CN101221381B - 聚酯调色剂组合物 - Google Patents
聚酯调色剂组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101221381B CN101221381B CN200710199390XA CN200710199390A CN101221381B CN 101221381 B CN101221381 B CN 101221381B CN 200710199390X A CN200710199390X A CN 200710199390XA CN 200710199390 A CN200710199390 A CN 200710199390A CN 101221381 B CN101221381 B CN 101221381B
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- toner
- acid
- vibrin
- copolymerization
- sulfo group
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- FYIBGDKNYYMMAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethane-1,2-diol;terephthalic acid Chemical compound OCCO.OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 FYIBGDKNYYMMAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- UCRJJNVFJGKYQT-UHFFFAOYSA-M hexadecyl(trimethyl)azanium;hydron;sulfate Chemical compound OS([O-])(=O)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C UCRJJNVFJGKYQT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GWCHPNKHMFKKIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,2,5-tricarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(C)CCC(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O GWCHPNKHMFKKIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OJURWUUOVGOHJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-[(2-acetyloxyphenyl)methyl-[2-[(2-acetyloxyphenyl)methyl-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]acetate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=C(OC(C)=O)C=1CN(CC(=O)OC)CCN(CC(=O)OC)CC1=CC=CC=C1OC(C)=O OJURWUUOVGOHJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L phthalate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GRLPQNLYRHEGIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-J potassium aluminium sulfate Chemical compound [Al+3].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O GRLPQNLYRHEGIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
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- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010572 single replacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- PNGLEYLFMHGIQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;3-(n-ethyl-3-methoxyanilino)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate;dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)CC(O)CN(CC)C1=CC=CC(OC)=C1 PNGLEYLFMHGIQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- CRWJEUDFKNYSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;hypobromite Chemical compound [Na+].Br[O-] CRWJEUDFKNYSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229940014800 succinic anhydride Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- WOZVHXUHUFLZGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N terephthalic acid dimethyl ester Natural products COC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(=O)OC)C=C1 WOZVHXUHUFLZGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DPKBAXPHAYBPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylazanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC DPKBAXPHAYBPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RSHBFZCIFFBTEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrabutylazanium;thiocyanic acid Chemical compound SC#N.CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC RSHBFZCIFFBTEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DDFYFBUWEBINLX-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetramethylammonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].C[N+](C)(C)C DDFYFBUWEBINLX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XSCIEFUPKGHAAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiosilicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)S XSCIEFUPKGHAAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000006276 transfer reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCCOP(=O)(OCCCC)OCCCC STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)OCC DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphate Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)OC WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylolethane Chemical compound OCC(C)(CO)CO QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- 229940102001 zinc bromide Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960001939 zinc chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- XOOUIPVCVHRTMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc stearate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O XOOUIPVCVHRTMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- 229960001763 zinc sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000368 zinc sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052845 zircon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(iv) silicate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G63/91—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
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- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/0802—Preparation methods
- G03G9/0804—Preparation methods whereby the components are brought together in a liquid dispersing medium
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
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- G03G9/08742—Binders for toner particles comprising macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
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- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
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- G03G9/08784—Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702 - G03G9/08775
- G03G9/08791—Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702 - G03G9/08775 characterised by the presence of specified groups or side chains
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
- G03G9/08784—Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702 - G03G9/08775
- G03G9/08795—Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702 - G03G9/08775 characterised by their chemical properties, e.g. acidity, molecular weight, sensitivity to reactants
Abstract
本发明公开了一种乳液聚集聚酯调色剂,包括具有改性的端基的聚酯树脂,其中该聚酯树脂包括至少一个羧基端基。一种通过氧化聚酯树脂制备调色剂的方法,包括使聚酯与次卤酸盐和相转移催化剂反应,产生用至少一个酸性基团封端的聚酯树脂。可以得到在所有周围环境中对于所有颜色静电复印带电稳定,并且电阻率和内聚力优异的调色剂。
Description
技术领域
本公开内容一般性涉及调色剂和它们在形成和显影优质图像的方法中的用途,并且具体涉及包含具有羧基端基的聚酯树脂的乳液聚集调色剂。本公开内容还涉及氧化聚酯羟基端基以增加树脂中酸性部分的方法。
背景技术
具有树脂、颜料和电荷控制剂的静电复印调色剂是已知的。可用于静电复印应用的调色剂应显示某些与储存稳定性和粒度完整性有关的性能;也即调色剂颗粒在熔凝到纸上以前应保持完好和不聚集。调色剂组合物还应在由于环境条件变化而低于约50℃到约55℃的温度下基本不聚集。调色剂组合物还应显示随载体类型或显影剂组成而变化的可接受的摩擦带电性能。
常规的低熔融调色剂组合物通常包括约10到约35%的不饱和结晶树脂约90到约65%的支化无定形聚酯树脂。这种调色剂组合物满足高速生产打印的褶痕、光泽、幅度和带电性能要求。当存在低于10%的添加剂时,这些调色剂还满足热内聚要求。这种调色剂由常规的熔融挤出技术制备。但是,这种调色剂的结晶组分是非常有延展性的并且难以以足够地高的产率缩小成小颗粒,例如具有约7微米平均粒径的颗粒。
仍然需要的是在所有周围环境中对于所有颜色都可以获得稳定静电复印带电以及优异电阻率和内聚力的聚酯树脂乳液聚集调色剂。仍然需要提供制备这种调色剂的经济方法,以便可以控制颗粒增长和控制形态或形状,并且提供高产率的小颗粒。
发明内容
在实施方案中,描述一种制备调色剂的方法,包括通过使用相转移催化剂使有机相中的聚酯与水相中的次卤酸盐反应,将聚酯树脂氧化,产生包含用至少一个酸性基团封端的链的聚酯树脂。
在实施方案中,调色剂为包含聚酯树脂的乳液聚集调色剂,其中聚酯树脂包括用至少一个酸基团封端的链,提供酸值为1到25mg/当量KOH的聚酯树脂,并且其中调色剂的酸值与聚酯树脂的酸值基本相同。
因此,在此公开如下实施方案。
方案1.一种氧化聚酯树脂的方法,包括通过使用相转移催化剂使有机相中的聚酯与水相中的次卤酸盐反应,将聚酯树脂氧化,产生包含用至少一个酸性基团封端的链的聚酯树脂。
方案2.根据方案1的方法,其中至少一个酸性基团为羧酸基团。
方案3.根据方案1的方法,其中相转移催化剂在水相中。
方案4.根据方案1的方法,其中聚酯树脂是无定形的、结晶的、半结晶的或其混合物。
方案5.根据方案1的方法,其中有机相为伯烷基酯。
方案6.根据方案5的方法,其中伯烷基酯为乙酸乙酯。
方案7.根据方案1的方法,其中相转移催化剂为季铵盐。
方案9.根据方案7的方法,其中季铵盐为四丁基铵。
方案10.根据方案9的方法,其中四丁基铵为硫酸氢四丁基铵或氯化四丁基铵。
方案11.根据方案1的方法,其中聚酯树脂具有约1到约50mg/当量KOH的酸值。
方案12.根据方案1的方法,其中聚酯树脂具有约10到约25mg/当量KOH的酸值。
方案13.一种制备调色剂组合物的方法,包括:
提供聚酯树脂;
改性聚酯树脂的端基,包括通过使用相转移催化剂使有机相中的聚酯树脂与水相中的次卤酸盐反应,将聚酯树脂氧化,产生包含用至少一个酸性基团封端的链的聚酯树脂;和
由该改性的聚酯树脂制备调色剂颗粒。
方案14.根据方案13的方法,其中通过乳液聚集制备调色剂颗粒。
方案15.根据方案13的方法,其中相转移催化剂在水相中。
方案16.根据方案13的方法,其中调色剂进一步包括色料和任选的蜡。
方案17.根据方案13的方法,其中聚酯树脂具有约1到约50mg/当量KOH的酸值。
方案18.一种包含聚酯树脂的乳液聚集调色剂,其中聚酯树脂包括用至少一个酸基团封端的链,得到酸值为1到50mg/当量KOH的聚酯树脂,并且其中调色剂的酸值与聚酯树脂的酸值基本相同。
方案19.根据方案18的调色剂,其中聚酯是无定形的、结晶的、半结晶的或其混合物。
方案20.根据方案18的调色剂,进一步包括至少一种色料。
方案21.根据方案18的调色剂,进一步包括至少一种蜡。
具体实施方式
可用于静电印刷应用的调色剂理想地具有与存储稳定性和粒度完整性有关的某些性能。也即,理想的是使颗粒在熔凝到纸上之前保持完好且不发生聚集。因为环境条件改变,调色剂还理想地在高达约50℃到约55℃的温度没有基本粘在一起的颗粒。
至少由树脂和色料组成的调色剂还理想地显示随载体的类型或显影剂组成变化的可接受的摩擦带电性能。
调色剂还理想地具有低熔点性能。也即,调色剂可以为低熔点或超低熔点调色剂。低熔点调色剂显示约80℃到约130℃,例如约90℃到约120℃的熔点,而超低熔点调色剂显示约50℃到约100℃,例如约50℃到约90℃的熔点。因此,在此公开的聚酯调色剂可以显示约50℃到130℃或约50℃到约120℃的熔点。
另外,需要例如约3到约25微米,和例如约3到约15微米的小尺寸调色剂颗粒,特别是在其中需要高分辨率的静电复印机中。具有上述小尺寸的调色剂可以由化学方法,也称为直接或“原位”调色剂法,例如乳液聚集法,或者通过悬浮、微悬浮或微胶囊包封法经济地制备。
在此公开的调色剂和制备调色剂的方法显示一种或多种上述理想的性能。聚酯调色剂衍生自至少一种具有至少一个羧酸端基的聚酯树脂。
在此适用的聚酯树脂的实例包括无定形树脂,其包括支化和线性无定形树脂,以及支化和线性无定形树脂的组合。在此适用的无定形树脂的具体实例包括聚酯树脂、聚酰亚胺树脂、聚(苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯)树脂、聚(苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸酯)树脂、聚(苯乙烯-丁二烯)树脂、碱金属磺化的聚酯树脂、碱金属磺化的聚酰亚胺树脂、碱金属磺化的聚(苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯)树脂、聚(苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸酯)树脂、碱金属磺化的聚(苯乙烯-丁二烯)树脂、聚酯酰亚胺、碱金属磺化的聚酰胺、碱金属磺化的聚酯酰亚胺、共聚(对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)-共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)、共聚(对苯二甲酸丙二醇酯)-共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酸丙二醇酯)、共聚(对苯二甲酸二乙二醇酯)-共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酸二乙二醇酯)、共聚(对苯二甲酸丙二醇二乙二醇酯)-共聚(5-磺基间苯二甲酸丙二醇二乙二醇酯)、共聚(对苯二甲酸丙二醇丁二醇酯)-共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酸丙二醇丁二醇酯)、共聚(丙氧基化双酚-A-富马酸酯)-共聚(丙氧基化双酚-A-5-磺基-间苯二甲酸酯)、共聚(乙氧基化双酚-A-富马酸酯)-共聚(乙氧基化双酚-A-5-间苯二甲酸酯)、共聚(乙氧基化双酚-A-马来酸酯)-共聚(乙氧基化双酚-A-5-磺基-间苯二甲酸酯)、上述的支化树脂、上述的交联树脂及其混合物/组合。
无定形树脂可以在其中包括交联部分,例如使得调色剂具有例如无定形聚酯的约0.001到约50wt%,例如约0.1到约40wt%或约1到约10wt%的微凝胶体重量分数(凝胶含量)。可以通过混合一定量的交联材料,或者例如通过在无定形聚酯中包括交联引发剂使无定形聚酯部分交联而获得凝胶含量。引发剂可以为例如过氧化物,例如有机过氧化物,或者偶氮化合物。使用的引发剂的量与交联程度,及由此聚酯材料的凝胶含量成比例。使用的引发剂的量可以为例如无定形聚酯的约0.01到约10wt%,例如约0.1到约5wt%。在交联中,理想的是消耗掉基本所有引发剂。交联可以在高温下进行,并且因此反应可能非常快速,例如停留时间低于10分钟,例如约20秒到约2分钟。
支化无定形聚酯树脂通常由有机二醇、二酸或二酯,磺化的双官能单体,和作为支化剂的多价多元酸或多元醇,以及缩聚催化剂的缩聚制备。磺化的双官能单体可以任选为碱金属磺化的双官能单体。
选定用于制备无定形聚酯和结晶聚酯的二酸或二酯的实例包括二羧酸或二酯,例如对苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸、富马酸、马来酸、衣康酸、琥珀酸、琥珀酸酐、十二烷基琥珀酸、十二烷基琥珀酸酐、戊二酸、戊二酸酐、己二酸、庚二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、十二烷二酸、对苯二甲酸二甲酯、对苯二甲酸二乙酯、间苯二甲酸二甲酯、间苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸酐、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、琥珀酸二甲酯、富马酸二甲酯、马来酸二甲酯、戊二酸二甲酯、己二酸二甲酯、十二烷基琥珀酸二甲酯及其混合物。在此适用的有机二酸或二酯的其它实例包括草酸、癸二酸、萘-2,6-二甲酸、萘-2,7-二甲酸、环己烷二甲酸、丙二酸和中康酸,其二酯或酸酐;和碱金属磺基-有机二酸,例如5-磺基-间苯二甲酸二甲酯、5-磺基-间苯二甲酸二烷基酯-4-磺基-1,8-萘二甲酸酐、4-磺基-邻苯二甲酸、4-磺基-邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、4-磺基-邻苯二甲酸二烷基酯、4-磺基苯基-3,5-二甲酯基苯、6-磺基-2-萘基-3,5-二甲酯基苯、磺基-对苯二甲酸、磺基-对苯二甲酸二甲酯、5-磺基-间苯二甲酸、磺基-对苯二甲酸二烷基酯、磺基乙二醇、2-磺基丙二醇、2-磺基丁二醇、3-磺基戊二醇、2-磺基己二醇、3-磺基-2-甲基戊二醇、2-磺基-3,3-二甲基戊二醇、磺基-对羟基苯甲酸、N,N-二(2-羟乙基)-2-氨基乙烷磺酸酯的钠代、锂代或钾代盐或其混合物。有机二酸或二酯选定为例如树脂的约25到约75mol%,例如树脂的约40到约60或约45到约52mol%。
用于产生无定形聚酯和结晶聚酯的二醇的实例可以包括1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,2-丁二醇、1,3-丁二醇、1,4-丁二醇、戊二醇、己二醇、2,2-二甲基丙二醇、2,2,3-三甲基己二醇、庚二醇、十二烷二醇、二(羟基乙基)-双酚A、二(2-羟丙基)-双酚A、1,4-环己烷二甲醇、1,3-环己烷二甲醇、二甲苯二甲醇、环己二醇、二乙二醇、二(2-羟乙基)氧化物、二丙二醇、二丁二醇及其混合物。有机二醇的实例可以进一步包括具有约2到约36个碳原子的脂族二醇,例如1,2-乙二醇、1,8-辛二醇、1,9-壬二醇、1,10-癸二醇、1,12-十二烷二醇等;碱金属磺基脂族二醇,例如钠代2-磺基-1,2-乙二醇、锂代2-磺基-1,2-乙二醇、钾代2-磺基-1,2-乙二醇、钠代2-磺基-1,3-丙二醇、锂代2-磺基-1,3-丙二醇、钾代2-磺基-1,3-丙二醇、其混合物等。选择的有机二醇的量可以变化,并且可以为树脂的约25到约75mol%,例如树脂的约40到约60mol%或约45到约52mol%。
其中碱金属为锂、钠、钾等的碱金属磺化的双官能单体实例包括5-磺基-间苯二甲酸二甲酯、5-磺基-间苯二甲酸二烷基酯-4-磺基-1,8-萘二甲酸酐、4-磺基-邻苯二甲酸、4-磺基苯基-3,5-二甲酯基苯、6-磺基-2-萘基-3,5-二甲酯基苯、磺基-对苯二甲酸、磺基-对苯二甲酸二甲酯、磺基-对苯二甲酸二烷基酯、磺基-乙二醇、2-磺基-丙二醇、2-磺基-丁二醇、3-磺基-戊二醇、2-磺基-己二醇、3-磺基-2-甲基戊二醇、N,N-二(2-羟乙基)-2-氨基乙烷磺酸酯、2-磺基-3,3-二甲基戊二醇、磺基-对羟基苯甲酸、其混合物等。可以选择有效的双官能单体量,例如树脂的约0.01到约10wt%,例如树脂的约0.05到约5wt%或约0.1到约2wt%。
生成支化无定形聚酯树脂的支化剂包括例如多价多元酸,例如1,2,4-苯-三甲酸、1,2,4-环己烷三甲酸、2,5,7-萘三甲酸、1,2,4-萘三甲酸、1,2,5-己烷三甲酸、1,3-二羧基-2-甲基-2-亚甲基-羧基丙烷、四(亚甲基-羧基)甲烷和1,2,7,8-辛烷四甲酸、其酸酐,及其1到约6个碳原子的低级烷基酯;多价多元醇,例如山梨糖醇、1,2,3,6-己四醇、1,4-脱水山梨糖醇、季戊四醇、二季戊四醇、三季戊四醇、蔗糖、1,2,4-丁三醇、1,2,5-戊三醇、丙三醇、2-甲基丙三醇、2-甲基-1,2,4-丁三醇、三羟甲基乙烷、三羟甲基丙烷、1,3,5-三羟甲基苯、其混合物等。选择的支化剂量为例如树脂的约0.01到约10mol%,例如树脂的约0.05到约8mol%或约0.1到约5mol%。
无定形树脂以例如基料的约50到约90wt%,例如约65到约85wt%的量存在。在实施方案中,无定形树脂具有由凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)测定的例如约5,000到约500,000,例如约10,000到约250,000的数均分子量(Mn);由使用聚苯乙烯标准物的GPC测定的例如约7,000到约600,000,例如约20,000到约300,000的重均分子量(Mw);并且其中分子量分布(Mw/Mn)为例如约1.5到约6,例如约2到约4。
该结晶树脂可以为例如聚酯、聚酰胺、聚酰亚胺、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚丁烯、聚异丁酸酯、乙烯-丙烯共聚物或乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物或聚烯烃。
在此适用的结晶树脂的实例包括聚(己二酸乙二醇酯)、聚(己二酸丙二醇酯)、聚(己二酸丁二醇酯)、聚(己二酸戊二醇酯)、聚(己二酸己二醇酯)、聚(己二酸辛二醇酯)、聚(琥珀酸乙二醇酯)、聚(琥珀酸丙二醇酯)、聚(琥珀酸丁二醇酯)、聚(琥珀酸戊二醇酯)、聚(琥珀酸己二醇酯)、聚(琥珀酸辛二醇酯)、聚(癸二酸乙二醇酯)、聚(癸二酸丙二醇酯)、聚(癸二酸丁二醇酯)、聚(癸二酸戊二醇酯)、聚(癸二酸己二醇酯)、聚(癸二酸辛二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基间苯二甲酰)-共聚(己二酸乙二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基间苯二甲酰)-共聚(己二酸丙二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基间苯二甲酰)-共聚(己二酸丁二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(己二酸戊二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(己二酸己二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(己二酸辛二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(己二酸乙二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(己二酸丙二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(己二酸丁二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(己二酸戊二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(己二酸己二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(己二酸辛二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(琥珀酸乙二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(琥珀酸丙二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(琥珀酸丁二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(琥珀酸戊二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(琥珀酸己二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(琥珀酸辛二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(癸二酸乙二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(癸二酸丙二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(癸二酸丁二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(癸二酸戊二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(癸二酸己二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(癸二酸辛二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基间苯二甲酰)-共聚(己二酸乙二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基间苯二甲酰)-共聚(己二酸丙二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基间苯二甲酰)-共聚(己二酸丁二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(己二酸戊二醇酯)、共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰)-共聚(己二酸己二醇酯)、聚(己二酸辛二醇酯)或其组合。
调色剂中的结晶树脂可以显示或具有例如约60℃到约85℃的熔融温度,和至少约47℃的重结晶温度,例如约50℃到约65℃的重结晶温度。在实施方案中,结晶树脂为磺化的聚酯树脂。结晶树脂可以进行约0.5wt%到约4.5wt%,例如约1.5wt%到约4.0wt%的磺化。
如果在此使用半结晶聚酯树脂,则该半结晶树脂具有例如约7,000到约200,000,例如约10,000到约150,000的合适的重均分子量Mw,和例如约1,000到约60,000,例如约3,000到约50,000的数均分子量Mn。
虽然并不确切知道,但是据信结晶和无定形树脂的离子部分,例如硫酸根离子提供例如乳液聚集的化学方法中形成调色剂所需的电荷,以及调色剂的机械性能。但是,虽然磺酸盐基团提供电荷,但它们同样十分亲水并且倾向于在例如85%相对湿度(RH)的较高湿度条件中吸收过多的水。因此由于吸水,高相对湿度条件下的电荷传导受到阻碍。因此相信减少或消除调色剂树脂中磺化基团的数目将改善高湿度条件下的电荷传导。
聚酯树脂末端处存在羧酸部分帮助增加调色剂电荷,并且允许包含这种聚酯树脂的调色剂颗粒可以由化学方法,例如乳液聚集法制备。具体地,羧酸端基可以起离子基团的作用,为调色剂颗粒和调色剂组合物提供电荷,允许排除磺酸盐基团。羧酸基团也可以稳定化调色剂颗粒,因为已知难以由具有低羧酸基团量和几乎没有或没有磺化的树脂制备调色剂颗粒。在聚合物链末端引入羧酸基团也可以改善流动或内聚力,即使是在高湿度条件下。
由包括使用过量二醇单体的缩聚法制备的聚酯调色剂可以产生具有羟基而不是羧酸端基的聚酯链。对于一些聚酯树脂,例如具有低或没有磺化树脂的聚酯树脂,需要能为调色剂提供电荷的离子基团。在实施方案中,聚酯树脂的羟基端基可以改性为羧酸端基,以提供所需电荷。
在实施方案中,羟基封端的聚酯树脂首先由缩聚制备。具体地,合适的有机二醇在缩聚催化剂存在下与合适的有机二酸或二酯反应。通常,在反应中使用等摩尔量的有机二醇和有机二酸或二酯。但是,当有机二醇的沸点为约180℃到约230℃时,可以使用过量的二醇,并在缩聚过程期间去除,随后在约160℃到约200℃添加聚丙烯酸。当使用有机二酯代替有机二酸时,产生醇类副产物。
使用的缩聚催化剂的量不同,并且可以选择其量为例如树脂的约0.01到约1mol%。另外,代替有机二酸,也可以选择有机二酯,并且其中产生醇类副产物。
用于结晶或无定形聚酯的缩聚催化剂实例包括钛酸四烷基酯,氧化二烷基锡,例如氧化二丁锡,四烷基锡,例如二月桂酸二丁锡,氧化二烷基锡氢氧化物(dialkyltin oxide hydroxide),例如氧化丁锡氢氧化物(butyltin oxide hydroxide),醇铝,烷基锌,二烷基锌,氧化锌,氧化亚锡,或其混合物;并且选择催化剂的量为例如约0.01mol%到约5mol%,基于用来生成聚酯树脂的起始二酸或二酯。
在实施方案中,聚酯树脂的羟基端基可以通过用含水次卤酸盐,例如含水次氯酸钠漂白剂温和氧化来改性为酸部分。次氯酸盐可以在该反应中加入到溴离子源中。在该反应中使用相转移催化剂(PTC)作为水相和有机相之间的“闸门(shuttle)”。也即,PTC从水相中提取次氯酸盐阴离子,并将其转移进有机反应相中,在那里该阴离子然后可以与溶解的聚酯树脂反应。
在此使用的合适的漂白剂包括例如固体碱金属次氯酸盐或碱土金属次氯酸盐,次氯酸钠、次氯酸钾、次氯酸镁、次氯酸锂、次氯酸钙及其组合。使用的次氯酸盐的量将根据使用的次氯酸盐而不同。
在实施方案中,碱金属或碱土金属次氯酸盐为次氯酸钠,溴离子源为溴化钠,并且碱金属或碱土金属次溴酸盐为次溴酸钠。其它合适的溴离子源可以包括例如溴化钠、溴化钾、溴化锂和氢溴酸。
在实施方案中,次氯酸钠漂白剂起氧化剂的作用。有机相可以为例如乙酸乙酯,其比二氯甲烷毒性少且便宜。PTC催化剂可以为例如硫酸氢四丁铵等。PTC使用催化剂量的亲脂性或有机可溶性季铵盐用于将阴离子物质从水性介质转移到有机介质。反应要求将包括聚酯树脂和水不混溶有机溶剂的水不混溶液体有机相与含有次卤酸盐离子的水相,以及催化剂量的季铵盐和/或季盐接触。
在实施方案中,可以使用过氧化氢、氧气和四氧化锰代替次氯酸盐。
合适的有机溶剂包括例如已知增溶化季铵盐的任何有机溶剂,包括伯烷基酯,例如乙酸乙酯。其它合适的有机溶剂包括例如双极性无质子溶剂,例如丙酮、氯仿、二氯甲烷、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲亚砜、对苯二甲酰氯和间苯二甲酰氯或其混合物。
可以在此使用的其它溶剂的实例包括例如醇类溶剂,例如甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇、叔丁醇、具有支链的仲醇和二氢萜品醇;链烷烃溶剂,例如C5-C18直链烷烃、支链烷烃和环烷烃;芳族溶剂,例如苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、三甲苯和其它单取代或多取代的烷基苯;酯类溶剂,例如脂肪酸酯、芳香酸酯和磷酸三甲酯、磷酸三乙酯、磷酸三丙酯、磷酸三丁酯、磷酸三辛酯和其它磷酸三烷基酯;醚类溶剂,例如烷基醚、芳基醚或芳基烷基醚;酮类溶剂,例如二烷基酮、芳基烷基酮;腈类溶剂,例如乙腈和苯甲基腈;和卤代烃溶剂,例如卤代烷烃和卤代芳香烃;及其组合等。
合适的相转移催化剂包括例如季铵化合物,包括溴化四丁铵、氯化四丁铵、氟化四丁铵三水合物、硫酸氢四丁铵、碘化四丁铵、硫氰酸四丁铵、四氟硼酸四丁铵、氯化苯甲基三丁铵、氯化苯甲基三乙铵、溴化苯甲基三甲铵、氯化苯甲基三甲铵、溴化十六烷基三甲铵、氯化十六烷基三甲铵、硫酸氢十六烷基三甲铵、溴化甲基三(十八烷基)铵、溴化甲基三辛铵、氯化甲基三辛铵、溴化四乙铵、氯化四乙铵、氟化四乙铵脱水物、六氟磷酸四乙铵、四氟硼酸四乙铵、硫酸氢四己铵、溴化四甲铵、氯化四甲铵、溴化四辛铵和氯化四辛铵;季化合物,包括溴化三丁基十六烷基、氯化四丁和溴化四丁;和络合剂,包括络合物结构、冠醚类型和聚乙二醇(PEG)的聚醚,例如12-冠-4、1-氮杂-15-冠-5、15-冠-5、二苯并-18-冠-6、二苯并-24-冠-8、18-冠-6、二环己氧杂-18-冠-6、二环己氧杂-24-冠-8、三[2-(2-甲氧基乙氧基)乙基]胺、4,7,13,16,21,24-六氧杂-1,10-二氮杂双环[8.8.8]二十六烷、聚乙二醇200、聚乙二醇400、聚乙二醇600和聚乙二醇1000。
以下反应式为相转移催化反应的实例:
PTC从水相中提取阴离子,并将该阴离子转移进有机反应相中,在那里该阴离子可以与存在于有机相中的有机反应物自由反应。PTC可以为例如季铵盐(Q+)并且要反应的阴离子缩写为X-。
在实施方案中,通过将聚酯树脂与催化剂溶于乙酸乙酯并添加次氯酸盐水溶液,将聚酯羟基端基转化为羧酸端基。反应在剧烈搅拌下在室温在少于一小时内容易地进行。
羟基端基转化为羧酸端基之后,树脂可以用其有机相中的萃取物洗涤,用去离子水和任选的表面活性剂均化,并且在馏出有机相之后以150-250nm含水乳液颗粒分散。这些颗粒然后可以用于聚集和聚结法以制备聚酯EA调色剂。
在实施方案中,聚酯树脂在聚酯链的末端具有一定量的羧基,使得树脂具有例如约1到50mg/当量KOH,例如约1到约25mg/当量KOH和约10到约25mg/当量KOH的酸值。
酸值表示中和存在于1克材料试样中的酸性组分所需的氢氧化钾或氢氧化钠的毫克数。材料可以溶于合适的溶剂,例如甲苯和/或异丙醇,并用氢氧化物滴定。
酸值(AV)数与聚酯树脂在没有表面活性剂的水中乳化的能力有关。理想的是几乎不使用或者不使用表面活性剂来减少EA方法中所需的洗涤数。AV越高,聚酯树脂可以在没有表面活性剂的水中乳化的更容易。
AV为所有结合酸基团的度量。因此,封端聚酯树脂的所有酸基团反应变为结合而不是游离的。结果,最终调色剂的AV与聚酯树脂的AV基本相同。基本相同在此表示例如AV值彼此在约1之内。因为端基基本全部反应,所以聚酯中的AV并不由于可能被从调色剂中洗掉的任何未反应的强酸而导致调色剂中AV下降。调色剂的AV因此与聚酯树脂的AV基本相同。
理想的是调色剂具有低磺化和高酸性部分,因为当其在聚结过程中流向调色剂表面时,磺化可能使电荷减少。由于羧基在调色剂表面上的分布,具有较高酸值的调色剂倾向于具有更高的电荷。
调色剂颗粒可以由各种已知的方法制备。虽然以下根据乳液聚集法描述与调色剂颗粒生产有关的实施方案,但是可以使用任何合适的制备调色剂颗粒的方法,包括化学方法,例如悬浮和包封法。在实施方案中,调色剂组合物和调色剂颗粒由公知的聚集和聚结法制备,其中小尺寸树脂颗粒聚集到合适的调色剂粒度,然后聚结获得最终的调色剂颗粒形状和形态。
在实施方案中,调色剂组合物可以由乳液聚集法制备,例如一种方法,包括聚集来自色料、任选的蜡和任何其它所需或要求的添加剂的混合物,和包括基料树脂的乳液的颗粒,然后聚结该聚集的颗粒。树脂乳液可以通过任选使用表面活性剂,将树脂溶于合适的溶剂中制备。可以类似地制备聚酯乳液,包括含有结晶聚酯树脂和/或无定形酸性聚酯树脂的任何乳液。
合适的溶剂包括醇、酮、酯、醚、氯化溶剂、含氮溶剂及其混合物。
树脂溶于溶剂,并混合进乳液介质中,例如水,例如含有稳定剂和任选的表面活性剂的去离子水。
合适的稳定剂包括例如水溶性的碱金属氢氧化物,例如氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氢氧化锂、氢氧化铍、氢氧化镁、氢氧化钙或氢氧化钡;氢氧化铵;碱金属碳酸盐,例如碳酸氢钠、碳酸氢锂、碳酸氢钾、碳酸锂、碳酸钾、碳酸钠、碳酸铍、碳酸镁、碳酸钙、碳酸钡或碳酸铯;或其混合物。在实施方案中,特别理想的稳定剂为碳酸氢钠或氢氧化铵。
当在组合物中使用稳定剂时,其通常以任何蜡和树脂的约0.1到约5重量%,例如约0.5到约3重量%的量存在。当将这种盐作为稳定剂加入到组合物中时,在实施方案中要求在组合物中不存在不相容的金属盐。例如,当使用这些盐时,组合物应完全或基本不合形成水不溶性盐的锌和其它不相容的金属离子,例如Ca、Fe、Ba等。术语“基本不含”表示例如不相容的金属离子以低于蜡和树脂的约0.01重量%,例如低于约0.005重量%或低于约0.001重量%的水平存在。如果是需要或必需的,可以在环境温度下向混合物中加入稳定剂,或者在添加之前其可以被加热到混合物温度。
任选地,可能理想的是向水乳液介质中加入另外的稳定剂,例如表面活性剂,以便赋予树脂额外的稳定性。合适的表面活性剂包括阴离子、阳离子和非离子型表面活性剂。
接下来,可以加热混合物以闪蒸出溶剂,然后冷却到室温。溶剂闪蒸步骤之后,在实施方案中,聚酯树脂乳液具有如用HoneywellMICROTRACUPA150粒度分析器测定的约100到约500纳米,例如约130到约300纳米的平均粒径。
通过混合色料和任选的蜡或其它材料、表面活性剂及结晶和/或无定形酸性聚酯乳液制备预调色剂混合物,该结晶和/或无定形酸性聚酯乳液可以为含有结晶聚酯树脂和/或无定形酸性聚酯树脂的两种或多种乳液。
制备预调色剂混合物之后,通过向预调色剂混合物中加入聚集剂(促凝剂)形成聚集混合物。聚集剂通常为二价阳离子或多价阳离子材料的水溶液。聚集剂可以为例如聚卤化铝,例如聚氯化铝(PAC),或相应的溴化物、氟化物或碘化物,聚硅酸铝,例如聚硫代硅酸铝(PASS),和水溶性金属盐,包括氯化铝、亚硝酸铝、硫酸铝、硫酸铝钾、乙酸钙、氯化钙、亚硝酸钙、草酸钙、硫酸钙、乙酸镁、硝酸镁、硫酸镁、乙酸锌、硝酸锌、硫酸锌、氯化锌、溴化锌、溴化镁、氯化铜、硫酸铜及其组合。
在实施方案中,虽然可以使用例如聚氯化铝的多价盐或例如乙酸锌的二价盐,并且调色剂配方对于两种聚集剂可以相同,但是制备调色剂颗粒的方法是不同的。在实施方案中使用二价阳离子材料,其中基料包括线性无定形和结晶聚酯。在多价盐的情况下,可以向胶乳混合物中加入阴离子和非离子型表面活性剂,以稳定化颗粒并降低当添加例如PAC的多价聚集剂时的冲击。还要求PAC在室温下添加(冷添加),以在颜料存在下引发聚集,因为在高温下添加PAC通常并不是有效的。在其中使用二价盐作为聚集剂的实施方案中,与冷添加相反,试剂可以在高温下,例如约50到60℃添加(热添加)。这样做的主要原因是乙酸锌自身解离成为水相和粒子(乙酸锌的pKa为约4.6)。解离依赖于温度和pH。当在高温下添加乙酸锌时,温度因素减少或消除。可以控制添加的乙酸锌量以控制粒度,而在冷添加乙酸锌的情况下,不能控制这些参数。
因此,该方法需要在全部包括亚微米颗粒的颜料和任选的蜡或其它添加剂存在下共混结晶聚酯树脂及线性和/或支化无定形聚酯树脂乳液,将该共混物从室温加热到约60℃,随后添加乙酸锌溶液。温度可以缓慢升高到65℃并在此保持约6小时,以提供具有如在FPIA SYSMEX分析仪上测定的例如约115到约130的形状系数的9微米颗粒。
当使用例如PAC的多价离子作为聚集剂时,其必须进行如上所述的冷添加。因此,该方法步骤不同于用乙酸锌的方法步骤,并且需要向胶乳共混物中加入表面活性剂,随后添加颜料和任选的添加剂。当添加聚集剂时,表面活性剂通过静电或空间排列力量或者两者稳定化颗粒,阻止大块絮凝。用0.1M硝酸将含有例如调色剂、颜料、任选添加剂(蜡)的共混物的pH从约5.6调节到约3.0,随后添加PAC,同时以约5000rpm的速率均质化(polytroned)。混合物的温度从室温升高到55℃,并分阶段缓慢升高到约70℃,以便聚结颗粒。在两种聚集剂方法中不需要调节pH来稳定化粒度。
聚集之后,聚结该聚集体。聚结可以通过将聚集体混合物加热到超过乳液树脂Tg约5到约20℃的温度实现。通常,聚集的混合物被加热到约50到约80℃。在实施方案中,也可以以约200到约750转/分搅拌混合物以聚结颗粒。聚结可以经约3到约9小时完成。
当聚集和聚结时,实施方案的调色剂颗粒具有约3到约25微米,在其它实施方案中约3到约15微米,和在具体实施方案中约4到约12微米,例如约7微米的平均粒度。实施方案调色剂颗粒的几何粒度分布(GSD)可以为约1.20到约1.35,和在具体实施方案中低于约1.25。实施方案调色剂颗粒的体积平均和数均几何粒度分布(GSDv和GSDn)可以为约1.1到约1.3,如用合适的方法,例如库乐尔特颗粒计数器多尺寸仪II测定。体积平均和数均分布分别根据得到颗粒的累积百分比的粒径确定。关于这一点,得到16%累积百分比的粒径分别定义为体积D16百分比和数目D16百分比,并且得到84%累积百分比的粒径分别定义为体积D84百分比和数目D84百分比。这些上述体积平均粒度分布指数GSDv和数均粒度分布指数GSDn可以通过使用累积分布中的D16百分比和D84百分比表示,其中体积平均粒度分布指数GSDv表示为(体积D84百分比/体积D16百分比)1/2,数均粒度分布指数GSDn表示为(数目D84百分比/数目D16百分比)1/2。
在实施方案中,添加剂可以包括在调色剂组合物中。在实施方案中包含的合适的添加剂包括例如色料;磁铁矿;絮凝剂;固化剂;蜡;电荷添加剂;流动促进剂;流动控制剂;增塑剂;稳定剂;防气剂和脱气剂;均化剂;表面添加剂;抗氧剂;UV吸收剂;光稳定剂;填料和它们的混合物。在实施方案中,添加剂可以在调色剂颗粒制备过程中或者交联之后作为表面添加剂引入到调色剂颗粒中。调色剂制备过程中或表面交联之后,可以使用引入添加剂作为表面添加剂的任何合适的方法。
实施方案的调色剂组合物可以包括一种或多种色料。各种已知的合适的色料包括染料、颜料、其混合物,例如染料的混合物、颜料的混合物以及染料和颜料的混合物等。色料可以以例如调色剂的约1到约25wt%,和在实施方案中约1到约15wt%的有效量包括在调色剂中。
任选地,调色剂组合物还可以包括蜡。当包括时,蜡可以以例如调色剂的约1到约25wt%,和在某些实施方案中约5到约20wt%的量存在。合适的蜡的实例包括但不限于由Allied Chemical and PetroliteCorporation市售的聚丙烯和聚乙烯(例如购自Baker Petrolite的POLYWAXTM聚乙烯蜡)。
也可以与调色剂组合物共混的外部添加剂颗粒包括助流添加剂,该添加剂可以存在于调色剂颗粒的表面上。这些添加剂的实例包括金属氧化物,例如氧化钛、氧化锡、其混合物等;胶态二氧化硅,例如AEROSIL,金属盐和脂肪酸的金属盐,包括硬脂酸锌、氧化铝、二氧化铈及其混合物。在实施方案中,每种外部添加剂可以以调色剂的约0.1到约5wt%,或约0.1到约1wt%的量存在。
本调色剂足以用于静电摄影或静电复印方法。本调色剂通常显示约80到约130℃的最小定影温度。当用于静电复印或静电摄影方法时,本调色剂显示令人满意的性能。这种性能包括可以为约20到约60Garner光泽单位(ggu)的高光泽;在高温/高和低湿度环境下良好带电性;100℃或更高的熔凝幅度;和基本上没有乙烯基污损(offset)。
实施方案的调色剂颗粒显示低于约50%,和在特殊实施方案中低于约20%,例如低于约10%或低于约5%的无添加剂热内聚力。
所有实施方案的调色剂颗粒可以包括在显影剂组合物中。在实施方案中,显影剂组合物包括与载体颗粒混合的例如上述那些调色剂颗粒,以形成双组分显影剂组合物。在一些实施方案中,显影剂组合物中的调色剂浓度可以为显影剂组合物总重量的约1到约25wt%,或约2到约15wt%。
可以选择与调色剂混合的载体颗粒的说明性实例包括能够以摩擦电形式得到与调色剂颗粒极性相反的电荷的那些颗粒。合适的载体颗粒的说明性实例包括颗粒状锆石、颗粒状硅、玻璃、钢、镍、纯铁体、铁氧体、二氧化硅等。
混合调色剂颗粒和一种或多种载体颗粒形成显影剂之后,可以测量许多调色剂性能,这些性能可以包括例如调色剂摩擦电荷。在混合调色剂和载体成为显影剂之前,测量例如调色剂内聚力的其它调色剂性能。上述性能可能影响显影剂的性能,例如图像质量随时间退化。
可以使用购自Micron Powders Systems的Hosokawa Micron PT-R测试仪测量调色剂内聚力。调色剂内聚力通常用百分比(%)内聚力表示。可以通过将通常为2克的已知质量的调色剂放置在一组层叠筛网之上,例如上部筛网具有53微米网眼或开口,中部筛网具有45微米网眼或开口,和下部筛网具有38微米网眼或开口,并且以固定振幅振荡筛网和调色剂固定时间,例如以1毫米振幅振荡90秒,测量百分比内聚力。理想地,所有筛网由不锈钢制成。在实施方案中,计算百分比内聚力如下:
%内聚力=50·A+30·B+10·C
其中A为残留在53微米筛网上的调色剂质量,B为残留在45微米筛网上的调色剂质量,和C为残留在38微米筛网上的调色剂质量。调色剂的百分比内聚力与在时间结尾处残留在每个筛网上的调色剂量有关。100%的百分比内聚力值对应于在振荡步骤的结尾,残留在上部筛网上的所有调色剂(50×2克=100),而0%的百分比内聚力对应于在振荡步骤的结尾,穿过所有三个筛网的所有调色剂,也即没有调色剂残留在三个筛网的任一个上。调色剂的百分比内聚力越大,能够流动的调色剂颗粒越少。在实施方案中,调色剂可以具有例如约1%到约80%,例如约1%到约40%和约1%到约10%的百分比内聚力。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,理想的是调色剂用于在使用熔凝辊元件的图像显影器件中显影图像。熔凝辊元件接触本领域中公知的熔凝器件,其中使用来自辊的热量和压力,以便使调色剂熔凝到图像接收介质。通常,熔凝器元件可以加热到刚超过调色剂熔凝温度的温度,即加热到约80℃到约150℃或更高的温度。
实施例
氧化实施例
在500ml Erlenmeyer烧瓶中,将20g支化聚酯树脂溶于280g乙酸乙酯中并加热到60℃加以溶解。向溶解的树脂中添加1.9g硫酸氢四丁铵,随后添加100g试剂级次氯酸钠溶液(10-13%氯化物)。用箔片覆盖烧瓶并在大约23℃(环境温度)在磁性搅拌盘上以1100rpm剧烈搅拌60分钟。向500ml分液漏斗中转移反应的溶液,并去除水相(底层)。用110g盐水溶液洗涤乙酸乙酯中溶解的树脂(有机相)两次,并用60g去离子水再洗涤两次。然后在硫酸镁上干燥有机相,过滤,经由Büchi旋转蒸发器R-124蒸发,并在50℃真空干燥过夜。对试样进行酸值测定以确定聚酯树脂的氧化水平。
酸值为中和1克树脂中的游离酸所需的氢氧化钾毫克数。AV数表示聚酯树脂可以在没有表面活性剂的水中乳化的容易程度,这是所需结果,因为较少或没有表面活性剂使方法中所需的洗涤次数减少。当通过溶剂闪蒸法制备时,具有酸官能度的颗粒离子化为钠盐并自稳定。
表1显示氧化反应实验和由该实验得到的结果。
表1:氧化实验和结果
实验# | ANaOCl | gmNaOCl | BPTC | gmPTC | C反应时间 | 产量(g) | %理论 | 酸值 |
1 | 55% | 95.65 | 6% | 1.20 | 63分钟 | 13.62 | 68.1% | 11.03 |
2 | 55% | 95.65 | 6% | 1.37 | 120分钟 | 17.46 | 87.3% | 24.12 |
3 | 55% | 95.65 | 12% | 2.40 | 66分钟 | 19.97 | 99.9% | 16.95 |
4 | 55% | 101.62 | 12% | 2.40 | 120分钟 | 11.13 | 55.7% | 22.31 |
5 | 65% | 113.04 | 6% | 1.20 | 60分钟 | 19.30 | 96.5% | 8.67 |
6 | 65% | 113.04 | 6% | 1.20 | 120分钟 | 18.21 | 91.1% | 29.77 |
7 | 65% | 113.04 | 12% | 2.40 | 60分钟 | 17.62 | 88.1% | 9.28 |
8 | 65% | 113.04 | 12% | 2.40 | 120分钟 | 17.50 | 87.5% | 16.7 |
9 | 55% | 95.65 | 6% | 1.20 | 120分钟 | 10.54 | 52.7% | 12.37 |
Claims (2)
1.一种氧化聚酯树脂的方法,包括通过使用相转移催化剂使有机相中的聚酯与水相中的次卤酸盐反应,将聚酯树脂氧化,产生包含用至少一个酸性基团封端的链的聚酯树脂。
2.一种制备调色剂组合物的方法,包括:
提供聚酯树脂;
改性聚酯树脂的端基,包括通过使用相转移催化剂使有机相中的聚酯树脂与水相中的次卤酸盐反应,将聚酯树脂氧化,产生包含用至少一个酸性基团封端的链的聚酯树脂;和
由改性的聚酯树脂制备调色剂颗粒。
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