CN101223497A - 丰富的拖放用户界面 - Google Patents

丰富的拖放用户界面 Download PDF

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CN101223497A
CN101223497A CNA2006800255432A CN200680025543A CN101223497A CN 101223497 A CN101223497 A CN 101223497A CN A2006800255432 A CNA2006800255432 A CN A2006800255432A CN 200680025543 A CN200680025543 A CN 200680025543A CN 101223497 A CN101223497 A CN 101223497A
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CN101223497B (zh
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C·库敏斯
C·K·范多克
D·G·德弗奇克
S·霍弗纳格尔斯
T·P·麦基
T·K·彼姆
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Microsoft Technology Licensing LLC
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/048—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI]
    • G06F3/0484—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] for the control of specific functions or operations, e.g. selecting or manipulating an object, an image or a displayed text element, setting a parameter value or selecting a range
    • G06F3/0486—Drag-and-drop
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
    • G06F16/10—File systems; File servers
    • G06F16/16—File or folder operations, e.g. details of user interfaces specifically adapted to file systems
    • G06F16/162—Delete operations
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
    • G06F16/10—File systems; File servers
    • G06F16/16—File or folder operations, e.g. details of user interfaces specifically adapted to file systems
    • G06F16/164—File meta data generation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/048—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI]
    • G06F3/0481—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] based on specific properties of the displayed interaction object or a metaphor-based environment, e.g. interaction with desktop elements like windows or icons, or assisted by a cursor's changing behaviour or appearance
    • G06F3/04817—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] based on specific properties of the displayed interaction object or a metaphor-based environment, e.g. interaction with desktop elements like windows or icons, or assisted by a cursor's changing behaviour or appearance using icons
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/048—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI]
    • G06F3/0481—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] based on specific properties of the displayed interaction object or a metaphor-based environment, e.g. interaction with desktop elements like windows or icons, or assisted by a cursor's changing behaviour or appearance
    • G06F3/0482—Interaction with lists of selectable items, e.g. menus
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/048—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI]
    • G06F3/0484—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] for the control of specific functions or operations, e.g. selecting or manipulating an object, an image or a displayed text element, setting a parameter value or selecting a range
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/048—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI]
    • G06F3/0487—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] using specific features provided by the input device, e.g. functions controlled by the rotation of a mouse with dual sensing arrangements, or of the nature of the input device, e.g. tap gestures based on pressure sensed by a digitiser
    • G06F3/0488—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] using specific features provided by the input device, e.g. functions controlled by the rotation of a mouse with dual sensing arrangements, or of the nature of the input device, e.g. tap gestures based on pressure sensed by a digitiser using a touch-screen or digitiser, e.g. input of commands through traced gestures
    • G06F3/04883—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] using specific features provided by the input device, e.g. functions controlled by the rotation of a mouse with dual sensing arrangements, or of the nature of the input device, e.g. tap gestures based on pressure sensed by a digitiser using a touch-screen or digitiser, e.g. input of commands through traced gestures for inputting data by handwriting, e.g. gesture or text

Abstract

在电子文件系统中，在将所选对象拖到目标对象上的操作期间向用户提供预览信息。该信息指示如果所选对象被放到该目标对象上将采取什么类型的动作。要采取的动作可以取决于所选对象的类型和/或目标对象的类型。例如，当所选对象是项而目标对象是持久化自动列表时，该动作可以包括添加、移除或修改所选对象的一个或多个属性以遵循由持久化自动列表定义的一个或多个准则。并且，在选择多个对象时可向用户提供数字反馈。例如，当选择七个对象时，可在光标旁边出现文本数字“7”。

Description

丰富的拖放用户界面
背景
现代电子文件系统通常以分层树结构来储存文件。该树的每一节点被认为是包含一个或多个文件的文件夹。通常，在这一电子文件系统中，一个项的位置受到组织定义的文件系统的限制。例如，在许多文件系统中，每一文件位于一个(且仅一个)文件夹中。这意味着文件生存期和文件组织被合并。即，文件只能在其具有相对于其它文件或文件夹组织的位置时才存在。另外，文件不能被放置在多个组织中。这意味着例如如果用户希望在多个文件夹中查看一文件，则用户必须制作该文件的多个副本。这对于用户而言既冗长乏味又易于出错，并且浪费了存储空间。
另外，当执行拖/放操作时，用户并不总是清楚在完成拖/放操作时候将要采取什么动作。当一起选择了多个文件来进行拖/放时，这甚至可能更混乱。
概述
需要更多地允许用户使用图形用户界面以更灵活的方式来操纵文件和其它对象的更高级的电子文件系统和用户界面。有了这一灵活性，就有机会向用户提供关于当执行拖/放操作时发生了什么的更丰富信息。
本发明的各方面涉及可被实现的各种类型的文件系统对象，包括项、文件夹、列表、持久化自动列表以及栈。然而，例如，文件夹包含实际对象，而列表和持久化自动列表包含对对象的引用或快捷方式而非对象本身。持久化自动列表参考具有遵循由该持久化自动列表定义的一个或多个准则的属性的对象来自动填充。
本发明的其它方面涉及在图形用户界面中将所选对象拖到目标对象上的操作的过程中向用户提供预览信息。该预览信息指示如果所选的对象被放到目标对象上则会采取什么动作，由此在完成拖/放操作之前向用户提供了确定特定的拖/放操作是否合需的机会。要采取的特定动作可以取决于所选对象的类型和/或目标对象的类型。例如，当所选对象是项而目标对象是持久化自动列表时，该动作可包括添加、移除或修改所选对象的一个或多个属性以遵循由该持久化自动列表定义的一个或多个准则。
本发明的另外一些方面涉及当选中多个对象时向用户提供数字反馈。例如，当选中七个对象时，在光标旁边出现文本数字“7”。这可得到比过去的用户界面更易于理解的用户界面，在过去的用户界面中，多个对象在其移动时分散在屏幕周围。在常规界面中，用户有时难以确定选中了多少对象。
本发明的还有一些方面涉及响应于不同的拖/放组合来执行各种类型的动作。所执行的动作的具体类型可由被放下的对象的类型和/或对其发生了放置的目标对象的类型来确定。
当结合以下说明性实施例的详细描述来考虑时，将清楚此处公开的这些和其它方面。
附图简述
当结合附图阅读时，可以更好地理解以上概述以及以下说明性实施例的详细描述，附图作为示例而非对所要求保护的本发明的局限被包括在内。
图1是一个说明性计算环境的功能框图。
图2是示出可响应于特定的拖/放操作来采取的说明性动作的表。
图3-10示出了可响应于各种拖/放操作来呈现的说明性预览反馈实例。
图11-13示出了其中拖/放操作导致在光标附近或在屏幕上的另一位置中呈现预览反馈实例的说明性屏幕截图。
图14示出了可响应于将一项拖到各种类型的目标对象上而呈现的说明性预览反馈实例。
图15-18示出了各自包括解释性文本的说明性预览反馈实例。
图19-23示出了对将一对象拖到在一分层结构中其下具有子对象的目标对象上的说明性响应。
说明性实施例的详细描述
说明性计算环境
图1示出了其中可实现手写识别功能和/或神经网络创建、修改、和/或训练的合适的计算环境100的一个示例。计算环境100仅为合适的计算环境的一个示例，并非对本发明的使用范围或功能提出任何局限。也不应将计算环境100解释为对说明性计算环境100中示出的任一组件或其组合具有任何依赖性或需求。
可以使用其它通用或专用计算系统环境或配置。众所周知的计算系统、环境和/或配置的示例包括但不限于，个人计算机(PC)；服务器计算机；手持式和其它便携式设备，诸如个人数字助理(PDA)、平板样式的PC或膝上型PC；多处理器系统；基于微处理器的系统；机顶盒；可编程消费者电子设备；网络PC；小型机；大型计算机；包括任一上述系统或设备的分布式计算环境；等等。
此处的公开内容有时在诸如程序模块等由计算机执行的计算机可执行指令的一般上下文中描述。一般而言，程序模块包括执行特定的任务或实现特定的抽象数据类型的例程、程序、对象、组件、数据结构等等。还可使用其中任务由通过通信网络链接的远程处理设备来执行的分布式计算环境。在分布式计算环境中，程序模块可以位于包括存储器存储设备的本地和远程计算机存储介质中。
参考图1，说明性计算环境100包括计算机100形式的通用计算设备。计算机110的组件可包括但不限于，处理单元120、系统存储器130以及将包括系统存储器130的各类系统组件耦合至处理单元120的系统总线121。系统总线121可以是若干种总线结构的任一种，包括存储器总线或存储器控制器、外围总线以及使用各类总线体系结构的任一种的局部总线。作为示例而非局限，这类体系结构包括工业标准体系结构(ISA)总线、微通道体系结构(MCA)总线、增强ISA(EISA)总线、视频电子技术标准协会(VESA)局部总线、高级图形端口(AGP)总线、以及外围部件互连(PCI)总线(也称为背板(Mezzanine)总线)。
计算机110通常包括各种计算机可读介质。计算机可读介质可以是可由计算机110访问的任一可用介质，诸如易失性和非易失性介质、可移动和不可移动介质。作为示例而非局限，计算机可读介质包括计算机存储介质和通信介质。计算机存储介质包括以用于储存诸如计算机可读指令、数据结构、程序模块或其它数据等信息的任一方法或技术实现的易失性和非易失性，可移动和不可移动介质。计算机存储介质包括但不限于，随机存取存储器(RAM)、只读存储器(ROM)、电可擦除可编程ROM(EEPROM)、闪存或其它存储器技术、紧致盘ROM(CD-ROM)、数字视频盘(DVD)或其它光盘存储、磁盒、磁带、磁盘存储或其它磁存储设备、或可以用来储存所期望的信息并可由计算机100访问的任一其它介质。通信介质通常具体化为诸如载波或其它传输机制等已调制数据信号中的计算机可读指令、数据结构、程序模块或其它数据，并包括任一信息传送介质。术语“已调制数据信号”指以对信号中的信息进行编码的方式设置或改变其一个或多个特征的信号。作为示例而非局限，通信介质包括有线介质，如有线网络或直接连线连接，以及无线介质，如声学、射频(RF)(例如，蓝牙、WiFi、UWB)、光学(例如，红外)和其它无线介质。
系统存储器130包括易失性和/或非易失性存储器形式的计算机存储介质，如ROM 131和RAM 132。基本输入/输出系统133(BIOS)包括如在启动时帮助在计算机100内的元件之间传输信息的基本例程，它通常储存在ROM 131中。RAM 132通常包含处理单元120立即可访问和/或当前正在操作的数据和/或程序模块。作为示例而非局限，图1示出了计算机可执行指令形式的软件，包括操作系统134、应用程序135、其它程序模块136和程序数据137。
计算机110也可包括其它计算机存储介质。仅作示例，图1示出了对不可移动、非易失性磁介质进行读写的硬盘驱动器141、对可移动、非易失性磁盘152进行读写的磁盘驱动器151，以及对可移动、非易失性光盘156，如CD ROM、DVD或其它光介质进行读写的光盘驱动器155。可以在说明性操作环境中使用的其它计算机存储介质包括但不限于，磁带盒、闪存卡、数字录像带、固态RAM、固态ROM等等。硬盘驱动器141通常通过不可移动存储器接口，如接口140连接到系统总线121，磁盘驱动器151和光盘驱动器155通常通过可移动存储器接口，如接口150连接到系统总线121。
上文讨论并在图1示出的驱动器及其关联的计算机存储介质为计算机110提供了计算机可读指令、数据结构、程序模块和其它数据的存储。例如，在图1中，示出硬盘驱动器141储存操作系统144、应用程序145、其它程序模块146和程序数据147。注意，这些组件可以各自与操作系统134、应用程序135、其它程序模块136和程序数据137相同，也可以与它们不同。在图1中对操作系统144、应用程序145、其它程序模块146和程序数据147给予不同的标号来说明至少它们是不同的副本。用户可以通过输入设备，如键盘162、触摸垫165(诸如数字化仪)和指示笔166、以及定点设备161(通常指鼠标、跟踪球或触摸垫)向计算机100输入命令和信息。触摸垫165可以是单独的物理设备，或者可以与诸如监视器191等显示设备集成。其它输入设备(未示出)可包括话筒、操纵杆、游戏垫、圆盘式卫星天线、扫描仪等等。这些和其它输入设备通常通过耦合至系统总线的用户输入接口160连接至处理单元120，但是也可以通过其它接口和总线结构连接，如并行端口、游戏端口、通用串行总线(USB)或IEEE 1394串行总线(火线)。监视器191或其它类型的显示设备也通过接口，如视频接口190连接至系统总线121。视频接口190除了其自己的专用处理器和存储器之外还可具有高级2D或3D图形能力。计算机100还可包括其它外围输出设备，如扬声器197和打印机196，它们通过输出外围接口195连接。
计算机100可以使用到一个或多个远程计算机，如远程计算机180的逻辑连接在网络化环境中操作。远程计算机180可以是个人计算机、服务器、路由器、网络PC、对等设备或其它常见的网络节点，并通常包括许多或所有相对于计算机100所描述的元件，尽管在图1中仅示出了存储器存储设备181。图1描述的逻辑连接包括局域网(LAN)171和广域网(WAN)173，但也可或是或者包括其它网络，诸如因特网。这类网络环境常见于家庭、办公室、企业范围计算机网络、内联网以及因特网。
当在LAN网络环境中使用时，计算机100通过网络接口或适配器170耦合到LAN 171。当在WAN网络环境中使用时，计算机100可包括调制解调器172或用于通过WAN 173，如因特网建立通信的其它设备。调制解调器172可以是内置或外置的，它通过用户输入接口160或其它适当的机制连接至系统总线121。在网络化环境中，相对于计算机100所描述的程序模块或其部分可远程地储存在诸如远程存储设备181中。作为示例而非局限，图1示出远程应用程序185驻留在存储器设备181上。可以理解，示出的网络连接是示例性的，也可以使用在计算机之间建立通信链路的其它手段。
文件系统组织
一种电子文件系统可由计算机100实现以管理储存在计算机100可访问的各种电子介质中的文件和其它对象。该文件系统可以是其它程序模块136的一部分和/或操作系统134的一部分。该文件系统可以是传统的文件系统，或者可以是数据库驱动的更高级的文件化系统。在许多传统的文件系统中，诸如基于文件分配表(FAT)文件系统的那些系统，对文件的传统目录访问假定用户希望以分层目录树来维护其文件。文件位置和目录结构彼此依赖；用户不能在不改变目录结构的情况下将文件移至另一位置。
另一方面，可使用一种更高级的文件系统，该文件系统使用了快捷方式引用，由此允许文件和其它对象出现在一个或多个位置中而实际上在另一不同的位置中。这一文件系统可定义各种类型的对象，它提供了管理文件和其它对象的更灵活的方式。
例如，一种类型的对象是列表。出于本公开内容和权利要求书的目的，列表是以特定顺序引用一其它对象的集合的对象。本公开内容和权利要求书中所使用的术语对象的“集合”旨在包括多个对象的集合以及仅有单个对象的集合两者。由列表引用的对象例如可以是各自由用户手动添加到列表的对象的任意集合。然而，由列表引用的对象不是如它们在常规文件夹中那样实际存储在列表中。由此，一个以上列表可同时引用同一对象。
该文件系统支持的另一种类型的对象是持久化自动列表。持久化自动列表类似于列表，不同之处在于由持久化自动列表引用的对象集合是由查询来确定的。该查询可定义一个或多个准则。由此，出于本公开内容和权利要求书的目的，持久化自动列表被定义为包含满足与该持久化自动列表相关联的一个或多个准则的对象集合的列表。持久化自动列表的内容是动态的；在持久化自动列表中列出的对象集合可根据各个对象的属性的改变而改变。例如，被配置成包含对由作者John Doe创建的所有文档的引用的持久化自动列表(这一情况下的查询准则可以是类型＝文档，作者＝“John Doe”)可在John Dow创建一新文件或删除其文件之一时自动更新。与持久化自动列表相关联的准则可以包括任何准则，诸如对象类型、作者、标题、内容、创建日期、编辑日期、文件系统中的位置(此处也称为“范围”)、自定义内在属性等。并且，如下所述，列表允许对由列表和持久化自动列表引用的对象定义外在属性。
由该文件系统管理的每一对象可包括一个或多个属性或可与这些属性相关联。这些属性可以被大致地分类成两组：外在属性和内在属性。与持久化自动列表相关联的一个或多个准则形成了对对象的内在属性的查询。
外在属性是与对象分开储存的对象属性。例如，在列表的上下文中，用户可添加“列表注释”列，该列仅在列表的上下文中安排评论，而不对由列表引用的对象本身安排评论。这可允许用户对例如用户没有权限修改的对象作出评论。外在属性不会随着这些对象而传播到该列表的上下文之外。由此，引用这些相同对象中的一个或多个的另一列表不会包括这些项中的任一个的“列表注释”属性，当然，除非用户将该属性添加到该其它列表的上下文中的项。外在属性可由用户手动添加，或可由文件系统、操作系统和/或其它程序模块自动添加。
内在属性是随项一起储存的属性。例如，文件的标题可以被认为是文件的内在属性，其中标题随文件一起传播。如果例如文件要被添加到特定的文件夹或列表，则文件仍具有其标题。对象的内容也是对象的内在属性。同样，对象在文件系统内的位置是对象的另一内在属性。
该文件系统可支持的还有一种类型的对象是常规文件夹。文件夹出于本公开内容和权利要求书的目的而被定义为包含其它对象的集合的对象。一种相关类型的对象是栈，它是表示满足给定要求的项集合的视图中的虚拟容器。例如，用户可按照“作者”来堆栈持久化自动列表或查询结果，然后按照谁写了它们来查看所有结果。栈将对每一作者呈现，其中每一栈基于由每一作者所编写的对象的个数而可以具有不同的高度。
该文件系统可支持的另外一种类型的对象是项。项可以是例如文件、电子邮件、联系人或约会。
由列表和持久化自动列表引用的对象以及包含在文件夹和栈中的对象可以是任何组合中的任何类型的对象。例如，列表、持久化自动列表、文件夹或栈可以各自包含一个或多个文件、电子邮件、列表、持久化自动列表、文件夹、栈、和/或任何其它类型的对象。
该文件系统可被组织成一个或多个卷。卷出于本公开内容和权利要求书的目的而被定义为由文件系统表示为单独的存储资源的物理存储介质或其预定部分。
拖/放对象
操作系统和/或文件系统可具有呈现表示由该文件系统管理的每一对象的图标或其它可视元素的图形用户界面。该图形用户界面还可允许用户以常规的方式将表示对象的可视元素拖放到表示其它对象的可视元素上。术语将第一对象“拖/放”或“拖放”到第二对象上及其变型将在此处用作表示将第一对象的可视元素常规地拖放到表示第二对象的可视元素上的简写语言。诸如微软的WINDOWS操作系统线等许多系统传统上提供了拖/放功能。拖放在不同的上下文中可具有不同的含义。例如，将一文件拖到文件夹上通常使得该文件被移至该文件夹中。换言之，实际文件对象本身在该文件系统中的位置被改变。同样，将一文档拖到一打印机对象上通常使得该文档在与该打印机对象相关联的打印机上打印。应当注意，许多这样的操作系统和文件系统也提供了剪切/复制/粘贴功能。这些被认为是获得相同结果的替换用户操作。例如，将一文件拖放到一列表中可替换地通过复制该文件并将该文件粘贴到列表中来实现。
然而，需要在对象的各种组合之间并且对于先前未被传统系统支持的上下文建立拖/放含义。例如，将一个项拖到一现有的持久化列表上意味着什么？这一拖/放含义的示例在此处参考图2来讨论。图2示出了响应于用户作出的拖/放输入将执行哪一(些)动作。图2中的每一行对应于将要放置的一不同类型的对象(“所选对象”)，而每一列对应于所选对象要被放到其上的一不同类型的对象(“目标对象”)。
由此，图2处理了六种不同的可能类型的所选对象：单个项、多个项的组、文件夹、列表、持久化自动列表和栈。图2还处理了六种不同的可能类型的目标对象：与所选对象在同一卷内的文件夹、与所选对象在不同卷内的文件夹、与所选对象在同一卷内的列表、与所选对象在不同卷内的列表、定义包括所选对象的范围(即，文件系统中的位置)的自动列表、以及定义不包括所选对象的范围的自动列表。
图2将在逐列的基础上来讨论。参考图2的“文件夹(相同卷)”列，其中目标对象是与所选对象在同一卷内的文件夹，则采取的动作是将所选对象移至该目标对象内，而不管所选对象的类型如何。这是有意义的，因为当所选对象和目标对象在同一卷内时，它最可能是用户的意图。
类似地，参考“文件夹(不同卷)”列，其中目标对象是与所选对象在不同卷内的文件夹，则所采取的动作是复制所选对象并将该副本放置在目标对象内，而不管所选对象的类型如何。再一次，在这一情况下，当目标对象在不同卷内时，用户的意图最可能是将所选对象的副本而非原始的所选对象本身放置在目标对象内。然而，存在所选对象是栈的例外。在这一情况下，将所选栈拖/放到目标文件夹导致创建表示该目标文件夹中所选栈的持久化自动列表。
参考图2的“列表(相同卷)”和“列表(不同卷)”列，其中目标对象是列表，拖/放操作可以使得对所选对象的引用或快捷方式被放置在列表中。无论目标列表是否与所选对象在同一卷内情况都是如此。然而，存在所选对象是栈的例外。在这一情况下，将所选栈从持久化自动列表拖到目标列表导致创建对持久化自动列表的定义的快捷方式，它被嵌入在目标列表中(而非作为单独的文件来持久化)。再一次，当用户执行这一拖/放操作时这最有可能是用户的意图。
参考图2的“自动列表(相同范围)”列，将任何所选项拖到定义包括所选对象的范围的持久化自动列表上导致所选对象的一个或多个属性被修改、移除或添加，使得所选对象落入由目标持久化自动列表定义的标准或准则内。例如，假定目标持久化自动列表定义了由持久化自动列表引用的对象必须是(类型＝文档)且(作者＝“John Doe”)，且文件夹范围为c:\work\clientxyz的准则。在这一情况下，持久化自动列表将自动列出其范围内满足这些准则的所有对象。例如，假定一文档在所定义的范围内，但是既没有分配作者也没有分配给它的不同作者属性。将该文档拖放到目标持久化自动列表的操作将导致该文档的属性在可能时被设置以满足该持久化自动列表所要求的准则。在这一示例中，该文档的作者属性将被改为“JohnDoe”，使得该文档可由该持久化自动列表正确地列出。
在某些情况下，计算机100可能确定不可能改变属性来满足所有准则。例如，如果被放到同一目标持久化自动列表上的对象不是文档，则将该对象的类型属性改为文档将没有任何意义(因为它实际上不是文档)。在这一情况下，拖/放操作可以被禁止。
当要被拖/放到与所选对象在同一范围内的目标持久化自动列表上的所选对象是文件夹时，则被改变以满足持久化自动列表准则的属性导致该文件夹中的项(但不是该文件夹本身)由该持久化自动列表来引用。同样，所选文件夹中的项的属性在可能时被改变以满足目标持久化自动列表的准则。
在所选对象是持久化自动列表的情况下，则将其拖/放到另一目标持久化自动列表上将设置该持久化自动列表结果上的属性。换言之，遵循所选自动列表的所有项的属性被改变、移除或添加，使得它们也遵循目标自动列表。
在所选对象是栈的情况下，则将其拖/放到目标持久化自动列表上将在可能时设置栈的内容的属性以满足目标持久化自动列表的准则。
参考图2的“自动列表(不同范围)”列，该列涉及与前一列相同的情形，除了现在所选对象在目标持久化自动列表的范围之外以外。在这些情况下，所选对象(或由所选对象引用的对象，诸如在所选列表中列出的对象)首先被复制，然后该副本被放置到目标持久化自动列表的范围内。然后，执行在“自动列表(相同范围)”列中所涉及的相同的动作，除了这些动作是在副本而非原始的所选对象上执行的以外。
拖/放修改工具
从以上对于图2的示例中讨论的各种拖/放操作所得的动作是默认动作。默认动作试图预测在执行每一拖/放操作时用户的意图是什么。然而，用户可通过连同拖/放操作一起提供附加输入来手动覆盖要采取的动作。例如，用户可在执行拖/放操作时按下键盘162上的键。例如，按下Shift键可使得任何复制动作变为移动动作，而按下Ctrl键可使得任何移动动作改为复制动作。
作为另一示例，当拖到列表时，在拖动时按下Shift键可迫使所选对象被移至目标列表的丛状(thicket)文件夹，该文件夹是当目标列表收集对象时放置对象的位置。或者，当拖到列表时同时按下Ctrl键，这可迫使所选对象被复制到列表的丛状文件夹。当拖到持久化自动列表时，则拖动的同时按下Shift键可迫使所选对象被移至目标持久化自动列表的默认文件夹，该默认文件夹是当对象被复制到目标自动列表的范围内时放置对象的位置。或者，当拖到持久化自动列表同时按下Ctrl键，这可迫使所选对象被复制到目标持久化自动列表的默认文件夹。
拖/放预览
由于现在响应于拖/放操作有各种各样可采取的动作，因此用户可能很容易对特定的拖/放操作可意味着什么感到混淆。即使系统可被配置成采取最可能的预期动作，也可能会发生这一混乱。因此，期望的是向用户呈现反馈，即作为给定拖/放操作的结果将要发生的部分或全部动作和/或拖/放操作的当前状态的预览。基于该反馈，用户然后可按需决定是完成、异常中止还是修改拖/放操作。
该预览反馈可用所需的任何形式来呈现。例如，该反馈可采用图标、图形、文本和/或任何其它类型的反馈的形式，并且可在显示器的任何固定或非固定部分中呈现。该反馈可以是可视和/或可听的。此外，该反馈可以随光标移动和/或可以在光标附近呈现。
这一预览反馈的示例在图3-10中示出。所示的反馈实例仅是说明性的。图3示出了可在不能完成操作时在待决的拖/放操作期间出现的可视反馈的一个示例。例如，这可响应于用户已将一个项拖到持久化自动列表上，而该项的属性不能被修改来满足该持久化自动列表的准则而出现。
图4示出了可在待决的拖/放操作期间出现的可视反馈的一个示例，该反馈指示所选对象将响应于拖/放操作的完成被复制。例如，这可响应于用户已将一个项拖到一不同卷中的文件夹时出现。
图5示出了可在待决的拖/放操作期间出现的可视反馈的一个示例，该反馈指示多个项已被选中。在这一示例中，选择了14个项。当将每一新项添加到选择时，该数字可动态改变以指示所选项的实际个数。在许多常规图形用户界面文件系统中，对多个文件的选择是通过文件的各个图标根据光标从其原始的显示位置移至新的相对位置来指示的。在这一情况下，当文件图标开始移动时，用户可能难以理解接下来要发生什么以及选择了多少文件。然而，在图5中，用户可容易地查看有多少多个选中的项的状态。图5中数字左边的图标可以是所选项之一的缩略图，诸如选择的第一个项或最近选择的项。也可提供其它信息，诸如所选的字节数。
图6示出了可在待决的拖/放操作期间出现的可视反馈的一个示例，该反馈指示响应于拖/放操作的完成，所选对象将被添加到目标列表或目标持久化自动列表中。
图7示出了可在待决的拖/放操作期间出现的可视反馈的一个示例，该反馈指示响应于拖/放操作的完成，所选对象的属性要被添加、移除或修改。
图8示出了可在待决的拖/放操作期间出现的可视反馈的一个示例，该反馈指示响应于拖/放操作的完成将创建一持久化自动列表。持久化自动列表可在例如用户将一特定栈从现有的查询结果集合中拖放到别处的栈时响应于拖/放操作来创建。在这一情况下，可响应于拖/放操作自动创建持久保存该查询的定义的新的持久化自动列表。
图9示出了可在待决的拖/放操作期间出现的可视反馈的一个示例，该反馈指示响应于拖/放操作的完成，所选对象要被移动。
当要采取一次以上动作时，可组合诸如图4-9中的图标等各种反馈实例。例如，图10示出了可在待决的拖/放操作期间出现的可视反馈的一个示例，该反馈指示响应于拖/放操作的完成，将采取特定的多个动作。在该示例中，响应于待决的拖/放操作的完成，将采取三个动作：将复制所选对象；将添加、移除或修改其属性中的至少一个；以及将创建新的持久化自动列表。尽管在此示例中各种图标被示为水平排列，但是它们也可垂直或以任何其它方式来排列。
除了图5所示的反馈之外，这些反馈实例中的每一个都可响应于所选对象被移至目标附近(例如，在目标的阈值距离内；或覆盖目标)而呈现给用户。例如，参考图11，示出了其中用户将要使用光标1103将所选对象1101拖到目标对象1102上的屏幕1100。参考图12，所选对象1101现在已被拖动，并且现在在目标对象1102附近(在这一情况下，实际上覆盖目标对象)。作为响应，在光标1103附近呈现反馈1201。作为替代，或除此之外，参考图13，可在屏幕1100上与光标1102的位置无关的位置上，诸如在预先有的状态栏中或在弹出窗口中呈现反馈1301。
如已提到的，提供给用户的特定反馈取决于在完成拖/放操作时将要采取哪一(些)动作。可提供的反馈的一个示例在图14中示出，并参考了图2中的表的“项”行。当项1401被拖到同一卷中的文件夹1402上时，提供如图9中的反馈，指示在将项1401拖到那里时项1401将被移至文件夹1402。当项1401被拖到不同卷中的文件夹1403上时，提供如图4中的反馈，指示当将项1401拖到那里时项1401将被复制到文件夹1403中。当项1401被拖到同一卷中的列表1404上时，提供如图6中的反馈，指示当将项1401拖到那里时对项1401的引用将被添加到列表1404。当项1401被拖到不同卷中的列表1405上时指示相同的反馈。当项1401被拖到持久化自动列表1405上时，并且当项1401在持久化自动列表1405的范围内时，提供如图7中的反馈。这一反馈指示当将项1401拖到那里时将修改项1401的一个或多个属性使得项1401将在持久化自动列表1405中列出。当项1401被拖到持久化自动列表1406上时，并且当项1401在持久化自动列表1405的范围之外时，提供如图4和7中的反馈。这一反馈指示在将项1401拖到那里时将项1401复制到范围内的位置上，并且将修改项1401的副本的一个或多个属性使得项1401的副本将在持久化自动列表1405中列出。
参考图15-18，预览反馈可另外地或替代地包括更完整地解释要采取的每一动作的细节的文本解释。例如，图15中的反馈实例向用户指示，所选项的属性将被改变，尤其是标签“项目”和“工作”将作为内在属性被添加到项。图16中的反馈实例向用户指示，所选项将被复制且其属性将被修改，尤其是所选项将被复制到位置桌面，且标签“紧急”和“个人”将作为内在属性被添加到所选项。
图17中的反馈实例也向用户提供了详细信息。在这一情况下，所选项将被复制到位置客户工作文件夹，并且各个所指示的标签将作为属性被添加到项。应当注意，当描述性文本变得过长时，如图17所示，该文本可如图所示地逐渐消失。图18中的反馈实例不仅指示拖/放操作将不起作用，而且还指示了它为何不起作用。在这一示例中，该操作不起作用是因为将一非文档拖到定义了仅允许引用文档的准则的持久化自动列表上。
拖/放到分层结构中的子对象
迄今已假定目标对象在拖动期间被显示在屏幕上。然而，此处所有讨论也可应用于拖到作为这些对象的子对象且在拖动开始时没有在屏幕上显示的目标对象上。例如，诸如文件夹、列表或持久化自动列表等主对象可包含子对象。用户可能期望将所选对象拖到子对象之一上，即使当前仅显示了主对象。这可如参考图19-23所述地说明性地完成。
在图19中，用户可选择对象1901来拖动。假定用户决定将对象1901放到文件夹1902的子对象上。由此，参考图20，用户将对象1902拖到文件夹1902上。作为响应，计算机100显示列出文件夹1902内包含的子对象的窗口2001。参考图21，用户然后可将对象1901向下拖到窗口2001上以按需选择其中列出的特定子对象。当对象1901被拖到每一子对象上时，可向用户提供适当的预览反馈。例如，当对象1901被拖到所列出的第一个子对象(“持久化自动列表A”)上时，预览反馈2101指示如果对象1901被放在那里，则对象1901的属性将被修改以将“工作”添加到其关键词属性并将“客户XYZ”添加到其客户属性。这是可能的，因为持久化自动列表A定义了需要由其引用的任何对象的这些属性的准则。
当用户继续将对象1901向下拖到窗口2001上时，对象1901最终可被定位在列表E上，如图22所示。在这一情况下，呈现了预览反馈2201，它指示当将对象1901拖到列表E上时，对象1901将由其引用。用户可选择这样做。用户可替换地选择不将对象1901拖到窗口2001中示出的任一子对象上，而是异常中止拖/放或拖到一完全不同的文件夹上。在这一情况下，用户可将对象1901拖离文件夹1902和窗口2001，如图23所示。如图所示，响应于将对象1901拖离文件夹1902和/或窗口2001，窗口2001自动消失。这可为用户提供将对象放到位于分层结构中较深处的其它对象上而无需手动打开和关闭诸如文件夹、列表和持久化自动列表等容器对象的便利方式。
结论
由此，描述了一种管理电子文件系统中的对象的改进的方法。根据本发明的各方面，例如，拖/放操作变为处理列表、持久化自动列表和栈的概念的强大工具。另外，为应对这一增加的能力以及随之而来的复杂性，用户现在能够预览响应于完成的拖/放操作将采取的多个不同的可能动作中的哪一个。

Claims (20)

1.一种储存计算机可执行指令的计算机可读介质，所述指令用于执行以下步骤：
(a)接收对图形用户界面的第一用户输入；
(b)检测所述第一用户输入表示将第一对象拖到第二对象；
(c)响应于步骤(b)，向所述用户提供关于响应于表示将所述第一对象放到所述第二对象上的第二用户输入将采取的第一动作的指示。
2.如权利要求1所述的计算机可读介质，其特征在于，所述计算机可执行指令还用于：
(d)检测第三用户输入表示至少与第三对象一起选择所述第一对象；以及
响应于步骤(d)，显示表示所选择的对象的数量的文本数字。
3.如权利要求2所述的计算机可读介质，其特征在于，所述文本数字被显示为使所述文本数字随光标的移动而移动。
4.如权利要求1所述的计算机可读介质，其特征在于，所述指示被显示为使所述指示随光标的移动而移动。
5.如权利要求1所述的计算机可读介质，其特征在于，所述指示被显示为使所述指示不随光标的移动而移动。
6.如权利要求1所述的计算机可读介质，其特征在于，所述指示是取决于所述第一动作是什么的不同图形图标。
7.如权利要求1所述的计算机可读介质，其特征在于，所述第一动作是移动所述第一对象的文件系统位置。
8.如权利要求1所述的计算机可读介质，其特征在于，所述第一动作是复制所述第一对象。
9.如权利要求1所述的计算机可读介质，其特征在于，所述第一动作是在所述第二对象中添加对所述第一对象的引用。
10.如权利要求1所述的计算机可读介质，其特征在于，所述第一动作是修改、添加或移除所述第一对象的至少一个属性以满足由所述第二对象定义的至少一个准则。
11.如权利要求1所述的计算机可读介质，其特征在于，所述指示包括所述动作的文本描述。
12.如权利要求1所述的计算机可读介质，其特征在于，所述第一动作取决于所述第二对象的类型。
13.如权利要求1所述的计算机可读介质，其特征在于，所述指示在所述第一对象被拖到所述第二对象之前不被呈现。
14.一种储存计算机可执行指令的计算机可读介质，所述指令用于执行以下步骤：
响应于图形用户界面中一对象被拖到一持久化自动列表，显示表示修改、添加或移除与所述对象相关联的至少一个属性的动作的指示；以及
响应于在所述显示步骤之后所述对象被放到所述持久化自动列表上，使得所述动作被执行。
15.如权利要求14所述的计算机可读介质，其特征在于，所述对象是项。
16.如权利要求14所述的计算机可读介质，其特征在于，所述对象是文件夹，且所述动作是修改、添加或移除包含在所述文件夹中的对象的至少一个属性。
17.如权利要求14所述的计算机可读介质，其特征在于，所述持久化自动列表具有不包括所述对象的范围，并且其中所述动作是将所述对象复制到所述范围中，并修改、添加或移除所述对象的副本的至少一个属性。
18.如权利要求14所述的计算机可读介质，其特征在于，所述动作导致所述对象的属性遵循由所述持久化自动列表定义的至少一个准则。
19.一种储存计算机可执行指令的计算机可读介质，所述指令用于执行以下步骤：
检测第一显示对象被拖到第二显示对象；以及
响应于所述检测步骤，同时显示多个图标，每一图标表示将响应于将所述第一对象放到所述第二对象上而采取的多个动作中不同的一个。
20.如权利要求19所述的计算机可读介质，其特征在于，所述多个动作包括影响所述第一对象的属性的动作以及制作所述第一对象的副本的动作。
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US20160357383A1 (en) 2016-12-08
US9354800B2 (en) 2016-05-31
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WO2007008524A3 (en) 2007-11-08
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