CN101180010B - 快速展开假体心脏瓣膜 - Google Patents
快速展开假体心脏瓣膜 Download PDFInfo
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2412—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with soft flexible valve members, e.g. tissue valves shaped like natural valves
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Abstract
提供了一种两段式或基于组件的瓣膜假体,其可以在外科手术期间快速容易地被移植。该假体瓣膜包括一个在治疗部位被展开的支撑结构。该假体瓣膜还包括一个瓣膜部件,被构型成快速连接到该支撑结构。该支撑结构可以采取支架的形式,其在天然瓣膜的部位展开。如果希望的话,可以保留天然叶瓣,并且支架可以被用于保持天然瓣膜张开。在这种情况下,支架可以为可由气囊膨胀的,并且被构型成抵抗天然叶瓣的强大反冲力。支撑结构设有用于连接到瓣膜部件的连接元件,从而将瓣膜部件固定在体内的位置。瓣膜部件可以为不可张开类型的,或者可以从被压缩的状态膨胀到张开的状态。该系统尤其适合于在常规的心内直视外科手术环境中快速地展开心脏瓣膜。
Description
相关的申请
本发明要求享有于2005年5月24日提交的标题为“用于植入身体通道内的假体瓣膜”的临时申请No.60/684,443的优先权。
技术领域
本发明通常涉及用于植入身体通道内的假体瓣膜。更具体地,本发明涉及假体心脏瓣膜,被构型成在比当前的瓣膜更短的时间内通过外科手术移植。
背景技术
由于主动脉缩窄和其它的心脏瓣膜疾病,每年有数千名患者要经受外科手术,其中,有缺陷的天然心脏瓣膜被假体瓣膜替换,或者是生物修复的或者是机械的。当瓣膜被替换时,外科手术移植假体瓣膜典型地需要心内直视手术,期间心脏停止跳动并且患者被置于心肺旁路上(一种所谓的“心肺机”)。在一种常见的外科手术中,患病的天然瓣膜叶瓣被切除,并且假体瓣膜被缝合到瓣体环处的周围组织。由于与手术有关的损伤以及附带的体外血液循环的持续时间,一些患者不能幸免于外科手术,或者之后很快就死亡了。众所周知,随着体外循环所需的时间增加而使患者的风险增加。由于这些风险的存在,实际上有许多具有缺陷瓣膜的患者被认为是不适合做手术的,这是因为他们的状况太脆弱而不能经得起手术。通过大概的估算,大约30-50%遭受主动脉缩窄痛苦的患者是80多岁的老人,不能手术进行主动脉瓣膜替换。
由于与常规的心内直视手术有关的缺陷,经皮的和侵入程度最低的外科手术方法获得了强烈的关注。在一种技术中,假体瓣膜被构型成借助于导管插入术在侵入程度小得多的手术中被移植。例如,Andersen等的美国专利No.5,411,552描述了一种可折叠的瓣膜,以压缩的状态通过导管经皮导入,并且通过由气囊膨胀而在想要的位置张开。尽管这些远程移植技术对于治疗某些患者已经显示了巨大的前景,但经由外科手术干预替代瓣膜仍然是优选的治疗过程。接受远程移植的一种障碍是来自医生的抵抗,其可被理解地对从即使不完美但有效的方法转变到许诺更大的成果但相对陌生的新方法表示担忧。与外科医生可被理解的对转换到心脏瓣膜替换的新方法的警告相关,全世界的协调团体的进展也很缓慢。正在进行着众多成功的临床试验以及随后的研究,但是在他们被完全接受以前,将需要更多的采用这些新技术的经验。一个依然不能被回答的问题是新的可张开瓣膜是否将具有与常规的假体心脏瓣膜相同的耐久性。
因此,需要改进的设备和相关的使用方法,其中,假体瓣膜可以以更有效的手术过程移植入身体通道,其减少了体外循环所需的时间。希望所述设备和方法能够帮助患有缺陷瓣膜的患者,其被认为是不适合做手术的,这是由于他们的状况太脆弱而不能经受得起冗长的常规外科手术。本发明提出了该需求。
发明内容
本发明的多种实施例提供了假体瓣膜和使用方法,用于替代人心脏中有缺陷的天然瓣膜。某些实施例尤其适合用于外科手术中,快速并且容易地替代心脏瓣膜,同时最小化采用体外循环(例如,旁路泵)的时间。
在一种实施例中,一种用于治疗人心脏中的天然主动脉瓣膜的方法包括:1)经胸内的开口接近天然瓣膜;2)将可张开的支撑结构前进到天然主动脉瓣膜的位置,在前进期间支撑结构被径向压缩;3)在天然主动脉瓣膜的位置径向张开支撑结构;以及4)机械地将瓣膜部件连接到张开的支撑结构,其中,瓣膜部件代替了天然主动脉瓣膜的功能。对本发明的本质和优势的进一步理解列在了下面的说明书和权利要求书中,尤其是当结合附图来考虑,其中,相同的部件采用了相同的参照数字。
在一变形例中,支撑结构为一个支架,其可以包括金属框体。在一种实施例中,至少一部分金属框体由不锈钢制成。在另一实施例中,至少一部分金属框体由形状记忆材料制成。瓣膜部件可以采用多种形式。在一优选的实施例中,瓣膜部件包括生物组织。瓣膜部件还包括一个连接部分,被构型成以快速有效的方式连接到支撑结构。在该方法的另一变形中,在假体瓣膜朝向天然主动脉瓣膜前进期间用荧光透视法观察金属框体。
在传送假体瓣膜前可以取出天然瓣膜叶瓣。供选地,天然叶瓣可以保留在原位置以减少手术时间,并提供用于将支撑结构固定在天然瓣膜内的稳定基础。在该方法的一种优势中,天然叶瓣向内反冲以将金属框体增强固定在身体通道中。当天然叶瓣保留在原位置时,气球或其它的膨胀元件可以被用于将瓣膜叶瓣推出该位置,并从而在移植支撑结构前膨胀天然瓣膜。
在另一优选的实施例中,一种用于治疗人心脏中的天然主动脉瓣膜的方法包括经胸内的开口接近天然瓣膜;将可张开的元件前进到天然主动脉瓣膜内的一个位置,天然主动脉瓣膜具有至少两个瓣膜叶瓣;通过膨胀可张开的元件而使天然主动脉瓣膜膨胀,以便把天然主动脉瓣膜的瓣膜叶瓣推到旁边;压扁可张开的元件并从天然主动脉瓣膜抽出可张开的元件;将可张开的支撑结构前进到膨胀的天然主动脉瓣膜内的一个位置,在前进期间,支撑结构被径向压缩;在膨胀的主动脉瓣膜内径向张开支撑结构,其中,张开的支撑结构将天然主动脉瓣膜保持在膨胀的状态下;以及将瓣膜部件连接到张开的支撑结构,其中,瓣膜部件代替了天然主动脉瓣膜的功能。
在另一方面,一种改进的假体瓣膜包括一个可张开的支架,其尺寸适合于移植在天然主动脉瓣膜的部位,支架具有连接元件(例如,从其第一末端延伸出的许多尖端);以及一个瓣膜部件,包括三个叶瓣,安装到基底部分上。连接元件被构型成用于连接到瓣膜部件。供选地,连接元件可以被提供到瓣膜部件上或支架和瓣膜部件上。
本发明的一种特别有用的构型是两段式假体心脏瓣膜,包括一个可张开的锚固件,其尺寸适合于接触处于张开状态的心脏瓣体环,以及一个基本上不可张开的瓣膜部件,被构型成用于连接到锚固件。希望的是,瓣膜部件包括一个围绕其流入端的基环,并且锚固件包括一个管状结构,具有适合于啮合所述基环的连接器。所述连接器可以包括插脚,其改变形状并啮合所述基环。例如,基环可以由能穿透缝线的材料制成,并且插脚被构型成刺穿所述基环,或者插脚被构型为包裹所述基环。
在一例举的实施例中,瓣膜部件包括许多独立的连接器,围绕其边缘的流入端间隔设置,并且锚固件包括一个管状结构,具有许多配对的连接器,围绕其边缘的流出端间隔设置。瓣膜部件和锚固件上的连接器通过将瓣膜部件朝向锚固件移动而相互啮合。例如,瓣膜部件或锚固件上的连接器包括插销,并且在另一个瓣膜部件或锚固件上的连接器包括托架,插销被构型成当相互对着轴向移动插销和托架时啮合并锁定到托架。此外,可以提供许多导向丝,至少一个用于锚固件上的每一个连接器,并且被瓣膜部件上的相关连接器滑动地接收。导向丝将瓣膜部件相应于锚固件而引导在正确的方位,以确保配对连接器的啮合。
希望的是,锚固件包括一个支架,具有比其流入端更宽的流出端,其中,瓣膜部件包括一个围绕其流入端的基环,安装在支架的流出端内。在一种实施例中,瓣膜部件包括一个可穿透缝线的基环,围绕着其流入端,并且锚固件包括一个管状结构,具有连接至此的可穿透缝线的固定环,其中,瓣膜部件经由在基环和固定环之间成环的缝线而连接到锚固件。
本发明的另一实施例包括一种两段式假体心脏瓣膜,具有一个可张开的锚固件,其尺寸适合于接触处于张开状态的心脏瓣体环,瓣膜部件,和适配器,其尺寸适合于围绕瓣膜部件并啮合锚固件,以连接瓣膜部件和锚固件。适配器可以为一个环形孔或圆形截面形(wireform-shaped)元件,其紧紧地环绕并与柔软的叶瓣瓣膜部件的尖瓣和连合点(commissure)一致。
不管其形状如何,希望适配器包括许多独立的连接器,并且锚固件包括一个管状结构,具有许多配对的连接器,围绕其边缘的流出端间隔设置。适配器和锚固件上的连接器被构型成通过将适配器朝向锚固件移动而相互啮合。例如,适配器或锚固件上的连接器包括插销,并且另一个适配器或锚固件上的连接器包括托架,插销被构型成相互对着轴向移动插销和托架时啮合并锁定到托架。此外,瓣膜部件优选具有一个围绕其流入端的基环,并且适配器还包括许多连接器,适合于啮合并将适配器直接连接到基环。
本发明的另一方面是一种用于改进常规的假体心脏瓣膜的系统,包括一个现成的不可张开的假体心脏瓣膜,具有缝线环,能够在心内直视手术中采用缝线经缝线环被移植。可张开的锚固件接触并锚固到处于张开状态的心脏瓣体环。连接元件将假体心脏瓣膜连接到锚固件,假体心脏瓣膜因此经由锚固件而被连接到心脏瓣体环。
在用于改进常规的假体心脏瓣膜的系统中,锚固件可以包括一管状结构,具有连接至此的可穿透缝线的固定环,其中,连接元件包括在基环和固定环之间成环的缝线。适配器的尺寸适合于围绕心脏瓣膜啮合锚固件,以连接心脏瓣膜和锚固件。适配器可以为环形的或圆形截面形的。希望的是,适配器包括许多独立的连接器,并且锚固件包括一管状结构,具有许多配对的连接器,围绕其边缘的流出端间隔设置,适配器和锚固件上的连接器被构型成通过将适配器朝向锚固件移动而相互啮合。
用于将本发明的假体心脏瓣膜移植入患者中的外科手术方法涉及提供一种两段式假体心脏瓣膜,其包括一个可张开的锚固件和一个瓣膜部件,锚固件的尺寸适合于接触处于张开状态的心脏瓣体环,并且瓣膜部件被构型成连接到锚固件。患者准备进行外科手术时,将他/她放在心肺旁路上。外科医生产生一个直接到心脏瓣体环的接近路径,其优选允许直接(即,裸眼)看到心脏瓣体环。锚固件被传送并张开以接触瓣体环,并且瓣膜部件被传送并连接到锚固件。优选地,通过心内直视手术而产生直接的接近路径。该方法可以包括由气囊膨胀的锚固件。而且,瓣膜部件可以为可张开的,并且该方法包括传送处于压缩状态的瓣膜部件,并在连接到锚固件前张开它。
在一种实施例中,瓣膜部件和锚固件被设有配对的连接器,并且传送并连接瓣膜部件到锚固件的步骤包括将瓣膜部件朝向锚固件轴向移动,以便配对的连接器啮合。在另一实施例中,锚固件包括一个支架,具有比其流入端更大的流出端,并且瓣膜部件包括一个不可张开的瓣膜部件,在其流入端上具有基环,尺寸适合于安装在支架的流出端内。锚固件可以在其流出端上设有可弯曲的连接器,并且该方法包括使所述连接器向内弯曲并啮合瓣膜部件的边缘基环。例如,弯曲工具可以被用于使连接器向内弯曲。
将本发明的两段式假体心脏瓣膜移植入患者的另一外科手术方法包括提供一种可张开的锚固件,其尺寸适合于接触处于张开状态的心脏瓣体环,传送并将锚固件连接到心脏瓣体环,提供一个不可张开的瓣膜部件,并且传送以及将瓣膜部件连接到锚固件。瓣膜部件和锚固件可以设有配对的连接器,并且传送并将瓣膜部件连接到锚固件的步骤包括朝向锚固件轴向移动瓣膜部件,以便配对的连接器啮合。希望的是,锚固件包括一个支架,具有比其流入端更大的流出端,并且其中,瓣膜部件包括位于其流入端上的基环,其尺寸适合于安装在支架的流出端内。锚固件可以在其流出端上设有可弯曲的连接器,并且该方法包括使所述连接器向内弯曲并啮合瓣膜部件的边缘基环,诸如通过采用弯曲工具。
在一例举的实施例中,瓣膜部件包括一个位于其流入端上的基环,并且该方法还包括提供一个适配器,其尺寸适合于围绕瓣膜部件并座落在所述基环上。该方法因此包括传送并连接瓣膜部件以及将适配器连接到锚固件的步骤。例如,适配器包括许多独立的连接器,并且锚固件包括一管状结构,具有许多配对的连接器,围绕其边缘的流出端间隔设置。连接适配器到锚固件的步骤包括朝向锚固件移动适配器以便在其上啮合配对的连接器。此外,适配器可以进一步具有许多连接器,适合于啮合并将适配器直接连接到基环,并且该方法包括使连接器啮合基环。
在将假体心脏瓣膜移植入患者中的更另一外科手术方法中,提供了假体心脏瓣膜和单独的可张开锚固件。假体心脏瓣膜和锚固件被安放到外径尺寸适合于膨胀心脏瓣体环的瓣膜扩张器/导出管内。瓣膜扩张器/导出管前进到心脏瓣体环,并且采用瓣膜扩张器/导出管使环膨胀。锚固件被逐出管并张开以接触心脏瓣体环。假体心脏瓣膜随后被逐出瓣膜扩张器/导出管,并连接到锚固件。
本发明的另一方法包括改进并快速地将常规的假体心脏瓣膜移植到患者内。该方法包括提供一个现成的不可张开的假体心脏瓣膜,具有缝线环,能够在心内直视手术中采用缝线经缝线环而被移植。可张开的组织锚固件的尺寸适合于接触处于张开状态的心脏瓣体环,被传送并膨胀接触心脏瓣体环。最后,假体心脏瓣膜被传送并连接到组织锚固件。
附图说明
现在将参照附图来解释本发明,并且本发明的其它优势和特征将会变得显而易见,其中:
图1的分解透视图说明了一种优选实施例的两段式假体瓣膜,其包括支架部分和瓣膜部件,其中,瓣膜部件可以快速并且容易地连接到支架部分。
图2说明了图1的瓣膜实施例在瓣膜部件连接到支架部分后的图形,其通过将支架部分卷曲到瓣膜部件的连合点上。
图3为一供选实施例的分解透视图,其中,支架设有许多尖端,被构型成卷曲到沿着瓣膜部件的基底的环上。
图4说明了图3的瓣膜实施例在瓣膜部件连接到支架部分后的图形,其通过将尖端卷曲到瓣膜部件上。
图4A为通过图4的假体心脏瓣膜一侧的截面图,沿线4A-4A获得,并显示了一种构型的尖端,其连接通过瓣膜部件的缝线环部分。
图5为一供选实施例的分解透视图,其中,带槽支柱被设置在支架上,用于连接到瓣膜部件上的突出元件。
图5A为设置在图5的支架上的带槽支柱之一的放大图。
图6和6A解释说明了另一供选实施例,类似于图5和5A,其中,支柱被构型成带有L-形槽,用于将瓣膜部件锁定到支架。
图7为经身体通道的截面图,说明了一种供选实施例的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,第一和第二支架被提供成用于将瓣膜部件锚固在身体通道内。
图8为一供选实施例的分解透视图,其中,支架具有小直径和大直径,并且其中,可张开的瓣膜部件被展开在大直径内。
图9A为另一供选实施例的两部分式假体瓣膜的分解透视图,其中,沿着瓣膜部件基底的环部分扣入在支架中形成的槽内。
图9B说明了图9A的实施例,其中,瓣膜部件连接到支架。
图10为另一供选实施例的分解透视图,其中,瓣膜部件和支架设有相应的螺纹部分,用于将瓣膜部件螺纹啮合到支架。
图11为本发明的一供选假体心脏瓣膜的分解透视图,具有瓣膜部件、支架和用于将二者连接到一起的螺纹锁紧环。
图12A和12B为一供选两段式假体心脏瓣膜的分解和组装透视图,具有瓣膜部件和管状的可张开支架,在支架的一流出端上带有用于连接到瓣膜部件的小突起。
图12C和12D为通过图12B的假体心脏瓣膜一侧的截面图,示意性地说明了一种例举的工具,可以被用于将小突起弯曲到围绕瓣膜部件的缝线环的支架流出端上。
图13A和13B为本发明的一供选假体心脏瓣膜的分解和组装透视图,其中,采用锁紧环将瓣膜部件和带小突起的支架连接在一起。
图14A和14B为更另一假体心脏瓣膜的分解和组装透视图,其中,采用带小突起的圆形截面形适配器将瓣膜部件和管状的可张开支架连接在一起。
图15A和15B假体心脏瓣膜的分解和组装透视图,具有瓣膜部件和在流出端上具有锁定带的支架。
图16A和16B为一供选假体心脏瓣膜的分解和组装透视图,其中,支架显示了位于流出端上的锁定夹,该锁定夹被引导通过锁紧环上的配对槽,以便将支架连接到瓣膜部件。
图17A和17B为一供选假体心脏瓣膜的分解和组装透视图,其中,支架在流出端上具有托架,该托架接受锁紧环上被引导的锁定夹,以便将支架连接到瓣膜部件。
图18为一供选支架的透视图,用在本发明的假体心脏瓣膜中。
图19为通过假体心脏瓣膜的流入侧的截面详图,利用了图18的支架并显示了捕获在两套插脚之间的瓣膜部件基环。
图20为假体心脏瓣膜的透视分解图,具有带直立尖端的管状支架和瓣膜部件,一附加的适配器环围绕基环设置。
图21为一例举的假体心脏瓣膜的分解透视图,具有可张开的支架和不可张开的瓣膜部件,二者通过从存储罐中取出的一排降落伞状缝线而被连接。
图22A-22C为在管状瓣膜扩张器/导出管的帮助下移植图21的假体心脏瓣膜的几幅视图。
具体实施方式
本发明试图克服与常规的心内直视手术有关的缺陷,同时也采用了新技术中的一些减少了治疗过程的持续时间的技术。本发明的假体心脏瓣膜主要是希望采用常规的外科手术技术来传送和移植,包括前述的心内直视手术。在所述外科手术中存在许多方法,所有的都引起形成一直接到特定的心脏瓣体环的接近路径。为了清楚说明,直接的接近路径是允许直接(即,裸眼)看到心脏瓣体环的那个路径。此外,将意识到本文描述的两段式假体心脏瓣膜的实施例也可以被构型成用于采用经皮的方法传送,以及那些侵入程度最小的外科手术方法传送,其需要采用不直接观察方式远程移植瓣膜。
本发明的一个主要方面是一种两段式假体心脏瓣膜,其中,移植组织锚固件和瓣膜部件的任务是稍微分开的,并且有些使结果有利。例如,本发明的两段式假体心脏瓣膜可以具有一个可张开的组织锚固件,采用气球或其它的膨胀技术而将其固定到适当的位置。随后,在单独的或连续的操作中,将瓣膜部件连接到组织锚固件。与常规的利用一排缝线的缝合过程相比,通过利用可张开的锚固件大大减少了最初的锚固手术时间。可张开的锚固件可以简单地径向向外张开以接触移植部位,或者可以设有另外的锚固装置,诸如倒钩。可以采用常规的心内直视手术和心肺分流术来完成手术。在一种有利的特征中,由于移植可张开的锚固件的相对速度快,旁路上的时间大大减少。
为了进行定义,术语“组织锚固件”或者简单地以“锚固件”来指心脏瓣膜的结构组件,其能够连接到心脏瓣体环组织。本文描述的锚固件为最典型的管状支架,或者具有不同直径的支架。支架通常由生物兼容的金属线框形成,诸如不锈钢或镍钛诺。可以和本发明的瓣膜一起使用的其它锚固件,包括刚性环、螺旋缠绕管,以及其它紧紧地安装在瓣体环内并限定一个孔用于使血液从中通过的这种管,或者其内安装有瓣膜部件。然而,完全可想到的是锚固件可以为单独的夹子或钩子,且不限定连续的边缘。尽管所述设备牺牲了一些动力学的稳定性,这些设备可以被构型成与特定的瓣膜部件一起很好地工作。
术语“瓣膜部件”指心脏瓣膜组件,其具有流体封闭表面,以预防血液在一个方向流动,同时允许其在另一个方向流动。如上所提到的,多种结构的瓣膜元件是可利用的,包括具有柔软叶瓣的那些和具有刚性叶瓣的那些或球罩装置。叶瓣可以为生物假体的、合成的或金属的。
本发明的主要焦点是两段式假体心脏瓣膜,具有第一阶段,其中,锚固件固定到瓣体环,以及随后的第二阶段,其中,瓣膜部件连接到锚固件。应当注意,这些阶段几乎可以同时进行,诸如如果这两个组件被安装到相同的传送设备上,或者可以在两个独立的临床步骤中进行,采用第一传送设备展开锚固件,并随后采用另一传送设备展开瓣膜部件。也应当注意,术语“两段式”并非必要地将瓣膜限制到刚好是两个部分,正如下面可以看到的那样。
包括锚固件和瓣膜部件的两段式假体心脏瓣膜的另一潜在优势是瓣膜部件可以在移植后被替换,而不替代锚固件。也就是说,可以使用一种用于连接瓣膜部件和锚固件的易脱开部件,其允许相对容易地移植新瓣膜部件。在本文中描述了用于连接瓣膜部件和锚固件的多种构型。
因此,应当理解,本发明的某些优势与锚固件或瓣膜部件是否为可张开的无关。也就是说,多种实施例说明了一可张开的锚固件连接到常规的瓣膜部件。然而,相同的连接结构可以用于不可张开的锚固件和常规的瓣膜部件。此外,尽管本发明的主要实施例是可张开的锚固件与常规的瓣膜部件连接,二者都可以为可张开的,并且经皮或通过侵入程度最低的方法被导入。因此,本发明不应当被解释为限定在这些关系中,而是应当由附属的权利要求来进行解释。
为了进一步定义,本文的术语“可张开的”用于指心脏瓣膜组件,其能够从第一传送直径膨胀到第二移植直径。因此,可张开的结构并非指那种由于温度升高或者其它这种偶然因素而可能经历的轻微膨胀。相反,“不可张开的”不应当被解释成意味着完全刚性或在尺寸上是稳定的,这是由于常规的“不可张开的”心脏瓣膜的一些轻微膨胀,例如,可以被观察到。
在随后的说明中,术语“身体通道”被用于定义体内的血液管道或导管。当然,假体心脏瓣膜的特定应用确定了待解决的身体通道。例如,主动脉瓣膜替换物将被移植入或靠近主动脉环。同样地,二尖瓣替换物将被移植到二尖瓣环处。本发明的某些特征对于一个移植部位或另一个特别有利。然而,除非组合在结构上是不可能的,或者被权利要求的语言所排除,本文描述的任何心脏瓣膜实施例可以被移植入任何身体通道。
现在参照图1,一种优选实施例的改进的假体瓣膜10通常包括可张开的锚固件或支架20以及瓣膜部件30。支架提供了用于将瓣膜部件锚固在体腔内的支撑结构。尽管为了解释说明而描述了支架,可以使用任何能够将瓣膜部件锚固到体腔中的支撑结构。如同下面将更加详细地描述的那样,假体瓣膜被构型成使瓣膜部件可以快速并且容易地连接到支架。这里应当注意,本文描述的锚固件或支架可以具有多种设计,包括具有所显示的菱形开口或下面详细描述的其它构型。材料取决于传送的方式(即,由气囊膨胀或自膨胀),并且支架可以为裸露的支柱材料或者被盖起来,以促进长在肉内和/或减少脊椎旁的泄漏。例如,经常使用的合适的盖子为织物诸如涤纶的套管。
例如,采用可张开的元件如气球,支架可以安全地展开在身体通道中。由于在连接瓣膜部件前支架被张开,瓣膜部件将不被损伤,否则在支架展开期间将受到不利影响。当支架已经展开在身体通道内后,瓣膜部件可以被连接到支架。在一种优选的应用中,两段式假体瓣膜特别适合用于心脏瓣膜替换。在该应用中,支架可以有利地被用于将天然叶瓣推到旁边,从而使瓣膜部件可以替代天然瓣膜的功能。本文描述的锚固件或支架可以包括倒钩或者其它这样的组织锚固件,以便进一步将支架固定到组织。在一优选的实施例中,通过气球的膨胀,倒钩为可展开的(例如,被构型成张开或者径向向外推开)。
在另一有利的特征中,图1中解释说明的两段式假体瓣膜提供了用于大大减少外科手术时间的设备和方法。这减少了体外循环所需的时间,并从而大大降低了患者的风险。由于支架可以快速地展开并且瓣膜部件可以很快连接到支架,因此缩短了外科手术时间。与取出天然叶瓣后将瓣膜缝合到组织的替换相比,这简化并减少了外科手术时间。
当用于主动脉瓣膜替换时,瓣膜部件30优选具有三个叶瓣36,其提供了用于替代天然瓣膜功能的瓣膜功能。在各种优选的实施例中,瓣膜叶瓣可以取自另一人的心脏(尸体)、母牛(牛科动物)、猪(猪的瓣膜)或者马(马科动物)。在其它优选的变形例中,瓣膜部件可以包括机械组件而非生物组织。在一优选的实施例中,瓣膜在直径上是可压缩的。因此,瓣膜可以在直径上减小,以传送进入支架并随后张开。三个叶瓣被三个连合支柱(commissural post)34支撑。沿着瓣膜部件的基底部分设有环32。
继续参照图1,支架20具有两个直径。下部22具有小直径,并且上部24具有大直径。下部22的尺寸优选适合于在天然瓣膜的位置展开(例如,沿着主动脉环)。上部24向外张开进入靠近天然瓣膜的远腔(perspective cavity)。例如,在主动脉瓣膜替换中,上部24张开进入窦腔区域,其刚好位于主动脉环的下游。当然,应当小心地定向支架20,以便不阻塞冠状动脉口。支架体优选被构型成具有足够的径向强度,用于将天然叶瓣推到旁边并保持天然叶瓣张开在膨胀状态。天然叶瓣提供了用于保持支架的稳定基础,从而有助于安全地将支架锚固在体内。为了进一步将支架固定到周围的组织,下部可以被构型成带有锚固件,例如,钩子或倒钩(未示出)。
支架20的上部24具有较大的直径,其尺寸适合于接收瓣膜部件30。位于支架体的上部和下部之间的过渡区28可以有利地被用于为瓣膜部件的下端提供座位。支架还可以包括沿着内壁的脊背(未示出),用于在支架内提供更明确的座位部分。
继续参照图1,假体瓣膜10设有连接机构,用于将瓣膜部件30固定到支架20。连接机构可以采用各种不同的形式。然而,在例举的实施例中,支架体包括三个支柱26,其相应于瓣膜部件上的三个连合点34。三个支柱26优选由有延展性的材料形成,从而支柱26可以卷曲在瓣膜部件的连合点上。一弯曲工具(未示出)可以被提供成用于将支柱26卷曲在瓣膜部件的连合点上,或者支柱26可以被铰接或者由形状记忆材料制成,以便一旦移植入体内就卷曲。参照图2,假体瓣膜10被解释为处于组装起来的状态,支柱26卷曲在瓣膜部件的连合点34上。在一变形例中,支架上的三个支柱被形成为带有用于接收连合点的凹陷,诸如以扣合固定的关系。
在一优选的实施例中,支架20为可张开的,但瓣膜部件30为常规的不可张开的假体心脏瓣膜,诸如Carpentier-Edwards PERIMOUNT Magna主动脉心脏瓣膜,可购自Irvine的爱德华兹生命科学股份公司(Edwards Lifesciences),California。在这个意义上,“常规的”假体心脏瓣膜为现成的(即,适合于单独销售和使用)不可张开的假体心脏瓣膜,具有缝线环,能够在心内直视手术中采用缝线通过该缝线环而被移植。因此,移植过程涉及首先传送并张开支架20和主动脉环,并且随后将瓣膜部件30连接至此。由于瓣膜部件30为不可张开的,整个过程典型地采用常规的心内直视技术而进行。然而,由于支架20被传送并通过简单的膨胀而被移植,整个手术花费较少的时间。该混合方法对熟悉心内直视手术和常规的心脏瓣膜的外科医生而言也将更加舒适。而且,相对小的过程改变并使用被证实的心脏瓣膜应当产生比严格的可张开的远程手术更加容易调整的路线。
在图1和2中描述的实施例的变形例可以包括可张开的支架20和可张开的瓣膜部件30。尽管未示出,瓣膜部件30可以能够在身体内张开,诸如Cribier-Edwards的主动脉经皮心脏瓣膜,也可购自爱德华兹生命科学股份公司。因此,瓣膜10可以不采用心内直视手术移植,并且甚至不停止心脏跳动。在这样的一种远程手术中,支架20上的三个支柱26可以由形状记忆材料制成,一旦被移植就具有温度诱导的形状改变。供选地,当瓣膜部件30坐落于支架20内时,用于弯曲支柱26的工具可以和瓣膜10一起被传送和使用。
现在参照图3,一种供选的假体瓣膜10A包括一个支架40,设有下部42和向外展开的上部44。许多插脚或尖端46沿着向外展开的部分44的上端设置。尖端46优选为可弯曲的元件,被构型成沿着瓣膜部件30的基底啮合环部分32。在一优选的实施例中,尖端46卷曲在环上,如图4所示。如果希望的话,尖端46可以具有尖头,用于通过沿着瓣膜部件的环部分的织物或其它类似的材料,诸如在图4A中所看到的。
再一次希望支架40为可张开的元件,其可以容易地被传送并移植在身体通道。瓣膜部件30可以为常规的,或者也可以为可张开的。解释说明的实施例显示了一种常规的瓣膜30,具有围绕流入端的缝线环部分32。缝线环典型地由可穿透缝线的材料制成,盖有布。尖端46可以足够锋利以刺穿缝线环部分32的材料(图4A)。在这一点上,常规的瓣膜部件30可以不经修改就使用。供选的,缝线环部分30可以用刚性更强的边带或环替换,并且尖端46简单地向内弯曲,以便在环上弯折并抓住支架40上的瓣膜部件31。希望的是,一些类型的座或边设在支架40内部,以便瓣膜部件30可以容易地定位在其中。尖端46可以利用展开工具(未示出)而被机械地弯曲,或者它们可以被铰接或由形状记忆材料制成,以便当达到特定的温度时向内卷曲。
现在参照图5,另一供选的假体瓣膜10B包括锚固件或支架50,设有圆柱形部分52和从圆柱形部分向上延伸的三个支柱54。每一支柱54可以为带槽的,如图5B的放大图所示,或者被形成为带有口。沿着瓣膜部件30的环部分32提供径向伸出的元件38,用于和支架上的支柱紧密配合。例举的槽具有细长的颈部58,在其中提供了啮合元件,诸如倾斜齿。齿为倾斜的,以便当突出元件38被向下推入槽内时槽加宽。当通过齿进入捕获部分59时,伸出元件38牢牢地被抓住。因为齿仅在一个方向倾斜,向上的力将不会引起槽加宽,从而抓住伸出元件。
现在参照图6,解释说明了更另一供选实施例的组件假体瓣膜10C。图6的实施例类似于上面相应于图5而解释并描述的实施例。然而,在该变形例中,支柱或连接元件55设有L-形槽57,用于接收沿着瓣膜部件而设置的突出元件。参照图6A显示了一种优选的连接元件55。连接元件55的槽57被构型为使突出元件38纵向移动进入槽,并随后旋转地进入捕获部分。可以提供一个或多个齿58,用于将突出元件保持在捕获部分内。供选地,突出元件38可以利用摩擦或机械锁定元件而被保持在槽57中。在另一供选的实施例中,钥匙锁系统或“枪刺形”连接机构可以被提供成用于将瓣膜部件连接到支架。
现在参照图7,解释说明了另一供选的假体瓣膜10D,其中,瓣膜部件30被捕获并保持在第一和第二支架60、62之间。使用时,第一支架60在身体通道内张开,使得支架的外表面接触管壁64。瓣膜部件30随后前行通过身体通道并接触第一支架。优选沿着瓣膜部件的基底部分提供环32,用于接触第一支架的流出端。第二支架随后前行通过身体通道并被展开,使得第二支架的流入端接触瓣膜部件的环32的上表面,用于将瓣膜部件锚固在第一和第二支架之间。
图7的实施例采用了一种稍微不同的装置来连接瓣膜部件30和锚固件。首先,支架60、62简单地通过对移动设置上下障碍物而捕获位于其间的瓣膜部件30的环32。希望瓣膜部件30是不可张开的类型,因而环32不过度地遭受压缩。通过提供足够厚度的支架60、62,瓣膜部件30保持成夹置于其间。在这一点上,第一支架60的流出端和上部支架62的流入端优选为平的或不锋利的,以便不钻进环32中。由于支架60、62的锚固作用,不需要缝合瓣膜部件30,并且因此,环32可以被制成相对坚硬的或刚性的。供选地,支架60、62的相对边缘可以设有倒钩或其它的这种刺穿设备,并且环32被提供成作为一种常规的可穿透缝线的缝线环。
如上谈到的,本文描述的锚固件或支架可以包括倒钩或其它锚固件,以便进一步将支架固定到组织。此外,倒钩可以通过气球的膨胀而为可展开的(例如,被构型成张开或径向向外推开)。同样地,支架可以被盖起来以促进长在肉内和/或减少脊椎旁的泄漏。盖子将类似于其它瓣膜上的那些,例如,涤纶管等。
供选地,瓣膜部件可以被组建成带有管状框体或罩,用于啮合一个或两个支架60、62。在各种优选的实施例中,支架可以为自膨胀的或可由气囊膨胀的。在一种有利的特征中,该实施例的瓣膜部件30不需要被安装在圆柱形框体或支架内。因此,瓣膜部件的流经区域可以被最大化以改进瓣膜的功能。在另一变形例中,第一和第二支架可以被集成为一个单元,在其间形成一个腔。在该变形例中,瓣膜部件可以在腔内张开,用于可靠地将瓣膜部件展开在身体通道中。
现在参照图8,解释说明了另一供选实施例的两段式假体瓣膜10E,其中,锚固件或支架70具有可变化的直径。更具体地,支架的下部72具有小直径,其尺寸适合于移植到天然瓣体环。在一种优选的构型中,该小直径为大约23mm。支架也带有具有较大直径的上部74,用于接收可张开的瓣膜部件30A。在一种优选的构型中,该较大直径为大约29mm。在该实施例中,瓣膜部件30A被提供成作为一种可径向张开的管状体。沿瓣膜部件的内部设置瓣膜叶瓣。
支架70优选包括圆形脊背76,沿着过渡区形成在大和小直径之间。脊背为瓣膜部件30A的基底提供了一个座位。在一优选的实施例中,脊背76包含支撑线78,其至少局部通过脊背延伸以增加强度,并且可以被用于提供辐射透不过的标记物。脊背的其余部分可以由涤纶或其它任何适当的材料形成。支架70可以包括屏风或网状结构。可以沿着至少一部分支架提供盖子75,诸如聚合物板,以便有助于预防泄漏并增强密封。此外,可以沿着支架的外部提供纱布或布,用于进一步增强密封。
图8的支架70可以为自膨胀的或可由气囊膨胀的。当被提供为可由气囊膨胀的支架时,可张开的锥形气球(即,两个直径)可以被提供成用于展开支架。当被构型成和直径为23mm和29mm的支架一起使用时,气球可以分别具有22mm和28mm的直径。
现在参照图9A和9B,提供了另一供选实施例的组件假体瓣膜10F,其中,瓣膜部件30被构型成用于和锚固件或支架90连接。在该实施例中,支架90被提供有形成于指向内的圆周元件92中的槽94。槽至少局部围绕支架的内部延伸,并且其尺寸适合于接收瓣膜部件30的环部分32。在一优选的实施例中,环被构型成扣入槽内,如在图9B中所看到的。在另一变形例中,环由形状记忆材料形成,被构型成当在体内展开后膨胀。在该变形例中,环被构型成径向膨胀,用于将自身牢牢地锚固在槽内。
现在参照图10,解释说明了更另一供选实施例的组件假体瓣膜10G,其中,瓣膜部件30被构型成用于螺纹啮合锚固件或支架100。在该实施例中,支架被提供在一端,沿内壁带有螺纹区102,被构型成用于接收瓣膜部件30上的螺纹法兰部分33。螺纹法兰部分优选沿着位于瓣膜部件基底处的环32设置。使用时,支架首先在身体通道内展开。支架可以以这种方式展开,其中,螺纹区的直径保持基本不变,以便不影响螺纹。在一种实施例中,支架基本上是不可张开的,并且以其完全张开的状态被传送进入内腔。这可以通过首先伸长或膨胀用于接收支架的传送部位而实现。在另一实施例中,仅支架的下部张开以啮合组织。在任一实施例中,当支架已经牢牢地锚固在身体通道内之后,瓣膜部件被螺纹连接到支架上的螺纹法兰。该连接装置被构型成使瓣膜部件有利地通过旋转移动而连接到支架。因此,在移植后应用到瓣膜部件的纵向力将具有很小或不影响支架和瓣膜之间的连接完整性。
现在参照图11,一供选的假体心脏瓣膜10H包括瓣膜部件30、锚固件或支架110,以及锁紧环112。如同以前一样,希望支架110首先在移植部位膨胀,之后通过使用锁紧环112而将常规的瓣膜部件30连接到支架。然而,瓣膜部件30也可以为可张开的,并且支架110可以采用各种形式。在一优选的实施例中,支架110包括网格结构的可由气囊膨胀元件,适合于以压扁的或压缩状态被传送到移植部位,并随后采用气球从内部张开。当然,也可以使用自膨胀的支架110,并且另外的锚固件诸如外部倒钩可以被提供成有助于预防支架在移植后移动。
一系列小突起或法兰114从支架110的流出端稍微向内突出。法兰114被构型成与位于锁紧环112的向下突出肩上的外部螺纹116紧密配合。法兰114的数量和形状被选择成避免干扰支架110的径向膨胀,并且也与锁紧环112的螺纹116紧密配合。希望的是,一系列间隔开的法兰114,例如8个,围绕着支架110的流出边等间隔设置,从中向内突出1-3mm的距离。
锁紧环112的内孔118具有的直径大得足以通过整个瓣膜部件30,除了基环32以外,锁紧环112可以为常规的心脏瓣膜的缝线环。当连接到一起时,锁紧环112围绕着瓣膜部件30,并且希望包括搁在其基环32上的内壁架。具有外部螺纹116的肩部的内径尺寸大于所述基环32,并向下延伸进入啮合法兰114。通过向下拧紧锁紧环112,组件可以轻易并且快速地被组装起来。移植后,取出并替换瓣膜部件30仅需要从任何长在肉内的组织释放锁紧环112,拧开并取出它,以及通过切掉那里的任何长在肉内的组织从支架110释放瓣膜部件30。
图12A和12B解释说明了本发明的另一假体心脏瓣膜101,具有可张开的锚固件或支架120,连接到瓣膜部件30。非常象图3和4的瓣膜10A,支架120的流出端显示了一系列间隔开的小突起122,其围绕着瓣膜部件30的基环32卷曲。在该实施例中,支架120为一直管,并且有几个小突起122(例如,8个),少于瓣膜10A中的尖端46。可以采用辅助工具(未示出)使小突起122弯曲,或者可以具有性质允许的自发弯曲,诸如温度诱导的移动。
图12C和12D为通过图12B的假体心脏瓣膜10I一侧的截面图,示意性地说明了一种例举的工具,其可以被用于围绕瓣膜部件30的基环32弯曲位于支架120流出端上的小突起122。应当注意,该截面取自径向通过系统的一侧,并且该工具将典型地为环形的,或者至少在周边上被设置成弯曲每个小突起122。该工具包括具有形成表面125的形成元件124。形成元件124在内部并相应于具有向内倾斜部分128的外砧126滑动,向内倾斜部分128直接围绕并啮合每个小突起122。形成表面125被弯曲成使形成元件124在图12C所示方向的轴向移动使每个小突起122向内弯曲成图12D的形状。在该实施例中,小突起122在基环上部卷起并限制基环32。在其它的实施例中,工具可以被用于弯曲插脚,以便他们刺穿基环32。应当注意,外砧126主要用于导向目的,以便朝向小突起122引导形成元件124。
图13A和13B解释说明了另一实施例的假体瓣膜10J,具有多个连接到一起的组件。锚固件或支架130包括位于流出端上的许多柄脚或法兰132。瓣膜部件30位于支架130的流出端附近,并且固定环134在附近延伸。此外,许多小突起136从固定环34向下突出。尽管未示出,通过机械地弯曲小突起,或者将小突起构型成当达到特定的温度时卷曲,小突起136能够使固定环34连接到瓣膜部件30的基环32。如在图13B中所看到的,法兰132围绕固定环134的外侧延伸,并绕着其上部或流出端弯曲。再次,这可以通过采用辅助工具或通过温度诱导的移动而实现。供选地,法兰132可以由弹性聚合物或金属形成,具有在图13B中所看到的形状,使得它们能够围绕固定环134向外弯曲,并随后迅速跳回适当的位置,以便围绕瓣膜部件30固定环。尽管未示出,希望固定环134的内部被构型成与瓣膜部件30的基环32紧密配合。固定环134可以由任何数量的材料制成,包括刚性的、弹性的、金属的、聚合物、可生物吸收的,等等。一种优选的构型是聚四氟乙烯环,涂有抗凝血酶原或抗微生物的组合物。
图14A举例说明了更另一假体心脏瓣膜10K,具有可张开的锚固件或支架140、瓣膜部件30,和圆形截面形适配器142。支架140和瓣膜部件30在前面已经被描述过了。适配器142具有的形状类似于用在许多现有技术的生物假体组织瓣膜中的内部结构中的所谓的“圆形截面形”。实际上,希望瓣膜部件30是Carpentier-Edwards PERIMOUNT Magna主动脉心脏瓣膜,由爱德华兹生命科学股份公司制造,并在其内包括Elgiloy wireform。适配器142可以由生物兼容的聚合物或金属制成,优选合金,诸如镍钛诺。
适配器142带有许多固定小突起144、146。在例举的实施例中,三个下面的固定小突起144位于三个圆形截面形尖瓣的顶点,并且两个上面的固定小突起146位于每一圆形截面形的直立连合点处,用于连合点处所有的6个。图14B详细说明了支架140、瓣膜部件30和适配器142的组装件。瓣膜部件30的基环32坐落在支架140的流出端上或刚好位于其内,并且适配器142安装在瓣膜部件上并连接到它以及支架。在这一点上,适配器142的尖端坐落于基环32上或者稍微位于其外面,连合点处围绕并与瓣膜部件30的连合点一致。尖端固定小突起144在基环32上方向上弯曲,并且向下啮合支架140。位于适配器142的每一连合点处的两个固定小突起146弯曲或环绕着相应的瓣膜部件连合点。
此外,补充工具可以被用于实现固定元件144、146的弯曲,或者它们可以显示温度改变的特性。在解释的实施例中,固定小突起144、146为有延展性的,尽管其它构型也处于本发明的范围内。例如,下面的固定小突起144可以为倒钩或柄脚,其刺穿基环32并钩住支架140周围,而上面的固定小突起146可以为弹性带,其环绕着瓣膜部件30的每一个连合点。
为了进一步将瓣膜部件30固定到支架140,支架包括许多直立的倒钩147,包括间隔开的支柱,具有齿140。适配器142具有许多向外突出的托架149,在那里限定了槽。如在图14B中所看到的,倒钩147通过基环32并通过适配器142中的托架149的槽。齿148预防倒钩147从槽中取出。以这种方式,支架140和适配器142牢牢地连接到一起,将瓣膜部件30夹置在其间。
另一种可能性是固定小突起144、146起初不被适配器142携带,而是在组装三个组件后加入进来。例如,瓣膜部件30坐落在支架140上后,可以使用U形大钉或者甚至缝线,并且适配器142下降到瓣膜部件附近。即使使用缝线,相应于常规的缝合手术而言,所需的时间大大减少。而且,圆形截面形适配器142的结构支撑和锚固性能大大增强了组装件总的整体性。在这一点上,固定小突起诸如那些显示的可以更加连续地围绕适配器142放置,以便提供更均衡的接触瓣膜部件30。一种可能的构型是一系列小钩子或托架,沿着波动适配器142延伸,该适配器142在瓣膜部件30上的相应波形上方成环。因此,简单地通过将瓣膜部件降低到适配器142上方,瓣膜部件30被限制了相应于适配器向上移动。在这样一种布置中,仅下部的固定元件需要活动连接,诸如通过使它们的形状改变并弯曲进入啮合支架140,如在图14B中所看到的。
在图15A中看到的另一假体瓣膜实施例10L包括可张开的锚固件或支架150以及瓣膜部件30。沿着支架150的流出端设置许多固定带152。然而,对于所显示的4个固定带152,在其它的变形例中,或多或少可以被使用。例如,进一步围绕着支架150流出端的周边延伸的三个带可以被取代。相反,可以使用四个或更多相互重叠的带子。
图15B举例说明了位于支架150上方的瓣膜部件30,采用一个带子152将两个组件固定在一起。带子152可以被连接在支架150的两个末端处,并且可以包括有弹性的生物兼容材料,其在瓣膜部件30的基环32上伸展。供选地,带子可以被弯曲或折叠在基环上。在一变形例中,每个带子152的一端最初可以为自由的,并且当带子在基环32上成环后,随后连接到支架150,稍微有点象安全带构型。带子152可以由各种材料制成,典型地被布盖着,以便允许长在肉内的组织位于布盖着的基环32上,用于增强长期的锚定。一种可能的变形是将小倒钩或Velcro-型的钩子合并入每一带子152中,以便获得更好的紧抓到基环32上。
图16A和16B解释说明了更另一实施例,其中,假体心脏瓣膜10M包括瓣膜部件30、可张开的锚固件或支架160,以及连接环162。连接环162限定了一系列周向间隔设置的孔或槽164,其接收支架160上的直立钩或插销166。如在图16B中所看到的,连接环162围绕瓣膜部件30的连合点并坐落在基环32上,并且插销166延伸通过槽164,并通过指向外的齿168固定在那里。在例举的实施例中,每个插销166包括一对平行的、间隔开的直立元件,每一个都具有指向外的齿168,当它们通过槽164时,其可以相互向内凸出。当齿168离开槽164时,平行元件向外弹性释放,因此将支架160闭塞到连接环162。连接环162可以进一步包括许多向外突出的小突起172,其围绕着基环32弯曲或卷曲。
为帮助引导插销166通过槽164,一个或多个导向元件可以被用于朝向支架引导连接环,以便槽对准插销元件。例如,在例举的实施例中,许多导向丝170被连接到每一个直立的插销元件并通过相应的槽。图16A举例说明了预组装的瓣膜10M,导向丝170向上延伸通过每一个槽164。移植过程包括首先传送并张开支架160,并随后使瓣膜部件30前进到图16B中所示的位置。连接环162随后降落到那排导向丝170,最后方便插销166通过槽164。最终的组装件可以在图16B中看到。在一优选的实施例中,每两个导向丝170包括一单股,通过每一插销元件中的小孔而成环。取走导向丝170因此是一个简单的事情,仅仅是拉其中的一股,或者切断插销元件之间的环。注意导向丝可以用在本文描述的任何实施例中,以方便连接假体心脏瓣膜的独立组件。例如,在另一变形例中,类似于图14A所示实施例的圆形截面形也可以和引导丝一起使用。
例举的实施例显示了插销166围绕瓣膜部件30的基环32外面延伸。另一方面,将插销166设计成刺穿通过基环32是完全可行的。提议包含连接环162,这是由于其将组装件保持在一起的类似洗衣机的功能。然而,插销166可以被设计成刺穿通过并牢牢地将支架160固定到基环32,而不使用连接环162。在这一点上,插销166可以被构型成不同的,或者可以提供比所显示的数量更多。例如,4、6、8或更多的单插销元件具有诸如所示的构型,带有导向锋利尖端以及向后指的倒钩(很象鱼钩),可以适当的通过常规的基环32锚定,基环32由硅胶纱布制成,并用布覆盖着。本领域的技术人员将会理解有很多供选项是可利用的。
图16A和16B中的支架160具有流出端,其尺寸优选大于其流入端。更具体地,流出端为向外展开的,以便在其中接收瓣膜部件30的基环32。以这种方式,可以使用比直管状支架大的有孔瓣膜部件。也提醒读者希望支架160的至少向外展开的部分设有涤纶或其它这种织物的套管,以有助于预防基环32和周围的天然瓣体环之间的脊椎旁泄漏。
参照图17A和17B,更另一两部分的假体瓣膜I0N被构型成用于快速展开在心脏中,用于替代有缺陷的天然瓣膜。在该样式中,可张开的锚固件或支架180通过使用连接环182而连接到瓣膜部件30,以类似于最后描述的实施例的方式。连接环182带有许多插销184,其与设置在支架180上的托架186紧密配合。在例举的实施例中,插销184也包括一对间隔开的插销元件,具有向外指的齿188,并且托架186为材料环中的简单孔或槽,该材料环从支架180靠近其流出端而向外延伸。将三个组件放在一起,插销184延伸通过托架186,如在图17B所看到的。为方便正确并且快速地将插销184通过托架186,许多导向丝190通过托架186和提供在插销184中的通孔而成环。简单地将连接环182向下降落到细丝190的目的是将插销184通过托架186。
在该阶段,重要的是指出上述任何固定环(即,锁定环112、固定环134、适配器142、连接环162或连接环182)可以被设计成啮合周围的组织(环),并提供额外的预防再次脊椎旁的泄漏。例如,组织生长因子或纤维素胶等可以涂在这些固定环的任何一个的外部上,用于更好的密封。供选地,固定环可以具有织物外边,用于鼓励组织长在肉内。而且,描述的各种固定环和瓣膜部件32?的基环32可以被组建为一单个部件。例如,基环32可以被构型成具有槽(或任何连接元件),代替单独的固定环。
现在参照图18,解释说明了一供选的可张开的锚固件或支架200,其中,锚固件被构型成接收瓣膜部件30以形成假体心脏瓣膜。如在图19中解释说明的,一部分瓣膜部件被夹紧在位于支架内的向内延伸的元件之间。更具体地,支架200包括许多轴向支柱202,其被多行周向冠状支柱204连接,以形成通常的管状结构。支架200的下部或流入端包括周向排列的冠状支柱206,其大于其它的,以便支架的流入端向外展开。周向支柱的上行204限定了位于轴向支柱202的谷(指向下)和位于每两个邻近的轴向支柱中间的峰(指向上)。因此,如从图18中所看到的,在相邻的轴向支柱202和相邻行的周向支柱204之间限定的空间优选为人字形的,指向上。相反,下行的周向支柱206具有位于轴向支柱202处的上部峰和其间的下部谷,导致伸长的六边形空间位于支柱的下面两个圆周行之间。
支架200具有许多插脚,其从那里向内延伸以抓住瓣膜部件30。如在图19中所看到的,瓣膜部件30的基环32坐落于许多下部插脚208上。图18显示了下部插脚208,从支柱206的下行向内延伸,位于相邻的轴向支柱202之间的谷处。下部插脚208终止于扩大的头部210,以预防损伤基环32。如在图19中所看到的,下部插脚208向内突出到比被支架200上部限定的延伸更远。此外,许多上部插脚212从周向支柱204的一个上行向内延伸。在例举的实施例中,有四行周向支柱204,并且上部插脚212从次低行向内突出。如在图19中所看到的,上部插脚212接触瓣膜部件30的基环32。以这种方式,瓣膜部件30被捕获在下部插脚208和上部插脚212之间。
在例举的实施例中,支架200包括12个轴向支柱202,并且插脚208、212中的每一个都位于每一相邻对的轴向支柱之间,生成了12个,每个都具有下部和上部插脚。当然,插脚的数目可以或多或少,取决于支架200的构型。此外,可以有多于一个的插脚,位于相邻对的轴向支柱202之间,或者插脚可以被提供成仅位于隔开的每对之间。插脚208、212最初可以扁平的位于周围支柱的轮廓内,以预防干扰气球膨胀。支架展开后,可以采用工具(未示出)使它们向内弯曲到显示的角度。供选地,气球壁可以相对厚,并能够经得起被插脚208、212的圆头刺破,从而它们始终被向内偏压,并在取走气球后自动采用所示的角度。
为了展开图18和19的假体心脏瓣膜,用户将处于扁平状态的支架200前行通过脉管系统或胸口进入目标移植部位。通过自膨胀或由气囊膨胀,支架200膨胀接触周围的瓣体环。瓣膜部件30随后前进入适当的位置,邻近支架200的流出端或上端。希望的是,瓣膜部件30为常规的不可张开的设计,但也可以是可张开的,在该情况下,在与支架200组装之前它随后张开。
瓣膜部件30的基环32的外径尺寸近似与支架200的管状上部的内径相同。瓣膜部件30从支架200的流出端朝向流入端前进直到基环32接触上部插脚212的圆形行。上部插脚212为柔软的、铰接的,否则当瓣膜部件30通过时能够被基环32向外移动。最后,基环32位于相对不柔软的下部插脚28的圆形行上,并且瓣膜部件30不能进一步前进。下部插脚208和上部插脚212之间的空间为这样的,即上部插脚212在基环32坐落于下部插脚208上的那个点向内弹。上部插脚212可以被形成为带有钝头,如同下部插脚208一样,或者可以为直的,或者甚至为带锋利尖端的,以刺穿基环32,并提供增强的锚定。在一优选的实施例中,下部插脚208和上部插脚212都具有放大的钝头,使得基环32仅捕获在两套插脚之间。
按照图18设计的支架200因此能够快速在其中展开瓣膜部件,以及积极的触觉反馈到用户瓣膜部件30已全部安装。由于基环32的尺寸适合于紧紧地位于支架200内,提供了良好的周边密封。为更好地增强密封,周边套筒或移植材料层可以加在支架200的内部或外部上。
参照图20,另一实施例的假体心脏瓣膜220包括一管状的可张开的锚固件或支架222、瓣膜部件30,以及用于将这两个组件连接到一起的适配器环224。支架222和将支架连接到瓣膜部件30的方式类似于图3和4的实施例以及图12的实施例,即许多尖端226从支架222向上突出。然而,不是尖端226围绕着瓣膜部件30的基环32刺穿或卷曲,而是尖端与适配器环224发生相互作用。尤其是,适配器环224围绕着基环32的下周边而连接,优选通过在环瓣膜部件30的组装期间形成的固定缝合线。尖端226刺穿或者啮合适配器环224,而不是基环32,以便将瓣膜部件30连接到支架222。补充的适配器环224提供了一增加的安全边缘,其有助于预防尖端226损伤瓣膜部件30。例如,如果尖端226被构型成刺穿并向内卷曲,它们进一步远离瓣膜部件的内柔软叶瓣36,其容易被刺破或撕开。
参照图21,更另一实施例的假体心脏瓣膜230包括锚固件或支架232,经由许多缝线234而连接到瓣膜部件30。瓣膜230的组件被显示成在用于储存组件的容器或罐236上打开。在这一点上,整个的组装件,包括连接缝线234,可以一起储存在罐236中以便准备好展开。供选地,仅支架232和瓣膜部件30可以被储存在罐236中,并且刚好在展开前加入缝线234,但在实际的手术之前。更进一步地,支架232可以在无菌容器中干燥储存,而具有生物假体叶瓣的瓣膜部件30可以单独被储存在适当的防腐剂流体中,诸如戊二醛。在任何情况下,假体心脏瓣膜230的细节将在下面参照图22A-22C进行描述。
图22A-22C显示了结合有瓣膜扩张器/导出管240的假体心脏瓣膜230组件。下面将描述导出管240的使用。支架232包括一可张开的管状结构,其由许多轴向支柱242通过许多倾斜的周向支柱244连接而形成。在该实施例中,有四行周向支柱244,上面的两个向上指,并且下面的向下指。结果是形成一系列菱形和V形开口。三个轴向横木246在三个围绕支架232平均间隔开的位置上替代了更窄的支柱242。如在图22B中所看到的,瓣膜部件30的连合点34对准轴向横木246。
现在参照图22C的截面图,支架232还包括内部固定环250和外部密封环252。这两个环250、252独立连接到支架232的支柱,或者通过支柱相互连接。例如,一系列缝线(未示出)可以被用于以围绕支架232的相对连续的圆周线而连接内环250和外环252。希望这些环由可穿透缝线的典型地为可压缩的材料制成,诸如硅橡胶,或者可以向上卷起织物翻边。在任何情况下,内部固定环250连接到瓣膜部件30,而外部密封环252帮助预防支架232周围的泄漏。
如在图22A中看到的,连接缝线234在支架232内从内部固定环250向上延伸。在这一点上,可以通过将单一长度的缝线向下成环并反过来向上通过固定环250而限定每一双股的连接缝线234。圆形排列的缝线234随后通过瓣膜部件30的基环32的相应部分。此外,这可以在瓣膜组装时进行,刚好在瓣膜替换过程前,或者在支架232已经被移植后。本领域的技术人员将会理解将圆形排列的连接缝线234排列进入围绕基环32的适当位置以允许瓣膜元件32向下降落到缝线直到它接触固定环250的过程。
现在将结合使用瓣膜扩张器/导出管240而描述整个过程。如上所提到的,有时不取走现有的天然瓣膜就进行本文描述的瓣膜替换过程。环和瓣膜叶瓣经常严重地钙化,并且有时给通道以及移植替换的瓣膜造成严重的障碍,即使瓣膜最初很小并且由气囊膨胀。为帮助加宽其中将移植假体瓣膜230的孔,导出管240将所有的瓣膜组件接收到其中,并作为保护套和扩张器。在一优选的实施例中,仅密封环252在其流入端或引导端延伸出导出管240。
首先,连接缝线234被预先安装在固定环250内,并且同时维持不交叉的圆形排列,通过导出管240以接近上末端外。缝线234随后通过瓣膜部件30的基环32内的适当位置。当然,这可以在制造假体心脏瓣膜230期间进行,尽管需要一些用于维持两个组件的相对位置和定向的结构。在任何情况下,连接到瓣膜部件30的固定器(未示出)被用于沿排列的缝线234使瓣膜部件前进并在导出管240内进入近似位置,如在图22A中所看到的。
当患者已经准备好并且产生了一个进入目标移植部位的开口时,组装在导出管240中的假体心脏瓣膜230前进入体内。引导端包括密封环252和位于导出管240内向外凸出的部分254。为了安装在主动脉环中,导出管240向下前进到升主动脉直到支架232与环排列在一起(在辐射透不过的标记物等的帮助下)。导出管240中向外凸出的部分254有助于展开钙化的环。即使天然瓣膜被切除,有时在移植瓣膜前环将收缩一点。瓣膜扩张器/导出管240因此有助于展开环,以允许移植想要直径的瓣膜。凸出部分254的轮廓相当光滑,并且材料可以为聚四氟乙烯或其它这种高度润滑的表面,以便管可以容易地滑动通过环。可能需要轻微的前后移动以充分张开环。
在该阶段,例如通过使用例如推动器(未示出)而使导出管250相对于支架232缩进,使得支架232可以充分地膨胀入环中。支架232可以为自膨胀的,并因此仅部分张开在导出管240中。当导出管240被取出时,支架232向外弹牢固啮合环。供选地,气球(未示出)可以被用于实现支架232的最后膨胀,其构型将需要通过瓣膜叶瓣34中心的导管。如果支架232为可由气囊膨胀的,必须考虑到将瓣膜连续的连接到引导缝线234。在另一方面,如果支架232为自膨胀的,则典型地将提供一个辅助护套,以便将支架保持在收缩状态。
当用户满意支架232被正确定位时,采用前述固定器(未示出)使瓣膜部件30前行。当瓣膜部件30前进时,小心以确保连接缝线234保持被解开并拉紧。最后,瓣膜部件30坐落于固定环250上,如在图22B和22C中所看到的。在这一点上,用户以常规的方式打结并切断连接缝线234。直接靠近并围绕固定环250而提供密封环252大大增强了假体瓣膜230抵抗脊椎旁的泄漏的能力。
在一种有利的特征中,可以采用现有技术来使用本文描述的基于组件的优选实施例的假体瓣膜的。例如,某些实施例的支架可以被构型成用于连接到提供在现有假体瓣膜上的缝线环上。在其它的情况下,瓣膜部件仅需要很小的改变,以便与基于组件的系统一起使用。这不仅将贡献于最终瓣膜的低价格,也有助于对可能在采用全新的系统时犹豫不决的外科医生在学术上熟悉该系统。
本领域的技术人员将会意识到,本发明的实施例提供了重要的新设备和方法,其中,瓣膜可以以快速有效的方式可靠地固定到体腔中。本发明的实施例提供了一种用于在外科手术中移植假体瓣膜的方法,不需要外科医生将瓣膜缝合到组织。因此,外科手术时间大大减少了。此外,除了为瓣膜提供锚固件之外,支架可以被用于将天然瓣膜维持在膨胀的状态。结果,外科医生不必取出天然叶瓣,从而进一步减少了手术时间。
也将要意识到,本发明提供了一种改进的系统,其中,瓣膜部件可以以更快、更有效的方式被替换。更具体地,不需要切开任何缝线以取走瓣膜。而是,瓣膜部件可以从支架(或其它的支撑结构)分离,并且一个新瓣膜部件可以连接到其位置。当使用生物组织瓣膜或其它具有有限设计生命的瓣膜时,这是一个重要的优势。仍然进一步将要意识到,本发明的设备和方法可以被构型成用于侵入程度最低的手术中(例如,经肋骨之间的小切口)或经皮的手术中,而且仍然维持在本发明的范围内。
尽管已经以其优选实施例描述了本发明,应当理解,所使用的词语是用于说明并非是用于限制的词语。因此,在附属的权利要求内可以进行改变,不偏离本发明的真实范围。
Claims (16)
1.一种两段式假体心脏瓣膜,包括:
一个可张开的锚固件,其尺寸适合于接触处于张开状态的心脏瓣体环;和
一个不可张开的瓣膜部件,被构型成用于连接到所述锚固件;
瓣膜部件包括许多独立的连接器,围绕其边缘的流入端间隔设置,并且锚固件包括一个管状结构,该管状结构具有围绕其边缘的流出端间隔地设置的许多配对的连接器,瓣膜部件和锚固件上的连接器被构型成通过将瓣膜部件朝向锚固件移动而相互啮合;
还包括许多导向丝,至少一个导向丝用于锚固件上的每一连接器,并且被瓣膜部件上的相应连接器滑动地接收,用于相对于锚固件引导瓣膜部件处于正确的方位,以确保配对连接器的啮合。
2.根据权利要求1的心脏瓣膜,其中,所述瓣膜部件包括一个围绕其流入端的基环,并且所述锚固件包括一个具有连接器的管状结构,适合于啮合所述基环。
3.根据权利要求2的心脏瓣膜,其中,所述连接器包括插脚,其改变形状并啮合所述基环。
4.根据权利要求3的心脏瓣膜,其中,所述基环由可穿透缝线的材料制成,并且所述插脚被构型成刺穿所述基环。
5.根据权利要求3的心脏瓣膜,其中,所述插脚被构型成包裹所述基环周围。
6.根据权利要求1的心脏瓣膜,其中,瓣膜部件或锚固件上的连接器包括插销,并且在另一个瓣膜部件或锚固件上的连接器包括托架,插销被构型成当相互对着轴向移动插销和托架时啮合并锁定到托架。
7.根据权利要求1的心脏瓣膜,其中,锚固件包括一个支架,该支架具有比流入端更宽的流出端,并且其中,瓣膜部件包括一个围绕其流入端的基环,所述基环的尺寸适合于安装在支架的流出端内。
8.根据权利要求1的心脏瓣膜,其中,瓣膜部件包括一个围绕其流入端的可穿透缝线的基环,并且锚固件包括一个管状结构,具有连接至此的可穿透缝线的固定环,其中,瓣膜部件经由在所述基环和固定环之间成环的缝线而连 接到锚固件。
9.一种两段式假体心脏瓣膜,包括:
一个可张开的锚固件,其尺寸适合于接触处于张开状态的心脏瓣体环;
瓣膜部件;以及
适配器,其尺寸适合于围绕瓣膜部件并啮合锚固件,用于将瓣膜部件连接到锚固件;
适配器包括许多独立的连接器,并且锚固件包括一个管状结构,该管状结构具有围绕其边缘的流出端间隔地设置的许多配对的连接器,位于适配器和锚固件上的连接器被构型成通过将适配器朝向锚固件移动而相互啮合;
还包括许多导向元件,至少一个导向丝用于锚固件上的每个连接器,并且被适配器上的相应连接器滑动地接收,用于相应于锚固件引导适配器处于正确的方位,以确保配对连接器的啮合。
10.根据权利要求9的心脏瓣膜,其中,适配器包括一个环形孔。
11.根据权利要求9的心脏瓣膜,其中,瓣膜部件包括柔软的叶瓣和许多交互的尖瓣以及直立的连合点,并且适配器包括圆形截面形元件,其紧紧地环绕并与瓣膜部件的尖瓣和连合点一致。
12.根据权利要求9的心脏瓣膜,其中,瓣膜部件包括一个围绕其流入端的基环,并且适配器还包括许多连接器,适合于啮合并将适配器直接连接到所述基环。
13.根据权利要求9的心脏瓣膜,其中,适配器或锚固件上的连接器包括插销,并且另一个适配器或锚固件上的连接器包括托架,所述插销被构型成当相互对着轴向移动插销和托架时啮合并锁定到托架。
14.一种用于改进常规的假体心脏瓣膜的系统,包括:一个现成的不可张开的假体心脏瓣膜,其带有缝线环,能够在心内直视手术中采用缝线通过缝线环而被移植;一个可张开的锚固件,其尺寸适合于接触并锚定到处于张开状态的心脏瓣体环;以及连接元件,用于将假体心脏瓣膜连接到锚固件,假体心脏瓣膜因此经由锚固件而被连接到心脏瓣体环;
适配器,其尺寸适合于围绕心脏瓣膜并啮合锚固件,以连接心脏瓣膜和锚固件;
其中,适配器还包括许多连接器,适合于啮合并将适配器直接连接到缝线 环。
15、根据权利要求14的系统,其中,锚固件包括一个管状结构,具有连接至此的可穿透缝线的固定环,其中,连接元件包括在基环和固定环之间成环的缝线。
16.根据权利要求14的心脏瓣膜,其中,适配器选自:环形孔;以及圆形截面形元件。
17.根据权利要求14的心脏瓣膜,其中,适配器包括许多独立的连接器,并且锚固件包括一个管状结构,其具有许多配对的连接器,围绕其边缘的流出端间隔设置,适配器和锚固件上的连接器被构型成通过将适配器朝向锚固件移动而相互啮合。
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2006
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- 2006-05-24 CN CN2006800178760A patent/CN101180010B/zh active Active
- 2006-05-24 US US11/441,406 patent/US8500798B2/en active Active
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CA2607744C (en) | 2015-11-24 |
WO2006127756A3 (en) | 2007-01-18 |
US11284998B2 (en) | 2022-03-29 |
CN101180010A (zh) | 2008-05-14 |
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US9554903B2 (en) | 2017-01-31 |
JP2008541863A (ja) | 2008-11-27 |
US20190091017A1 (en) | 2019-03-28 |
CA2607744A1 (en) | 2006-11-30 |
US10130468B2 (en) | 2018-11-20 |
EP1883375B1 (en) | 2016-12-07 |
US20170119525A1 (en) | 2017-05-04 |
US20190201195A1 (en) | 2019-07-04 |
US7708775B2 (en) | 2010-05-04 |
US20200054450A1 (en) | 2020-02-20 |
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US20150105856A1 (en) | 2015-04-16 |
US8500798B2 (en) | 2013-08-06 |
US20130317598A1 (en) | 2013-11-28 |
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