于载波频率分隔进行选择的,以控制阵列波束方向图的形状和阵列波束方向图扫描的周期。
14.如权利要求1所述的发送CIMA通信信号的方法,其中调制(12)和相位偏移(16n)载波的步骤导致利用扩频码调制的时域中的脉冲序列。
15.如权利要求14所述的发送CIMA通信信号的方法,其中扩频码包括信息信号与伪随机CDMA扩展码。
16.如权利要求1所述的发送CIMA通信信号的方法,其中相位偏移(16n)的步骤产生在时间上重叠的至少两个接收的建设性干扰脉冲。
17.如权利要求1所述的发送CIMA通信信号的方法,其中相位偏移(16n)的步骤包括判决步骤(66),当用户数目或信道使用增加超过预定的限制时,该判决步骤允许至少两个接收的建设性干扰脉冲在时间上重叠。
18.如权利要求17所述的通信的方法,其中判决步骤(66)包括以下步骤:识别用户和分配用于确定哪些用户信号在时间上重叠的优先权给每个用户。
19.在接收载波干扰多址联接(CIMA)通信信号的方法中,包括从至少一个通信信道接收(52)至少一个发送的CIMA信号,以产生多个接收的多频率载波信号分量,其改进包括:
同相组合(62m)多频率载波信号分量,以产生表示至少一个信息信号的至少一个建设性干扰信号。
20.如权利要求19所述的接收CIMA通信信号的方法,其中组合(6 2m)多频率载波信号分量的步骤包括提供(60mn)至少一组预定的延迟给每组接收的载波信号分量,其中预定的延迟组的数目等于其中对接收的CIMA发送信号进行组合的不同的相位空间的数目。
21.如权利要求1所述的接收CIMA通信信号的方法,其中组合(62m)多频率载波信号分量的步骤包括提供(60mn)至少一组预定的延迟给每组接收的载波信号分量,以补偿载波之间的相对相位,以便同相组合载波信号。
22.如权利要求21所述的接收CIMA通信信号的方法,其中提供(60mn)至少一组预定的延迟给每组接收的载波信号分量的步骤是由频移反馈腔体执行的。
23.如权利要求19所述的接收CIMA通信信号的方法,其中同相组合(62m)多频率载波信号分量的步骤包括多用户检测步骤(66),其中干扰信号被加权并与至少一个预期用户信号相组合,以抵消多用户干扰对每个预期用户信号的贡献。
24.一种在至少一个发射机和至少一个接收机之间进行通信的方法,包括产生(14n)多个电磁载波信号和利用至少一个信息信号调制(12)载波信号,这些载波信号具有多个频率,该方法的特征在于:
相位偏移(16n)多个载波信号之中的每个信号,其中相位偏移是递增的相位偏移;以及
把调制的、相位偏移的载波信号组合(24)到至少一个通信信道中,以产生在调制的、相位偏移的载波信号之间的干扰,从而提供至少一个具有多频率载波信号分量的发送的CIMA信号;
从至少一个通信信道接收(52)至少一个发送的CIMA信号,以产生多个接收的多频率载波信号分量,其改进包括同相组合(62m)多频率载波信号分量的步骤,以产生表示至少一个信息信号的至少一个建设性干扰信号。
25.一种电磁波发射机,包括能够产生具有多个频率的多个电磁载波信号的多载波发生器(14n)和能够利用至少一个信息信号调制载波信号的载波调制器(12),其改进包括:
延迟控制器(16n),能够把多个递增的相位偏移施加到载波信号上,以便在预定的时间间隔上给载波信号提供预定的相位空间;以及
输出耦合器(24),能够把调制的、调相的载波组合到至少一个通信信道中,以产生具有多个载波信号分量的至少一个CIMA信号。
26.如权利要求25所述的电磁波发射机,其中输出耦合器(24)包括发射机单元阵列。
27.如权利要求26所述的电磁波发射机,其中每个发射机单元发送不同的载波信号,由此产生时间相关的波束方向图。
28.如权利要求26所述的电磁波发射机,其中每个发射机单元为多个用户之中的每个用户发送不同的载波信号,由此为每个用户产生时间相关的波束方向图。
29.如权利要求28所述的电磁波发射机,其特征还在于,多频率控制器,用于控制多载波发生器(14n),以调整载波的频率分隔,由此控制每个波束方向图的扫描速率。
30.如权利要求25所述的电磁波发射机,其中输出耦合器(24)包括到波导的耦合器。
31.如权利要求25所述的电磁波发射机,其中延迟控制器(16n)把多个递增的相位偏移提供给在频率上均匀隔开的载波信号。
32.如权利要求25所述的电磁波发射机,其中延迟控制器(16n)把多个递增的相位偏移提供给在频率上非均匀隔开的载波信号。
33.如权利要求25所述的电磁波发射机,其特征还在于,幅度控制系统(18n),用于把变尖的幅度窗口提供给载波,以减小旁瓣。
34.如权利要求25所述的电磁波发射机,其中载波调制器(12)把脉冲幅度调制施加到载波信号上,以及输出耦合器(24)把调制的、调相的载波信号组合到至少一个通信信道中,以产生至少一个脉冲幅度调制的CIMA信号。
35.如权利要求34所述的电磁波发射机,其中输出耦合器(24)把调制的、调相的载波组合到至少一个通信信道中,以产生占用至少一个非零相位空间的CIMA信号。
36.如权利要求35所述的电磁波发射机,其中输出耦合器(24)把调制的、调相的载波组合到至少一个通信信道中,以产生在零相位空间中破坏性组合的CIMA信号。
37.如权利要求25所述的电磁波发射机,其中延迟控制器(16n)提供递增的相位给载波,以匹配波导的色散分布,以使载波之间预定的相位关系出现在波导中的预定距离上。
38.如权利要求25所述的电磁波发射机,其中延迟控制器(16n)提供多个递增的相位给载波,以产生脉冲序列,该发射机的特征还在于,幅度控制系统(18n),用于提供预定的幅度给每个载波信号,以便把扩频码调制到脉冲序列上。
39.一种电磁波接收机,具有接收单元(52),能够从通信信道接收发送的信号,以便提供至少一组接收的多频率载波信号分量,其改进包括:
组合器(62mn),能够同相组合多个接收的多频率载波信号分量,以产生表示至少一个信息信号的至少一个建设性干扰信号。
40.如权利要求39所述的电磁波接收机,其中该接收机还包括相位空间延迟补偿器(60mn)。
41.如权利要求40所述的电磁波接收机,其中相位空间延迟补偿器(60mn)是频移反馈腔体。
42.如权利要求40所述的电磁波接收机,其中相位空间延迟补偿器(60mn)在至少一个预定的时间间隔内采样,以检测在至少一个零相位空间中的至少一个建设性干扰信号。
43.如权利要求42所述的电磁波接收机,还包括信号估值器(66),从多个相位空间的多个样本中估算至少一个信息信号。
44.如权利要求39所述的电磁波接收机,还包括信号估值器(66),采样与预期用户信号相干扰的一个或多个干扰用户信号,加权采样的干扰信号,并将采样的干扰信号与预期用户信号相组合,以抵消多用户干扰。
45.如权利要求39所述的电磁波接收机,其中组合器(62m)提供增益调整给至少一个载波信号分量,以补偿平坦衰落。
46.一种载波干扰多址联接(CIMA)通信系统,包括:
电磁波发射机,包括能够产生具有多个频率的多个电磁载波信号的多载波发生器(14n)和能够利用至少一个信息信号调制载波信号的载波调制器(12),其改进包括:
延迟控制器(16n),能够把多个递增的相位偏移施加到载波信号上,以便在预定的时间间隔上给载波信号提供预定的相位空间;以及
输出耦合器(24),能够把调制的、调相的载波信号组合到至少一个通信信道中,以产生具有多个载波信号分量的至少一个CIMA信号;
电磁波接收机,具有接收单元(52),能够从通信信道接收发送的信号,以提供至少一组接收的多频率载波信号分量,其改进包括:
组合器(62mn),能够同相组合多个接收的多频率载波信号分量,以产生表示至少一个信息信号的至少一个建设性干扰信号。
47.在用于产生具有至少一个预定时域特征的至少一个扩频信号的方法中,该方法包括产生多个载波信号,其改进包括:
相位偏移(16n)载波信号,以便对于载波信号的叠加产生预定的时域分布;
提供(18n)增益分布给载波信号,以提供至少一个预定的时域特征给载波信号的叠加;以及
组合(20)调制的、相位偏移的载波信号,以产生具有至少一个预定的时域特征的载波信号的叠加。
48.如权利要求47所述的用于产生至少一个扩频信号的方法,其中相位偏移(16n)、提供(18n)增益分布以及组合(20)载波信号的步骤产生直接序列码分多址联接信号。
49.如权利要求47所述的用于产生至少一个扩频信号的方法,其中提供(18n)增益分布给载波信号的步骤包括把信息信号调制到载波信号上。
50.一种扩频信号发生器,包括多载波发生器(14n),能够产生具有多个频率的多个电磁载波信号,其改进包括:
延迟控制器(16n),能够把多个递增的相位偏移施加到载波信号上,以便在预定的时间间隔上给载波信号提供预定的相位空间;
增益控制器(18n),能够提供预定的增益分布给载波信号;以及
组合器(20),能够组合调制的、调相的载波,以便从载波信号的至少一次叠加中产生扩频信号。
51.如权利要求50所述的扩频信号发生器,其中延迟控制器(16n)和增益控制器(18n)分别提供相位偏移和增益分布,提供载波信号与直接序列扩频信号的叠加。
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US5955992A (en) 1999-09-21
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