CN101163852A - 用于现场方法的低温屏障 - Google Patents
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/30—Specific pattern of wells, e.g. optimizing the spacing of wells
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
- C10L3/06—Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by C10G, C10K3/02 or C10K3/04
- C10L3/08—Production of synthetic natural gas
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B36/00—Heating, cooling, insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
- E21B36/04—Heating, cooling, insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones using electrical heaters
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/17—Interconnecting two or more wells by fracturing or otherwise attacking the formation
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
- E21B43/2401—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection by means of electricity
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2214/00—Aspects relating to resistive heating, induction heating and heating using microwaves, covered by groups H05B3/00, H05B6/00
- H05B2214/03—Heating of hydrocarbons
Abstract
本发明提供用于围绕地下处理区的至少一部分形成冷冻屏障的系统,其包括:多个冷冻井(114),其中定位在地面中的至少一个冷冻井包括碳钢井罐(116);传热流体;和被配置成将传热流体供应给冷冻井的制冷系统。制冷系统被配置成将传热流体冷却到一个温度,该温度允许提供给第一冷冻井的传热流体在-35℃到-55℃的范围内。本发明也提供形成和保持低温区的方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明总体涉及用于围绕地下处理区的至少一部分提供屏障的方法和系统。所述处理区可以用于生产烃、氢和/或其他产品。实施例涉及围绕处理区的至少一部分形成低温屏障。
背景技术
现场方法可以用于处理地下地层。在一些现场方法期间,流体可以在地层中引入或生成。引入或生成流体可能需要包含在处理区中以最小化或消除现场方法对相邻区域的影响。在一些现场方法期间,屏障可以围绕处理区的全部或一部分形成以禁止流体迁移进出处理区。
低温区可以用于隔绝地下地层的选定区域以用作多种用途。在一些系统中,地面被冷冻以禁止流体在土壤修复期间从处理区迁移。美国专利Krieg等人的No.4,860,544,Krieg等人的4,974,425;Dash等人的5,507,149,Briley等人的6,796,139;和Vinegar等人的6,854,929描述了用于冷冻地面的系统。
为了形成低温屏障,可以在地层中在将要形成屏障的地方形成间隔井眼。管道可以放置在井眼中。低温传热流体可以通过管道循环以减小井眼附近的温度。围绕井眼的低温区可以向外扩张。由两个相邻井眼产生的低温区最终合并。低温区的温度可以足够低以冷冻地层流体使得形成基本上不可渗透的屏障。井眼间距可以从大约1m到3m或以上。
井眼间距可以取决于许多因素,包括地层组成和性质、地层流体和性质、形成屏障可用的时间和低温传热流体的温度和性质。一般而言,低温传热流体的很冷的温度允许较大的间距和/或更快地形成屏障。很冷温度可以是-20℃或以下。
产生很冷温度的传热流体会有问题。另外,使用很冷温度的传热流体会需要在井眼中使用特殊的高成本材料以适应低温。所以,希望具有一种系统,其可以使用合理的井间距产生低温屏障而不需要很冷温度和使用特殊的高成本材料来形成冷冻井。
发明内容
在此描述的实施例总体涉及围绕地下处理区的至少一部分提供屏障的系统和方法。
在一些实施例中,本发明提供一种用于围绕地下处理区的至少一部分形成冷冻屏障的系统,其包括:多个冷冻井,其中定位在地面中的至少一个冷冻井包括碳钢井罐;传热流体;和被配置成将传热流体供应给冷冻井的制冷系统,其中制冷系统被配置成将传热流体冷却到一个温度,该温度允许提供给第一冷冻井的传热流体在-35℃到-55℃的范围内。
本发明也提供形成和保持所述发明的低温区的方法。
在进一步的实施例中,来自特定实施例的特征可以与来自其他实施例的特征组合。例如,来自一个实施例的特征可以与来自任一其他实施例的特征组合。
在进一步的实施例中,使用在此描述的任一方法或系统执行地下地层处理。
在进一步的实施例中,附加特征可以加入到在此描述的特定实施例中。
附图说明
得益于以下具体描述和参考附图,本发明的优点对于本领域的技术人员来说是显而易见的,其中:
图1显示了用于处理含烃地层的现场转化系统的一部分的实施例的示意图。
图2描绘了用于循环流体制冷系统的冷冻井的实施例,其中冷冻井的剖视图表示在地表之下。
图3描绘了用于围绕处理区形成低温区的制冷系统的实施例的示意图。
图4描绘了包括热拦截井的井布局的示意图。
尽管本发明容易有各种修改和备选形式,但是其特定实施例在附图中作为例子被显示并且可以在此详细地进行描述。附图可以不按比例。然而应当理解,附图及其具体描述并非想要将本发明限制到所公开的特殊形式,相反,本发明将涵盖属于附属权利要求所限定的本发明的精神和范围内的所有修改、等效物和备选物。
具体实施方式
以下描述总体涉及用于处理地层中的烃的系统和方法。地层可以使用现场转化方法进行处理以生产烃产品、氢和其他产品。冷冻井可以用于围绕正经受现场转化方法的地层的全部或一部分形成屏障。
“烃”通常被定义为主要由碳和氢原子形成的分子。烃也可以包括其他元素,例如但不限于卤素、金属元素、氮、氧和/或硫。氢可以是,但不限于油母质、沥青、焦沥青、油、天然矿蜡和沥青岩。烃可以位于地球中的矿物基岩中或附近。基岩可以包括但不限于沉积岩、沙、沉积石英岩、碳酸盐、硅藻土和其他多孔介质。“烃流体”是包括烃的流体。烃流体可以包括、夹带或夹带在非烃流体中,例如氢、氮、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、硫化氢、水和氨。
“地层”包括一个或多个含烃层、一个或多个非烃层和覆岩层和/或下伏岩层。“覆岩层”和/或“下伏岩层”包括一个或多个不同类型的不可渗透材料。例如,覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可以包括岩石、页岩、泥岩或湿/紧密碳酸盐。在现场转化方法的一些实施例中,覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可以包括相对不可渗透并且在现场转化处理期间不受温度影响的一个或多个含烃层,所述现场转化处理导致覆岩层和/或下伏岩层的含烃层的显著特性变化。例如,下伏岩层可以包含页岩或泥岩,但是在现场转化方法期间不允许下伏岩层加热到热解温度。在一些情况下,覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可以是略微可渗透的。
“地层流体”指的是存在于地层中的流体并且可以包括热解流体、合成气体、流动烃和水(蒸汽)。地层流体可以包括烃流体以及非烃流体。术语“流动流体”指的是能够由于地层的热处理而流动的含烃地层中的流体。“产出流体”指的是从地层取出的地层流体。
“热源”是用于基本上通过传导和/或辐射传热将热量提供给地层的至少一部分的任何系统。例如,热源可以包括电加热器,例如绝缘导体、细长元件和/或布置在导管中的导体。热源也可以包括通过在地层外部或之中燃烧燃料生成热量的系统。所述系统可以是表面燃烧器、井下气体燃烧器、无焰分布式燃烧室和自然分布式燃烧室。在一些实施例中,提供给一个或多个热源或在其中生成的热量可以由其他能量源供应。其他能量源可以直接加热地层,或者能量可以施加到直接或间接加热地层的传递介质。应当理解的是将热量施加到地层的一个或多个热源可以使用不同的能量源。因而,例如,对于给定地层一些热源可以从电阻加热器供应热量,一些热源可以从燃烧提供热量,而一些热源可以从一个或多个其他能量源(例如,化学反应、太阳能、风能、生物能或其他可再生能量源)提供热量。化学反应可以包括放热反应(例如,氧化反应)。热源也可以包括加热器,该加热器将热量提供给接近和/或围绕加热位置例如加热井的区域。
“加热器”是用于在井中或在井眼区附近生成热量的任何系统或热源。加热器可以是但不限于电加热器、燃烧器、与地层中或从地层产生的材料反应的燃烧室和/或它们的组合。
“现场转化方法”指的是从热源加热含烃地层以将地层的至少一部分的温度升高到热解温度以上使得在地层中产生热解流体的方法。
术语“井眼”指的是通过钻孔或将导管插入到地层中在地层中制造的孔。井眼可以具有基本圆形的横截面,或者另一种横截面形状。当在此使用时,术语“井”和“开口”当指的是地层中的开口时可以与术语“井眼”互换使用。
“热解”是由于施加热量而使化学键断裂。例如,热解可以包括仅仅通过热量将化合物转化成一个或多个其他物质。热量可以传递到地层的一部分以导致热解。在一些地层中,地层的部分和/或地层中的其他材料可以通过催化作用促进热解。
“热传导率”是材料的一种性质,其描述在稳定状态下,对于材料的两个表面之间的给定温差,热量在所述两个表面之间流动的速率。
地层中的烃或其他所需产品可以使用各种现场方法进行生产。可以用于生产烃或所需产品的一些现场方法是现场转化法、蒸汽驱法、火驱法、蒸汽辅助重力泄油和溶液采矿。在一些现场方法中,可能需要或要求屏障。屏障可以禁止流体(例如地层水)进入处理区。屏障也可以禁止流体非需要地从处理区离开。禁止流体从处理区非需要地离开可以最小化或消除现场方法对处理区附近的区域的影响。
图1描绘了用于处理含烃地层的现场转化系统100的一部分的实施例的示意图。现场转化系统100可以包括屏障井102。屏障井102用于围绕处理区形成屏障。屏障禁止流体流入和/或流出处理区。屏障井包括但不限于脱水井、真空井、俘获井、注入井、灌浆井、冷冻井或它们的组合。在图1所示的实施例中,屏障井102被显示成仅仅沿着热源104的一侧延伸,但是屏障井通常环绕用于或将用于加热地层的处理区的所有热源104。
热源104放置在地层的至少一部分中。热源104可以包括加热器,例如绝缘导体、导管内导体加热器、表面燃烧器、无焰分布式燃烧室和/或自然分布式燃烧室。热源104也可以包括其他类型的加热器。热源104将热量提供给地层的至少一部分以加热地层中的烃。能量可以通过供给线106供应给热源104。取决于用于加热地层的一个热源或多个热源的类型,供给线106可以在结构上不同。用于热源的供给线106可以传输用于电加热器的电力,可以运输用于燃烧室的燃料,或者可以运输在地层中循环的热交换流体。
生产井108用于从地层取出地层流体。在一些实施例中,生产井108可以包括一个或多个热源。生产井中的热源可以加热在生产井处或附近的地层的一个或多个部分。生产井中的热源可以禁止正从地层取出的地层流体冷凝和回流。
从生产井108生产的地层流体可以通过收集管道110运输到处理设施112。地层流体也可以从热源104被生产。例如,流体可以从热源104生产以控制热源附近的地层中的压力。从热源104生产的流体可以通过管路或管道运输到收集管道110或者产出流体可以通过管路或管道直接运输到处理设施112。处理设施112可以包括分离单元、反应单元、提炼单元、燃料电池、涡轮、贮存容器和/或用于处理产出地层流体的其他系统和单元。处理设施可以由从地层生产的烃的至少一部分形成运输燃料。
在地层中形成的一些井眼可以用于促进围绕处理区形成周边屏障。周边屏障可以是但不限于由冷冻井、脱水井形成的低温或冷冻屏障、形成于地层中的泥浆壁、硫水泥屏障、由地层中产生的胶体形成的屏障,由地层中的盐沉淀形成的屏障、由地层中的聚合反应形成的屏障和/或打入地层中的薄板。在安装屏障之前、同时或之后,热源、生产井、注入井、脱水井和/或监视井可以安装在由屏障限定的处理区中。
围绕处理区的至少一部分的低温区可以由冷冻井形成。在一个实施例中,制冷剂通过冷冻井循环以围绕每个冷冻井形成低温区。冷冻井放置在地层中使得低温区重叠并且围绕处理区形成低温区。由冷冻井建立的低温区保持在地层中的水状流体的冷冻温度以下。进入低温区的水状流体冷冻并且形成冷冻屏障。在其他实施例中,冷冻屏障由分批操作的冷冻井形成。冷流体(例如液氮)被引入到冷冻井中以围绕冷冻井形成低温区。流体根据需要进行补充。
在一些实施例中,两排或以上的冷冻井围绕处理区的周边的全部或一部分定位以形成厚的互连低温区。厚的低温区可以在地层中水状流体有高流速的地层区域附近形成。厚屏障可以保证由冷冻井建立的冷冻屏障不会发生穿透。
竖直定位的冷冻井和/或水平定位的冷冻井可以围绕处理区的侧面定位。如果地层的上层(覆岩层)或下层(下伏岩层)有可能允许流体流入处理区或流出处理区,则水平定位的冷冻井可以用于形成处理区的上和/或下屏障。在一些实施例中,如果上层和/或下层至少是基本不可渗透的,则上屏障和/或下屏障可以不是必需的。如果形成上冷冻屏障,则穿过由形成上冷冻屏障井的冷冻井所创造的低温区的热源、生产井、注入井和/或脱水井的部分可以被绝热和/或热跟踪使得低温区不会不利地影响穿过低温区的热源、生产井、注入井和/或脱水井的功能。
相邻冷冻井之间的间距可以取决于许多不同因素。所述因素可以包括,但不限于地层材料的物理性质、制冷系统的类型、制冷剂的冷和热性质、材料进出处理区的流速、形成低温区的时间和经济考虑。固结或部分固结的地层材料可以允许冷冻井之间的大的分离距离。固结或部分固结的地层材料中的冷冻井之间的分离距离可以从大约3m到大约20m、大约4m到大约15m或大约5m到大约10m。在一个实施例中,相邻冷冻井之间的间距为大约5m。非固结或基本非固结的地层材料(例如沥青砂)中的冷冻井之间的间距可能需要小于固结的地层材料中的间距。非固结材料中冷冻井之间的分离距离可以从大约1m到大约5m。
冷冻井可以放置在地层中使得一个冷冻井相对于相邻的冷冻井具有最小的取向偏差。过大的偏差可以造成相邻冷冻井之间的大的分离距离,这可能会不允许在相邻冷冻井之间形成互连低温区。影响冷冻井插入到地面中的方式的因素包括但不限于冷冻井插入时间、冷冻井将要插入的深度、地层性质、所需井取向和经济性。
冷冻井的相对低深度的井眼可以被撞击和/或振动插入到一些地层中。在一些类型的地层中,冷冻井的井眼可以被撞击和/或振动插入到地层中达到大约1m到大约100m的深度而不会有冷冻井相对于相邻冷冻井出现过大的取向偏差。
深放在地层中的冷冻井的井眼或放置在带有难以通过使井撞击或振动通过其中的层的地层中的冷冻井的井眼可以通过定向钻孔和/或地质导向放置在地层中。在第一井眼中产生的声信号、电信号、磁信号和/或其他信号可以用于引导相邻井眼的钻孔使得保持相邻井之间的所需间距。井眼之间的间距的严格控制是使完成屏障形成的时间最小化的重要因素。
当形成冷冻井的井眼之后,井眼可以在将要降低温度以形成冷冻屏障的一部分的地层部分附近用水反冲洗。所述水可以移置保留在井眼中的钻孔流体。所述水可以移置地层附近的空腔中的原有气体。在一些实施例中,井眼填充有来自导管的水直到覆岩层的水平。在一些实施例中,井眼分成多个部分用水反冲洗。井眼可以分成具有大约6m、10m、14m、17m或更大长度的多个部分进行处理。井眼中水的压力保持在地层的破裂压力以下。在一些实施例中,从井眼去除所述水或所述水的一部分,并且将冷冻井放置在地层中。
图2描绘了冷冻井114的实施例。冷冻井114可以包括井罐116、入口导管118、垫片120和井盖122。垫片120可以将入口导管118定位在井罐116中使得在井罐和导管之间形成环形空隙。垫片120可以促进制冷剂在入口导管118和井罐116之间的环形空隙中的湍流,但是垫片也可以导致显著的压降。可以通过粗糙化井罐116的内表面、通过粗糙化入口导管118的外表面和/或通过具有小横截面积的环形空隙(其允许环形空隙中的高制冷剂速度)促进环形空隙中的流体湍流。在一些实施例中,不使用垫片。井头123可以将井罐116悬吊在井眼125中。
地层制冷剂可以通过冷侧导管124从制冷单元流到冷冻井114的入口导管118。地层制冷剂可以通过入口导管118和井罐116之间的环形空隙流到暖侧导管126。热量可以从地层传递到井罐116和从井罐传递到环形空隙中的地层制冷剂。入口导管118可以被绝热以在地层制冷剂进入冷冻井114期间禁止热量传递到地层制冷剂。在一个实施例中,入口导管118是高密度聚乙烯管。在冷温下,一些聚合物可以表现出大的热收缩。例如,初始长度为260m的聚乙烯导管受到大约-25℃的温度时可以收缩6m或以上。如果使用高密度聚乙烯导管或其他聚合物导管,在确定冷冻井的最终深度时必须考虑材料的大的热收缩。例如,冷冻井可以钻得比需要的更深,并且可以允许导管在使用期间向后收缩。在一些实施例中,入口导管118是绝热金属管。在一些实施例中,绝热体可以是聚合物涂层,例如但不限于聚氯乙烯、高密度聚乙烯和/或聚苯乙烯。
冷冻井114可以使用盘管钻机引入到地层中。在一个实施例中,井罐116和入口导管118缠绕在单卷轴上。盘管钻机将井罐和入口导管118引入到地层中。在一个实施例中,井罐116缠绕在第一卷轴上并且入口导管118缠绕在第二卷轴上。盘管钻机将井罐116引入到地层中。然后,盘管钻机用于将入口导管118引入到井罐中。在其他实施例中,冷冻井在井眼位置分成多个部分被组装并且被引入到地层中。
冷冻井114的绝热部分可以放置在覆岩层128附近。冷冻井114的未绝热部分可以放置在将形成低温区的一个或多个层130附近。在一些实施例中,冷冻井的未绝热部分可以被定位成仅仅靠近地层的蓄水层或允许流体流入或流出处理区的其他可渗透部分。冷冻井的未绝热部分将放置在其中的地层的部分可以使用岩心分析和/或测井技术进行确定。
各种类型的制冷系统可以用于形成低温区。合适的制冷系统的确定可以基于许多因素,包括但不限于:冷冻井的类型;相邻冷冻井之间的距离;制冷剂;形成低温区的时帧;低温区的深度;制冷剂将承受的温差;制冷剂的化学和物理性质;关于潜在的制冷剂释放、泄漏或溢出的环境影响;经济性;地层中的地层水流;地层水的组成和性质,包括地层水的盐度;和地层的各种性质,例如热传导率,热扩散率,和热容量。
循环流体制冷系统可以利用通过冷冻井循环的流体制冷剂(地层制冷剂)。地层制冷剂的一些所需性质是:低工作温度、在工作温度和附近的低粘度、高密度、高比热容量、高热传导率、低成本、低腐蚀性和低毒性。地层制冷剂的低工作温度允许围绕冷冻井建立大的低温区。地层制冷剂的低工作温度应当为大约-20℃或以下。具有至少-60℃的低工作温度的地层制冷剂可以包括氨水、甲酸钾溶液,例如DynaleneHC-50(Dynalene传热流体(Whitehall,宾夕法尼亚州,美国))或FREEZIUM(Kemira Chemicals(赫尔辛基,芬兰));硅树脂传热流体例如Syltherm XLT(道康宁公司(Midland,密歇根州,美国));烃制冷剂,例如丙烯;和含氯氟烃,例如R-22。氨水是氨和水的溶液,其中氨的重量百分比在大约20%到大约40%之间。氨水具有使氨水理想地用作地层制冷剂的几个性质和特性。这样的性质和特性包括但不限于很低的冰点、低粘度、随时提供和低成本。
能够冷却到水状地层流体的冷冻温度以下的地层制冷剂可以用于围绕处理区形成低温区。以下方程(Sanger方程)可以用于建模围绕具有表面温度Ts的冷冻井形成半径R的冷冻屏障所需的时间t1:
其中:
在这些方程中,kf是冷冻材料的热传导率;cvf和cvu分别是冷冻和未冷冻材料的体积热容量;ro是冷冻井的半径;vs是冷冻井表面温度Ts和水的冰点To之间的温差;vo是环境地面温度Tg和水的冰点To之间的温差;L是冷冻地层的体积潜热;R是在冰冻-未冰冻界面的半径;RA是在没有来自制冷管的影响的地方的半径。由于Sanger方程并不考虑来自其他冷冻井的冷却的叠加,因此所述方程可以提供形成半径为R的冷冻屏障所需的时间的保守估计。地层制冷剂的温度是可以显著影响冷冻井之间的间距的可调节变量。
方程1表明可以通过使用具有很低初始温度的制冷剂形成大低温区。使用具有大约-30℃或以下的初始冷温度的地层制冷剂是理想的。也可以使用具有高于大约-30℃的初始温度的地层制冷剂,但是这样的地层制冷剂需要单个冷冻井所产生的低温区用更长的时间连接。另外,这样的地层制冷剂可能需要使用更接近的冷冻井间距和/或更多的冷冻井。
用于构造冷冻井的材料的物理性质可以是确定用于围绕处理区形成低温区的地层制冷剂的最冷温度的一个因素。碳钢可以用作冷冻井的构造材料。ASTM A333 6号钢合金和ASTM A333 3号钢合金可以用于低温应用。ASTM A333 6号钢合金通常包含少量镍或没有镍并且具有大约-50℃的低工作温度极限。ASTM A333 3号钢合金典型地包含镍并且具有冷得多的低工作温度极限。ASTM A333 3号合金中的镍在冷温度下增加延展性,但是也显著提高了金属的成本。在一些实施例中,制冷剂的最低温度为从大约-35℃到大约-55℃,从大约-38℃到大约-47℃,或从大约-40℃到大约-45℃,从而允许使用ASTM A333 6号钢合金来构造冷冻井的井罐。不锈钢(例如304号不锈钢)可以用于形成冷冻井,但是不锈钢的成本通常远远大于ASTM A333 6号钢合金的成本。
在一些实施例中,用于形成冷冻井的井罐的金属可以作为管提供。在一些实施例中,用于形成冷冻井的井罐的金属可以以薄板的形式被提供。金属薄板可以纵向焊接以形成管和/或盘管。由金属薄板形成井罐可以通过允许盘管绝热和通过减小使用管形成和安装井罐所需的设备和人力来改善系统的经济成本。
制冷单元可以用于将地层制冷剂的温度减小到低工作温度。在一些实施例中,制冷单元可以利用氨蒸发循环。制冷单元可从Cool ManInc.(密尔沃基,威斯康星州,美国)、Gartner Refrigeration&Manufacturing(明尼阿波利斯,明尼苏达州,美国)和其他供应商获得。在一些实施例中,可以使用第一级为氨、第二级为二氧化碳的级联制冷系统。通过冷冻井的循环制冷剂可以是以重量计30%的氨溶于水(氨水)。备选地,可以使用单级二氧化碳制冷系统。
图3描绘了用于冷却地层制冷剂的制冷系统132的实施例,所述地层制冷剂围绕处理区134形成低温区。制冷系统132可以包括以级联关系布置的高级制冷系统和低级制冷系统。高级制冷系统和低级制冷系统可以利用传统的蒸发压缩制冷循环。
高级制冷系统包括压缩机136、冷凝器138、膨胀阀140和热交换器142。在一些实施例中,高级制冷系统使用氨作为制冷剂。低级制冷系统包括压缩机144、热交换器142、膨胀阀146和热交换器148。在一些实施例中,低级制冷系统使用二氧化碳作为制冷剂。来自高级膨胀阀140的高级制冷剂在热交换器142中冷却离开低级压缩机144的低级制冷剂。
离开低级膨胀阀146的低级制冷剂用于冷却热交换器148中的地层制冷剂。地层制冷剂从热交换器148传到贮存容器150。泵152将地层制冷剂从贮存容器150运输到地层154中的冷冻井114。操作制冷系统132使得来自泵152的地层制冷剂处于所需温度。所需温度可以在大约-35℃到大约-55℃的范围内。
地层制冷剂从冷冻井114传到贮存容器156。泵158用于将地层制冷剂从贮存容器156运输到热交换器148。在一些实施例中,贮存容器150和贮存容器156是单井罐,其具有用于从冷冻井返回的地层制冷剂的暖侧和用于来自热交换器147的地层制冷剂的冷侧。
泥浆可以与冷冻井组合使用以为现场转化方法提供屏障。泥浆填充地层中的空腔(孔洞)并且减小地层的渗透率。泥浆可以比填充地层中的空腔的气体和/或地层流体具有更好的热传导率。将泥浆放置在空腔中可以允许更快地形成低温区。泥浆在地层中形成可以增强地层的永久屏障。泥浆用在非固结或基本非固结的地层材料中可以允许比没有使用泥浆具有更大的井间距。泥浆和冷冻井形成的低温区的组合可以构成用于环境调节目的的双重屏障。
泥浆可以通过冷冻井井眼引入到地层中。可以允许泥浆固化。可见检验泥浆壁的完整性。可以通过测井技术和/或通过流体静力学实验检验泥浆壁的完整性。如果含泥浆部分的渗透率太高,可以通过冷冻井井眼将额外的泥浆引入到地层中。当含泥浆部分的渗透率充分减小之后,冷冻井可以安装在冷冻井井眼中。
泥浆可以在较高但是低于地层的断裂压力的压力下注入地层中。在一些实施例中,在冷冻井眼中以16m的增量进行灌浆。如果需要的话可以使用更大或更小的增量。在一些实施例中,泥浆仅仅应用于地层的某些部分。例如,泥浆可以通过仅仅靠近蓄水层区域和/或渗透率较高区域(例如,渗透率大于大约0.1达西的区域)的冷冻井眼应用于地层。将泥浆应用于蓄水层可以在建立的低温区解冻时禁止水从一个蓄水层迁移到不同蓄水层。
用在地层中的泥浆可以是任何类型的泥浆,包括但不限于细水泥、超细水泥、硫、硫水泥、粘性热塑料或它们的组合。细水泥可以是ASTM3型波特兰水泥。细水泥要比超细水泥便宜。在一个实施例中,冷冻井眼形成于地层中。冷冻井眼的选定部分使用细水泥进行灌浆。然后,通过冷冻井眼将超细水泥注入到地层中。细水泥可以将渗透率减小到大约10毫达西。超细水泥可以将渗透率进一步减小到大约0.1毫达西。当泥浆被引入到地层中之后,冷冻井眼井罐可以被插入到地层中。可以对将用于形成屏障的每个冷冻井重复所述方法。
在一些实施例中,每隔一个冷冻井眼引入细水泥。超细水泥被引入到剩余井眼中。例如,泥浆可以用在冷冻井眼设置成间隔大约5m的地层中。钻出第一井眼并且通过所述井眼将细水泥引入到地层中。将冷冻井井罐定位在第一井眼中。离第一井眼10m远钻出第二井眼。通过第二井眼将细水泥引入到地层中。将冷冻井井罐定位在第二井眼中。在第一井眼和第二井眼之间钻出第三井眼。在一些实施例中,来自第一和/或第二井眼的泥浆可以在第三井眼的钻屑中被检测到。通过第三井眼将超细水泥引入到地层中。将冷冻井眼井罐定位在第三井眼中。使用相同程序形成将围绕处理区形成屏障的剩余冷冻井。
在一些实施例中,加热地层中的烃的加热器可以靠近冷冻井所建立的低温区。在一些实施例中,加热器可以离冷冻井所建立的低温区的边缘20m、10m、5m或以下。在一些实施例中,热拦截井可以定位在低温区和加热器之间以减小从地层的加热部分施加到低温区的热负荷。图4描绘了用于现场转化系统实施例的一部分的热源104、生产井108、热拦截井160和冷冻井114的井布局设计的示意图。热拦截井160定位在热源104和冷冻井114之间。
一些热拦截井可以形成于地层中,目的是专门减小施加到冷冻井所建立的低温区的热负荷。一些热拦截井可以是加热井眼、监视井眼、生产井眼、脱水井眼或被转化成用作热拦截井的其他类型的井眼。
在一些实施例中,热拦截井可以充当热管以减小施加到低温区的热负荷。液态传热流体可以放置在热拦截井眼中。所述液体可以包括但不限于水、乙醇和/或烷烃。从加热器供应给地层的热量可以前进到热拦截井眼并且蒸发热拦截井眼中的液态传热流体。产生的蒸汽可以在井眼中上升。在邻近覆岩层的地层的加热部分之上,蒸汽可以冷凝并且通过重力流回到邻近地层的加热部分的区域。通过改变液态传热流体的相态所吸收的热量减小了施加到低温区的热负荷。使用热拦截井充当热管对于带有厚覆岩层的地层来说会是有利的,当传热流体将相态从蒸汽改变为液体时所述厚覆岩层能够吸收施加的热量。井眼可以包括充填以增加邻近覆岩层的一部分的表面积的吸液材料或促进地层和传热流体的热传入或传出的其他材料。
在一些实施例中,传热流体在闭环系统中通过热拦截井眼循环。当传热流体离开热拦截井眼之后热交换器降低传热流体的温度。冷却的传热流体泵送通过热拦截井眼。在一些实施例中,传热流体在使用期间可以不经历相态变化。在一些实施例中,传热流体可以在使用期间改变相态。传热流体可以但不限于水、乙醇和/或乙二醇。
本领域的技术人员根据该描述可以显而易见本发明的各个方面的进一步修改和备选实施例。因此,该描述应当被理解成仅仅是示例性的并且目的是为了教导本领域的技术人员实现本发明的一般方式。应当理解的是在此显示和描述的本发明的形式应当被视为当前优选的实施例。元件和材料可以代替在此显示和描述的那些,部分和方法可以颠倒,并且本发明的某些特征可以独立地被使用,得益于本发明的该描述之后所有这些对于本领域的技术人员来说是显而易见的。可以对在此描述的元件进行变化而不脱离如以下权利要求中所描述的本发明的精神和范围。另外,应当理解的是在此描述的特征在某些实施例中可以独立地被组合。
Claims (20)
1.一种用于围绕地下处理区的至少一部分形成低温区的系统,其包括:
多个冷冻井,其中定位在地面中的至少一个冷冻井包括碳钢井罐;
传热流体;和
被配置成将传热流体供应给冷冻井的制冷系统,其中制冷系统被配置成将传热流体冷却到一个温度,该温度允许提供给第一冷冻井的传热流体在-35℃到-55℃的范围内。
2.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中传热流体包括氨水。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的系统,其中带有碳钢井罐的冷冻井包括聚合物入口导管。
4.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的系统,其中通过冷冻井井罐放置在其中的至少一个井眼将泥浆放置在地层中。
5.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的系统,进一步包括放置在冷冻井和地下处理区中的加热井之间的至少一个热拦截井。
6.一种形成和保持如权利要求1-5中任一项所述的低温区的方法,其包括:
用制冷系统降低传热流体的温度;
通过冷冻井井罐循环传热流体;和
将传热流体返回到制冷系统。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中至少一个冷冻井井罐纵向焊接。
8.如权利要求6或7所述的方法,进一步包括在用制冷系统降低温度之前和/或之后将传热流体的至少一部分贮存在贮存罐中。
9.如权利要求6-8中任一项所述的方法,其中制冷系统包括级联制冷系统。
10.如权利要求6-9中任一项所述的方法,其中供应给第一碳钢冷冻井井罐的传热流体的初始温度在-38℃到-50℃的范围内。
11.如权利要求6-9中任一项所述的方法,其中供应给第一碳钢冷冻井井罐的传热流体的初始温度在-40℃到-45℃的范围内。
12.如权利要求6-11中任一项所述的方法,进一步包括通过将热拦截井放置在处理区中的热源和冷冻井井罐之间减少施加到低温区的热量。
13.如权利要求6-12中任一项所述的方法,进一步包括加热地下处理区的至少一部分。
14.如权利要求6-13中任一项所述的方法,进一步包括从地下处理区产生包括烃的组合物。
15.如权利要求14所述的方法,进一步包括处理所述组合物的至少一部分以制造运输燃料。
16.一种围绕地下处理区的至少一部分建立屏障的方法,其包括:
通过井眼将泥浆引入到地层中以减小井眼附近的地层的渗透率;
将冷冻井放置在井眼中的两个或以上中;和
通过经由冷冻井循环传热流体形成低温屏障。
17.如权利要求16所述的方法,进一步包括在将冷冻井放置在井眼中之前检验渗透率减小的充分性。
18.一种组合物,其包括产自地下地层的烃,所述地下地层包括如权利要求1-5中任一项所述的系统或者包括使用如权利要求6-17中任一项所述的方法形成的低温区或屏障。
19.一种运输燃料,其包括由如权利要求18所述的组合物制造的烃。
20.一种用于围绕地下处理区的至少一部分形成低温区的系统,其包括:
多个冷冻井,其中定位在地面中的至少一个冷冻井包括碳钢井罐;
传热流体;和
被配置成将传热流体供应给冷冻井的制冷系统,其中制冷系统被配置成冷却传热流体。
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CN200680013093.5A Expired - Fee Related CN101300401B (zh) | 2005-04-22 | 2006-04-21 | 用于通过现场转化工艺生产流体的方法及系统 |
CN200680013090.1A Expired - Fee Related CN101163854B (zh) | 2005-04-22 | 2006-04-21 | 利用非铁磁导体的温度限制加热器 |
CN200680013322.3A Expired - Fee Related CN101163853B (zh) | 2005-04-22 | 2006-04-21 | 以三相y字构造结合的用于地下岩层加热的绝缘导体限温加热器 |
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CN200680013123.2A Expired - Fee Related CN101163860B (zh) | 2005-04-22 | 2006-04-21 | 用于地下屏障的低温监视系统 |
CN200680013122.8A Expired - Fee Related CN101163852B (zh) | 2005-04-22 | 2006-04-21 | 用于现场方法的低温屏障 |
CN200680013121.3A Expired - Fee Related CN101163858B (zh) | 2005-04-22 | 2006-04-21 | 从地下地层生产碳氢化合物的现场转换系统及相关方法 |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102177309A (zh) * | 2008-08-22 | 2011-09-07 | 德士古发展公司 | 使用来自油和气生产的产出流体的热产生能量 |
CN103628856A (zh) * | 2013-12-11 | 2014-03-12 | 中国地质大学(北京) | 一种高产水煤层气区块的阻水产气布井方法 |
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