CN100447361C - 用于地板的地板块 - Google Patents

用于地板的地板块 Download PDF

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CN100447361C
CN100447361C CNB038100398A CN03810039A CN100447361C CN 100447361 C CN100447361 C CN 100447361C CN B038100398 A CNB038100398 A CN B038100398A CN 03810039 A CN03810039 A CN 03810039A CN 100447361 C CN100447361 C CN 100447361C
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floor board
board block
core
surface course
floor
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CN1650081A (zh
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D·佩尔万
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Valinge Innovation AB
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F15/00—Flooring
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    • E04F15/04—Flooring or floor layers composed of a number of similar elements only of wood or with a top layer of wood, e.g. with wooden or metal connecting members
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B21/00—Layered products comprising a layer of wood, e.g. wood board, veneer, wood particle board
    • B32B21/02—Layered products comprising a layer of wood, e.g. wood board, veneer, wood particle board the layer being formed of fibres, chips, or particles, e.g. MDF, HDF, OSB, chipboard, particle board, hardboard
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

本发明提供一种用于构造浮式地面的地板块，它具有芯部(30)，芯部(30)包括至少两层材料(L1、L2)，该两层材料(L1、L2)离表面层(31)的距离不同，而且它们材料性能或者材料成分不同。本发明还提供一种用于制成这种地板块的半成品。

Description

用于地板的地板块
技术领域
本发明一般地涉及地板块的芯部/芯层材料领域。本发明涉及具有这种芯部材料的地板块，用于形成地板块的这种芯部材料的地板构件。本发明特别适于使用在浮式地板中，如层压地板(复合地板，laminate flooring)，以及具有单板(veneer)或木材表面层的地板块，但是还可用于其它类似地板。
特别是，本发明首先涉及一种地板，该地板具有芯部和在芯部上侧的装饰表面层。
本发明特别适用于浮式地板/浮隔地板(floating floor)，其由地板块构成，地板块由装饰层压板、单板或装饰塑料材料构成的表面层、木纤维基材料构成的中间层，以及优选地在芯部的背面侧的下平衡层制成。下面将针对这一应用领域，特别是具有呈矩形地板块(这些矩形地板块的长边和短边均通过机械方式连接)的木板条的芯部的层压地板和木地板的领域，对现有技术、已知系统的问题和作为非限制性实例的本发明目的和特征进行说明。但是，应该强调的是，本发明可以用于具有芯部和设置在芯部上面的装饰层的任意地板块。
背景技术
层压地板通常由7-8mm的纤维板芯部、0.2-0.8mm厚的薄层/层压上装饰表面层和0.1-0.6mm厚的由薄层、塑料、纸或类似物构成的下平衡层构成。表面层使地板块美观耐用。芯部提供稳定性，并与表面层一起有助于使地板块具有足够的冲击强度。平衡层使该地板块在一年中的相对湿度(RH)改变时保持水平。地板块铺设为浮动的，即，不粘结在底层地板上。这种浮式地板中的传统硬地板块通常通过长边和短边上粘结的榫舌-榫槽接头(即包括一地板块上的榫舌和相邻地板块上的榫槽的接合部)相连接。
除了这种通过粘结的榫舌-榫槽接头连接的传统地板外，最近研制的地板块不需要使用粘结剂，而是以机械方式通过所谓的机械锁定系统连接。这些系统包括沿水平和垂直方向将板锁定的锁定装置。通常通过加工板的芯部而形成机械锁定系统。另外，锁定系统的部分可以由单独材料如铝构成，该单独材料与地板成一体，即在加工中该单独材料与地板块相连。
带机械锁定系统的浮式地板的主要优点是，通过内斜插入/向内倾斜(inward angling)、卡接的各种组合，能方便而迅速地铺设地板。地板还可以被方便地揭起而在不同场所再次使用。机械锁定系统的另一优点是，地板块的边缘部可以由不需要具有良好粘结特性的材料制成。
通过将表面层和平衡层设置在芯部材料上，制成具有由塑料、木材、单板、软木和类似物构成的表面层的层压地板和许多其它地板。
第一代层压地板，所谓的HPL地板，是通过在6mm厚的刨花板上叠置0.8mm的装饰高压层压板表面层(通常称为HPL)而制成的。在单独的操作中制成HPL，该单独操作将多张浸渍纸片在高压、高温下压缩成层压板。
后来研制了第二代层压地板，其基于更现代的原理，在一个相同制造步骤中进行装饰层压板层的制造并将其固定于纤维板上。浸渍纸片直接放置到板上，在加热加压下与其压制在一起，而不进行任何粘结。通常，表面层的厚度大约是0.2mm。这种直接层压地板，通常称为DL地板，主要优点是生产成本较低，由于低冲击强度和低耐潮性而仅次于HPL地板。但是，当用合格的HDF型纤维板-高密度纤维板取代刨花板时，明显提高了DL地板的质量特性。HDF板大大硬于刨花板，并更耐潮湿。因此，可提高DL地板的冲击强度和耐潮力。由于这种HDF板的生产量日益增大，因此成本降低，使具有HDF芯部的DL地板成为市场上销量最好的产品。尽管刨花板比HDF便宜得多，但是与HDF结合的DL技术成本更低。DL地板现在的质量特性与HPL地板的相同，但是同时基本上成本更低。
当DL地板的销量比HPL地板更大时，层压地板采用传统的由榫舌、榫槽和粘结剂构成的锁定系统来连接。具有刨花板芯部的HPL地板比具有HDF芯部的DL地板更容易粘结。当研制出机械接头系统时，消除了这一问题，具有HDF芯部的DL地板在短时间内就占有了90％的市场。
除了这两种方法外，使用多种其它方法来制造浮式地板，并提供具有表面层的不同芯部材料。装饰性图案可以印制在芯部的表面，接着在芯部上覆盖磨损层。芯部还可以具有由木材、单板、装饰纸或塑料片制成的表面层，然后可用磨损层覆盖这些材料。
通常，上述方法获得很大的板形地板构件(元件)，接着将其锯切成十几个预制地板(floor panel)，然后将其加工成地板块。
在所有情况下，上述预制地板是沿其边缘单独加工成地板块的。在高级铣床中完成边缘的加工，其中预制地板精确定位在安装的一条或多条链条和皮带之间，使得预制地板能够高速移动并以很高精度通过多个铣削电动机，这些铣削电动机上设有金刚石切割刀具或金属切割刀具，用于加工预制地板的边缘。通过使用以不同角度工作的几个铣削电动机，能够以超过100米/分钟的速度和±0.02mm的精度形成高级的接头几何结构。
JP-20011329681中公开了具有多层芯部和表面层的地板块，表面层包括木单板和设置在单板和芯部之间的汽密层。芯部包括中间胶合板层和上下MDF层。
术语的定义：
在下文中，已安装地板的可见/暴露表面称为“前侧/前面”，而地板块的面对底层地板的相对侧称为“背面”。使用的片形原始材料称为“芯部”。当芯部覆盖有最靠近前侧的表面层和优选地还有最靠近背面的的平衡层时，如果在随后的操作中其被分成多个上述预制地板，则其形成一半成品，称为“预制地板”或“地板构件”。当沿预制地板的边缘对其加工以便获得其具有接头系统的最终形状时，将其称为“地板块”。“表面层”表示应用于最靠近前面的芯部的并最好覆盖地板块整个前面的所有层。“装饰表面层”表示主要为地板提供装饰外观的层。“磨损层”涉及主要用于提高前面的使用寿命的层。在层压地板中，该磨损层常常由浸渍有三聚氰胺的加氧化铝的透明纸构成。“加强层”表示主要用于提高表面层抗冲击和压力能力的层，有些情况下，是补偿芯部的不规则性，使得在表面上看不到这些不规则性。在高压层压板中，该加强层通常由浸渍有酚树脂的棕色牛皮纸构成。
层压地板表示一种地板，该地板具有由热固性层压板构成的表面层，热固性层压板包括浸渍有热固性树脂的一张或多张纸片。
由粘结在表面和木平衡层上的木板条构成的芯部被称为“薄板芯部”。木板条的纤维方向垂至于表面和平衡层的纤维方向。
在前面和背面之间的地板块边缘的地板块外部称为“接头边缘”。通常，接头边缘具有几个“接头表面”，它们可呈垂直、水平、有角度的、圆形、斜角等。这些接头表面可以由不同材料制成，例如层压板、纤维板、木材、塑料、金属(特别是铝)或密封材料。“接头边缘部”表示地板块的接头边缘和地板块部最靠近接头边缘的部分。
“接头”或“接头系统”表示沿垂直和/或水平方向连接地板块的共同配合的连接装置。“机械锁定系统”表示沿水平方向平行于表面和沿垂直方向垂至于表面实现连接而不使用粘结剂。在许多情况下机械连接系统还能通过施加在接头中或背面和底层地板之间的粘结剂来连接。浮式地板表示具有仅沿其相应的接头边缘连接并因此不粘结在底层地板上的地板块的地板。在由于潮湿的移动中，接头保持密封。沿着隐藏在基板(脚板)下面的壁在地板上的外部区域发生由于潮湿的移动。“HDF”表示在市场上称为高密度纤维板的板材料。HDF由借助胶粘剂连接的磨碎的木材(groundwood)纤维构成。刨花板表示一种板料，该板料包括由胶粘剂连接的木材刨花/屑。
上述技术可以用于制造层压地板，其非常自然地仿造木制地板、石板、瓷砖和类似物，并且非常容易采用机械接头系统安装。地板块的长度和宽度通常为1.2×0.2m，厚度通常为7-8mm。
最近，市场上已经出现其它形式和其它厚度的层压地板。已经使用了长度为1.2m、宽度为0.4m并且厚度为约11mm的形式来仿造石板和瓷砖。还可以将层压地板制成长度为1.8-2.4m、宽度为0.2m。由于HDF的密度大约是900kg/m3，因此所有这些地板块将会很笨重，而且难于运输和安装。除此以外，11mm的HDF芯部的材料成本很高。强烈需要降低成本，并减小厚或大的层压地板以及正常厚度的层压地板中的芯部重量。这同样应用于具有其它表面层如单板、塑料等的类似地板。对于具有2-3mm硬木表面层和薄板芯部的镶木/拼花地板，表面层的成本是相当高的。如果地板块的成本降低、重量减轻，则浮式地板的市场会大大扩大。
层压地板具有硬的表面层，当人在地板上行走时在房间内产生很大的声级并磨损鞋子。这是影响在特别是公共环境使用该地板的缺点。
现有技术及其问题
为了便于理解和说明本发明以及本发明要解决的问题，下面参照附图1-3。
图2a-2c表示HPL地板的制造。具有高磨损强度的透明材料磨损层34浸渍有添加氧化铝的三聚氰胺。浸渍有三聚氰胺的纸装饰层35设置在该层34的下面。浸渍有酚/苯酚的一层或多层芯纸加强层36a、36b设置在装饰层35下面，将其整个放置在压机中，使其在压机中在加热加压下固化成大约0.5-0.8mm厚的高压叠层(HPL)的表面层31。图2c表示使该表面层31接着与平衡层32一起粘结在芯部30上以构成地板构件3。由于单独的粘结操作，因此可以用各种不同芯部材料如HDF、刨花板和塑料材料板生产HPL地板。但是，所有HPL地板仅用单一材料的芯部制造。
图2d和2e表示DL地板的制造。贴面板(overlay)形式的磨损层34和装饰纸装饰层35直接设置在芯部30上。接着，将所有三个组成层通常还有背面平衡层放置在压机中，使其在压机中在加热加压下固化成大约0.2mm厚的具有装饰表面层31的地板构件3。直接层压板(direct laminate)通常没有加强层。层压板边缘抵抗冲击和耐潮湿的能力完全依赖于芯部材料的特性。因此，使用具有高密度和高耐潮性的高质量材料，如HDF。HDF的材料成本大大高于刨花板的材料成本。由于装饰层通过装饰纸中的三聚氰胺树脂固定在芯部上，因此直接层压的生产方法是限制使用各种芯部材料的因素。树脂渗透到HDF材料的木纤维中，并将表面层粘结在芯部上。多数DL地板用HDF芯部制造。有些低质量地板用MDF或刨花板的芯部制造。但是，所有DL地板基于由单一材料制成的芯部。
图3a示出了具有例如直接层压地板(DL)或0.6mm单板表面层31、HDF芯部30和层压地板或单板平衡层32的传统层压板或贴面地板实例，通过榫舌、粘结剂和接头使其连接。图3b示出了由HPL表面31、HDF芯部和机械锁定系统的层压地板的实例，机械锁定系统由铝制的条带/块6和接触设置在芯部30中的锁定槽14的锁定装置8构成该。为了将条带固定在芯部上并达到足够的锁定强度，通常由HDF制成芯部。
图3c示出了具有DL表面层31、HDF芯部30和由地板块芯部30形成的机械锁定系统6、8、14的层压地板的实例。这种情况下需要HDF芯部使锁定系统具有要求的强度和功能。表面层31可以是木材或HPL。木表面可以与HDF芯部或由不同木材层构成的胶合板芯部组合，所述不同木材层可由不同木料制成。
图3d示出了具有DL表面31、HDF芯部和机械接头系统的层压地板的实例，该机械接头系统具有锁定装置8和在榫舌槽上部内的锁定槽14。
图3e示出了由长侧看到的厚度为约15mm的拼花地板，其具有3mm厚的橡木表面层31。在该实例中芯部由不同种类的木材构成。较硬的木材30a、30b位于构成机械锁定系统7、7’的接头边缘部分。在这些接头边缘部分之间，由软的而且廉价的木板条构成芯部30。板条30c与表面层31和平衡层32粘结。它们通常包括树节、裂缝或类似缺陷。木表面层31必须具有足够的厚度以弥补这些不规则以及芯部板条30c之间的接头37。这种薄板芯部通常比HDF芯部便宜并形成更稳定的地板。
这些地板块存在与成本和功能有关的多种问题。
使层压地板或贴面地板在表面和接头边缘具有耐冲击性所需的HDF芯部在整个地板块中具有同样高的质量。HDF芯部最接近表面的部分和芯部中心的其它部分之间的密度可能会不同，但是所有部分包含相同类型的木纤维和粘结剂。在地板块的例如内部和背部不需要达到这种总体上的高质量。
渗入地板块的水分首先渗入最靠近表面的接头边缘上部中，就是在这些部分中需要HDF材料。在地板块的其它部分中，较低的质量特性就足够了。
为了能够形成具有突出部的机械锁定系统，地板块的接头边缘以及芯部通常必须具有优良的质量。而且在本发明中，仅在接头边缘的确定部位必须具有高质量。
具有薄板芯部的拼花地板具有大约3mm厚的磨损层。这是使表面具有足够冲击强度和跨接芯部木板条之间空间以便防止其透过表面层而会在表面看到所必需的。表面层通常受厚漆保护，很少或根本不进行再打磨。因此，如果剩余问题能够得到解决，则能够减小磨损层的厚度。
上述问题导致材料成本和重量提高。硬表面产生令人不悦的声级。
为克服这些问题，采用了不同方法。主要方法是降低HDF板的质量和密度。还用作为芯部材料的刨花板制成DL地板。这些方法降低成本和重量，但是同时使冲击强度不够，板易受潮，并且机械接头系统的强度很低而且功能差。
拼花地板用刨花板、HDF或胶合板芯部制造。通常，这些材料比板条芯部更昂贵。由于芯部的板条垂直于板的纵向放置，因此板条芯部还减小了板的由于潮湿造成的移动，这优于比其它板材料。这表示板条的纤维方向垂直于表面层的纤维方向。这样的纤维方向有利于抵消由受潮引起的移动。
为了降低声级，浮式层压地板安装在塑料泡沫、破布纸、纺织纤维和类似物制成的吸声层上。这些层还粘结在背面的平衡层上。这种吸声形式的效果很差而且成本很高。
发明内容
本发明的目的是消除或显著减少与浮式地板特别是具有机械接头系统的地板的制造有关的问题。主要采用由至少两层不同材料或具有不同特性的相同材料制成的芯部来解决这些问题。
不同类型的木材如橡木、松木、软木等和不同板类型如MDF、HDF、刨花板、胶合板、塑料等被看作是不同材料。这些不同材料定义为具有不同材料成分。如果例如密度、强度、柔性和耐潮特性不同时，相同类型材料可以具有不同特性。
基于木纤维的材料如HDF中不同部位的密度会不同。如果整个层由相同类型纤维、粘结剂等构成，则层中这种变化不应该被视为不同特性。
本发明基于第一种认识，即，芯部应该由不同分层制成，不同分层由不同材料构成，或由具有不同特性的相同材料构成。这使材料成本降低，同时使地板块的其它特性如冲击强度和耐潮性不变。
本发明基于第二种认识，即，具有不同分层的芯部材料的重量较低，而且不削弱其它质量特性。
本发明基于第三种认识，即，具有不同分层的芯部材料能够获得较好的声音特性。
最后本发明基于第四种认识，即，由不同分层构成的芯部材料允许制造具有高重量机械锁定系统的地板块，同时可降低成本。
本发明特别适用于浮式地板，该浮式地板由地板块构成，地板块的芯部包括木纤维分层，如木板条、实木、软木、刨花板、HDF、MDF、压缩/紧凑层压板、胶合板和类似物。这样的板材料在不同分层中容易彼此粘结，它们例如通过浸渍有合适的化学物质可以改善例如密度、冲击强度、柔性、耐潮性、摩擦特性和类似特性。以此方式，可以在地板块和接头系统的功能和成本方面制造和组合最佳的板材料。通过切割基于木纤维的材料可以形成高级几何形状。芯部还可以由不同塑料材料、橡胶材料和类似材料构成，这些材料也能够与不同的基于木纤维的材料结合。所有上述芯部材料可以形成具有不同类型已知机械锁定系统的地板块。
本发明也特别适用于具有薄层/板芯部的层压地板和拼花地板。
因此，可以提供不同地板块、锁定系统、材料和形式的多种组合。
通过根据以下所述的相应地板块和半成品实现上述有关目的。在说明书和附图中给出了本发明的实施例。
根据本发明第一方面，提供一种用于形成层压地板的地板块。该地板块具有芯部和表面层，该表面层包括设置在芯部上面的热固性树脂。该地板块的显著特征在于芯部包括至少两个连接的材料分层，该两个连接的材料分层与表面层相距不同的距离，具有不同的材料特性或材料成分，并且最靠近表面层的第一芯部分层包括HDF或MDF，第二芯部分层包括木质纤维板材料。
根据本发明第二方面，提供一种用于制造以上相关层压地板块的半成品。
通过本发明的第一和第二方面，提供层压地板块，其通过结合HDF或MDF芯部的耐久性和冲击强度优点和低成本地板块材料的成本优点，降低了层压地板的成本。在本发明的特别实施例中，地板块可具有高质量HDF上分层和例如MDF或刨花板下分层。
根据本发明第三方面，提供一种用于形成木质地板的地板块。该地板块具有包括木质薄层的芯部和设置在芯部上面的表面层。芯部包括至少两个材料分层，该两个材料分层与表面层相距不同的距离，具有不同的材料特性或材料成分。最靠近表面层的芯部分层包括HDF或MDF。表面层是设置在所述HDF或MDF分层上面的木质单板。
优选地，所述表面层(31)的厚度小于2mm。更优选地，所述表面层(31)的厚度在0.6-1.5mm之间。
根据本发明第四方面，提供一种用于制造以上相关木质地板块的半成品。
通过本发明的第三和第四方面，可以降低具有实际木质表面和芯部的地板块的成本。根据本发明，减少了提供木质表面(可以对该木质表面进行再磨削)所需的木材量，同时保持地板的冲击强度特性。
下面参照表示本发明实施例的附图详细说明本发明。
附图说明
图1a-d表示地板块的不同制造步骤；
图2a-e表示具有高压层压板和直接层压板表面的层压地板的构成；
图3a-e表示不同地板块的实例；
图4a-b表示根据本发明不同实施例的地板块；
图5表示根据本发明地板块的另一实施例；
图6-9表示本发明的不同实施例。
具体实施方式
图4a示出本发明的优选实施例。地板块1可以是层压地板或贴面地板(veneer floor)。厚度可为例如6-12mm。在所示的实施例中，地板块1具有直接层压板DL表面层31、DL平衡层32和芯部30，芯部30由两个层L1和L2构成。最靠近表面的上分层/上层L1由具有高密度和耐潮性的HDF制成。下分层L2可由低质量HDF、MDF或其它木纤维板材料制成。刨花板是最佳的可供选择物。两层材料最好是粘接。在本实施例中，L1和L2之间因此有胶层41。这种地板最靠近表面的上部将具有优良特性。上接头边缘14具有高冲击强度，而且接头边缘之间的水分渗透不会产生很多问题。芯部的下分层L2可例如由便宜的材料构成，如低密度的刨花板。在此方式下，地板会具有优良特性，同时能够以很低的成本制造。重量也会很低。通过制造由两种材料L1和L2构成的芯部，在下分层中节约的成本可以用于提高上分层质量。地板块1、1’还可以制得更厚并更稳定，而重量和成本不变。可通过使地板块具有更悦耳的不同声频而降低声级。还可以通过选择合适芯部材料而降低声级。另一种降低声音的可选方式是将地板粘接在底层地板上。在种情况下，可以使用机械锁定系统安置地板，并使其保持在一起，直到粘结剂固化为止。如果使用允许地板相对于底层地板进行少许移动的柔性胶，则半浮式地板可以实现低声响和获得紧密接头。
图4b示出了地板块，其具有由3层构成的芯部。表面层31可以是层压板或木材或任何适于铺地板的其它表面材料。L1和L2可以由HDF制成。L3可以是比上分层L1更软和更柔性的材料，如天然或人造橡胶、类似橡胶的材料(即热塑弹性体)、塑料泡沫、纺织品、无纺物或软木。还可以使用其它降声或吸声材料。这样的地板将能比传统层压地板更好地降低声音。与HDF上分层L1和层压板面特别是直接层压面31组合的软木层是一种优选的材料。易于将软木粘结于HDF，软木能够承受由层压导致的热量和压力。如果降声层L3靠近表面层，则声音能够降低相当大的程度。优选实施例是这样一种地板，其芯部的垂直锁定装置21和22以上的芯部的上部具有降声层L3，垂直锁定装置21和22在所示的实施例中是榫槽21和榫舌22。
如果层L3由柔性的防水材料如橡胶或泡沫制成，则能够用于形成防止水通过锁定系统渗透的接头密封23。层L3还能够使层压地板具有特殊的特性。接电时产生热的塑料层可以用于制造具有地板加热系统的地板块，该地板加热系统一体地结合在靠近地板面的芯部中。机械锁定系统可以设置成使两地板块中的加热系统彼此自动连接。其它先进的特征可以以类似方式一体地结合在芯部中，如人行走在地板上时的激活报警系统的层。所有这些特征可以与直接层压制造方法结合，靠着合适的基于木纤维的材料如HDF进行层压成型。当然，下分层L2当然可以由除HDF以外的其它材料制成。
根据本发明，通过将例如HDF板材料和刨花板材料粘结于芯部而制成地板块，芯部由两层材料L1和L2构成。在正常制造中磨削HDF板，以便获得平滑表面和均匀厚度。根据本发明，在粘结层L1、L2和L3后，可以整体或局部进行这种磨削。以此方式，通过磨削去除较少量材料或较少的昂贵材料，节约了材料。在粘结芯部后，进行表面层的层压或粘结。如果即使在粘结前芯部的材料层具有恰当的厚度，则也可在一次相同操作中进行芯部的材料层L1、L2以及表面层3和平衡层32的粘结。通过采用与直接层压有关的加热加压而允许胶层完全或部分活化的粘结方法，还可以使直接层压与芯部材料层的粘结结合。
上层材料L1用于机械接头系统，如图5和7所示。在图5中，单独加工的例如HDF材料条带6已经通过条带榫舌38快速卡接或斜插入条带榫槽37内而与芯部连接。可在柔软材料如刨花板中进行这种连接，但是如果用例如HDF进行机械连接则强度更高。条带榫舌38在上部具有锁定装置和定位面，其沿水平和垂直方向将条带6锁定于地板块1。作为选择，条带6还可以具有这样的结构，通过使条带榫舌38由上面或下面的倾斜角度移动斜插入条带榫槽37而进行固定，但是这导致了比快速卡接更为复杂的固定方法。机械锁定系统的强度可以更低。在图5的实施例中，第二地板块1’的榫舌22沿垂直方向安置在两HDF材料之间，这方便了在锁定位置的横向移位。这是矩形地板块的长侧和短侧的一种重要的机械锁定(方式)。
图6示出了本发明地板块的实施例的一例，其具有靠近表面层31的硬防水材料的较薄层L1。
图7示出了本发明板1的实施例的一例，板1具有由厚度相同的两层材料L1和L2构成的芯部30。选择上材料层L1，使得锁定系统7、7’和其锁定装置8、14由这种材料制成。
图8表示芯部30可由三层材料L1、L2和L2’构成。最靠近表面31的材料层L1和最靠近平衡层32的下材料层L2最好相同。这便于板的平衡，使得其在相对湿度变化时保持水平。在根据图4的下部中具有条带的机械锁定系统可以由材料L2制成。此外，上和下材料层L1、L2可以调整成便于表面层和平衡层的层压和粘结。在此方式下，材料L2’可以选择为在芯部的中心层中，其不需要在正常粘结过程中能够层压或易于粘结。
图9表示根据本发明优选实施例构成拼花地板的地板块1的实例。表面层31在本实施例中由比传统木材层薄的木材层构成。这些传统木材层通常为2-3mm。根据本发明，由硬而昂贵的高级木材构成的表面层31能够以减小的厚度制造，例如约1mm。该厚度足以允许进行再磨削。现今的上漆系统很高级，以至于事实上不需要进行磨削了。木材层31的实际上仅需要弥补板条芯部的不规则性的其余部分能够具有相当便宜的较好材料L1，如HDF。高级木材表面层31根据本发明因此可以由薄木材层和高质量而便宜的材料如HDF代替。已经发现，特别是具有高密度的HDF是具有薄板芯部的拼花地板中最方便代替高级木材的材料。可以制造这种由高级薄木材层和高级板材料芯部层构成的表面层，使得与传统高级木材表面层相比，其能更好地弥补板条芯部不规则性，更稳定，并且在相对湿度变化时使由潮气引起的移动更小。同时可降低材料成本。
在本发明范围内可以作出多种变型。芯部中材料层的数量可多于三层。不同层的厚度可以变化。可以采用很大量的粘结剂制造特殊HDF材料，具有的高密度超过1200kg/m3。可以制造具有特殊粘结剂和刨花尺寸的刨花板，使得将其最佳调整到与木材或层压地板中的HDF相互作用。基本上，可以使用在建筑业和家具业中见到的所有木材板材料。本发明不限于薄地板。根据本发明原理，制造层压地板的厚度可以超过12mm，例如14-15mm或更厚，并且成本结构和重量有竞争力。这种厚层压地板通常具有更悦耳的声级，可以弥补底层地板中严重的不规则性。厚层压板可以制得非常刚硬并用作运动用地板。本发明还用于不带有平衡层的地板块，和不铺成浮动式而是粘结在底层地板上的地板块。

Claims (18)

1、一种用于形成层压地板的地板块，所述地板块具有芯部(30)和表面层(31)，所述表面层(31)包括设置在所述芯部的上面的热固性树脂，其特征在于：
所述芯部包括至少两个连接的材料分层(L1、L2)，所述两个连接的分层(L1、L2)与表面层相距不同的距离，具有不同的材料特性或材料成分，
最靠近表面层(31)的第一芯部分层(L1)包括HDF或MDF，和
第二芯部分层(L2)包括木质纤维板材料。
2、如权利要求1所述的地板块，其特征在于：
所述表面层(31)是直接层压板。
3、如权利要求1所述的地板块，其特征在于
沿所述地板块的至少两相对边缘部分布置，以便沿垂直于所述表面层(31)的垂直方向(D1)和垂直于所述垂直方向(D1)和所述边缘部分的水平方向(D2)连接所述地板块和一相同的地板块的连接装置。
4、如权利要求3所述的地板块，其特征在于：
所述连接装置设计成通过内斜插入和/或卡接入一锁定位置而连接地板块(1)和所述相同的地板块(1’)。
5、如所述权利要求1所述的地板块，其特征在于：所述芯部包括一吸声层或降声层(L3)。
6、如权利要求5所述的地板块，其特征在于：所述吸声层或降声层(L3)布置在所述地板块的上部中。
7、如权利要求6所述的地板块，其特征在于：所述地板块包括垂直锁定装置(21、22)，用于沿垂直于所述表面层(31)的垂直方向(D1)连接所述地板块和一相同的地板块，并且所述吸声层或降声层(L3)布置在所述表面层(31)和所述垂直锁定装置(21、22)的上部之间的一个垂直位置处。
8、如权利要求5所述的地板块，其特征在于：所述吸声层或降声层(L3)包括橡胶。
9、如权利要求5所述的地板块，其特征在于：所述吸声层或降声层包括软木。
10、如权利要求1所述的地板块，其特征在于：所述第一芯部分层(L1)包括HDF，并且第二芯部分层(L2)包括刨花板。
11、如权利要求1所述的地板块，其特征在于：所述第一芯部分层(L1)包括HDF，并且第二芯部分层(L2)包括MDF。
12、一种用于形成木地板的地板块，所述地板块具有包括木薄层的芯部(30)和设置在所述芯部上面的表面层(31)，其特征在于：
所述芯部包括至少两个材料分层(L1、L2)，所述两个材料分层(L1、L2)与所述表面层相距不同的距离，具有不同的材料特性或材料成分，并且
最靠近所述表面层的第一芯部分层(L1)包括HDF或MDF，
其中，所述表面层(31)是木质单板，设置在所述HDF或MDF分层上面。
13、如权利要求12所述的地板块，其特征在于：所述表面层(31)的厚度小于2mm。
14、如权利要求12所述的地板块，其特征在于：沿所述地板块的至少两相对边缘部分布置，以便沿垂直于所述表面层(31)的垂直方向(D1)和垂直于所述垂直方向(D1)和所述边缘部分的水平方向(D2)连接所述地板块和一相同的地板块的连接装置。
15、如权利要求14所述的地板块，其特征在于：所述连接装置设计成通过内斜插入和/或卡接入一锁定位置而连接所述地板块(1)和所述相同的地板块(1’)。
16、如权利要求12所述的地板块，其特征在于：所述芯部包括吸声层或降声层。
17、如权利要求16所述的地板块，其特征在于：所述吸声层或降声层包括橡胶或软木。
18、如权利要求13所述的地板块，其特征在于：所述表面层(31)的厚度在0.6-1.5mm之间。
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