CN100466851C - 识别通信网中器材位置的方法与设备 - Google Patents

识别通信网中器材位置的方法与设备 Download PDF

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CN100466851C
CN100466851C CNB01803666XA CN01803666A CN100466851C CN 100466851 C CN100466851 C CN 100466851C CN B01803666X A CNB01803666X A CN B01803666XA CN 01803666 A CN01803666 A CN 01803666A CN 100466851 C CN100466851 C CN 100466851C
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signal
time
advent
toa
communication sequence
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CN1636413A (zh
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D·哥伦
D·卡瓦古奇
R·布里奇拉尔
B·J·贝克里斯基
C·泽格林
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Extreme Networks Inc
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Symbol Technologies LLC
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Abstract

在无线通信网中，不更改的无线器材的位置可以用通信序列在不同的网接收机处的到达时间差来识别。时间标记装置可以包括与信号译码器并联的相关电路以对通信序列作时间标记。蜂窝无线网可以频率复用而提高空间时间标记密度。可将标记贴到无源器材上，向网装置提供位置识别信息。可以识别出播发标准802.11射频结构的器材的位置。应用选定的相关函数，可以减小与通信序列相关的固有噪声。

Description

识别通信网中器材位置的方法与设备
相关申请的交叉参照
本申请要求2001年2月20日提交的共同待批美国临时专利申请号60/270,254和2000年11月14日提交的60/248,357的利益，这些申请整个通过引用包括在此。
发明背景
这里揭示的内容涉及在无线或部分无线通信网中跟踪器材位置的设备与方法，尤其涉及利用移动发射机播发的通信序列在接收机的到达时间(下简称TOA)来识别器材位置。TOA估算可称为通信序列“时间标记”。
在运用与通信网中诸接收机有关的测距或三角测量技术测定移动器材位置时，希望能精密地估算通信序列到达时间。随着器材数量、通信业务量或网内时间标记事件的速率提高，时间标记性能与整个网络性能会降低。通常并不希望识别网内与每个广播包相关的每一无线器材的位置。然而，网络的工作效率通常不高，由于对收到的包不作时间标记，无法对期望的包作时间标记。
在有些无线网中，接入点结构会限制网络性能。通常，接入点不让时间标记处理快得足以产生精确的无线器材位置估值。
无线通信网一般具有相邻小区工作于不同信道的蜂窝结构。为尽量减小通信信号间的干扰，把诸小区编排成尽量增大信道间的物理距离。这种编排尽管将网络用户的有效空间带宽增大到最大，但是往往劣化了位置估算精度，因为对指定信道作时间标记的接收机密度减小了。
无线通信网被越来越多地设计成应用802.11射频信号结构。随着这种标准的普及，在识别无线器材广播标准802.11包的位置方面变得越来越有价值。
一般总希望识别邻近无线通信网里的“无源”器材的位置。例如希望跟踪货仓中集装箱的位置。一种方法是对无源器材贴上有源标记，标记一般按固定的时间表以单一频率发射专用信号。当网络接收不到预定的传输，就会丢失位置信息。固定时间表标记不能“选择”发射的时间，因而无法优化地利用公开的“广播时间”周期。因此，在业务量大的通信网中，位置估算尤其困难或效率低。在多频蜂窝网中，单频标记不能最佳地跟踪。
时间标记方法一般使用基于相关的信号处理技术(类似于信号译码技术)。已知相关技术固有的噪声(如交叉相关人为现象)会劣化时间标记精度。
单个通信序列传输的多信号到达(下称“多路径”)会劣化译码信号质量，使序列检测变得困难。当发射机附近的结构产生在“视线”信号之后到达接收机的传输回波，就会出现多路径。“视线”(下简称为LOS)信号是发射信号中在发射机与接收机之间穿越最短路径的部分。LOS信号会通过结构，LOS路径在可见光谱中呈不透明。多路径会以假数据序列损害译码的数据信号，并且难以检测LOS数据序列。多路径会造成信号比LOS信号更强的假序列，因为LOS信号在通过结构时会衰减。
因此，希望提供识别无线器材位置的有效设备与方法。
也希望提供精确地识别无线器材位置的设备与方法。
也希望提供识别无线器材广播802.11信号结构的位置的设备与方法。
还希望提供有效地对无源器材作出标记以实现位置识别的设备与方法。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供改进的设备与方法，可用于在无线通信网中识别无线器材位置。
根据本发明的原理，提供的设备与方法可提供数据信号在接收机的到达时间的估值。在一些实施例中，数据信号经接收、解调和译码而变为译码信号。该译码信号可对适合估算TOA的序列作分析。若检测到合适的序列，就可选择一相关函数使之与解调信号相关。相关函数可以应用基于数据序列的相关特性制订的规则选择。利用该相关函数、相关函数的值及其组合，就可估算出TOA。
附图简介
通过以下结合附图所作的详细描述，将明白本发明的各种目的和优点，附图中用同样的标号表示同样的部分，其中：
图1是一示例设备的示意图，它可以与本发明原理的无线器材位置识别系统结合使用；
图2示出可与本发明原理的无线器材位置识别系统结合使用的另一示例设备；
图3是一应用图1与2所示设备的示例通信网的示意图；
图4是一流程图，示出可在本发明原理的无线器材位置识别期间执行的示例性步骤；
图5是本发明原理一示例通信网结构的示意图；
图6是另一流程图，示出可在本发明原理的无线器材位置识别期间执行的示例性步骤；
图7是又一流程图，示出可在本发明原理的无线器材位置识别期间执行的示例性步骤；
图8是又一流程图，示出可在本发明原理的无线器材位置识别期间执行的示例性步骤；
图9是再一个流程图，示出可在本发明原理的无线器材位置识别期间执行的示例性步骤；
图10是另一示例设备的示意图，它可与本发明原理的无线器材位置识别系统一起使用；
图11是另一流程图，示出可在本发明原理的无线器材位置识别期间执行的示例步骤；
图12示出本发明原理示例性的接收数据和对应的示例相关信号；
图13示出另一示例性接收数据和对应的示例相关信号；
图14示出本发明原理的两个示例相关信号；
图15是再一个流程图，示出可在本发明原理的无线器材位置识别期间执行的示例步骤；
图15A示出可按本发明原理处理的一示例相关信号；
图16是一流程图，示出可能在执行图15所示步骤时涉及到的示例性步骤；
图17示出本发明原理的示例接收数据序列和示例相关策略；
图18是又一流程图，示出可在本发明原理的无线器材位置识别期间执行的示例步骤；
图19是再一流程图，示出可在本发明原理的无线器材位置识别期间执行的示例步骤；
图20示出可与本发明原理的无线器材位置识别系统一起使用的示例设备；
图21是本发明原理的一部分无线器材位置识别系统的示意图；
图22是又一流程图，示出可在本发明原理的无线器材位置识别期间执行的示例步骤；
图23是再一个流程图，示出可在本发明原理的无线器材位置识别期间执行的示例步骤；
图24示出两个可用于本发明原理的无线器材位置识别的示例相关信号。
发明的详细描述
可以提供在通信网中识别无线器材位置的系统与方法。本发明的有些实施例可以包括一同步信号发生器和网资源，后者配置成可对无线器材广播的通信序列作时间标记。各网资源可与同步信号发生器作电气通信，各资源可配置成对通信序列作时间标记。
同步信号可用来使网资源中出现的时钟同步。来自网资源的到达时间估值(下称TOA估值)可用来识别无线器材的位置。在有些实施例中，可用到达不同网资源的通信序列的TOA估值差作位置识别。这里把通信序列到达不同网资源的TOA差称为“TDOA”。一个TDOA可用来确定一组可能的无线器材位置的解。第二个TDOA可用来识别求解组内的某一估算器材位置。在有些实施例中，可用双曲三边测量法将TDOA转换为无线器材位置估值。
在一些实施例中，可以时间标记一IEEE 802.11通信序列，该通信序列可以包括802.11射频信号结构，该通信序列包括一802.11包。
本发明的一些实施例可提供一种TOA估算装置，提供通信序列在无线通信网的某一位置的TOA估值。TOA估算装置可以包括一个或多个接收一个或多个通信序列的接收机。TOA估值可以是一通信序列或一部分通信序列的到达时间估值。通信序列可以包括一连串信息码元。一个信息码元可以是PN码、CCK码元、PBCC码元或任一其它合适的信息码元。在通信序列中，具有优质自相关特点的信息码元模型可能较有利于时间标记，而具有嘈杂自相关特点的信息码元模型可能不利于时间标记。
可将信号与通信序列或其一部分相关联的前沿定义为TOA。可用从通信序列或其一部分导出的相关信号(如下所述)的峰值定义TOA。可用通信序列或其一部分的任何其它合适的特征定义TOA。若网中多台接收机对通信序列应用同一种TOA定义，就能精密地估算TOA间的差值。
在有些实施例中，TOA估算装置可以包括一接收射频信号的装置和与射频装置作电子通信的第一电路。第一电路可以配置成检测接收的通信序列中相关函数的峰值。
第一电路可起到相关器的作用，用于检测通信序列中适合TOA估算的部分。相关器可以是一种将通信序列与选择的参照函数相乘的滑动相关器，可用通信序列与选择的参照函数的乘积定义相关信号。
第一电路可以包括一码元、二码元、三码元、四码元或五码元相关器，其中各相关器的每个码元对应于可能在接收的通信序列中出现的某一信息码元。二码元相关器可用来检测通信序列中两个连续对应码元的模型。三码元相关器可用来检测通信序列中三个连续对应码元的模型。“长度”更长的相关器可用来检测通信序列中可能出现的更长码元的模型。
第一电路可以包括N码元相关器，N是任一正整数。第一电路可以包括不同长度相关器的组合。在有些实施例中，系统可以包括串联的相关器。在有些实施例中，系统可以包括并联的相关器。
在有些实施例中，TOA估算装置可以包括配置成译码接收机接收的通信序列的第二电路。如在无线802.11b兼容网中，通常把一位(巴克(Barker)序列)相关器用作译码器。(如这里所使用的，术语802.11可以包括无线通信网规格中任一802.11族，包括802.11a和802.11b。
在有些实施例中，TOA估算装置可以包括配置成从相关器输出信号(可称作相关信号)中滤出多路径信号分量的第三电路。多路径信号是从结构反射的通信信号。一般在收到对应的直接信号或“视线”信号后接收多路径信号。通过指定视线信号的反射可产生众多的多路径信号。多路径信号可能比视线信号更强，因为视线信号在通过结构传播时衰减了。因此，可能有必要识别视线对相关信号的贡献。
在一些实施例中，TOA估算装置可以包括配置成输出指示到达时间估值的信号的第四电路。在有些实施例中，TOA估算装置可以包括配置成对所述通信序列中移动器材装置识别码作分析的第五电路。移动器材识别码可以包括媒体访问控制(下简称MAC)地址。移动器材识别码可以包括因特网协议(下称IP)地址。第五电路可执行MAC地址与IP地址的转换，如可以利用地址分辨协议或逆地址分辨协议作转换。移动器材识别码可由提供管理员选择。移动器材识别码可以是802.11识别码、唯一码和非唯一码。
在有些实施例中，TOA估算装置可以包括解调通信序列的电路。在有些实施例中，TOA估算装置可以包括接收通信序列的天线。在有些实施例中，TOA估算装置可以包括执行到达时间估值所要求任务的中央处理单元，该单元可以是个人计算机。在有些实施例中，TOA估算装置可以包括一无线电模块(如Compact Flash Association公司名为Compact Flash TM的无线电模块，P.O.Box51537，Palo Alto，California；PCMCIA的PC CardTM，2635N.First St.Suite209，San Jose，California 95134；和Mini PCI，一种PCI S.I.G.控制的形状因子)。
在有些实施例中，本发明可以包括一装置网，它包括配置成用“选听”法有选择地识别某一移动器材位置的接收机。这些接收机可从移动器材接收通信序列，若该器材的标识符对应于选择的标识符，就可估算其位置。选择的标识符可以是唯一的标识符或非唯一的标识符。选择的标识符可由系统用户选择，并可存入网资源的存储器里。网发射机可以使选择的无线器材发出脉冲，让该器材广播一通信序列，于是网络可对该序列作时间标记。
在有些实施例中，本发明可以包括一TOA估算装置网。每个装置可以包括配置成工作于特定频率的接收机。该网可以包括配置成对以不同频率传播的信号作时间标记的多个TOA估算装置。可对一组TOA估算装置指定同一频率，一组的指定频率可以不同于其它组的指定频率。这类装置可以按蜂窝结构分布。这里把涉及到以不同频率广播或接收的识别无线器材位置的方法称为“频率复用”法。
该网可以配置成用第一组的一个或多个TOA估算装置按第一频率接收来自无线器材的通信序列，然后用第二组的一个或多个TOA估算装置按第二频率接收来自该无线器材的通信序列。要从该无线器材接收一个或多个对应的附加通信序列，可以使用工作于一个或多个对应附加频率的一组或多组附加TOA估算装置。在有些实施例中，无线器材传输能以足够短的时间周期通过所有或某些有效网络频率进行，以确保无线器材位置在该周期内基本上保持不变。各TOA估算装置可对以装置各个频率接收的通信序列作时间标记。
根据诸TOA估算装置产生的TOA估值，可以算出一个或多个无线器材位置估值。根据一对选自同组或不同组的TOA，可以推算出TDOA。从合适定位的TOA估算装置可以导出TDOA，以识别移动器材位置。合适定位的装置可以包括靠近该无线器材的诸装置。合适定位的装置可以包括在适合位置识别计算的模型中(如包围该移动单元的三角形模型)空间分布的诸装置。
在有些实施例中，可作初始位置识别计算以提供无线器材位置的近似值。在其中有些实施例中，利用基于移动器材位置初步估值选择的TOA估算装置的到达时间估值，可作高精度估算。
在有些实施例中，TOA估算装置可配置成接收多余一个频率的通信信号，如该装置可配置成接收网络中所有频率的通信序列。该装置可以包括至少一台配置成接收网内各频率的通信序列的接收机。在有些实施例中，可把网内所有TOA估算装置配置成接收所有有效频率的通信序列。在这些实施例中，工作于任一有效效率的无线器材可以广播一可被网内所有TOA估算装置作时间标记的通信序列。
在有些将TOA估算装置配置成接收多频通信序列的实施例中，这些装置可以包括主接收机和至少一台辅接收机，前者配置成接收某指定频率的通信序列，而后者配置成交替通过一系列频率(如网内全部有效效率)。该网可以包括一强制辅接收机在特定时刻工作于某选定频率的中央控制器，如该控制器可以使所有辅接收机同时通过一系列不同频率进展，不同频率可以包括全部有效频率。在将所有辅接收机切换到某特定频率的间隔内，可用网内所有潜在的TOA装置对该频率上无线器材广播的通信序列作时间标记。
本发明的有些实施例可以包括配置成对TOA估算广播一系列通信序列的无线器材。在某些实施例中，无线器材可以用一系列网接收机使用的不同频率广播一连串通信序列。其中有些实施例，无线器材可配置成以指定的频率对TOA估算反复发射一通信序列。这里把无线器材为识别其位置而发射的通信序列称为位置识别信息。
本发明的有些实施例可以包括一种标记，该标记可以贴到通信网中或附近的移动物件上。2000年11月14日提交的美国专利申请号60/248,357描述了这类标记，该申请整个内容通过引用包括在此。标记可配置成向网络提供位置识别信息，包括任何适合该网络格式的数据，如标记可发射802.11兼容数据。在有些实施例中，标记可以配置成等待一预定时间周期，检测存在于网信道上的射频能量(如使用能量检测器)，若该射频能量远远小于预定阀值，就向网络发射位置识别信息。标记能以“睡眠”模式等候，睡眠模式可减少功率。睡眠模式可用标记内的定时器中断，也可被来自网络终端的“唤醒”呼叫中断。
若第一测试频率的射频能量不小于阀值，可将标记的配置成切换到一不同的网频。在有些实施例中，标记可连续切换到不同的网频，直到检测到一清楚的信道。当检测到一条清楚信道时，标记就可以向网接收机发射位置识别信息。在一些实施例中，标记可以配置成等待，直到在广播位置识别信息之前某一指定信道很清楚。
在有些实施例中，为达到频率复用目的，可把标记配置成发射多频的位置识别信息，如标记可以包括多台发射机，在蜂窝网中以一条以上信道上广播位置识别信息。在有些实施例中，标记例如可以采用单台可调谐发射机在多条信道上连续广播位置识别信息。
在有些实施例中，标记可发射器材识别信息。器材识别信息可以包括识别标记本身的信息、识别贴标记的移动物件的信息。器材识别信息还可以包括MAC地址、一部分MAC地址、IP地址、一部分IP地址，或任一适合识别标记或贴上标记的移动物件的唯一或非唯一信息。
在有些实施例中，标记可配置成接收来自网发射机的数据。在有些实施例中，标记可配置成接收来自网终端的唤醒信号。
本发明可以包括估算通信序列在接收机处的TOA的方法和/或设备。2001年2月20提交的美国临时申请号60/270,254揭示了TOA估算技术，该申请内容通过引用包括在此。通信序列可表现为数据信号或一部分数据信号。在有些实施例中，本发明包括的方法可用于接收数据信号，解调该数据信号(如得出一通信序列)，由数据信号形成译码信号(如得出位序列)，并用选择或预选的相关函数估算数据信号的TOA。
在用相关函数估算TOA的实施例中，相关函数可以包括一种通信序列的表示和选择的参照信号。相关函数可在数据信号的可选部分上评估。必要时可以缓冲的数据信号与参照信号可按某种方式组合起来，当参照信号与数据信号或一部分数据信号最强烈相关时，允许相关函数具有最大值。出现这一最大值的时间(相对于数据信号的开始或任何其它时间参照)可定义为该数据信号的TOA。
数据信号可以是被编码并被TOA估算装置识别的信号，如可将适当时间标记的预选通信序列插入数据信号而提高时间标记精度。识别编码数据信号的TOA估算装置在与预选的通信序列相关时，可用预选的参照信号产生优质相关信号。在本发明配置成接收已知通信序列的实施例中，可对PN码、CCK码元、PBCC码元或OFDM信号等序列作时间标记。在这些实施例中，预选参照信号可包括选自PN码、CCK码元、PBCC码元或OFDM信号的码元。为作时间标记，可将数据信号编码，例如通过在数据信号字头(如一种802.11包字头)里设置一码元或将数据包设置为预定值而编码。在有些实施例中，数据信号可编码成令TOA估算装置对序列作时间标记。
数据信号可以是一种不编码而被TOA估算装置识别的信号。当收到不编码信号时，可以监视该数据信号以检测可能适合用一个或多个存贮的参照信号作相关的通信序列。当检测出潜在合适的通信序列时，可将已知与检出的序列强相关的参照信号同该通信序列组合起来而产生相关信号。本发明监视合适通信序列的数据信号的诸实施例，可以检测巴克(Barker)码、PN码、扩频码(如DSSS修整码)或任何其它合适码的序列。
在本发明有些实施例中，使相关函数值相对于一TOA参数或估算量最大化或最小化，可测定TOA估值。例如，可将TOA估值定义为相关函数某独立变量的最大似然估值(或“峰值”)。
在本发明有些实施例中，TOA估值可用来计算通信序列与一部分同步信号到达的时差。在有些实施例中，TOA估值可用来计算通信序列与时钟信号参照部分之间的时差。时钟信号可由TOA估算装置内部的时钟产生，也可用TOA估算装置外部的时钟产生。在本发明有些实施例中，TOA估值可用来计算同一通信序列在第一与第二接收机收到时的时差。在有些实施例中，TOA估值可用来计算第一与第二通信序列间的时差，第一与第二通信序列可被同一台或不同的接收机接收。
本发明的有些实施例可从相关信号中滤除多路径信号分量。通过检测相关信号中一组可能重叠的峰值的前沿，可以除去多路径。应用信道估算，可将多路径与视线相关信号分量分开。在应用信道估算法的实施例中，可将该通信信道模拟成一系列分离脉冲函数，其中把第一脉冲假设为视线脉冲。可将无多路径理想的相关信号与实际相关信号一起使用以构成该信道的估值。应用该估算的信道，可分离视线与多路径脉冲。
在本发明有些实施例中，可提供估算通信序列的TOA的系统或系统元件。这些实施例有的可包括用于接收、解调、译码、缓冲、处理或滤波数据信号的设备。有些实施例可包括向其它网资源输出TOA估值的设备。有些实施例可包括多个相关器。在有些实施例中，诸相关器可相互并联安置。
本发明的有些实施例可以包括在通信网中估算通信序列在某一接收机的TOA的电路，而该电路可以包括载波跟踪电路、计时环路。载波跟踪电路可用来调节接收无线电信号的接收机的振荡频率。
该电路可以包括修整码相关器，后者可将扩频通信序列(如直接扩频通信序列)译码成一连串译码的二进制码元。修整码相关器可以用一相关函数译码该通信序列。相关函数可以包括一与通信序列的修整码匹配的码元序列。修整码相关器可工作于载波跟踪电路输出的信号。修整码相关器的输出可以反馈给载波跟踪电路用于跟踪电路控制。
该电路还可包括时间标记电路，后者可用相关函数与通信序列一起产生相关信号。时间标记电路可用相关信号估算通信序列的到达时间。时间标记电路可包括将多路径相关信号分量与视线相关信号分量分开的电路。时间标记电路可工作于载波跟踪电路的输出。
该电路还可包括一接收机接口，后者可以是一种MAC接口。在有些实施例中，载波跟踪电路、修整码相关器和接收机接口可以串联起来。在有些实施例中，时间标记电路可接收载波跟踪电路与相关器二者的输出。跟踪电路的输出可经相关器旁路提供给时间标记电路。在有些实施例中，跟踪电路输出可与相关器输出一起用来检测用于TOA估算的通信序列中诸序列。时间标记电路的输出可接至接收机接口与网资源通信。
有些实施例还可包括与相关器电路的输出相接的译码器电路。该译码器电路可译码相关电路输出，从而例如以低数据通信速率产生一连串二进制信息码元。译码器电路可接至载波跟踪信号的输出。译码器可译码跟踪电路的输出，例如以高数据通信速率产生一连串二进制信息码元。
有些实施例可包括一解扰器电路，该电路可接收译码信号并对接收机接口输出解扰信号。
本发明可以包括用网资源识别无线器材位置的设备和/或方法，网资源配置成对该器材广播的通信序列作时间标记。在有些实施例中，时间标记网资源可以包括TOA估算装置。
在有些实施例中，可用TOA估算装置估算无线器材广播的通信序列的TOA。该TOA可用一选择的相关函数估算。然后用第二TOA估算装置估算同一通信序列的TOA。
两个TOA的到达时差(TDOA)可用来限定一组可能从其发射通信序列的位置。在2000年11月14日提交的美国临时专利申请号60/248,357中，描述了用到达时差识别无线器材位置的技术，该申请内容通过整个引用包括在此。该组可以是一条双曲线。在有些实施例中，各TOA估算装置可以有一个用于量化TOA的内部时钟或计数器。可以包含在网内TOA估算装置里的时钟经同步或校准，可以计算根据不同TOA估算装置得到的TOA导出的TDOA。
这里可将第一对TOA估算装置产生的TDOA称为第一TDOA，把对应于第一TDOA的一组可能位置称为第一求解组。为识别该器材的位置，可以把附加位置信息与第一求解组一起使用。在有些实施例中，为保证在TOA估算装置获取位置识别信息期间只出现器材位置很小的变化，应充分迅速地获得附加位置信息。
附加位置信息可以包括例如至少一个附加TDOA求解组，该求解组可以定义与第一双曲线相交的第二双曲线。该附加TDOA求解组可从与第一对TOA估算装置不同的TOA估算装置导出，也可从第一对中一个TOA和不包含在第一对里的TOA估算装置的一个TOA导出。可以使用许多附加TDOA求解组。可以把该器材位置的身份定义为最可能或最精密估算的两求解组的交点。在有些实施例中，器材位置可用交点的最小平方估值识别。在有些实施例中，器材位置可用交点的最大似然估算量识别。
附加位置信息可以包括与原始TOA估算装置对外部的TOA估算装置的距离(或范围)估值。当发送与接收时间都已知时，可通过从移动器材接收通信序列来测定范围。范围也可以这样测定，即从该TOA估算装置向移动器材发射一信号，接收来自该移动器材的“回波”信号，并用往返传播时间计算该范围。如在802.11通信网中，回波信号可以是一个802.11确认帧(ACK)。在有些实施例中，为了提供精密的往返传播时间估值，可以精密地控制发射信号接收与回波信号广播之间的延迟。范围还可通过接收来自无线器材的通信信号并用信号强度衰减估算范围来确定。范围可用任何其它合适的方式来测定。
附加位置信息可以包括对移动器材位置的物理、地理或几何学上的限制。例如，第一TDOA可能通过网的若干扇区，若已知该移动器材不在一个或多个扇区里，就可排除将这些扇区作为可能的地址，可用其余扇区识别器材位置。
在本发明的有些实施例中，可以把TDOA定义为指定一对TOA估算装置的TOA之间多个差值的平均值。例如，第一TOA估算装置可从某个移动器材接收一通信序列，该装置可产生三个不同的TOA，而第二TOA估算装置也可从该移动器材接收该通信序列并产生三个相应的TOA。通过计算这三对相应的TOA的差值，可产生三个TDOA，然后对这三个TDOA求均，并定义为一有效TDOA。通过对该通信序列重复应用同一个相关函数、应用不同的连续相关函数、应用产生多个TOA估算量的单一相关函数(见下述)，或通过任何其它合适的方法，各TOA估算装置可产生连续的TOA。
在有些实施例中，当对一接收的通信序列产生多个TDOA时(如当多个独立的TOA估算装置对接收该通信序列时)，可能必须求出两个以上求解组的交点。当求解组多于两个时，可应用最小平方、最大似然或任何其它适合估算该位置最可能身份的方法来测定器材位置。
当有两个以上求解组时，必须舍弃其中的一组或多组。如在有些实施例中，若与下面的TOA数据有关的噪声高于预定阀值，就舍弃噪声求解组。有些实施例可能舍弃相对于对同一通信序列导出的其它求解组呈“界外”的求解组。在用最大似然估值测定位置身份的实施例中，可按该求解组中的噪声量对各求解组加权。这种方法相对于较少噪声的TDOA求解组，可以忽视较多噪声的TDOA求解组。
本发明的有些实施例包括使网内TOA估算装置时钟同步的计时电缆。在有些实施例中，该电缆可提供高频正弦波。其中有些实施例，电缆可提供高频方波。同步信号由网资源产生，TOA估算装置例如可利用锁相环路使同步信号加倍。在TOA估算装置中，该信号可以放大、滤波、整波或以任何其它合适方法处理。该信号可处理成产生配置成驱动数字计数器的数字信号。数字计数器可起到通信网内TOA估算装置的TOA时钟的作用。
在有些实施例中，通过定期调制同步信号，可使网内TOA估算装置时钟同步。定期调制可用作全局时钟复位。TOA估算装置里的解调器可用于检测定期调制，该解调器还可使数字计数器复位。在有些实施例中，通过对选定数量的循环或脉冲除去信号里的高频分量而实现定期调制。可用暂停时间大于单个脉冲的可再触发单脉冲(one-shot)检测丢失的脉冲并产生时钟复位。TOA估算装置可包括一大型计数器，如具有多达32位。有些实施例中，计数器可以超过32位。
本发明的有些实施例包括一校正过程，可补偿与个别TOA估算装置相关的不同的固定延迟。这类延迟包括但不限于接收机与电缆中的延迟。延迟可以量化，并被用于调节用TOA估算装置产生的TOA估值算出的无线器材位置的估值。在有些实施例中，可将延迟存入存储器里。
符合本发明原理的诸示例实施例示于图1～24。
图1示出的示例TOA估算装置100，包括接收机110和处理器120。TOA估算装置100包括一发射机，向诸如器材130的无线器材发射信号。在有些实施例中，TOA估算装置100可以是无线网接入点或它的一部分，如802.11兼容接入点或任何其它合适的接入点。在有些实施例中，装置100可能不包括发射机等通常与接入点相关联的元件。接收机110可接收来自130等无线器材的通信信号112。无线器材130可能是移动个人计算机、掌上计算机、手持个人计算机、汽车个人计算机、个人数字助手(PDA)、蜂窝电话、蜂窝电话/PDA组合装置、无线标记、无线购物设备、无线商品清单设备或任何其它适合发射无线通信信号的装置。无线器材130经电信系统发射通信信号。
接收机110包括对来自无线器材130的通信信号112作接收、解调与译码所需的任何硬件、固件或软件。在有些实施例中，可把信号处理任务分布或分担在接收机110与处理器120之间。例如接收机110解调通信信号112，处理器120执行译码与TOA分析任务。在有些实施例中，处理器120接收来自接收机110的通信信号112，对该信号解调，并用合适的信号处理和/或分析硬件或软件执行TOA分析任务。在有些实施例中，则把接收机110和处理器120的任务汇集于单个元件(如在接入点中)。
处理器120可与例如个人计算机、掌上计算机、手持个人计算机、汽车个人计算机、个人计算机、个人数字助手(PDA)、蜂窝电话、蜂窝电话/PDA组合装置、机顶盒、便携计算机、因特网服务器、网服务器、薄(thin)服务器或任何其它适合处理通信信号或支持信号分析工具的装置相关联。
用户140可通过任何合适的有线或无线装置与系统100通信。在系统100的有些实施例中，用户140通过键区、键盘、触摸键或任何其它合适的接口与处理器120发生互作用。用户140可以是客户机或主处理器。
图2示出示例的TOA估算装置200，其功能类似于TOA估算装置100。装置200可以包括天线210。天线210可接收来自无线器材的无线信号。在有些实施例中，天线210可向无线器材发射无线信号。在有些实施例中，装置200可通过有线媒体向用户传送TOA估算信息。在有些实施例中，装置200可通过无线媒体线用户传送TOA估算信息。在有些实施例中，装置200不包括传输功能。
在有些实施例中，可与无线电模块230和/或高分辨度计时模块240交互作用的中央处理单元220，可以解调天线210接收的信号，对该信号译码，执行串行或并行相关任务和混合串并行相关任务，并提供必要的缓冲、数据操作与数据格式化，以产生或输出系统200接收的通信序列的TOA估值。处理单元220可使用任一合适的信号处理和/或分析硬件或软件。
在本发明的有些实施例中，无线电模块230可向计时模块240分别提供同相与正交无线电信号分量I与Q，计时模块240可以是高分辨度计时模块。无线电模块230向计时模块240提供辅助信号，如可以提供RSSI信号(如用于测量信号强度)、MD-RDY信号(如使数据成帧)、RXCLK信号(如对数据计时)和RXD信号(如传输收到的数据)。
在有些实施例中，计时模块240可包括数据采集模块241、RSSI A/D模块242、计时器模块243、器材ID分析程序模块244、配置寄存器245、相关模块246和任何其它合适的模块。数据采集模块241可从信号I与Q中获得通信序列，并把模拟信号转换成数字信号。计时器模块243包括振荡器与计数器，提供对系统200收到的通信信号作时间标记的时间基准，可对无线电模块230发射的信号作用时间标记。发射信号的时间标记可与接收信号的TOA一起用于估算信号在TOA估算装置200与无线器材之间的往返传播时间。计时器模块243可以与网内TOA估算装置里的其它计时器模块同步，从而可算出不同TOA估算装置收到的两个TOA的差值。在有些实施例中，计时器模块可从网资源接收同步信号。例如，可以提供器材ID分析程序模块244，分析可能存在于收到的通信序列里的无线器材识别信息(如MAC地址)。分析程序模块244可以包括分析识别信息的数据滤波器。可以提供配置寄存器245。例如，可用配置寄存器245存贮无线器材识别信息，以便有选择地作时间标记(如上所述)。提供的相关器模块246，可通过对通信序列应用相关函数而产生TOA估值。相关器模块246可包括多路径处理元件。
在有些实施例中，计时模块240可向中央处理单元220提供器材ID、TOA估值、I/Q数据、RSSI或任何其它合适的信息。单元220可处理从计时单元240收到的信息，并通过无线或有线装置向其它网资源提供信息，如器材ID、TOA估值、I/Q数据、RSSI、信号强度、往返传播时间、到无线器材的距离或任何其它合适的信息。单元220可向集中器材位置识别处理器提供器材ID与TOA，用于计算TDOA。
图3示出集成在通信网310中的TOA估算装置300，它类似于TOA估算装置100与200。通信网310由网服务器320支持，它可以是局域网、广域网、市域网、内部网、备用网、任何其它类型通信网或任何无线或部分无线形式的此类网。网服务器320可与因特网330或任何其它电子通信网通信。网310可包括有线器材340。这里把TOA估算装置300、服务器320、因特网330、有线器材340与无线器材350等特征称为网资源。有线器材340可以是个人计算机、掌上计算机、手持个人计算机、个人数据助手、机顶盒、便携计算机、因特网服务器、LAN服务器、薄服务器或任何其它合适的处理装置。一个或多个TOA估算装置300可以估算从350等无线器材收到的信号的TOA。网服务器320、有线器材340之一、TOA估算装置300之一或任何其它合适的网资源，都可产生同步信号使TOA估算装置300里的时钟同步。
图4示出示例步骤的一般流程图，可以涉及本发明与通信网内无线器材位置识别相关的某些实施例。图4的步骤仅作为示例，可以任意合适的顺序执行。实践时，还有附加步骤或可以删除某些步骤。图4的某些步骤涉及接收无线信号，有些步骤涉及发射无线信号，而有些步骤涉及处理信号。各种步骤可用任何合适的设备执行，包括图1中系统100、图2中系统200和图3中系统310中的某些或全部单元。
在步骤410，某一TOA估算装置或一组TOA估算装置从无线器材接收至少一条通信序列。在有些实施例中，通信序列由工作于不同频率的TOA估算装置接收。在步骤420，对一条或多条通信序列作时间标记。在有些实施例中，可在TOA估算装置内就地作时间标记。在步骤422，中央处理器收集来自网内TOA估算装置的TOA估值，并计算成对TOA的TDOA。在步骤424，可用TDOA产生无线器材TDOA求解组，用于识别无线器材位置(如应用双曲三边测量)。
在步骤426，可将TOA与测距信号的广播时间(下简称TOB)一起用来估算TOA估算装置与无线器材之间的距离。如可用TOB、TOA和信号处理中涉及到的任何延迟来计算信号往返传播时间。应用信号的传播速度，可估算该距离。
在有些实施例中，可在步骤430估算收到的通信序列的信号强度。在其中的一些实施例中，可在TOA估算装置中就地估算信号强度。在有些实施例中，可将接收机的信号强度与无线器材发射机的信号强度一起用来计算信号衰减。在步骤426，用信号强度或衰减估算无线器材与TOA估算装置的距离。在步骤428，例如应用三角测量法，用离已知位置的不同接收机的距离估值来识别无线器材位置。
在步骤440，可用通信序列载波信号相位估算通信序列到达TOA估算装置的角度(下称AOA)。当得知来自无线器材的一个或多个通信序列的一个以上AOA时，就可用两个或更多载波信号传播方向矢量的交点识别无线器材位置。
在有些实施例中，可用TDOA求解组、无线器材与TOA估算装置的距离、载波信号传播方向的任何组合或子集合的混合方法识别无线器材位置。
图5示出的示例蜂窝无线通信网500的结构，可应用频率复用法识别无线器材位置。网500可以包括图3中网310的某些或全部单元。网500具有工作于选定频率的许多小区，网500诸小区内示出的频率是主工作频率(如“指定”的频率)。在有些实施例中，TOA估算装置可以工作于至少一个不同于主频率的频率。各小区拥有一个或多个接收装置或接入点。在有些实施例中，各小区可拥有一个或多个如100的TOA估算装置。网500有三种主工作频率f1、f2和f3，但本发明可以包括主工作频率更多或更少的网。位于f3小区内的无线器材520在工作于频率f1、f2和f3的邻近接收装置范围内。若这三个工作频率之一被其它通信业务“占用”，则无线器材520可试用另两个频率中的至少一个频率通信。
在有些实施例中，每个小区的TOA估算装置可以配置成主要在指定给该小区的工作频率上发射与接收。例如，若无线器材520在f1上播发通信序列，位于小区D、E与B内的诸TOA估算装置就可接收该通信序列并对该通信序列作时间标记。在本发明有些实施例中，无线器材520可在至少一个附加频率上播发通信序列，而在其它(如更近的)TOA估算装置处作时间标记。例如，无线器材520可以第一次以频率f1、第二次以频率f2和第三次以频率f3播发该通信序列，从而让邻近小区A、B、C里的装置对该通信序列作时间标记。在有些实施例中，无线器材520可在多个频率上用平行的发射机同时播发通信序列。在有些实施例中，无线器材520可在多个频率上连续播发通信序列。
在有些实施例中，可将一小区里的TOA估算装置配置成从基频切换到二次、三次或不同的频率。可将小区的TOA估算装置从一个频率切换到另一频率，以便接收来自无线器材的通信序列并作时间标记，而该无线器材配置成例如以单一频率(这里称为“目标”频率)广播。在有些实施例中，可将网内部分或全部TOA估算装置配置成几乎同时切换到目标频率，以便接收通信序列作时间标记。
图6～9示出示例步骤的一般流程图，在用频率复用法识别通信网内某一无线器材位置时，会涉及到这些步骤。图6～9的步骤仅作示例，可用任何合适的顺序执行。实践中，可以增加一些步骤或删除某些步骤。图6的某些步骤可能涉及用无线器材产生和/或发射无线信号，并可用任何合适的设备执行。例如，图6的某些或全部步骤可用诸如图1中无线器材130的无线器材执行。图7～9中涉及接收无线信号或处理信号的某些步骤，可用任何合适的设备执行，包括图1中系统100、图2中系统200、图3中网310和图5中网500的部分或全部单元。
在图6的步骤610，无线器材在播发供通信网中接收装置用于时间标记的信号之前，可以等候一段选定的时间周期。该网可以类似于图3的网310或图5的网500。在涉及诸如网500的多频蜂窝网的实施例中，在选择的时间周期结束时，无线器材可以频率f1播发通信序列(步骤620)。在步骤630，无线器材发射机可以切换到频率f2并播发通信序列。在步骤640，无线器材发射机可切换到频率f3并播发通信序列。
在有些实施例中，无线器材发射机可切换到附加频率，如步骤640中的f2+n所示，该频率对应于通信网中有效的工作频率。在有些实施例中，在不同频率上播发的通信序列几乎一样。在有些实施例中，在不同频率上播发的通信序列可能不同。
图7示出可应用于频率复用方案的示例步骤，其中可用工作于指定给该组的某一频率的各成组TOA估算装置识别通信网内无线器材的位置。为便于图示，把网分成三组TOA估算装置(组I～组III)。在有些实施例中，网可分成更少几组，或分成更多几组。在步骤700，网用组I装置接收无线器材以频率f1播发的通信序列。在步骤705，组I装置对通信序列作时间标记。在步骤710，网处理器计算组I中估算的成对TOA的TDOA。在步骤715，对由组I的TOA导出的每一TDOA产生一求解组，包括一个或多个可能的无线器材位置。
在步骤720，网用组II装置接收无线器材以频率f2播发的通信序列。步骤725～735的处理与步骤705～715的处理相似，前者涉及组II装置和以频率f2接收的通信序列，后者涉及组I装置和以频率f1接收的通信序列。在步骤740，网用组III装置接收无线器材以频率f3播发的通信序列。步骤745～755的处理类似于步骤705～715的处理，前者涉及组III装置和以频率f3接收的通信序列，后者涉及组I装置和以频率f1接收的通信序列。在步骤760，网处理器应用在步骤715、735、755产生的一个或多个求解组，识别该无线器材的位置。若步骤715、735、755共计只产生一个求解组，则在识别无线器材位置时要求更多信息。步骤760之后可返回步骤700，开始新一轮多频时间标记。
图8示出可应用于频率复用方案的示例步骤，其中可用包含一个或多个辅助接收机的TOA估算装置识别通信网内无线器材的位置。可将辅助接收机装在TOA估算装置里(如除了工作于基频的主接收机以外)，以在工作基频以外的频率上进行信号接收而不中断在基频上的接收。在步骤820，工作于均一频率的辅助接收机接收来自无线器材的通信序列。在步骤830，各接收机估算出通信序列的TOA(如利用与各接收机关联的TOA估算装置)。在步骤840，由接收机估算的成对TOA算出TDOA。在步骤850，对步骤840导出的各TDOA产生一包括一个或多个可能的无线器材位置的求解组。在步骤860，利用步骤850产生的一个或多个求解组识别无线器材位置。若步骤850只产生一个求解组，则识别无线器材位置要求附加信息。在步骤870，将辅助接收机切换到新的均一频率，用可在该新频率上接收的通信序列重复无线器材位置循环。在本发明有些实施例中，可以不装辅助接收机。在这些实施例中，可将诸主接收机配置成切换到不同的频率以执行步骤820～870。
图9示出由网执行的示例步骤，用于“选听”诸无线器材。在有些实施例中，可对接收自某一无线器材的通信序列作时间标记，该无线器材是预选的一组无线器材的成员。在步骤910，选择一个或多个无线器材标识符，这些标识符对应于希望对其作位置识别的无线器材。在步骤920，存贮选择的标识符。在步骤930，网接收来自一无线器材的通信序列。在步骤940，根据该通信序列分析器材标识符，以确定发射无线器材的身份。在步骤950，把收到的标识符与预选的标识符作比较，若收到的标识符与预选的标识符不符，就不出现TOA或位置识别处理，过程返回步骤930，网对可能的位置识别接收一新的通信序列。若收到的标识符与预选的标识符相符，可在步骤960估算通信序列TOA。步骤930～960可在网内多个接收装置上执行，所以在步骤960估算多个分别对应于多个接收装置的TOA。在步骤970，用步骤960得出的TOA估值识别该无线器材位置。在有些实施例中，步骤960与970可能涉及估算和/或处理可用于位置识别的非TOA量，如步骤960与970可能包括图4的步骤424、426、428、430、440和442中的一个或多个步骤。
图10示出一示例的无线标记1000的结构，该标记可贴到移动物品上作位置识别。天线1010将信号发射给通信网的设备(如图1的系统100与图2的系统200)并接收来自该设备的信号。提供的无线电发射机1020产生通信序列用于向网播发。发射机1020可配置成用不同频率的载波信号调制通信序列。在有些实施例中，可选择适合无线器材位置识别的通信序列。无线器材识别信息可包含在某些通信序列中。控制器1040可装在标记1000中，与无线电接收机1030和清晰信道检测器1060互作用而检测通信信道上存在的射频业务。在有些实施例中，可以不装无线电接收机1030。在这些实施例中，用清晰信道检测器1060测定信道是否清晰。清晰信道检测器1060可以是一种能量检测器。标记1000用接收机1030和检测器1060“听”信道上的业务，若信道清晰，标记1000可在该信道上播发通信序列。若信道上有业务，控制器1040将接收机1030切换至连续不同的收听频率，直到检出清晰信道。然后，控制器1040把发射机1020切换至该清晰信道而播发通信序列。收发开关1050受控制器1040控制，可将天线1010切换成与发射机1020或接收机1030通信。
在有些实施例中，接收机1030可配置成接收来自网的信号，其中包括一播发通信序列让该网识别标记位置的指令。标记1000由电源1080供电。在有些实施例中，为减轻电源1080的负荷，元件组1070配置成工作于小功率。
图11是示例步骤的一般流程图，涉及向通信网提供有关移动物件的位置识别信息。图11所示步骤仅作示例，可以任何合适的顺序执行。实践中，可以增删某些步骤。图11的某些步骤涉及用标记产生和/或发射无线信号，可用任何合适的设备执行，如图11的部分或全部步骤，可用如图1中无线器材130的无线器材(包括图10的标记1000)或任何合适的设备执行。为简化起见，假定图11的步骤由1000等标记执行。
在步骤1110，标记保持睡眠模式。在本发明有些实施例中，睡眠模式例如可节省图10中电源1080的电能。可以是网发射机的发射机可向标记发射唤醒信号，该信号是标记附近发射的强RF信号。在步骤1120，标记用检能器接收唤醒信号。若在预定周期结束时未收到唤醒信号，标记可配置成在步骤1130自动醒来。在步骤1125，对收发电路(如图10的元件组1070)赋能。若收到了唤醒信号，在步骤1125对收发电路赋能。对收发电路赋能后，标记确定通信信道是否清晰得可在步骤1140播发通信序列。在有些实施例中，用检能器执行步骤1140。图11的某些步骤可用配置成播发802.11信号的标记(如类似于图10中标记1000的标记)执行，但不完全遵循802.11，如标记可以不含接收机。若该信道用于播发还不够清晰，则标记可在步骤1150激活延迟。步骤1150可包括在返回步骤1140再次检查信道前，利用补偿(back-off)算法提供预选的延迟。该算法可以是一种遵循802.11的补偿算法。在有些实施例中，步骤1150接着返回步骤1110，使标记返回睡眠模式。在有些实施例中，步骤1140包括在连续不同的频率上检测业务。
在步骤1140检出一清晰信道时，标记可在步骤1160播发通信序列。该序列可在步骤1140检出的清晰信道上播发。步骤1160播发的通信序列可包括识别该标记或贴上该标记的物件的信息。任何合适的识别信息都可包含在该通信序列中，如采用不同类型的无线器材执行该步骤。通信序列可以包括位置识别信息，也可包括与IEEE 802.11通信标准兼容的码元。
在步骤1170，标记可将数据上行到网。标记可用802.11通信协议将数据上形到网，上行数据包括电池状态信息、标记温度信息或任何其它合适的信息。在有些实施例中，标记在步骤1180在不同的信道上播发通信序列。若是这样，过程就返到步骤1140，搜索新的清晰信道。若不是这样，过程则返回1110，让标记返回睡眠模式。
图12～20示出的一些原理、方法与设备，涉及本发明提供通信序列时间标记的诸实施例。
可以用一相关函数检测通信序列中的码元模型。相关函数的局部或全局极值对应于强自相关特性的码元模型，具有强自相关特性的码元模型可产生一易于观察与再现的相关函数峰值。对于接收的数据信号，将这种峰值的时间值用作TOA估值或时间标记。在有些实施例中，相关函数C(τ)可以定义为：
C ( τ ) = ∫ - T T D ( t ) R ( t - τ ) dt - - - ( 1 )
式中t为时间量度，D(t)代表与时间相关的解调的接收信号，R(t)代表参照信号。R(t)对应于D(t)中的码元模型。-T和T分别是计算C(τ)(或极值扫描)的时间间隔的开始与结束。D(t)的TOA估值可定义为使C(τ)拥有一极值的τ值，该极值可以是最大值或最小值。可把对应于C(τ)某一极值的τ值称为
Figure C01803666D00251
图12示出的一例C(τ)用于示例的D(t)与R(t)实例。该例中，D(t)为通信序列，包括级联的三个连续的同等信息码元，标为“+”的各码元示为PN码，例如可以是巴克(Barker)码。虽然把码元示为PN码，但是这里讨论的原理也适用于PBCC、CCK、OFDM或其它合适的码元。R(t)可选成对应于D(t)中出现的信息码元或信息码元模型。在图12例中，R(t)与单一重复信息码元(“+”)相同。D(t)中每次出现R(t)，C(τ)就有一峰值。分别对应于局部C(τ)峰值C1、C2与C3的任一估算量
Figure C01803666D00252
与都可被选作TOA估值。在有些实施例中，可把D(t)的TOA定义为
Figure C01803666D00254
与
Figure C01803666D00255
等估算量的平均值。例如，D(t)的TOA可定义为：τ
⟨ τ ^ ⟩ ≡ 1 N Σ i N τ ^ i - - - ( 2 )
式中是指定D(t)的N个
Figure C01803666D00258
估值的平均值。
图13的一例D(t)类似于图12的实例，但是在图12中标为“-”的第二信息码元的“极性”反置。(如这里使用的相反“极性”的信息码元，对指定的相关函数产生符号相反的相关信号。)C(τ)中对应的第二峰值为负值。由于C(τ)在指定时间点的值依赖于t值范围(即从-T到T)，所以C(τ)对D(t)的极性变化很敏感，结果可在C(τ)中观察到如1300的交叉相关噪声。噪声1300很难将视线信号分量与多路径分开，因为噪声与视线分量的幅值可能相近。
图14示出两个示例的C(τ)实例。形式1400与图12的一样，形式1450的峰值相对形式1400有增大。峰值可用与D(t)中级联的信息码元相等的参照信号增大。例如，定义为
C ′ ( τ ) = ∫ - T T D ( t ) R ′ ( t - τ ) dt - - - ( 3 )
的相关函数C＇(τ)可以包含信号R＇(t)。R＇(t)可以包含级联的D(t)信息码元，如R＇(t)可以是图12所示的三个级联的连续码元(各标有“+”)。
图15示出本发明有些实施例涉及的示例步骤的一般流程图，这些步骤仅作示例，可用任何合适的顺序执行。实践中，可以增删某些步骤。图15的有些步骤涉及接收无线信号，有些步骤涉及处理信号，各种步骤可用任何合适的设备执行，包括如图1中接收机110的接收机和如包含在图2中TOA估算装置200里那些设备。
为方便起见，以下讨论将描述在图15中被示为由“系统”执行的步骤，该“系统”包括适合执行这些步骤的任何系统。系统在步骤1510接收数据信号，而该数据信号可接收自如图1中无线器材130或图3中无线器材350的无线器材。数据信号在步骤1520解调后得出解调信号。系统在步骤1530对数据信号缓冲，而缓冲的数据可在如下所述检测信息序列时使用。在步骤1540，例如通过相关与数字化，将解调信号译码为一译码二进制数据序列，该数据可在步骤1550缓冲。
在有些实施例中，在步骤1560分析缓冲的二进制数据，以检测存在的有用的信息码元模型。在步骤1570，可以评估C(τ)等相关函数，其中包括诸如R(t)的参照信号。(为简化起见，虽然按图15～17示出并讨论了应用C(τ)与R(t)的步骤，但是在将级联的信息码元选作参照函数分别取代C(τ)与R＇(t)时，图15～17及这里描述的范围包括应用C＇(τ)与R＇(t)的相应步骤。)
在步骤1575，作相关信号质量检查(如对C(τ))。相关信号质量可用一客观量度来量化，诸如信噪比、峰值或任何其它合适的指标。
若相关信号C(τ)的质量上乘，可在步骤1580使视线信号分量与多路径分离。步骤1580可包括前沿检测的步骤1585和信道评估的步骤1590。信道评估可以包括诸如MUSIC的超分辨度技术或任何其它合适的信道评估技术。
在步骤1580，系统评估TOA。在有些实施例中，为测定
Figure C01803666D0026190056QIETU
，系统使C(τ)最大。系统可将TOA定义为
Figure C01803666D0026190056QIETU
。在可以使C(τ)具有负值的一些实施例中，为测定
Figure C01803666D0026190056QIETU
，系统使C(τ)最小。在有些实施例中，系统可把TOA定义为相关峰值的前沿。如在步骤1590，可将图15A中的视线峰值1502与多路径峰值1504(也示于图15A)分开。可把视线峰值1502的前沿1503定义为通信序列的TOA。由于视线脉冲先于多路径脉冲收到，所以可以将峰值1502与峰值1504区分开来。(多路径信号比视线信号具有更长的传播路径。)在有些情况下，视线峰值1502可能与多路径峰值1504相重叠或合并。在这些情况下，在步骤1585可将合并脉冲的前沿定义为TOA。
图16示出在图15的1560等步骤中涉及的示例步骤，这些步骤仅作示例，可用任何合适的顺序执行。实践中，可增删某些步骤。在步骤1610，系统断定或确定收到的数据信号为TOA编码信号，如无线器材发射的数据信号，可以包括适合TOA估算的预选通信序列。可将预选的通信序列在数据包内定位于预定位置(如在数据包第n位开始)。在有些实施例中，系统可以配置成检测数据包内的指示符，而TOA估算通信序列位于包内的指定位置。预选的通信序列可以包括PBCC、CCK与OFDM码元，也可包含PN码。
当系统收到预选的通信序列时，在步骤1610后接的步骤1620，可将参照信号置成等于一个或多个CCK码元、PBCC码元、OFDM码元或PN码的序列。
当系统接收到未经编码以做时间标记的数据包时，可在步骤1630按图示执行数据信号监视，包括对存在的适合时间标记的信息码元模型监视数据信号的译码型式(如从步骤1550起)。译码数据的各位对应于诸如图12与13中D(t)的通信序列中出现的一个信息码元。检测到位流中合适的模型后，选择一对应于该模型的参照信号与解调信号相关，以作时间标记。
例如，缓冲器可存贮N位，每位按N位接收与译码的次序对应于D(t)中某一码元。这样，若在位流中检出一适合时间标记的位序列，系统就可瞄准缓冲数据信号中对应于位流序列的码元作时间标记。为明白起见，这里把被瞄准作时间标记的码元组记为“M”。当M包括一个以上信息码元时，系统可对M的子集“P”相关。P可以是M的中心子集，例如，若M有5个信息码元，则系统可配置成选择一个与M的P、三个中心信息码元(即M的第二、第三与第四码元)强相关的参照信号(R(t)或R＇(t))。
在有些实施例中，系统可以不执行步骤1610。在其中一些实施例中，系统可配置成使参照信号与通信序列中预定的一个或多个信息码元相关。例如，系统可配置成对通信序列的第一信息码元应用相关函数。在另一例中，系统配置成用通信序列中第二至第四信息码元相关。可在通信序列中选择任何一个或多个合适的码元与参照信号相关。
图17示出在图16的步骤1630中可能涉及的实例N、D(t)与P以及在图16的步骤1640中可能涉及的相应实例R(t)。(为说明起见，R(t)指单个连续的参照信号，如公式3中用R＇(t)表示的信号。)
图17中的实例1～5都包括一大小N为12位的缓冲器，用于保存一段译码的数据信号D(t)。D(t)中每个码元由“+”或“-”表示，分别指正极性码元或负极性码元(符合图12与13的习惯用法)。M是可能出现于D(t)中一组码元。P是可能在M中出现的位的子集，目标是与参照信号R(t)相关。R(t)中各码元用“+”表示，指示正极性码元。虽然图17示出只带正极性码元的R(t)，但需要时R(t)可以包括一个或多个负极性码元。在一些实施例中，R(t)可以是一信息码元序列，与P中出现的信息码元序列相同。
实例1只示出隔离的正极性码元，系统可选择一单一码元参照信号R(t)与单一码元P相关。实例2中，M包括2个码元，系统可以选择单一码元参照信号R(t)与M中的单一目标码元P相关。为了提高TOA估算精度(如在出现多路径时)，系统可以瞄准M中的拖尾码元以降低C(τ)中所得峰值前沿的噪声(如交叉相关噪声)。实例3中，M包括三个码元，系统瞄准中心码元P与单码元R(t)相关。瞄准M中的中心码元子集与码元比M中的码元少的R(t)相关是有利的，这样可以减少C(t)(或C＇(t))中的噪声。实例4和5示出瞄准M中的中心码元的情况。实例4中，系统瞄准的两个码元(P)位于M中四个码元的中央，P可以与含2个码元的R(t)相关。实例5中，系统瞄准的三个码元(P)位于M中五个码元的中央，P与含三个码元的R(t)相关。
在有些实施例中，可在查找表中存贮参照信号R(t)库，查找表用一系列可检测的序列索引，因而可用检测序列选择可产生优化相关信号的参照信号。有些实施例对接收数据信号里某指定的检测序列，提供按优先次序排列可选的R(t)的规则。选择合适的R(t)可产生其脉冲含很少或不含交叉相关噪声的相关信号，如图14所示。
图18示出本发明一些实施例涉及的示例步骤的一般流程图，这些步骤仅作示例，可用任何合适的顺序执行。实施时，可增删某些步骤。图18的有些步骤涉及接收无线信号与处理信号，这些步骤可用任何合适的设备执行，包括如图1中接收机110的接收机和包含在图2的TOA估算装置200里的那些设备。
为清楚起见，以下将描述图18所示由“系统”执行的步骤，该系统包括任何合适执行这些步骤的系统。在步骤1810，系统接收数据信号，该信号可以接收自图1的无线器材130或图3的无线器材350等无线器材。数据信号在步骤1812解调，得到解调信号，该解调信号类似于参照图15描述的信号。解调信号可以分裂以在步骤1814作平行处理，包括平行相关或任何其它合适的处理、滤波或缓冲步骤。
在步骤1820、1822、1824、1826和1828，可将对应于公式(1)或(3)中D(t)的解调信号同时馈给多个相关器。步骤1822、1824和1826允许同时执行1码元、2码元与3码元相关。步骤1822的相关可以使用对应于公式(1)中R(t)的参照信号。步骤1824～1828的相关可以使用对应于公式(3)中R＇(t)的参照信号，因为步骤1824～1828涉及连续的参照信号。涉及到比步骤1822～1826中更长的信息码元序列的相关，可在步骤1828中与步骤1822～1826中的部分或全部同时执行。在1822～1828的任何步骤中，系统存贮数量足够的码元，允许用以上结合图17定义的一组目标码元M或目标码元子集P作相关。
利用步骤1820和1830，系统检测解调数据信号里的序列。在步骤1820，系统使用例如1码元相关器译码该解调数据信号。译码相关器可以与步骤1822中使用的1码元相关器相似或相同。由于解调数据流在步骤1820通过译码器，可以把得到的位存入缓冲器在步骤1830作序列检测。在检测出某一序列后，在步骤1840，根据已知与检出的序列强相关的参照信号，可选择一相关信号(如在步骤1822～1828产生的)。步骤1832～1838是多路径处理步骤(图18的“MPP”)，可用于分别从步骤1822～1828中产生的相关信号里滤出多路径信号。
在步骤1850，系统通过使选择的相关函数最大，可将TOA估值定义为估算量，如
Figure C01803666D0026190056QIETU
。在有些实施例中，则以要求估算量
Figure C01803666D0026190056QIETU
最小的方式定义该相关函数。
在有些实施例中，系统在步骤1832～1838中用前沿检测、信道估算及其组合方式定义TOA估值。(上面特地参照了图15与15A讨论了前沿检测与信道估算。)在这些实施例中，步骤1840涉及从步骤1832～1838的结果中选择TOA估值。在这些实施例中，无须在步骤1850确定诸如
Figure C01803666D0026190056QIETU
的TOA估算量，以确定TOA估值。
图19示出的示例缓冲器1900(用于译码数据)、1922(用于信息码元)和1932(用于信息码元)，可用于执行图18的某些步骤。解调信号1902可以传给译码器1904、相关器1920和相关器1930。译码器1904把输出1906传给序列检测器1907中的缓冲器1900，用于检测如1908的模型。在该示例实例中，模型1908包括五个连续相同的位，包括初始位1909和最后位1910。位1911的值与模型1908中位的值不同，可以作为模型1908结束的信号。分别位于缓冲器1922和1932中一码元相关器1920与三码元相关器1930，可同时产生各自的相关信号C1与C3。对于一码元与三码元相关器而言，M1、P1与R1以及M3、P3与R3分别对应于图17里的M、P与R。
检测模型1908可用来选择其中一个相关器输出(如C1或C3)用于TOA测定。在图19的实例中，可以选择C3，因为预期C3比C1更强，原因在于C3基于三码元参照信号(R(t))与处于五码元子集(M)中心的三码元子集(P)的相关。相反地，C1则基于一码元参照信号(R1(t))与处于一码元子集(M)中心的一码元子集(P)的相关。
在有些实施例中，序列检测器1907可以配置成改变用于在译码器输出1906中搜索信息序列的判据，例如，检测器1907可编程为搜索五个连续同样码元的序列。若在分析了预定数目的位后(或过了一段预定时间周期后，或是二者)，还未检出这种序列，译码器就自动移向搜索更可能找到的一种模型(如较短的模型)。在有些实施例中，可应用各种搜索策略。在有些实施例中，检测器1907具有处理特性和缓冲能力，适于再扫描译码器输出1906的部分或全部以识别不同的位模型。
图20示出的示例TOA估算装置2000，可执行图16与18的部分步骤。无线电接收机2010可以类似于图1的接收机110，无线电接收机2010可以类似于图2中的中央处理单元220与无线电模块230的组合。系统2000的其它元件可以集成入系统100的处理器120、系统200的计时模块240或任何其它合适的信号处理设备里。系统2000可与如图3中网310的通信网通信。
天线2012接收来自图1中无线器材130等无线器材的在载波信号上调制的通信序列，无线电接收机2010向载波跟踪电路2020提供可分别被A/D转换器2014与2016数字化的基带同相(I)和正交(Q)信号。电路2020包括使系统2000时序与载波信号同步的载波信号跟踪和/或计时环路。跟踪电路2020可向修整码相关器提供同步的通信序列用于译码该通信序列。反馈环路2032向电路2020提供反馈以作跟踪控制，相关器2030向译码器2050提供相关信号。译码器2050可对通过路径2035从跟踪电路2020接收到的高数据速率调制码元译码，高数据速率调制码元包括PBCC、CCK等802.11数据结构和任何其它合适的高数据速率调制码元。解扰器2060可对译码的解调通信序列解扰。MAC接口2070将解扰的通信序列供给网资源。
电路2020向时间标记电路2040提供同步的通信序列作TOA估算。旁路2022允许电路2040与相关器2030基本上平行地执行任务。电路2040可以包括一个或多个TOA估算相关器，在有些实施例中，电路2040可执行图18的数据信号译码步骤1820。在有些实施例中，电路2040可执行图18的步骤，如序列检测步骤1830、多位相关步骤1822～1828、多路径处理步骤1832～1836、估算器选择步骤1840、TOA数据输出步骤1850或任何其它适合时间标记的步骤。MAC接口2070可接收来自电路2040的TOA估值，并向网资源提供TOA估值。
图21示出的示例网2100，可作无线器材位置识别。网2100可以包括多个TOA估算装置。为简化起见，图21只示出三个TOA估算装置A(2100)、B(2120)与C(2130)。TOA装置可与电缆2102作电子通信。某无线器材可能位于还未被识别的位置P，它播发的通信序列可被TOA估算装置A、B和C接收。可以用指定一对TOA估算装置的TDOA产生一可以包含点P的求解组(如上所述)。例如可对到达TOA估算装置B和C的通信序列算出的TDOABC，可以用来产生由该无线器材与系统B和C各自的距离差所限定的一条双曲线，TDOABC与距离差的关系为
TDOA BC = 1 c ( r B - r C ) - - - ( 4 )
其中c是通信序列的传播速度，rB是无线器材与TOA估算装置B的距离，rC是无线器材与TOA装置C的距离。然后，可用量(rB-rC)限定一条包括P或其估值的曲线(如双曲线)。例如，利用系统对A与B或系统对A与C产生的TDOA，可以产生包括P的第二求解组。可以用来自附加TOA估算装置(未示出)的TOA估值产生一个或多个求解组，用于识别位置P。
主控时钟2104可通过电缆2102向TOA估算装置提供同步信号，该信号用来使装置中的时钟、计时器或计数器同步，并可向TOA估算装置发送一复位脉冲，迫使装置时钟同时复位。当电缆2102包括电源传输线(如以太网直流电源线)时，可利用该电源线发射同步信号。如可将同步信号加到或电容耦合到直流电源信号里。当电缆2102包括数据传输线时，就可利用该数据传输线发射同步码元，如电缆2102可以包括双绞线(如以太网数据传输线)。同步信号可以重叠在双绞线传送的数据信号上。在TOA估算装置处，计时与数据信号可运用滤波、共模抑制及其组合方法分离。不同的TOA估算装置可以有不同的固定延迟。例如若时钟2104与TOA估算装置之间的电缆长度不同，或者若各装置的处理速度不一，即使在同步后，诸装置产生的TOA可能包括偏差。可对偏差作量化，并在计算出TDOA之前，TOA估值可自动补偿。在有些实施例中，为了向装置2110～2130播发无线同步信号，可以设置一信标。
图22和23示出的示例步骤的一般流程图，涉及本发明与利用TDOA作无线器材位置识别有关的一些实施例。图22和23所示的步骤仅作示例，可用任何合适的顺序执行，实施时可增删有些步骤。图22和23的有些步骤涉及接收无线信号和处理信号，这些步骤可用任何合适的设备执行，包括图1的系统100(包括例如接收机110)与图2的系统200。
在步骤2210，供无线器材位置识别使用的网TOA估算装置的时钟可以与选择的网时间信号或计数器同步。在步骤2220，第一TOA估算装置接收来自无线器材的通信序列并产生TOA1(第一TOA估值)。在步骤2230，将TOA1与网时间对照。在步骤2240，第二TOA估算装置接收该通信序列并产生TOA2(第二TOA估值)，TOA2可在步骤2250与网时间对照。在步骤2260，用TOA1与TOA2算出TDOA。然后，在步骤2270产生一组可能的无线器材位置。步骤2210～2260可以重复，对可能的无线器材位置产生一个或多个附加求解组。
图23的示例步骤可在多个TOA估算装置提供多个TDOA估值时执行。在步骤2310，收集与广播通信序列共同产生的TOA估值。在步骤2320，把某个TOA估算装置指定为参照TOA估算装置。在步骤2330，将来自非参照TOA估算装置的TOA与参照系统产生的TOA一起用来计算各非参照系统的TDOA。在有些实施例中，可指定一个以上的参照系统。在步骤2340，用每个TDOA产生一器材位置求解组。在步骤2350，可以废弃在物理上不合理或不可能(“越限”)的、被噪声劣化或低劣的求解组。在步骤2360，若在步骤2350作出选择后保留至少两个求解组，就可用剩余的求解组和某种求解估算方法，诸如最小平方估算、最大似然估算、噪声加权最大似然估算或任何其它合适的估算方法，作无线器材位置识别。若在步骤2350之后留下的求解组不足2个，过程便进到步骤2370，不识别任何位置。
图24示出的示例相关信号CA(τ)和CB(τ)，与无线器材播发的通信序列相关。通信信号可用多个TOA估算装置接收，各装置产生一相关信号，如可用诸如图21中所示A和B的TOA估算装置分别产生CA(τ)和CB(τ)。CA(τ)和CB(τ)与图12的C(τ)类似。在图25中，CA与CB分别取决于时间变量τA与τB，时间变量可以分别参照系统A与B中的内部时钟或计数器。这些内部时钟可以同步，使τA与τB同步并且参照同一标准。CA的峰值CA1、CA2、CA3与CA4例如分别对应于TOA估算量和
Figure C01803666D00332
CB的峰值CB1、CB2、CB3和CB4例如分别对应于TOA估算量
Figure C01803666D00333
和
Figure C01803666D00334
这些估算量用公式1确定。应用成对的TOA估算量，包括来自系统A与B二者的估算量，可以产生多个TDOA。例如图24的TDOA1可由
Figure C01803666D00335
和
Figure C01803666D00336
产生，TDOA2可由
Figure C01803666D00337
和
Figure C01803666D00338
产生。尽管图24示出四个TDOA，但是有些实施例可产生四个以上的TDOA。虽然图24的TDOA基于诸如
Figure C01803666D00339
和
Figure C01803666D003310
的TOA估值，但是有些实施例可应用基于前沿检测、信道估值或其组合的TOA估值来计算平均TDOA。可把图24的TDOA称为“一次TDOA”。在有些实施例中，对于参照图21～23讨论的无线器材，可用一次TDOA的平均值产生可能器材位置的求解组。
这样，已经提供了在无线通信网中作无线器材位置识别的设备与方法。本领域的技术人员应明白，本发明可用实施例之外的方式实施，而所述实施例仅作示例不作限制，本发明只受下列权利要求的限制。

Claims (24)

1.一种在通信网中识别器材位置的方法，所述通信网具有至少一个第一接收机对和至少一个第二接收机对，所述第一接收机对配置成以第一频率接收信号，所述第二接收机对配置成以第二频率接收信号，其特征在于，所述方法包括以下步骤：
用所述第一接收机对接收来自所述器材的第一通信序列；
用所述第二接收机对接收来自所述器材的第二通信序列，所述第一和第二通信序列是根据从相关函数导出的相关信号中的相应峰值而确定的，所述相关函数测量以第一和第二频率所接收的信号和参照信号之间的相应相关性，所述相应峰值是当所述参照信号与以第一和第二频率所接收的信号最强相关时的最大值；和
用第一到达时间差与第二到达时间差识别所述位置，所述第一到达时间差对应于通过所述第一接收机对所接收的信号的至少两个之间的差，所述第二到达时间差对应于通过所述第二接收机对所接收的信号的至少两个之间的差。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，当所述通信网包括至少一个配置成以第三频率接收的第三接收机对时，所述方法还包括用所述第三接收机对接收来自所述器材的第三通信序列，而且所述识别步骤还包括应用对应于所述第三接收机对的第三到达时间差。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，每个所述接收步骤都包括接收至少一个无线IEEE802.11兼容的通信序列。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，当所述第二接收机对包括辅助接收机时，所述接收第二通信序列的步骤包括切换所述辅助接收机的工作频率。
5.一种在通信网中识别器材的位置的方法，所述通信网具有至少第一与第二接收装置，每个接收装置有一已知位置，其特征在于所述方法包括以下步骤：
若数据信号未为时间标记而编码，则对所述数据信号选择一相关函数；
用所述相关函数估算第一到达时间，所述第一到达时间对应于所述器材发射的通信序列到达所述第一接收装置的所述已知位置；
用所述相关函数估算第二到达时间，所述第二到达时间对应于所述通信序列到达所述第二接收装置的所述已知位置；
用所述第一与第二到达时间计算第一到达时间差；和
用所述第一到达时间差估算所述位置。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，所述选择步骤包括用有关所述通信序列的信息选择所述相关函数。
7.如权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，所述计算步骤包括从所述第一到达时间差确定第一组器材位置解。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法，其特征在于，当所述通信网包括至少一个附加接收装置时，所述计算步骤还包括：
计算所述附加接收装置的附加到达时间差；
从所述附加到达时间差确定第二组器材位置解；和
用所述第一与第二组器材位置解识别所述位置。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法，其特征在于，所述识别步骤包括估算所述第一组与所述第二组的交点。
10.如权利要求8所述的方法，其特征在于，所述识别步骤包括应用双曲线三边测量法。
11.如权利要求8所述的方法，其特征在于，所述确定第二组器材位置解的步骤包括估算所述器材与所述附加接收装置的距离。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法，其特征在于，所述估算距离的步骤包括计算所述数据信号的传播时间。
13.一种在通信网中识别器材位置的方法，所述通信网具有第一与第二接收装置，各接收装置有一已知位置，其特征在于，所述方法包括：
用一相关函数估算一个以上第一到达时间估算量值，所述第一到达时间估算量值对应于通信信号从所述器材到达所述第一接收装置的所述已知位置；
用所述相关函数估算一个以上第二到达时间估算量值，所述第二到达时间估算量值对应于所述通信信号到达所述第二接收装置的所述已知位置；
用所述第一与第二到达时间估算量值计算到达时间差；和
用所述到达时间差估算所述位置。
14.如权利要求13所述的方法，其特征在于，所述计算步骤包括：
对每个对应于一个第一到达时间估算量值的第二到达时间估算量值，量化所述第二到达时间估算量值与所述第一到达时间估算量值之差；和
若量化了至少两个差值，则对所述差值求平均。
15.如权利要求13所述的方法，其特征在于，所述求平均步骤包括将所述到达时间差设置成等于所述第一与第二到达时间估算量值的平均值。
16.如权利要求13所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括从多个相关函数中选择所述相关函数。
17.一种在通信网中识别器材位置的方法，所述通信网具有至少三个接收机，其特征在于，所述方法包括：
估算802.11通信序列在所述接收机处的到达时间，所述通信序列是根据从相关函数导出的相关信号中的峰值而确定的，所述相关函数测量从所述器材接收的信号和参照信号之间的相关性，所述峰值是当所述参照信号与所接收的信号最强相关时的最大值；
对每个所述接收机收集至少一个到达时间估值，所述估值对应于所述通信序列在各个所述接收机处的到达时间；
对至少两对所述估值中的每一对计算差值；和
用所述差值估算所述位置。
18.如权利要求17所述的方法，其特征在于，所述估算位置步骤包括对每个差值限定至少一个器材位置求解组。
19.如权利要求17所述的方法，其特征在于，所述估算位置步骤还包括：
设置至少一个求解组判据；和
废弃不符合所述判据的求解组。
20.如权利要求19所述的方法，其特征在于，所述求解组判据以所述网的几何特征为基础。
21.如权利要求19所述的方法，其特征在于，所述求解组判据以到达时间估值的精密度指标为基础。
22.如权利要求18所述的方法，其特征在于，所述估算位置步骤还包括用所述求解组求出所述位置的最大似然估算量。
23.如权利要求21所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括以正比于所述估值精密度指标加权各到达时间估值。
24.如权利要求18所述的方法，其特征在于，所述估算位置步骤还包括用所述求解组求出所述位置的最小平方估值。
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