CN101427420A - 用于使用毫米波信号进行通信的毫米波反射器天线系统和方法 - Google Patents

用于使用毫米波信号进行通信的毫米波反射器天线系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN101427420A
CN101427420A CN200680054334.0A CN200680054334A CN101427420A CN 101427420 A CN101427420 A CN 101427420A CN 200680054334 A CN200680054334 A CN 200680054334A CN 101427420 A CN101427420 A CN 101427420A
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antenna
reflector
wave
millimeter
array
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CN101427420B (zh
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S·M·阿拉穆蒂
A·A·马尔采夫
N·V·奇斯佳科夫
小A·A·马尔采夫
V·S·谢尔盖耶夫
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Intel Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/14—Reflecting surfaces; Equivalent structures
    • H01Q15/148—Reflecting surfaces; Equivalent structures with means for varying the reflecting properties
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/007—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas specially adapted for indoor communication
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/06—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens
    • H01Q19/062—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens for focusing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/10—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces
    • H01Q19/12—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces wherein the surfaces are concave
    • H01Q19/17—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces wherein the surfaces are concave the primary radiating source comprising two or more radiating elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/0006—Particular feeding systems
    • H01Q21/0031—Parallel-plate fed arrays; Lens-fed arrays
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/2658—Phased-array fed focussing structure
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/2664—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture electrically moving the phase centre of a radiating element in the focal plane of a focussing device
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/30—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array

Abstract

这里一般地描述了毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统的实施例。可以描述和要求保护其它实施例。在一些实施例中，毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统包括：毫米波反射器，用以成形和反射入射天线波束；以及包括天线单元阵列的片阵列天线，用以将入射天线波束引导到反射器的表面，以提供反射天线波束。

Description

用于使用毫米波信号进行通信的毫米波反射器天线系统和方法
相关申请
本专利申请涉及并要求享受于2006年5月23日向俄罗斯受理局递交的申请序号为[TBD]而代理案号为884.H19WO1(P23949)的当前未决专利PCT申请的优先权。
本专利申请涉及于2006年5月23日向俄罗斯受理局递交的代理案号为884.H17WO1(P23947)的当前未决专利PCT申请以及同时向俄罗斯受理局递交的代理案号为884.H20WO1(P23950)的当前未决专利PCT申请。
技术领域
本发明的一些实施例涉及使用毫米波信号的无线通信系统。一些实施例涉及使用反射器的毫米波天线系统。
背景技术
许多常规无线网络使用范围一般在两吉赫兹(GHz)与十吉赫兹之间的微波频率来通信。由于微波频率的波长比较长，因此这些系统通常主要利用全方向天线或低定向性天线。这些天线的低定向性可能限制此类系统的吞吐量。定向天线可以提高这些系统的吞吐量，但是微波频率的波长使紧凑定向天线难以实施。毫米波频带可以具有可用频谱并且能够提供更高的吞吐量水平。另外，定向天线在毫米波频率上可以更小且更紧凑。
因此通常需要适合于在无线通信网络中使用的紧凑定向毫米波天线和天线系统。通常还需要可以提高无线网络吞吐量的紧凑定向毫米波天线和天线系统。
附图说明
图1A和1B示出了根据本发明一些实施例的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统；
图2示出了根据本发明一些实施例的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统的波束扫描角度；
图3A、3B、3C和3D示出了根据本发明一些实施例的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统；
图4A示出了根据本发明一些实施例的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统的方位角扫描角度和方位角定向图案；
图4B示出了根据本发明一些实施例的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统的仰角定向图案；
图4C示出了根据本发明一些实施例的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统的仰角扫描角度和仰角定向图案；
图5A示出了根据本发明一些实施例的具有线性阵列天线单元的片阵列天线；
图5B示出了根据本发明一些实施例的具有平面阵列天线单元的片阵列天线；以及
图6示出了根据本发明一些实施例的毫米波通信系统。
具体实施方式
以下描述和附图充分地说明了本发明的具体实施例，以使本领域技术人员能够实施它们。其它实施例可以结合结构的、逻辑的、电性的、过程和其它变化。实例仅代表可能的变化。除非明确要求，单独部件和功能是可选的，并且操作顺序可以变化。一些实施例的部分和特征可以包含于其它实施例中或者为其它实施例的部分和特征所取代。在权利要求中阐述的本发明实施例涵盖这些权利要求的所有可用等效体。如果事实上公开了多个发明或创造性原理，这里可以将本发明的多个实施例仅统称为词语“发明”，这是为了方便而不是旨在将本申请的范围局限于任何单个发明或创造性原理。
图1A和1B示出了根据本发明一些实施例的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统。毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统100包括毫米波反射器104和片阵列天线102。片阵列天线102生成入射天线波束并将其引导到毫米波反射器104的表面105，以便按照方位角和/或仰角在多个波束转向角度(beam-steering angle)上提供可控天线波束。毫米波反射器104反射和成形入射天线波束以生成可以具有按照方位角和仰角的预定定向图案的反射波束。可以选择毫米波反射器104的曲率使得可控天线波束在方位角和/或仰角中具有高定向性。下文更具体地讨论这些实施例。在一些实施例中，片阵列天线102可以定位于毫米波反射器104的焦点处或附近，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。
在一些实施例中，片阵列天线102包括天线单元阵列。在这些实施例中，可以控制天线单元的幅度和/或相位以将入射天线波束引导到反射器104，以便在多个波束扫描角度上提供可控天线波束。下文更具体地讨论这些实施例。
在一些实施例中，毫米波反射器104的表面105可以由第一平面中基本圆形弧106和第二平面中基本抛物线弧108来限定，以提供方位角发散而仰角基本上无发散的可控天线波束，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。在这些实施例中，可控天线波束可以方位角呈扇形并且可以仰角更加呈针形。在一些实施例中，第一平面可以是水平面而第二平面可以是竖直平面，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此，如术语水平和竖直可以互换。下文更具体地讨论这些实施例。
在(图1A中所示的)一些实施例中，反射器104可以基本上关于基本抛物线弧108对称。在这些实施例中，基本抛物线弧108的顶点110可以位于反射器104的中心处或附近，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。在这些实施例中，基本抛物线弧108关于顶点110对称。
在(图1B中所示的)一些其它实施例中，反射器104可以关于基本抛物线弧108为非对称。在这些实施例中，基本抛物线弧108的顶点110没有位于反射器104的中心附近。在这些实施例中，基本抛物线弧108也关于顶点110对称，然而，基本抛物线弧108的下半部限定反射器104使得反射器104为非对称。除了其它益处之外，非对称反射器的使用可以帮助减少由于片阵列天线102阻止原本在反射器104上直接入射的接收信号而在接收模式下可能出现的阴影。非对称反射器的使用还可以帮助减少造成不利激励的在发送模式下可能出现的在片阵列天线102上的反馈照射。下文也更具体地描述这些实施例。
在一些实施例中，空气可以充满毫米波反射器104与片阵列天线102之间的空间。在一些其它实施例中，毫米波折射材料可以填充毫米波反射器104与片阵列天线102之间的空间。在这些实施例中，毫米波折射材料可以包括交链聚合物如Rexolite，不过也可以使用其它聚合物和电介质材料如聚乙烯、聚4-甲基戊烯-1、聚四氟乙烯和高密度聚乙烯。例如，Rexolite可以产自美国新泽西州贝弗利市C-LEC塑料有限公司。在一些实施例中，砷化镓(GaAs)、石英和/或丙烯玻璃可以用于毫米波折射材料。
在一些实施例中，可以在第一平面中限定表面105以提供在方位角上具有发散定向图案的可调天线波束。在这些实施例中，还可以在第二平面中限定毫米波反射器104以提供在仰角上具有基本正切平方(sec2)定向图案的可调天线波束。在这些实施例中，在仰角上基本正切平方的图案可以向一个或多个用户设备提供用于信号的发送和/或接收的近似相同的天线增益和/或灵敏度，而基本上至少在预定范围内与距天线系统100的距离无关，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。在一些实施例中，基本正切平方定向图案可以是余切平方定向图案。
在一些实施例中，片阵列天线102可以位于基本抛物线弧108的焦点处或附近。可以选择片阵列天线102相对于基本抛物线弧108的焦点的位置以减少可控天线波束的旁瓣，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。在一些实施例中，基本抛物线弧108可以是表面105的垂直母线。在一些实施例中，表面105可以包括环形抛物面的截面，该环形抛物面可以通过将抛物线围绕与图1A中所示z轴平行的轴进行旋转而得到。
在一些替代实施例中，表面105可以由第一平面中抛物线弧和第二平面中椭圆形弧的基本圆形弧106来限定，以提供在方位角上具有发散定向图案而在仰角上具有基本上无发散定向图案的可调天线波束。在这些实施例中，反射器104的垂直母线可以是椭圆主轴落在x-y平面中(例如水平面)而椭圆辅轴与z轴平行的椭圆形。在这些实施例中，反射器104可以具有通过围绕与z轴平行的轴旋转垂直椭圆母线而得到的形状。在一些实施例中，旋转轴可以包含椭圆的焦点之一，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。
反射器104和片阵列天线102可以用各种方式来机械耦合。在一些实施例中，反射器104和片阵列天线102可以通过单个杆或机械链来耦合。在这些实施例中，杆的一端可以附着到片阵列天线102，而杆的另一端可以附着到反射器104的边缘或表面105上的点。在一些实施例中，杆可以支撑片阵列天线102并且可以承受片阵列天线102的重量，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。在一些实施例中，杆可以是空心的，并且可以在杆内部提供电缆/电线以将片阵列天线102与可以位于反射器104后面的系统电路电性耦合。在一些其它实施例中，反射器104和片阵列天线102可以使用数个杆来耦合以便以增加的刚性来支撑片阵列天线102。在这些实施例中，反射器104可以是对称反射器，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。在一些其它实施例中，可以将系统电路封闭于盒子中而反射器104可以附着到盒子的边缘。片阵列天线102可以固定于盒子的表面上或者附近。在这些实施例中，盒子可以对反射器104和片阵列天线102提供机械支撑。电缆/电线可以从片阵列天线102延伸到盒子中。在这些实施例中，反射器104可以是非对称反射器，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。
在这些实施例中，包括附加信号处理电路和/或收发信机电路的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统100可以装配于房间天花板或墙壁上用于室内应用或者装配于墙壁、竿或塔上用于室外应用。下文更具体地讨论这些实施例的实例。
图2示出了根据本发明一些实施例的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统的波束扫描角度。在图2中，片阵列天线202可以对应于片天线阵列102(图1A和1B)，而反射器204可以对应于反射器104(图1A和1B)。片阵列天线202将入射天线波束214引导到反射器204，以在多个方位角扫描角度210上提供可调反射天线波束206。在这些实施例中，片阵列天线202可以利用入射天线波束来照射反射器204的部分表面。例如在波束扫描过程中，片阵列天线202可以将入射天线波束214A引导到反射器204，以提供反射天线波束206A，片阵列天线202可以将入射天线波束214B引导到反射器204，以提供反射天线波束206B，片阵列天线202可以将入射天线波束214C引导到反射器204，以提供反射天线波束206C，片阵列天线202可以将入射天线波束214D引导到反射器204，以提供反射天线波束206D，片阵列天线202可以将入射天线波束214E引导到反射器204，以提供反射天线波束206E，以及片阵列天线202可以将入射天线波束214F引导到反射器204，以提供反射天线波束206F。虽然将入射天线波束214A到214F和天线波束206A到206F图示为独立离散波束，但是在一些实施例中片阵列天线202可以使入射天线波束214在反射器204的表面上扫描，以在方位角扫描角度210上提供可调反射天线波束206。
虽然图2示出了使用对称反射器(例如反射器204)的波束扫描，但是本发明的实施例也适用于使用非对称反射器如反射器104(图1B)的波束扫描。非对称反射器的使用可以帮助减少甚至消除可能由片阵列天线202造成的阴影。
在一些实施例中，反射器204的形状可以允许片阵列天线202利用相对较宽的入射天线波束在方位角上进行扫描，而同时反射器204可以在仰角上‘挤压’入射天线波束以提供总的较高增益。在图2所示实施例中，由于片阵列天线202的定向图案，反射器204中由入射天线波束214A到214F照射的部分可以在仰角上较大而在方位角上较小。这些实施例可以提供反射天线波束206，该反射天线波束206可以在仰角上较窄而在方位角上较宽。
在反射器204由基本圆形弧106限定的这些实施例中(图1)，由片阵列天线202提供的入射天线波束214的波束宽度在由反射器204反射时基本上在方位角上没有改变。另一方面，在反射器204由基本抛物线弧108限定的这些实施例中(图1)，入射天线波束214可以根据照射区域的竖直尺寸而变窄。下文更具体地描述这些实施例。
图3A、3B、3C和3D示出了根据本发明一些实施例的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统。在3A、3B、3C和3D中，片阵列天线302可以对应于片天线阵列102(图1A和1B)，而反射器304A、304B、304C和304D可以对应于反射器104(图1A和1B)。图3A和3B示出了可以基本上关于基本抛物线弧308对称的反射器304A和304B，而图3C和3D示出了关于基本抛物线弧108非对称的反射器304C和304D。将反射器304A、304B、304C和304D示出为还由基本圆形弧306限定。可以根据系统需求，比如系统是设计用于室内使用还是室外使用以及系统的范围和覆盖区，来选择反射器和片配置。在图3A、3B、3C和3D中，基本抛物线弧308可以分别具有顶点310。
图3A示出了可以适用于可能需要较宽方位角扫描角度(例如达到150-160度)的应用的反射器304A。在这些实施例中，可以减小天线的增益以实现反射器304A的较小垂直尺寸。在这些实施例中，反射器304A如图所示可以沿着x轴较宽而沿着z轴较窄。在这些实施例中，片阵列天线302可以在x-y平面(例如垂直平面)中提供相对较窄的入射天线波束，以将其多数或所有射线指向反射器304A从而实现更高的效率。在这些实施例中，片阵列天线302可以沿z轴相对较大，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。
图3B示出了反射器304B，其具有较大垂直尺寸，以帮助生成在仰角上具有较小波束宽度的天线波束。在这些实施例中，片阵列天线302可以沿z轴相对较窄，以在x-z平面中提供较宽波束从而更好地照射反射器304B的z维度。在这些实施例中，片阵列天线302可以是沿x轴取向的线性天线阵列，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。在这些实施例中，由反射器304B生成的具有较小波束宽度的反射天线波束可以呈狭窄针形和/或在仰角上基本上无发散。
图3C和3D示出了非对称反射器304C和304D。反射器304C沿x轴较大并且可以在方位角上提供比反射器304D更大的扫描角度。另一方面，当不需要较大扫描角度时和/或用于较小尺寸时可以使用反射器304D，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。
在图3A和3B的对称实施例中，抛物线弧308的顶点310可以位于反射器304A和304B的中心处或附近。在图3C和3D的非对称实施例中，顶点310可以位置远离反射器304C和304D的中心。在一些非对称实施例中，顶点310如图所示可以位于反射器304D的表面以外。
图4A示出了根据本发明一些实施例的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统的方位角扫描角度和方位角定向图案。图4B示出了根据本发明一些实施例的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统的仰角定向图案。图4C示出了根据本发明一些实施例的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统的仰角扫描角度和仰角定向图案。在图4A、4B和4C中，片阵列天线402可以对应于片阵列天线102(图1A和1B)，而反射器404可以对应于反射器104(图1A和1B)。在一些实施例中，图4A示出顶视图，而图4B和4C示出侧视图，然而术语‘顶视’和‘侧视’可以互换而不影响本发明的范围。
如图4A所示，反射天线波束406在方位角扫描角度410上是可调的。在该实例中，反射天线波束406可以在方位角上具有扇形的(例如宽的和发散的)定向图案。在这些实施例中，片阵列天线402可以沿着x轴具有多个天线单元，而反射器404可以具有基本上圆形的水平横截面，以便在方位角扫描角度410上提供方位角扫描。在一些实施例中，由反射器304A(图3A)、反射器304B(图3B)和/或反射器304C(图3C)提供的方位角扫描角度410可以在范围上达到160度或更大，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。在这些实施例中，当反射器404由一个平面中的圆形弧限定时并且当片阵列天线402位于该圆形弧的中心处或附近时，可以通过x-y平面中的片阵列孔径尺寸403来确定在方位角上的波束宽度。
在一些实施例中，片阵列天线402可以包括半波长间距线性天线单元的五单元阵列。在这些实施例中，例如该阵列可以在x-y平面中取向并且反射天线波束406的波束宽度可以在方位角上约为25度(即处于-3dB等级)。在一些其它实施例中，片阵列天线402可以包括半波长间距线性天线单元的八单元天线阵列。在这些实施例中，例如该阵列可以在x-y平面中取向并且反射天线波束406的波束宽度可以在方位角上约为15度。在一些实施例中，方位角波束宽度可以至少部分地依赖于由片阵列天线402提供的入射天线波束的方位角度。例如当入射天线波束调整为60度方位角时，波束宽度可以是由相同天线系统在零度方位角提供的波束宽度的大约两倍。在这些实施例中，可以相对方向415来计算方位角度。在这些实施例中，方位角扫描角度410可以范围为-60度到+60度，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。
如图4B中所示，反射天线波束406可以在仰角上较窄(例如基本上无发散或呈针形)。在这些实施例的部分实施例中，片阵列天线402可以具有单行天线单元并且该阵列可以垂直面向y-z平面(即在x方向上)。在这些实施例中，可以通过各个天线单元的定向图案来确定入射天线波束在仰角上的定向图案。在这些实施例中，片阵列天线402可以在y-z平面中生成相对较宽的入射天线波束，以照射在y-z平面中的反射器404的主要部分。在这些实施例中，垂直孔径405可以明显地大于垂直平面中片阵列天线402的各天线单元的孔径。
在一些实施例中，为了提高效率，反射器404的被照射区域可以约等于反射器404的高度。在这些实施例中，当反射器404由在y-z平面中的基本抛物线形横截面来限定时，通过反射器404的垂直尺寸确定仰角定向图案，这可以造成反射天线波束406如图4B中所示在仰角上充分狭窄。在一些实施例中，垂直孔径405的尺寸可以约为24cm而毫米波信号的波长可以约为5mm(即处于约60GHz)。在这些实施例中，反射天线波束406的波束宽度可以在仰角上约为一度。在一些实施例中，使用具有五个天线单元的线性阵列的片阵列天线402可以实现到达34dB的增益。在一些其它实施例中，可以使用具有八个天线单元的线性阵列的片阵列天线402来实现到达36dB的增益，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。
如图4C中所示，反射天线单元406可以在仰角扫描角度408上可调。在这些实施例中，片阵列天线402可以包括天线单元平面阵列，其沿着z轴具有数行天线单元。这些实施例可以在仰角扫描角度408内提供仰角扫描。在这些实施例中，当反射器404在z方向上由基本抛物线弧来限定时，仰角扫描角度408可以相对较小并且可以至少部分地通过垂直孔径405的尺寸与反射器404的焦距之比来确定，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。
在一些实施例中，仰角扫描角度408可以在y-z平面中处于两到三个波束宽度的级别。可以通过在z方向上增加片阵列天线402的尺寸(即通过添加更多行天线单元)来实现更大的仰角扫描角度。在一些实施例中，垂直孔径405可以约为25cm而仰角扫描角度408可以约为两度到三度。在这些实施例中，反射器404的焦距可以约为180mm，并且可以通过逐行切换片阵列天线402的天线单元来实现约两度到三度的仰角扫描角度408。在这些实施例中，片阵列天线402可以在z维度上具有五个单元，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。在一些其它实施例中，仰角扫描角度408可以如五度那样大，这可以利用在z维度上具有八个天线的片阵列天线402来实现，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。
在图4B所示的实例中，在z方向上仅示出了单个天线单元，其可以适用于并不执行仰角扫描的一些实施例。另一方面，在图4C中在z方向上示出了多个天线单元用以实现在仰角408上进行扫描。
图5A示出了根据本发明一些实施例的具有线性阵列天线单元的片阵列天线。在图5A中，片阵列天线500可以适合于用作片阵列天线102(图1A和1B)。图5B示出了根据本发明一些实施例的具有平面阵列天线单元的片阵列天线。在图5B中，片阵列天线550可以适合于用作片阵列天线102(图1A和1B)。片阵列天线500和550可以包括通过控制单元504耦合到毫米波信号路径506的多个天线单元502。
在图5A中，控制单元504可以如图所示为线性阵列的各天线单元502提供相移507和幅度加权509。为了实施方位角扫描，控制单元504可以按照与阵列中天线单元502的索引成比例的值将信号进行相移。在一些实施例中，为了减少在方位角上的旁瓣，控制单元504可以根据加权函数对幅度和/或相位进行加权。在一些实施例中，控制单元504可以实施高斯或余弦加权分布，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。
在图5B中，控制单元504可以为各行天线单元502提供幅度加权，比如幅度加权517或519。在这些实施例中，一个维度的天线单元502可以沿x轴来取向并且可以实施方位角波束扫描。在这些实施例中，其它维度的天线单元502可以沿z轴取向并且可以实施仰角波束扫描。在一些实施例中，控制单元504可以接通和关断多行天线单元502以使用幅度加权比如幅度加权517来提供所需仰角。在幅度加权517的这一情况下，可调天线波束的仰角可以离散地变化。在其它实施例中，控制单元504可以根据加权函数将加权系数如幅度加权519应用于多行天线单元502以提供平滑的仰角扫描。幅度加权519示出了平滑加权函数的实例，该函数可以允许在仰角扫描角度408上对反射天线波束406(图4C)进行平滑地仰角扫描(例如扫过)，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。
虽然图5A和5B示出天线单元502是并行馈给的，但是本发明的范围不局限于此。在其它实施例中，天线单元502可以用串行方式和/或串行和并行组合方式馈给。在一些实施例中，波束导向电路可以向控制单元504提供适当控制信号用以提供幅度加权和相移。
参照图1-5，在一些实施例中，控制单元504可以接通和关断多行天线单元502以改变反射天线波束406的仰角。在这些实施例中，控制单元504还可以改变天线单元502在各行之间的幅度和相移，以在反射器104的表面105上扫描入射天线波束214，以便在方位角扫描角度410上对反射天线波束406进行导向。在这些实施例中，天线单元502的平面阵列可以如图5B所示为基本上平坦的二维阵列，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。
在一些实施例中，可以用与图5A中控制所述天线单元502行相似的方式来控制图5B中的多行天线单元内的幅度和相位。在这些实施例中，图5B中天线单元502的幅度可以对应于阵列的在x和z维度中的幅度分布的乘积，而相移可以对应于阵列的在x和z维度上相位分布的和，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。
在一些实施例中，图5B中天线单元502的平面阵列可以被视为具有多行和多列天线单元502。在这些实施例的部分实施例中，控制单元504可以根据算术级数(arithmetic progression)控制在各行中的天线单元502之间的相移。在这些实施例中，控制单元504还可以控制各列天线单元502的相位使其基本上一致。在这些实施例中，控制单元504还控制平面阵列的多数或所有天线单元502的幅度使其基本上一致，以实现可调天线波束的预定最小波束宽度。控制单元504还可以扫过在多行天线单元502之间的相位差，以在反射器104的表面105上扫描入射天线波束。在这些实施例中，可以通过改变在各行天线单元502中的单元之间的相位差而又维持在各列天线单元502之间的固定相位差来实现波束扫描，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。
在一些实施例中，控制单元504可以选择(即接通)多组天线单元502以改变入射天线波束在反射器104上的位置从而提供多个波束扫描角度。在这些实施例中，可以选择(即接通)不同数目的天线单元502以控制可调天线波束的波束宽度。在一些实施例中，控制单元504也可以对幅度进行加权并且向各天线单元502提供相位分布，以控制可调天线波束的主瓣、旁瓣以及位置和形状，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。
在一些实施例中，可以在半导体管芯上直接制造天线单元502和控制单元504。在一些实施例中，各天线单元502和关联的一个控制单元504可以紧密地制造在一起以减少与毫米波频率关联的一些连接问题。在一些实施例中，可以在高阻抗多晶硅衬底上制造天线单元502。在这些实施例中，粘合晶片结合技术和直通晶片电性通路(through-wafer electrical via)可以用于片上集成，不过本发明的范围不局限于此。在一些其它实施例中，石英衬底可以用于单片集成。在一些其它实施例中，可以使用半导体制造工艺如互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)工艺、锗化硅(SiGe)工艺或者砷化锗(GaAs)工艺来制造片阵列天线102，不过其它半导体制造工艺也可适用。
在一些实施例中，片阵列天线500和/或550可以包括：晶片，其上制造有天线单元502；和半导体管芯，其上制造有控制单元504。在这些实施例中，管芯可以结合到晶片而天线单元502可以利用通路来连接到控制单元504，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。
在一些其它实施例中，可以在绝缘体衬底上制造天线单元502并且可以在半导体管芯上制造控制单元504。在这些实施例中，管芯可以结合到绝缘体衬底而天线单元502可以使用通路或桥接来连接到控制单元504。在这些实施例中，可以通过蚀刻法来去除不必要的管芯材料。
在一些其它实施例中，可以在陶瓷衬底如低温共烧陶瓷(LTCC)上制造天线单元502并且可以在半导体管芯上制造控制单元504。在这些实施例中，半导体管芯可以使用倒装片连接技术来连接到天线单元502，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。在这些实施例的部分实施例中，毫米波收发信机的前端可以实施为部分半导体管芯。在这些实施例中，收发信机以及天线单元502和控制单元504可以制造为部分LTCC模块，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。
在一些实施例中，天线单元502可以包括偶极子单元，尽管也可以使用其它类型的天线单元，比如蝶形(bow-tie)、单极、片状、辐射槽、准八木(quasi-Yagi)天线和/或反相F(inverted-F)天线，但是本发明的范围不局限于此。虽然本发明的一些实施例针对发送信号描述了毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统100，但是一些实施例同样适用于信号接收。在一些实施例中相同的天线单元可以用于接收和发送，而在其它实施例中不同的天线单元集可以用于发送和用于接收。在使用相同天线单元用于接收和发送的实施例中，发送-接收切换单元可以用来连接天线单元。在一些实施例中，发送-接收切换单元可以包括场效应晶体管(FET)和/或PIN二极管。在一些实施例中，可以在与天线单元502相同的衬底或管芯上制造发送-接收切换单元，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。
在一些实施例中，可以使用不同的发送频率和接收频率。在这些实施例中，可以使用双工滤波器(例如双工器)来取代发送-接收切换单元。在这些实施例中，双工滤波器可以分离发送频率和接收频率。在一些实施例中，双工滤波器可以是陶瓷滤波器并且相对较大。在这些实施例中，可以与衬底或管芯分开制造双工滤波器，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。
图6示出了根据本发明一些实施例的毫米波通信系统。毫米波通信系统600可以包括片阵列反射器天线602、毫米波收发信机606和波束导向电路604。片阵列反射器天线602可以对应于片阵列天线系统100(图1A和1B)并且可以包括反射器104(图1A和1B)和片阵列天线102(图1A和1B)。
在这些实施例中，片阵列反射器天线602可以从一个或多个用户设备接收毫米波通信信号并且将接收的信号提供到毫米波收发信机606进行处理。毫米波收发信机606也可以生成用于由片阵列反射器天线602发送到一个或多个用户设备的毫米波信号。波束导向电路604可以提供用以对由用于接收和/或发送的片阵列反射器天线602生成的可调天线波束614进行导向的控制信号。在一些实施例中，波束导向电路604可以为控制单元504(图5A和5B)提供控制信号。在一些实施例中，波束导向电路604可以是收发信机606的部分，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。
虽然将毫米波通信系统600示出为具有数个独立功能单元，但是这些功能单元中的一个或多个功能单元可以组合并且可以通过由软件配置单元的组合来实施，其中软件配置单元比如包括数字信号处理器(DSP)的处理单元和/或其它硬件单元。例如，一些单元可以包括一个或多个微处理器、DSP、专用集成电路(ASIC)以及用于至少执行这里所述功能的各种硬件和逻辑电路的组合。在一些实施例中，毫米波通信系统600的功能单元可以是指在一个或多个处理单元上操作的一个或多个过程。
在一些实施例中，毫米波通信系统600可以是通信站的部分，该通信站比如使用毫米波通信信号进行通信的无线局域网(WLAN)通信站(包括无线高保真(WiFi)通信站)、接入点(AP)或移动站(MS)。在一些实施例中，毫米波通信站600可以使用比如正交频分复用(OFDM)信号的多载波信号来通信，该多载波信号包括在毫米波频率上的多个子载波。在一些实施例中，毫米波通信系统600可以装配于用于室内应用的房间天花板或墙壁上或者装配于用于室外应用的墙壁、竿或塔上。
在一些其它实施例中，毫米波通信系统600可以是宽带无线接入(BWA)网络通信站的部分，该通信站比如使用毫米波通信信号进行通信的全球微波接入互操作性(WiMax)通信站，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此，因为微波通信系统600可以是几乎任何通信站的部分。在一些实施例中，毫米波通信系统600可以使用多址技术如正交频分多址(OFDMA)来进行通信。在这些实施例中，毫米波通信系统600可以使用毫米波信号进行通信，该毫米波信号包括在毫米波频率上的多个子载波。
在一些其它实施例中，毫米波通信系统600可以是可以使用扩频信号进行通信的无线通信设备的部分，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此。在一些替代实施例中，可以使用单载波信号。在这些实施例的部分实施例中，也可以使用具有使用循环扩展防护间隔的频域均衡(SC-FDE)的单载波信号。
如这里所使用的，术语‘波束宽度’和‘天线波束’可以指用于毫米波信号接收和/或发送的区域。类似地，术语‘生成’和‘引导’可以指对毫米波信号的接收和/或发送。如这里所使用的，用户设备可以是便携无线通信设备，比如个人数字助理(PDA)、具有无线通信能力的膝上型或便携计算机、网络写字板(web tablet)、无线电话、无线耳机、寻呼机、即时消息接发设备、数字相机、接入点、电视机、医疗设备(例如心率监视器、血压监视器等)或者是可以无线接收和/或发送信息的其它设备。在一些实施例中，用户设备可以包括用以接收和/或发送毫米波信号的定向天线。
在一些实施例中，毫米波通信系统600可以根据具体通信标准或建议规范来传输毫米波信号，这些标准或规范比如包括IEEE802.15标准的电气和电子工程师协会(IEEE)标准以及用于毫米波通信的建议规范(例如2005年12月的IEEE 802.15任务组3c‘Call For Intent’(CFI))，尽管本发明的范围不局限于此，因为毫米波通信系统600也可以适合于根据其它技术和标准来发送和/或接收通信。对于与IEEE 802.15标准有关的更多信息，请参考“IEEE Stands for Information Technology--Telecommunications andInformation Exchange between Systems”第15部分。
遵守37 C.F.R.第1.72(b)节要求摘要的规定，提供了说明书摘要，该说明书摘要将允许读者明确本技术公开的性质和要点。应当理解，该说明书摘要不用于限制或解释权利要求的范围或含义。
在前面的具体描述中，为了使公开简明而将各种特征偶尔分组在单个实施例中。这种公开方式不应解释为反映以下意图，即，要求保护的主题内容实施例需要比在各权利要求中明确记载的特征更多的特征。实际上，正如所附权利要求所反应的，本发明可以由单个公开实施例的部分特征构成。因此，这里将所附权利要求与具体描述相结合，其中各权利要求单独作为优选实施例而存在。

Claims (20)

1、一种毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统，包括：
毫米波反射器，用以成形和反射入射天线波束；以及
包括天线单元阵列的片阵列天线，用以生成所述入射天线波束和在所述反射器的表面上扫描所述入射天线波束，以便在波束扫描角度上提供可调天线波束。
2、根据权利要求1所述的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统，其中所述片阵列天线还包括：控制单元，用以控制由所述天线单元发送的信号的幅度和相位，以便在所述反射器的表面上扫描所述入射天线波束，
其中在陶瓷衬底或阻抗多晶硅绝缘体衬底上制造所述天线单元阵列，并且在半导体管芯上制造所述控制单元，以及
其中所述半导体管芯与所述陶瓷衬底或所述多晶硅绝缘体衬底集成。
3、根据权利要求1所述的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统，其中所述表面由第一平面中的基本圆形弧和第二平面中的基本抛物线弧来限定，以提供在方位角上具有发散定向图案而在仰角上具有基本无发散定向图案的所述可调天线波束。
4、根据权利要求1所述的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统，其中所述表面由第一平面中的基本圆形弧来限定，以提供在方位角上具有发散定向图案的所述可调天线波束，以及
其中所述毫米波反射器还被限定在第二平面中，以提供在仰角上具有基本正切平方定向图案的所述可调天线波束。
5、根据权利要求3所述的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统，其中所述反射器是关于所述基本抛物线弧非对称的，以及
其中所述基本抛物线弧的顶点位于所述反射器的所述表面以外。
6、根据权利要求3所述的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统，其中所述片阵列天线位于所述基本抛物线弧的焦点处或其焦点附近，所述基本抛物线弧是所述表面的母线，以及
其中，选择所述片阵列天线相对于所述基本抛物线弧的焦点的位置，以减少所述可调天线波束的旁瓣。
7、根据权利要求1所述的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统，其中所述表面由第一平面中的基本圆形弧和第二平面中的椭圆形弧来限定，以提供在方位角上具有发散定向图案而在仰角上具有基本无发散定向图案的所述可调天线波束。
8、一种用于传输毫米波信号的方法，包括：
利用包括天线单元阵列的片阵列天线来生成入射天线波束；
在毫米波反射器的表面上扫描所述入射天线波束；以及
利用所述毫米波反射器来成形和反射所述入射天线波束，以便在多个波束扫描角度上提供可调天线波束用于与一个或多个用户设备进行通信。
9、根据权利要求8所述的方法，还包括：控制由所述天线单元发送的信号的幅度和相位，以在所述反射器的所述表面上扫描所述入射天线波束，
其中在陶瓷衬底或阻抗多晶硅绝缘体衬底上制造所述天线单元阵列，而在半导体管芯上制造所述控制单元，以及
其中所述半导体管芯与所述陶瓷衬底或所述多晶硅绝缘体衬底集成。
10、根据权利要求8所述的方法，其中所述表面由第一平面中的基本圆形弧和第二平面中的基本抛物线弧来限定，以提供在方位角上具有发散定向图案而在仰角上具有基本无发散定向图案的所述可调天线波束。
11、根据权利要求8所述的方法，其中所述表面由第一平面中的基本圆形弧来限定，以提供在方位角上具有发散定向图案的所述可调天线波束，以及
其中所述毫米波反射器还被限定在第二平面中，以提供在仰角上具有基本正切平方定向图案的所述可调天线波束。
12、根据权利要求10所述的方法，其中所述反射器是关于所述基本抛物线弧非对称的，以及
其中所述基本抛物线弧的顶点位于所述反射器的所述表面以外。
13、根据权利要求10所述的方法，其中所述片阵列天线位于所述基本抛物线弧的焦点处或其焦点附近，所述基本抛物线弧是所述表面的母线，以及
其中，选择所述片阵列天线相对于所述基本抛物线弧的焦点的位置，以减少所述可调天线波束的旁瓣。
14、根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中所述表面由第一平面中的基本圆形弧和第二平面中的椭圆形弧来限定，以提供在方位角上具有发散定向图案而在仰角上具有基本无发散定向图案的所述可调天线波束。
15、一种毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统，包括：
毫米波反射器，用以成形和反射入射天线波束；以及
包括天线单元阵列的片阵列天线，用以生成所述入射天线波束并将所述入射天线波束引导到所述反射器，以提供反射天线波束。
16、根据权利要求15所述的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统，其中所述表面由第一平面中的基本圆形弧和第二平面中的基本抛物线弧来限定，以提供在方位角上具有发散定向图案而在仰角上具有基本无发散定向图案的所述反射天线波束。
17、根据权利要求16所述的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统，其中所述反射器是关于所述基本抛物线弧非对称的，以及
其中所述基本抛物线弧的顶点位于所述反射器的所述表面以外。
18、根据权利要求15所述的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统，其中所述片阵列天线还包括：控制单元，用以控制由所述天线单元发送的信号的幅度和相位，以在所述反射器的所述表面上扫描所述入射天线波束，从而在多个波束扫描角度上提供可调天线波束，
其中在陶瓷衬底或阻抗多晶硅绝缘体衬底上制造所述天线单元阵列，而在半导体管芯上制造所述控制单元，以及
其中所述半导体管芯与所述陶瓷衬底或所述多晶硅绝缘体衬底集成。
19、根据权利要求15所述的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统，其中所述毫米波通信站是用于使用正交频分复用(OFDM)信号的无线局域网(WLAN)的接入点，所述正交频分复用信号包括在毫米波频率上的多个子载波。
20、根据权利要求15所述的毫米波片阵列反射器天线系统，其中所述毫米波通信站是用于宽带无线接入(BWA)网络的基站并且使用正交频分多址(OFDMA)，
其中所述毫米波信号包括在毫米波频率上的多个子载波。
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ATE510364T1 (de) 2011-06-15
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US8395558B2 (en) 2013-03-12

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