CN101132817A - 用新型纤维非织造物缩短创伤愈合过程的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
多层绷带，其具有至少下列结构：非织造物1，其与创伤接触，和膜3，其是防水性的且含至少一种不溶于水的聚合物。
Description
本发明涉及基于纺丝非织造物(Spinnvlies)或纤维非织造物的多层绷带。
从现有技术已知湿润创伤闭合(feucht Wundverschluss)(参见如Blank，Ingo，Wundversogung und Verbandwechsel，Kohlhammer-Verlag，Stuttgart，2001，142，ISBN 3-17-016219-5；Stalick L.，Managing and caring for a patient with a complicated wound，Br J Nurs.2004年10月14-27日；13(18)：1107-9；Metzger S.，Clinical andfinancial advantages of moist wound management，Home Health Nurse，2004Sep；22(9)586-90)。这类创伤处理的问题在于，与创伤的接触介质如绷带纱布、橡皮膏等在愈合时会与创伤连生。在其后应再去除该接触介质时该创伤常会再次裂开，由此刚新长好的组织再受破坏和除去。显而易见的是由此不必要的延缓创伤愈合。如果应用不与创伤粘合的创伤覆层，以此防止该覆层与创伤连生，这就使创伤缺陷缺少该新生组织可依赖和生长的支承结构和前导结构。这种状况特别是在较深创伤时会导致明显的缺陷。此外，这也导致不必要的和不希望的伤疤形成。在临床实践中所有的创伤均会涉及此问题，这些创伤不仅涉及表皮，还涉及真皮和任选地涉及下皮层(所谓“深”创伤)，并且重构不仅需要表皮层，而且还需要真皮和任选地需要下皮层。
表皮(上皮)的厚度通常是可变的，依部位不同可为0.03-4mm厚。年龄性别对表皮厚度也有影响。表皮无血管。其由角质形成细胞形成。角质形成细胞是具有细胞核和产生角质材料即角蛋白的角质细胞。该角蛋白是疏水的并赋子皮肤以强度。
位于其下面的真皮是弹性皮肤层，其含高含量的松交织的结合组织(Bindegeweb)。依部位不同也可呈不同的厚度。在阴茎和眼睑处是薄的，仅为0.3mm，而手掌和脚掌具有达2.4mm厚的真皮。
上述问题不仅涉及延缓创伤愈合或完全不愈合的创伤如慢性糖尿病的-神经性溃疡、下肢溃疡、褥疮创伤和感染次生愈合的创伤，而且还涉及无感觉的初生愈合创伤(如烧蚀的裂口或破口)(这时划破组织并由此从创伤处去除)以及裂开皮肤供皮区(Spalthautentnahmestellen)。
基于前述的现有技术，本发明人的目的在于提供最新型的接触介质(如绷带、纱布、橡皮膏)，其可与创伤接触而不必让皮肤容忍上述的缺点(接触介质与创伤的连生；破坏新生成的组织；无必要的延缓创伤愈合；过度的伤疤形成；缺陷(愈合)形成)。因此本发明人的目的是研发这样的结构物，其在湿润创伤闭合中可将该结构保持在组织中，并在创伤愈合后不再去除，由此而不会干扰愈合过程，再则给新生组织提供前导结构并最后避免伤疤形成。
由DE-C 19609551中已知可生物降解和/或可再吸收的纤维结构(硅胶-纤维或硅胶-纤维结构)。其可由纺丝物料拉成丝并视需要经干燥而得。该纺丝物料含一种或多种部分或完全水解缩合的硅化合物，该硅化合物是由通式为SiX4的单体通过水解缩合而衍生，在SiX4中的X基是相同的或不同的，并意指羟基、氢、卤素、氨基、烷氧基(Alkoxy)、烷基氧(Alkyloxy)、烷基羰基或烷氧基羰基，或该化合物由烷基衍生并可通过氧原子或硫原子或通过氨基中断。
此外，还已知在WO 01/42428和EP-A 01262542中所述的用于制备皮肤移植物或与前述的纤维结构有关细胞、组织和器官的方法。WO01/42428描述一种用于制备皮肤移植物的方法，其中皮肤细胞在营养溶液的表面上获得，然后细胞生长，其特征在于，在营养溶液上置有由上述生物相容的、生物可降解和/或可再吸收的纤维组成的平面元件。该平面元件的纤维的直径为5-20μm。相反，EP-A 01262542描述一种用于体外制备细胞、组织和器官的方法，其中该纤维基质(见DE-C19609551)用作细胞支承物质和/或适于由细胞形成的胞外基质的前导结构，或给该细胞可找到空间排列的可能，该空间排列可使细胞增殖和/或达到以其基因确定的分化。
本发明人针对上述问题所提供的解决方案使本发明的一个方面在于从DE-C 19609551已知的纤维来制备权利要求1的多层绷带。这时将所述纤维加工成非织造物，该非织造物可与所有常规的绷带介质，特别是与直接置于创伤上或者置于创伤中的绷带介质相组合。所述组合这里及下面称为多层绷带，尽管其不是典型的绷带，而是橡皮膏、敷布等。因此本发明的一个方面涉及至少具有下列结构的多层绷带：将与创伤接触的非织造物1和防水性的含至少一种不溶于水的聚合物的膜3。
上述多层绷带有下列结构：
非织造物1，其将与创伤接触，和
膜3，其是防水性的且含至少一种不溶于水的聚合物的，其中该膜3是橡皮膏3且包括可与创伤周围皮肤粘合的部分，或该膜不包括可粘合部分，并在创伤周围皮肤上涂覆粘合剂时，才与创伤周围皮肤粘合，
在膜3和非织造物1之间具有松散的、易松开的粘附性结合或甚至无粘附性结合。
特别是该多层绷带是其膜3如上所述和其非织造物1具有生物可降解/和或可再吸收的纤维结构的多层绷带，该纤维结构可由纺丝物料抽丝所得，该纺丝物料含一种或多种部分或完全水解缩合的硅化合物，该硅化合物是由通式为SiX4的单体通过水解缩合而衍生，在SiX4中的X基是相同的或不同的，并意指羟基、氢、卤素、氨基、烷氧基(Alkoxy)、烷基氧(Alkyloxy)、烷基羰基或烷氧基羰基，或该化合物由烷基衍生并可通过氧原子或硫原子或通过氨基中断。
如在前面段落所述，其中X基是相同的且为乙基的多层绷带是特别优选的。
此外，如前段所述，优选的多层绷带是，该水解缩合在存在一种(或多种)氨基酸和/或一种(或多种)肽和/或一种(或多种)DNA分子或DN-片段的条件下进行。这时式SiX4即硅烷中的X基任选地相同的且任选地表示乙基。氨基酸和/或肽和/或DNA/DNA片段的存在引起在纤维中通过共价或非共价键合的结构。在将多层绷带引入创伤后，该氨基酸/肽/DNA/DNA片段相应于纤维的降解从纤维中释放出来。就此该释放的物质(氨基酸/肽/DNA/DNA片段)一方面由掺入纤维中的物质(氨基酸/肽/DNA/DNA片段)的量决定，但另一方面从纤维中的释放速度也由该纤维的降解速度决定。通过下面描述(原文p.14)的纤维特性(1)细胞粘附性，可使氨基酸/肽/DNA或DNA片段的结构在特别大的程度上呈增生细胞，由此特别是也确保在DNA/DNA片段中编码的信息对细胞的影响。经证实，这种状况对具有降低的局部的或甚至全身性代谢作用能力的创伤是特别重要和有帮助的，因为由此创伤区的外部供给由细胞代谢所需的氨基酸确保，并由此初次可使创伤愈合。
现简要说明图1-6。这些图示出：
-本发明的多层绷带的示意性结构(图1)；
-喷嘴板中的多孔喷嘴的略图(图2)；
-导丝盘系统和空调机组的示意图(图3)；
-以SEM示出的细胞在纤维表面上的粘附(图4)，其中图4A和4B示出无细胞的本发明应用的SiX4-纤维，图4C和4D示出含细胞的SiX4-纤维及其极好的粘附和分布，图4E和4F示出含细胞的胶原纤维，由于该胶原基质的粗糙性难以推知其形态；
-与胶原纤维和PGA纤维相比较的本发明所用SiX4纤维的形状稳定性和收缩稳定性，其中左列从上向下示出细胞培养开始前的胶原纤维、PGA纤维和本发明的SiX4纤维，右列从上向下示出细胞培养开始后四周的胶原纤维、PGA纤维和本发明的SiX4纤维(图5)；和
-细胞(皮的成纤维细胞)的代谢活性，用胶原纤维、PGA纤维和本发明的SiX4(SIX)纤维培养1，2，4周后借助于Alamar-Blau分析器以荧光测定，无对比纤维(图6)。
如已指出的，按本发明可引入创伤中作为支承结构和前导结构并可直接与组织接触的由DE-C 19609551中所述的硅胶纤维或硅胶纤维结构(按单体单元的化学式为SiO2-xOHx或按聚合物的化学式为Sin(OH)2xO2n-x，其中x＝0-1)可制备湿润非织造物。该非织造物可区分为纤维非织造物和纺丝非织造物。特别是由连续单根纤维或单根长丝制成的纺丝非织造物对三维应用是有利的，而纤维非织造物特别适于二维应用。
制备单根纤维或单根长丝的方法可考阅专利DE-C 19609551。本专业人员将考虑和了解的是可改变大量的参数如温度、压力、各组分的摩尔比；进料物、溶剂或催化剂的化学特性，以制得视需要特别适用的纤维和非织造物(具有高的或较低的生物可降解性和生物再吸收性)。
在DE-C 19609551中所述的方法应在这里再一次作视需要较详细的描述。本发明中优选应用TEOS(四乙氧基硅烷)作为溶胶-凝胶工艺中的硅烷，虽然也可应用在DE-C 19609551所述的所有硅烷或至少其两种的混合物。在一方面(乙醇或乙醇/水)作为溶剂另一方面(水)也可作为水解缩合的反应参与物的水-醇溶液(本发明优选乙醇/水混合物)存在下，于室温或稍低温度(12-15℃)可制备适合缩合程度的缩合产物。用于缩合反应的优选催化剂是有机酸如柠檬酸、琥珀酸或酒石酸。这些酸将反应混合物的pH值调节到大约3-4。在所有情况下，该pH值均为7或小于7，因为在碱性下会形成小粒或使反应料凝胶化。
如在DE-C 19609551中所述，视需要该缩合产物通过过滤和去除溶剂以达合适的粘度。其可在低于0℃下放置一定的时间(数小时到数个月)以得到所谓的纺丝溶胶(纺丝物料)，因为该缩合反应在低于0℃下才进行得非常缓慢。该纺丝溶胶的固含量(固体意指(部分-)缩合产物如低聚物或低聚物结构)优选为约10％(即溶剂含量为约90％)。按本发明，从缩合反应开始到得到纺丝溶胶，2-3天的时间也是优选的。
最后将该纺丝溶胶送入预冷(＜0℃)的压力容器中，该溶胶在压力下从罐中经小喷嘴呈长的不断的或耐断裂的丝压出。按喷嘴的大小，该丝的直径为大约10-100μm，长度为若干米(如3-5米)。当卷绕该丝时，则在卷绕(视需要在水-醇环境下)期间需要时可通过拉伸(伸展)再次伸长并降低其直径。该丝的卷绕的纺丝速度为100-1000m/min，优选约200m/min。如此纺成的丝可在载带上经辊旋流(verwirbeln)。该在载带上的丝可经受各种温度处理，这时该载带通过不同温度区的运行速度为1-10cm/min，以使经继续的缩合反应可按需调节在纤维中保留的OH基的数目(如该纤维的生物可降解性和生物可再吸收性)(按本发明优选该在载带上呈凝胶丝状的丝骤冷到-35℃。
接着该经旋流的丝(连续纤维)经压制成(纺丝-或纤维-)非织造物。该压制经压辊进行。这里也经常使用针状底座(Nadelstühle)(带针的压辊)。通过该针的上下移动形成挤压过程，其赋予该非织造物以附加的强度。该有针或无针的辊的压制压力可自由调节。按本发明的优选压制压力通常为1-10Mpa。接着进行非织造物的温度处理，该温度为-35℃-+65℃。该温度优选为低于-5℃，特别优选低于-20℃。通过温度处理得到在非织造物中同时含有足够数目的硅烷醇基即非缩合的OH基的在结构上呈固体的织物。该非缩合的OH基的数目控制了该(生物)可再吸收性：存在的非缩合的OH基越多，则(生物)可再吸收性越高。通过改变在不同温度下的保持时间可有目的地调节OH基的数目。优选本发明待用的非织造物的纤维每5-10Si原子约含一个OH基，这在上述单体单元的式中意指其x＝0.1-0.2的SiO2-xOHx。
视需要接着将非织造物的温度升到50℃或高于50℃，将还可能存在的水和乙醇(如源自溶剂，但也可源自原料硅烷的残余，特别是以TEOS作为起始硅烷时)去除到所需程度，即大部分但不完全。按本发明所希望的是，该(例如纺丝)非织造物保持足够的残余湿度，以稳定与室温下的较有利的SiO2(在非织造物中的不含非缩合的OH基的纤维即玻璃纤维)相比在热力学上不利的凝胶状态(在非织造物中的含非缩合的OH基的纤维)。如此制备的纺丝非织造物在封闭(不透气)包装中可将其凝胶状态保持数月。特别是残余乙醇还有水的存在证明是有利的。这是基于在(饱和)乙醇气氛中，在SiO2方向的缩合不继续进行。相反其甚至可部分反向，最终决定纤维的生物可再吸收性。
该所述方法可用于制备纺丝非织造物。但也可制备纤维非织造物即常称为针非织造物(Nadelvliese)。这时该纤维在纺丝过程后经剪切成段。该人造纤维(Stapelfaser)的长度为0.1-10cm。接着将该人造纤维置于载带上经压制、针刺和如上所述经受温度处理。与纺丝非织造物不同，纤维非织造物无明显的三维结构。因为常用于二维(上表皮程度的表面受伤)应用。因此按本发明，纤维非织造物的应用特别有利于处理表面创伤(上表皮程度)。通常可以说，纤维非织造物在纤维平面中有较高的强度，因此很适于机械负荷部位如肌肉上的皮肤。
该纤维的上述制备是以溶胶-凝胶法在例如长度约为5m，宽度约为2m和高约为6m的机器上进行。该机器的重量在纺丝塔下区域导致的压力为850-1000kg/m2。但该机器的大小可依构造和生产率不同也可与这里所述的大小有差别。为进行生产，该机器需要带有足够水源的冷水循环和优选有强电流-接口。
当前按本发明的纤维制备是在空调-纺丝装置上进行。由循环空气运行的空调机组向空调-纺丝装置提供具有确定温度和湿度的送风。该温度优选为10-40℃，特别是约20℃。该机组是Weiβ UmwelttechnikGmbH公司的牌号为SB22/160/40-UKA的空调-试验箱。其是经Weiβ公司为循环空气运行而补装的。在2m长的外径为680mm的隔离纺丝塔中，为避免循环空气运行引起的干扰性对流，使用具有3mm圆钻孔的直径为300mm的内管。该纺丝塔与其中存在适于上述连续纤维或连续长丝卷绕的卷绕设备的箱相连。该箱的板由窗玻璃(厚24mm)制成以达足够的隔离，并有K-值为1.1。从箱中出来的废气再送入空调机组中并在那里经处理。用于该空调的测量数据发送器不是该机组的内腔，而是在纺丝筒中的外传感器。为控制也可手工操作的空调装置，连接配置有制造商的相应软件的PC。借助于程序PCC_WIN，版本1.05，可预设温度程序和湿度程序以及所有其它适于该装置的所需调整。在实施纺丝过程时，绘图仪可依时间显示在纺丝筒中的温度和湿度。连接另一温度传感器用以测量外部温度，也可以数字化获取该值。为给纺丝装置配备过程控制技术，所有重要的测量点设有模拟输出端。
在空调机组和纺丝塔或箱之间的送风连接和排风连接由内径为100mm(外径为250mm)的挠性双隔软管组成。接口端均用Armaflex加外套。因为在纺丝过程中任选地有乙醇从纺丝物料中逸出，以致该乙醇会聚集在空调机组、纺丝塔和箱的闭合循环中，所以为该装置配置GfGGesellschaft Für Gertbau公司的气体报警设备。在紧邻电动机的箱中或空调循环空气机组的检验腔中各安装牌号为MWG 0238EX到对乙醇校准过的测量数据发送器。如果腔空气中的乙醇浓度达到乙醇爆炸下限值的25％，则评估设备(GMA·100-BG)给出第一警报，在达爆炸下限值的50％时给出第二警报。在测量数据发送器停机或误动作时也发出警报。
在纺丝塔的上端是安置有折式拉板(Balgzugschieber)和有三个接口可能性的过渡法兰盘，在该过渡法兰盘上可安装双壁的并向外隔离的纺丝头。按压力检验的检验报告，该纺丝头适于压力达50bar(5×106Pa)。内直径为45mm的纺丝头可装0.33升纺丝物料。
喷嘴板从下安装在纺丝头上。直径为89mm的板有1.5mm深的接头，接头中置入嵌入铝中的不绣钢织物。该金属丝织物为两层，该第一层的网眼宽度为80μm。
该第二支承层的网眼宽度为315μm。该金属丝网的铝栅如此结构，当网置入喷嘴板中时突出0.5mm。如果该具有网的板以15Nm旋紧在纺丝头上，则该受压的Al-环在纺丝头和板之间提供所必需的密封。应用7孔喷嘴板或19孔喷嘴板。该孔的预钻孔为3.0mm宽，孔直径为0.15mm。在毛细管长为0.45mm时产生L/D的比为3。喷嘴板中的喷嘴的略图示于图2。
用LAUDA公司的温度计(牌号为RE 112)对双壁纺丝头调温，为了进行隔离，送风软管和排风软管用Armaflex加外套。
在纺丝头和纺丝塔之间的过渡法兰盘的三接口中如此引入视孔玻璃，以在纺丝过程中可观察来自喷嘴的丝流出。用于抽出长丝的设备的结构除卷绕设备外还要考虑经气体输送喷嘴的纤维卸出的可能性。为此设计了由长度为159mm和220mm的2个导丝盘组成的系统用于长丝的挠曲，其中后面的导丝盘相对于前面的倾斜约8°。该驱动是通过Faulhaber公司的电动机-转速计-组合(牌号为S4.3G 60)和联动装置(牌号为381，3.71∶1)实现。该第一个导丝盘的转动频率自动地由第二个导丝盘所接受。
经挠曲调节器可使第二个导丝盘的旋转快至多10％。第三个导丝盘作为绕组，并可独立于挠曲设备运行。该挠曲设备由也是通过Faulhaber公司的电动机-转速计-组合运行的心轴组成，可将厚纸卷绷在该心轴上。该厚纸卷由5个单独的圆形段组成，该5个圆形段用弹簧结构组合成159mm的圆直径。在松弛状态下该卷的直往从159mm减小到143mm。该5段的外部用聚四氟乙烯膜贴上。
该第三个导丝盘安装在Isel-Automation公司的加料设备上。用牌号为160MCM的步进电动机可对500mm长的卷绕设备装料。将由该设备的去程和回程组成的加料频率调节到2-16min-1，用第二个控制设备可手工操作导丝盘。导丝盘电动机和加料步进电动机的控制设备由Isel-Automation公司的控制器(IT 142-C)、带有适配器卡的单轴步进电动机控制机构和控制卡(UMS 6)制成。该导丝盘系统和空调机组的示意图见图3。
如果将该非织造物(在下面文本中非织造物术语还同义用于纺丝非织造物和纤维非织造物)置于创伤中或创伤上，按本发明有利的是，首先分泌血清或其次是向伤口提供从外部输入的生理溶液如生理盐水(0.9％)。通过愈合过程中该非织造物在创伤中的再吸收，就可无需在创伤愈合期间或创伤愈合后去除该非织造物。该纤维密度可通过非织造物中的压缩过程任意地调节，并可依创伤的种类和深度作相应变化。典型的应用范围为创伤深度为1-20mm，优选2-12mm，这主要与表皮的厚度有关。
此外，通过改变连续纤维和非织造物的制造参数(选择SiX4中的X基、选择水解缩合的反应条件，由此选择非聚合的OH-基的比例等，参见DE-C 19609551)可调节该纤维和由此该非织造物的再吸收时间，并适配该创伤特性。因此可按要求调节再吸收时间为3-180天，该间隔可按上述任意连续延长。本发明人确认，通过改变纤维或非织造物中OH-基的数目以及通过引入形态发生因子(愈合加速剂)，即经OH-基呈化学性地或经物理吸收呈物理性地结合到纤维上(非织造物中)的特大的高亲水性表面上就可调节该非织造物的再吸收时间，并可适配该湿润创伤特性。经证实，每5个到每10个Si-原子存在一个官能性OH-基是有利的。官能性OH-基意指OH-基形式的可能的自由反应位，在该位上例如可将药物如抗生素、抗真菌剂、类固醇和具有局部或全身作用的通用药物经氢桥接或缩合连结到非织造物上，然后在创伤中逐步释放(药物释放)。该再吸收时间波动约为30天，分解产物(SiO2或SiO(OH)作为纳米颗粒)的典型直径为0.5-1nm。准确的结构阐述可经Si-固体-NMR，特别是通过Q4-模式测量实现。按本发明优选的压力通常为1-10bar(105-106Pa)，优选2-3bar，纺丝过程的反应时间优选为20-60s，而温度(在纺丝过程中)优选为15-23℃，特别是约20℃。
基于纤维的几何形状，甚至观察到创伤愈合加速(组织引导)。这时该二维或三维排列的高亲水性的凝胶纤维作为物理前导结构，增殖细胞粘附在该前导结构上，并可形成适合局部的大部分为胶原的基质。因为该纤维的化学环境近于pH-中性(pH为7.0±0.2)和不形成有机分解产物，所以不出现新生成细胞的异物反应或刺激作用。确切地说，通过由创伤分泌出的上述形态发生因子(类固醇、细胞因子、TNF-α、TGF-β1/2、白介素如IL-1、PDGF、EGF等)的聚积，在生理上连续刺激创伤愈合。与来自有机范围(胶原、透明质酸、血纤维蛋白)的凝胶类和粘性基质材料相反，在无机纤维中不存在已知的感染源(HIV、HBV、BSE、蛋白酶传染性因子等)和至今未知的感染源的可能感染危险。此外，在无机材料情况下，该材料参数可特别准确确定和调节。由此与有机材料相比，大大改进了质量和特性。
本发明所用的纤维与常用的生物可降解或生物可再吸收材料至少可通过下列四个特征或特性以明显区别，也即其使得可以实现：(1)改进的细胞粘附性(细胞在纤维上的附着)，并可(与已知的材料完全不同)(2)产生细胞增殖、(3)保持纤维的形态和稳定性以及(4)长期保持细胞增殖和细胞代谢。
(1)细胞粘附性
与常用的生物可再吸收材料(如聚乙醇酸(PGA)、藻酸盐和胶原)相比，该特别的纤维几何形状和纤维形态可无例外地较快速引发细胞并使其质量更好地粘附在纤维表面上(该改进示于图4)。由此保证细胞沿创伤上存在的纤维在创伤整个范围内既快又可靠地分布/生长。此外，由粘附在纤维上的细胞开始，促进远离纤维的新生成的细胞的可靠分布(词目：细胞复合增殖)。本发明所用纤维的这种有利特性可在应用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、组织学和免疫组织学研究以及共焦显微镜下深刻显示出来。
(2)细胞增殖
与常用的生物可降解/生物可吸收材料相比，该特别的纤维几何形状和纤维形态可达加快/提早开始、加速/提高以及较长时间/保持细胞增殖。该特性有利于(1)中所述的涉及利用纤维特性的优点，也即使细胞较快和质量更好的粘附在纤维-表面上。
与常用的材料如PGA和胶原相比，借助于Alama-Blau分析测定作为细胞增殖和细胞活性的参考参数的细胞的代谢活性在1、2和4周的短期至中期时间后有明显提高。合基质PGA或胶原或SiX4(本发明的纤维)的细胞的代谢活性的比为1∶5∶11(1周)、2.5∶1∶6(2周)和1.2∶0.8∶6(4周)。但开始时(24小时后)该比仅为1∶4.5∶4。这表明，本发明应用的纤维在至少一周，更好为4周的较长时间后才发挥其优点。
(3)纤维形状和稳定性的保持
如在应用SEM情况下，组织学和肉眼检查研究可表明，与常用的生物可再吸收性材料相比，本发明的纤维可长期保留三维成型和延缓三维纤维排列的接触(继续保留纤维几何形状和形态)：常用的材料如PGA和胶原在4周期间中会收缩(烧结)到原来的1/4或1/6，并由此任选地损失其形状，而本发明的纤维在该期间可完全保持形状和稳定性(该现象示于图5)。这种情况确保了新形成的组织的可靠结构，并在大的创伤下也可保证营养物质和代谢产物的足够扩散。此外，还允许并促进血管新生成，这是用现有技术针对该目的已知的形状不那么稳定的材料所实现不了的。由此用本发明的材料而不用现有技术已知的材料如PGA或胶原，也可在大的创伤情况下新形成血管和形成组织，并由此可首次实现其愈合。与此相关的一个重要方面是本发明的纤维(特别在皮肤区)的形状稳定性，这起到了机械稳定性的作用。在应用本发明的多层绷带情况下，可足以向该新生成的组织提供营养物质。这种提供中不仅是通过扩散还通过营养物质经新生的血管/组织在开孔非织造物中的直接输送。这与形状稳定性有关，再加之在(1)和(2)中所述的有利特性(细胞增殖、细胞粘附性)。
这可在应用下列分析方法下明显表明：扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、组织学、肉眼检查。
(4)细胞增殖和细胞代谢的长期保持
与常用的生物可再吸收材料相比，该特别的纤维几何形状和纤维形态可长期保持细胞增殖，由此达到可靠的组织结构/组织结构再生。再次借助于Alama-Blau分析测定作为细胞增殖和细胞活性的参考参数的细胞的代谢活性，本发明所用的SiX4-纤维在4周后明显高于常用生物材料如PGA和胶原的情况。胶原∶PGA∶SiX4为1∶1.5∶12(图6)。
这里对Alama-Blau分析(alamarBlueTM-还原)作简要描述。
增殖细胞的内部比非增殖细胞的内部的还原更强。特别是在增殖过程中NADPH/NADP、FADH/FAD、FMNH/FMN和NADH/NAD的比变得更大。可应用由代谢中间体还原的物质如alamarBlueTM，以测定和标示细胞的增殖。alamarBlueTM的氧化还原电位为+380mV(pH7.0，25℃)。因此alamarBlueTM被NADPE(E0＝-320mV)、FADH(E0＝-220mV)、FMNH(E0＝-210mV)、NADH(E0＝-320mV)和细胞色素(E0＝290mV至+80mV)还原。因为alamarBlueTM吸收这些物质的电子，所以随其氧化还原状态变化而也改变其]颜色：由氧化的靛蓝和非荧光的状态变为还原的荧光性玫瑰状态。增殖的程度可由分光光度计跟踪，借助于颜色测量或借助于荧光来实现(对此也可参见BiosourceInc.，Camarillo，Kalifornien(US)公司的国际网页，网址为www.lucernachem.ch/downloads/biosource/alamarbluebooklet.pdf＞)。
如上所述，该非织造物的制备优选在饱和的醇溶液中进行。因此该非织造物经消毒。该非织造物的尺寸完全可自由选择，并可适配于适合创伤敷层的大小，通常为10×10cm、5×5cm或2.5×2.5cm(也可选用所有其它尺寸)。
对该非织造物的合适的贮存提供了两件不同方案：将非织造物消毒和密封包装(如在铝中)，并为了其后处理进行贮存或运输。在消毒包装中，还可置入以酒精浸渍过的贮存物如药棉，以保持饱和酒精气氛。另外，该非织造物再直接加工成多层绷带(其结构在下面及图1中示例性描述)，即与不透水的或半透性可粘合膜(如聚氨酯薄膜或聚酯薄膜)结合。该膜下面称为橡皮膏3或膜3，尽管该膜/薄膜本身不必是可粘合的。
该纤维和非织造物在整个准备期间和制备期间(从制备纤维直到将非织造物置于创伤上)优选保持在饱和醇气氛中，以防止含硅纤维材料继续缩合，并由此防止该纤维的生物可降解性的损失。这例如可借助于所谓的在线制备工艺实现，在该工艺中直到终点均在饱和醇气氛中处理。此外其优点为，在随后制备该非织造物或多层绷带后无需消毒工艺(如γ-消毒)。
本发明的配入创伤的典型多层绷带示于图1。但根据本发明还可设想另一些多层绷带，并在下面介绍。
在非织造物1上即在非织造物1和膜/橡皮膏3之间，按这里的所述方案具有可粘合的膜/薄膜(但按另一方案，也可仅是不透水的或半透的膜/薄膜)，并且在该实施方案中，该绷带介质示出叠置有所谓的其它膜2，由此在撕去或更换设置在其上的橡皮膏3/膜3时，该非织造物1不会由创伤4上去除。该橡皮膏3/膜3确保，通过应用本发明的多层绷带可使创伤可靠地与外部环境隔离。按一个实施方案，该其它膜2既不与非织造物1也不与膜3/橡皮膏3牢固粘合。这时重要的是在去除膜3/橡皮膏3时无非织造物1和新生成组织的部分被去除。由水溶性的聚合物(均为不与非织造物粘合的聚合物)和优选由羧甲基-纤维素(CMC)组成的膜2在非织造物1上的粘合例如是通过氢桥键实现的。该聚合物的选择不是决定性的(也可应用水溶性的胶原或血纤维蛋白凝胶)，因为膜2仅用于该橡皮膏3的粘性的膜/薄膜不与非织造物1粘合。该实施方案示于图1。
在另一实施方案中，因为待应用的绷带介质不与创伤粘合和起其它膜2的作用或使其多余的，所以该其它膜2不是必需的。属于这类不与创伤粘合的绷带介质有藻酸盐(呈敷布形式或作为止血塞)、胶原海绵、聚氨酯泡沫和聚氨酯泡沫覆盖物、水胶体、水凝胶和氢化聚合物。在此情况下，用于闭合创伤的膜3再次相应于图1用粘合剂(在创伤周围的未受损害的皮肤上)固定，该粘合剂优选为聚丙烯酸酯粘合剂、橡胶粘合剂或借助于热熔法制备的塑料橡胶粘合剂。
按本发明的另一实施方案，在非织造物1上涂覆绷带介质，该绷带介质一方面不与创伤粘合(因此又起其它膜2的作用或使其成为多余的)，另一方面具有粘合特性，并由此该创伤向外是密封的。这种绷带介质例如可选自‘泡沫绷带’(氢化聚合物粘合剂，特别是聚氨酯-泡沫绷带如通过Calmic Medical Division，Allevyn von Smith and Nephew，Lyofoam von Seton Healthcare Group plc销售的3M的泡沫绷带、DowCorning的硅橡胶，这些泡沫绷带特别是有强的液体贮存器容量(看Bello(2000)JAMA 283(6)：716-8；Degreef(1998)Dermatologic Clinics16(2)：365-75；Findlay(1996)Am Fam Physician 54(5)：1519-28；Habif(1996)Clinical Derm.Mosby，810-13；Knapp(1999)PedClin N Am 46(6)：1201-13；Krasner(1995)Prevention Management PressureUlcers；Lewis(1996)Med-Surg Nursing，Mosby，第199-200页；Lueckkenotte(1996)Gerontologic Nurs.，Mosby，800-7；PUGP(1995)，在Fam Physician 51(5)：1207-22；PUGP(1994)Pressure Ulcer Treatment，AHCPR 95-0653；Way(1991)Current Surgical，Lange，95-108；或在下列网址下：http://med2med.de/pages/produktdetail.cfm？prod＝85696&katid＝6618和 http://wound.smith-nephew.com/de/node.asp？NodeId＝2692)。按本发明的另一实施方案，如果橡皮膏3(在此情况下其不必具有粘合性)直接施加在非织造物1上，则完全(无代用品)弃用该其它膜2，因为这可确保该橡皮膏3的可粘合的膜/薄膜仅与创伤周围的皮肤粘合，并由此该橡皮膏3与非织造物1的粘合是不可能的。例如这可由此实现，也即在覆盖过程前才用粘合剂(如Baiersdorf的Leukospray)润湿创伤周围的皮肤(在此情况下该橡皮膏3本身不具可粘合性，因此可恰当地称为膜3)或该橡皮膏3按创伤大小选用或剪切(在此情况下该橡皮膏3仅在不与创伤接触的部位具有可粘合性)。
按本发明，该橡皮膏3/膜3由选自不溶于水的聚合物，优选PP、PVC或PU的至少一种的防水薄膜组成。此外，(见上述各种实施方案)其视需要具有在绷带技术中通常所用的粘合剂(优选聚丙烯酸酯粘合剂或借助于热熔法制备的合成橡胶粘合剂，视需要是橡胶粘合剂)，优选其应具有特别好的皮肤相容性。该粘合剂可在制备多层绷带时或制备前涂于防水薄膜上。但如上所述也可在应用时才涂于或喷于创伤周围区域或涂于或喷于膜/薄膜上。
该防水橡皮膏3/防水膜3确保无湿汽向外蒸发，并由此可长久保持湿润创伤介质，这有利于非织造物纤维的再吸收。纤维的再吸收也引起任选在纤维上结合的物质的释放，即如离子(如Ag离子)、药物(如抗生素、肾上腺皮质激素)或形态发生因子。这类形态发生因子(也称形态发生素)包括白细胞介素、骨形态发生蛋白(BMPs)、抗体、TGF-β和IGF，其在创伤愈合时也由器官形成，其对创伤愈合有且对完好的创伤愈口是必不可少的。
该其它膜2的聚合物的水溶性使得在经一定的作用时间后可容易地松脱该膜(如果存在的话)(该水性创伤分泌物逐渐松脱该其它膜2的非织造物，以使在揭开膜2时只导致非常小的组织损害)。用银掺杂的聚合物作为其它膜2是有利的，以减少感染的危险。
在特别大的创伤(＞10cm2)情况下，浮动式绷带是有利的，因为其它膜2对非织造物1的粘附力在此情况下太大。在此情况下呈薄(＜5mm)的浮动层的水凝胶可作为分离介质。
本发明优选的实施方案通过下列多层绷带说明。
1.一种多层绷带，其包括将与创伤接触的非织造物1和防水性的且含至少一种不溶于水的聚合物的膜3，该膜3是橡皮膏3，且包括可与创伤周围皮肤相粘合的粘附性部分，在膜3和非织造物1之间存在松散的、易松开粘附性结合或甚至无粘附性结合。
2.一种多层绷带，其包括将与创伤接触的非织造物1和防水性的且含至少一种不溶于水的聚合物的膜3，该膜3不包括粘附性部分，并仅当在创伤周围的皮肤上涂有粘合剂时，才与创伤周围皮肤相粘合，在膜3和非织造物1之间存在松散的、易松开的粘附性结合或甚至无粘附性结合。
3.权利要求1或实施方案1或2的多层绷带，其中该膜3的至少一种不溶于水的聚合物是PP、PVC或PU。
4.实施方案3的多层绷带，其中该膜3是自粘合的氢化聚合物。
5.权利要求1或实施方案1、2或3的多层绷带，其中该多层绷带在膜3和非织造物1之间还包括其它膜2，该其它膜2含至少一种溶于水的聚合物。
6.实施方案5的多层绷带，其中所述至少一种溶于水的聚合物为CMC。
7.实施方案5或6的多层绷带，其中在其它膜2和非织造物1之间存在松散的易松开的粘附性结合。
8.实施方案5或6的多层绷带，其中在其它膜2和非织造物1之间不存在粘附性结合。
9.实施方案5、6、7或8的多层绷带，其中在其它膜2和膜3之间(i)不存在粘附性结合，(ii)存在松散的易松开的粘附性结合或(iii)存在牢固的、不松开粘附性结合。
10.权利要求1或实施方案1-4的多层绷带，其中该多层绷带在膜3和非织造物1之间还包括藻酸盐、胶原海绵、聚氨酯泡沫或聚氨酯泡沫覆盖物、水胶体、水凝胶或氢化聚合物。
11.实施方案10的多层绷带，其中在藻酸盐、胶原海绵、聚氨酯泡沫或聚氨酯泡沫覆盖物、水胶体、水凝胶或氢化聚合物和非织造物1之间存在松散的、易松开的粘附性结合。
12.方案10的多层绷带，其中在藻酸盐、胶原海绵、聚氨酯泡沫或聚氨酯泡沫覆盖物、水胶体、水凝胶或氢化聚合物和非织造物1之间不存在粘附性结合。
13.实施方案10、11或12的多层绷带，其中在藻酸盐、胶原海绵、聚氨酯泡沫或聚氨酯泡沫覆盖物、水胶体、水凝胶或氢化聚合物和膜3之间(i)不存在粘附性结合，(ii)存在松散的、易松开的粘附性结合或(iii)存在牢固的、不松开粘附性结合。
在此和前面的各种实施方案中所述的本发明的多层绷带上，需要时还可叠置(其它)的绷带材料(如绷带纱布)或其它材料(如用于垫和保护创伤)。在这里的公开件范围内，区分了绷带介质(作为多层绷带的成分)和绷带材料。
在将非织造物放在创伤上/创伤中前或加工成多层绷带前(即该非织造物制备后，其贮存或运输期间，也即作为纯非织造物或多层绷带)，优选在以后要与创伤接触的表面上用密封膜隔离，该密封膜防止醇释出。该膜视需要在叠置在创伤中前才由应用者撕去。但在该优选实施方案中，如上面所说明的，必需考虑醇尽管加强了灭菌和纤维化学，但其与创伤接触时是特别刺疼的。因此按另一优选实施方案，应用生理盐水作为介质。备选地，是在应用前可冲稀或洗去酒精，但总的来说又使应用复杂化了。
可配置有非织造物的典型绷带介质例如是下列产品(标记-牌号)：
Dermaplast Film/Active und Hydractive；Hydrocoll(Hartmann)；Comfeel(-Plus)，Biatain，Seasorb，Contreet(Coloplast)，CutinovaHydro，Acticoat，Allevyn(Smith & Nephew)
但该非织造物也可与所有市场可得和产品相组合，例如与Smith&Nephew公司的下列产品相组合(全部是注册标记)：
Hydrogel-Verbanede，IntraSite Conformable，IntraSite Gel，hydroseletive Wundauflagen，Cutinova Hydro(如水解纤维素泡沫物创伤敷层)，Allevyn Produktgruppe(如藻酸盐，抗微生物剂创伤敷层，酶促清创术，吸气味绷带，术后绷带)，Cutiplast Steril，Hansapor Steril，OpSite Post-Op，Primapore(如特种绷带)，Allevyn Tracheostomy，Cavi-Care，EVU-DRY。
这样，该非织造物例如可与聚氨酯绷带或PVA-泡沫绷带相组合，以在强分泌创伤情况下提高抽吸力。本发明的所述优点在应用真空系统(如V.A，C)情况特别明显，如在处理脓毒性创伤和需抗生素冲洗的情况下。此外，该非织造物也可与其它上述的藻酸盐-止血塞组合作为在水胶体-创伤绷带范围的覆盖物。
多层绷带形状可相应于创伤定位或其形状和大小而改变，以达尽可能准确地与创伤结构。该绷带的一种可能的形状是可在肛门区应用的蝶形。
Claims (15)
1.一种多层绷带，其具有至少下列结构：
非织造物1，其将与创伤接触，和
膜3，其是防水性的且含至少一种不溶于水的聚合物，其中该膜3或者是橡皮膏3且包括可与创伤周围皮肤粘合的可粘附部分，或该膜不包括可粘合部分，且仅在创伤周围皮肤上已涂覆粘合剂时，才与创伤周围皮肤粘合，
其中在膜3和非织造物1之间存在松散的、易松开的粘附性结合或甚至不存在粘附性结合。
2.权利要求1的多层绷带，其中所述膜3的至少一种不溶于水的聚合物是PP、PVC或PU。
3.权利要求1或2的多层绷带，其中所述膜3是自粘性的氢化聚合物。
4.上述权利要求之一的多层绷带，其中该多层绷带在膜3和非织造物1之间包括其它膜2，该膜2包含至少一种可溶于水的聚合物。
5.权利要求4的多层绷带，其中所述至少一种可溶于水的聚合物是CMC。
6.权利要求4或5的多层绷带，其中在其它膜2和非织造物1之间存在有松散的、易松开的粘附性结合。
7.权利要求4或5的多层绷带，其中在其它膜2和非织造物1之间无粘附性结合。
8.权利要求4-7之一的多层绷带，其中在其它膜2和膜3之间(i)不存在粘附性结合，(ii)存在松散的、易松开的粘附性结合，或(iii)存在牢固的、不易松开粘附性结合。
9.权利要求1-3之一的多层绷带，其中所述多层绷带在膜3和非织造物1之间还包括藻酸盐、胶原海绵、聚氨酯泡沫或聚氨酯泡沫覆盖物、水胶体、水凝胶或氢化聚合物。
10.权利要求9的多层绷带，其中在所述藻酸盐、胶原海绵、聚氨酯泡沫或聚氨酯泡沫覆盖物、水胶体、水凝胶或氢化聚合物和非织造物1之间存在松散的、易松开的粘附性结合。
11.权利要求9的多层绷带，其中在所述藻酸盐、胶原海绵、聚氨酯泡沫或聚氨酯泡沫覆盖物、水胶体、水凝胶或氢化聚合物和非织造物1之间不存在粘附性结合。
12.权利要求9-11之一的多层绷带，其中在所述藻酸盐、胶原海绵、聚氨酯泡沫或聚氨酯泡沫覆盖物、水胶体、水凝胶或氢化聚合物和膜3之间(i)不存在粘附性结合，(ii)存在松散的、易于松开的粘附性结合或(iii)存在牢固的、不松开粘附性结合。
13.上述权利要求之一的多层绷带，其中非织造物1具有生物可降解和/或可再吸收的纤维结构，该纤维结构可由纺丝物料抽丝所得，该纺丝物料含一种或多种部分或完全水解缩合的硅化合物，该硅化合物是由通式为SiX4的单体通过水解缩合而衍生，在SiX4中X基是相同的或不同的，并意指羟基、氢、卤素、氨基、烷氧基(Alkoxy)、烷基氧(Alkyloxy)、烷基羰基或烷氧基羰基，或由烷基衍生并可通过氧原子或硫原子或通过氨基中断。
14.权利要求13的多层绷带，其中，所述X基是相同的并为乙基。
15.权利要求13或14的多层绷带，其中，所述水解缩合在存在一种或多种氨基酸和/或一种或多种肽和/或一种或多种DNA分子或DNA片段的条件下进行。
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