CN101637681A - 制造复合材料过滤介质的方法 - Google Patents

制造复合材料过滤介质的方法 Download PDF

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CN101637681A
CN101637681A CN200910159696A CN200910159696A CN101637681A CN 101637681 A CN101637681 A CN 101637681A CN 200910159696 A CN200910159696 A CN 200910159696A CN 200910159696 A CN200910159696 A CN 200910159696A CN 101637681 A CN101637681 A CN 101637681A
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supatex fabric
nanofibers
lot
layers
bond
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A·斯米蒂斯
J·T·克莱门茨
D·C·琼斯
H·S·林
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EIDP Inc
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Abstract

本发明涉及制造复合材料过滤介质的方法。在典型实施方案中，制造复合材料过滤介质(10)的方法包括用纺粘法形成包括很多合成纤维的非织造织物垫，并用拷花轧辊压延该非织造织物垫，以形成包含很多基本平行的粘结区(46)间断线(42)的粘结区图案(40)，以把合成纤维粘结在一起形成非织造织物，该非织造织物的最低过滤效率，按ASHRAE52.2－1999试验法测定，为约50％。该方法还包括通过电喷纺丝聚合物溶液以在非织造织物垫的至少一面上形成很多纳米纤维而涂覆上纳米纤维层(20)，以形成复合材料过滤介质，该复合材料过滤介质的最低过滤效率，按ASHRE52.2－1999试验法测定，为约75％。

Description

制造复合材料过滤介质的方法
相关申请交互参考
本申请是2007年8月22日提交的美国专利申请系列号11/843,228的部分延续，要求2007年5月5日提交的临时专利申请系列号60/893,008的优先权。
发明背景
本发明领域一般地涉及复合材料非织造过滤介质，更具体地，涉及在至少一个表面上涂覆纳米纤维-基层的纺粘非织造过滤介质。
一些已知的过滤介质复合材料结构结合了产生基材的湿铺层(wet-laid)造纸工艺和在过滤介质基材的一面或两面上沉积轻质纳米纤维涂层的静电纺丝技术。一般，介质基材的基础重量是100～120g/m2，纳米纤维层的基础重量是0.1g/m2或更小。
已经知道，轻质纳米纤维层在高机械应力作用下易受损伤，尤其因为纳米纤维层是由直径小于500nm，更典型地，100nm的纤维形成的。已经知道，存在纳米纤维从过滤介质上脱落下来的“脱落”问题，因为对于依赖于极性引力的传统静电纺丝纤维，纳米纤维与基础介质之间的引力结合较弱。另外，已知的用静电纺丝法纺成的纳米纤维层在结构上是二维的或在厚度上是单纤维层，而且当纳米纤维层开裂或断裂时，尘埃能轻易地透过基础介质基材。纳米纤维层受损后，尘埃可透过基础介质并造成过滤器操作压降的升高。而且已知的介质基材也有机械应力限制且在高尘含量下易变形。
上述已知的过滤介质复合材料结构，在用来过滤发电燃气轮机的入口空气时，在过滤器的整个操作寿命期间都允许细尘颗粒透过过滤器。一般而言，按ASHRAE52.2-1999试验法在已知操作流率下试验时，这类已知过滤介质在一般大于7.0mm H2O的压降下，都将提供捕获0.4μm颗粒的约55％的新型或清理操作电中性效率，以及小于300的质量因子。已经知道，由于这种低起始效率，在24,000h操作寿命期间，多达15～20lb的尘埃能透过已知过滤介质。涡轮叶片长期暴露在尘埃中会造成涡轮叶片严重和灾难性的结垢和腐蚀。清理涡轮叶片的现用方法需要定期从生产线上拆下涡轮，用水洗净叶片。涡轮停机时间很昂贵，因为涡轮不运转且因此停止发电了。理想的是提供在类似或更低压降下效率比已知过滤介质更高的过滤介质，以缩短或取消为清理涡轮叶片和/或更换已损叶片的涡轮停机时间。
发明概述
在一个方面，提供制造复合材料过滤介质的方法。该方法包括用纺粘法形成包括很多合成纤维的非织造织物垫，并用拷花轧辊压延该非织造织物垫，以形成包含很多基本平行的粘结区间断线的粘结区图案，以把合成纤维粘结在一起形成非织造织物，该非织造织物的最低过滤效率，按ASHRAE 52.2-1999试验法测定，为约50％。该方法还包括通过电喷纺丝聚合物溶液以在非织造织物垫的至少一面上形成很多纳米纤维而涂覆上纳米纤维层，以形成复合材料过滤介质，该复合材料过滤介质的最低过滤效率，按ASHRE52.2-1999试验法测定，为约75％。
附图简述
图1是复合材料过滤介质的典型实施方案的截面示意图。
图2是图1中所示双组分纤维的光学显微镜照片。
图3是图1中所示基础介质基材的光学显微镜照片
图4是图1中所示基础介质基材的粘结图案的顶视图。
图5是包括图1中所示过滤介质的滤筒的侧视图。
图6是包括图4中所示滤筒的过滤器组件的透视图。
图7是按照典型实施方案的基础介质基材在不同基础重量下的分数效率(fractional efficiency)-粒度关系图。
图8是按照典型实施方案的带有和不带有纳米纤维层的基础介质基材与带有和不带有纳米纤维层的对比基础介质基材的分数效率-粒度关系比较图。
图9是压降对按照典型发明点的带有和不带有纳米纤维层的基础介质基材与带有和不带有纳米纤维层的对比基础介质基材的比较条形图。
发明详述
下面详述用于过滤器组件的复合材料过滤介质。在典型实施方案中，复合材料过滤介质包括从双组分纤维用独特的纺粘工艺形成的合成非织造织物的介质基材。纳米纤维层被沉积在该介质基材的至少一面上。在按美国加热、致冷和空调工程师协会(ASHRAE)52.2-1999试验法试验时，该复合材料介质提供约75％或更高的保持的(retained)捕获0.4μm颗粒的起始过滤效率，这比已知过滤介质的性能提高了约20％。而且，该复合材料介质在压降比已知过滤介质低30％以上的条件下提供75％的效率。该复合材料过滤介质比已知过滤介质更耐久并提供更低的压降形成，因为在过滤和反向清理操作期间由施加在过滤介质上的力所形成的过滤介质的形变较小。该复合材料过滤介质的质量因子(Qf)大于约450，而且在另一个实施方案中，大于约500。此外，该复合材料过滤介质的阻力(resistance)(或压降)，按EN-1822(1998)测定，小于约4.0mm水，该基础介质基材的阻力，按照EN-1822(1998)测定，小于约2.5mm水。而且，在相同或较低压降下，该纺粘介质基材比已知过滤介质基材更有效。用来形成介质基材的所述双组分纤维比用来形成已知过滤介质的纤维更细。此外，纳米纤维膜层的基础重量比已知过滤介质的高，这就允许所述过滤介质在反向脉冲清理下比已知过滤介质更有效地清理下来。纳米纤维层的高基础重量提供耐久的三维表面过滤层，它含有更长的曲折路径，允许高效和细颗粒捕获而不会明显限制空气流动或增加压降。
所谓“质量因子(Qf)”是指由以下方程定义的参数：
Qf＝-25000·log(P/100)/ΔP
其中，“P”＝颗粒透过率(％)；ΔP＝横穿过介质的压降(Pa)。
所谓“阻力”是指用EN 1822(1998)所述的试验法测定的阻力(压降)。
参考附图。图1是过滤介质10的典型实施方案的截面图。过滤介质10包括具有第一面14和第二面16的基础介质基材12。纳米纤维层20被沉积在介质基材的第一面14上。在另一个实施方案中，纳米纤维层20被沉积在第二面16上，以及在又一个实施方案中，纳米纤维层20被沉积在第一和第二面14和16的每一面上。
介质基材12是由合成双组分纤维用纺粘法形成的非织造织物。该非织造织物包括在其生产期间加入到非织造织物的含热塑性纤维组分的双组分纤维。适用的双组分纤维是具有芯-鞘结构、海岛结构或并列型结构的纤维。再参考图2，在该实施方案中，双组分纤维30包括芯32和环绕芯32的鞘34。双组分纤维30通过喷嘴被熔纺成很多连续纤维，均匀地沉积成无规三维纤网。然后对该纤网加热并拷花轧光(embossedcalendered)，使该纤网热粘结成图3所示的凝固纺粘织物36。来自接触拷花图案的轧辊的热量软化或熔化双组分纤维30的热塑性鞘34，使非织造纤维在与拷花图案的轧辊的接触点上粘结在一起。温度的选择要使双组分纤维30中熔点较低的鞘部分34发生至少软化或熔化。在一个实施方案中，温度为约90℃～约240℃。纤维的理想连接靠鞘部分34的熔化和冷却后的再凝固造成。
双组分纤维30的直径为约12μm～约18μm，比传统和普通纺粘产品中所用的已知纤维细。基础介质基材12的特点是用来凝固纺粘基础介质12的粘结图案。粘结图案取决于轧辊的拷花图案。用于过滤的传统纺粘介质的粘结面积(接触面积)约为19％～24％。粘结面积使介质具有耐久性和功能，同时粘结点产生具有零空气流的熔化聚合物区域。
再参考图4，在基础介质12上的粘结图案40使基础介质12获得合格的耐久性，同时允许更多的纤维可用于过滤，从而提高过滤效率。粘结图案40包括很多平行的横跨基础介质12延伸的粘结区间断线42。该粘结区的平行间断线42上彼此错开，使间断线42上的非粘结区44的位置与相邻的间断线42上的粘结区46对准。介质12内纺粘双组分纤维30的粘结区46占织物总面积的约10％～约16％，而已知纺粘织物的粘结面积为约19％～24％。较小的粘结面积允许基础介质12在以给定空气流试验时有更高的空气渗透率或，相反，更低压降。在典型实施方案中，基础介质12的基础重量为约100g/m2～约330g/m2，在另一个实施方案中，约150g/m2～约220g/m2。
任何合适的合成双组分纤维30都可用来制造介质基材12的非织造织物。适用于双组分纤维30中芯32和鞘34的材料包括，但不限于，聚酯、聚酰胺、聚烯烃、热塑性聚氨酯、聚醚酰亚胺、聚苯醚、聚苯硫醚、聚砜、芳族聚酰胺和它们的混合物。适用于双组分纤维中鞘的材料包括熔点低于双组分纤维中芯材的热塑性材料，如聚酯、聚酰胺、聚烯烃、热塑性聚氨酯、聚醚酰亚胺、聚苯醚、聚苯硫醚、聚砜、芳族聚酰胺和它们的混合物。
在典型实施方案中，纳米纤维层20用电喷纺丝法(electro-blownspinning)形成，该方法包括把聚合物溶液送进纺丝喷嘴，对纺丝喷嘴施以高电压并通过纺丝喷嘴排出聚合物溶液，同时在纺丝喷嘴下端注射进压缩空气。所施的高电压为约1kV～约300kV。形成纳米纤维的电喷纺丝法和所用的独特设备已详述在U.S.专利申请出版物2005/00677332中。电喷纺丝法提供耐久的纳米纤维的三维过滤层，比已知过滤介质上的已知纳米纤维过滤层厚。在典型实施方案中，纳米纤维层20的基础重量是约0.6g/m2～约20g/m2，在另一个实施方案中，约2g/m2～约20g/m2，在又一个实施方案中，约5g/m2～约10g/m2，在再一个实施方案中，约1.5g/m2～约2.5g/m2。纳米纤维层20内纳米纤维的平均直径为约500nm或更细。
在又一个实施方案中，纳米纤维层20可以用静电纺丝法、离心纺丝法或熔喷纺丝法形成。经典的静电纺丝法是U.S.专利4,127,706中详述的技术。对溶液中的聚合物施以高电压，以产生纳米纤维和非织造垫。但是，静电纺丝法的总产率太低，无法用来形成基础重量较重的纤网。离心纺丝法是一种成纤法，它包括把含溶解在至少一种溶剂中的至少一种聚合物纺丝液提供到有旋转锥形喷嘴的旋转喷雾器。该喷嘴有凹形内表面和前表面排放边(forward surface discharge edge)。纺丝液沿凹形内表面移动通过旋转喷雾器，使纺丝液朝喷嘴排放边的前表面分布。在存在或不存在电场时，从纺丝液形成分离开的纤维流，同时溶剂挥发，产生聚合物纤维。成形流体能环绕喷嘴流动，引导纺丝液离开旋转喷雾器。纤维被收集在收集器上，形成纳米纤维网。此外，熔喷法已详述在U.S.专利6,520,425中。
与已知过滤介质相比，介质基材12具有高空气渗透率，这就使纳米纤维与介质基材12有改善的机械粘结性。由于纳米纤维层20被涂覆在介质基材12的第一面14上，所以在电喷纺丝期间可以从介质基材的第二面16施加真空，以将纳米纤维固定在基材上。结合涂覆纳米纤维层20中所用的干燥温度，双组分纤维30的鞘部分34发生软化以及纳米纤维层20被进一步致密化并粘结到纺粘基础介质基材12上。结合介质基材12的高空气渗透率，真空作用就变得更有效，这使纳米纤维与介质基材12的双组分纤维具有强机械结合。
适合于用电喷纺丝法形成纳米纤维的聚合物不限于热塑性聚合物，还可包括热固性聚合物。适用的聚合物包括，但不限于，聚酰亚胺类、聚酰胺(尼龙)类、聚芳酰胺类、聚苯并咪唑类、聚醚酰亚胺类、聚丙烯腈类、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯、聚丙烯、聚苯胺类、聚环氧乙烷类、聚萘二酸乙二酯类、聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯醇、聚偏氯乙烯、聚乙烯基丁烯、聚缩醛、聚酰胺、聚酯、聚烯烃类、纤维素醚和纤维素酯、聚烯化硫(polyalkylene sulfide)、聚亚芳基氧化物(polyarylene oxide)、聚砜、改性聚砜聚合物和它们的混合物。也可以使用落在下列属类内的材料：交联和非交联形式的聚氯乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(和其它丙烯酸树脂)、聚苯乙烯及其共聚物(包括ABA型嵌段共聚物)、聚偏氟乙烯、聚偏氯乙烯、不同水解度(87％～99.5％)的聚乙烯醇，以及它们的共聚物或衍生化合物。一类适用的聚酰胺缩聚物是尼龙材料，如尼龙-6、尼龙-6，6、尼龙6，6-6，10等。聚合物溶液通过选择溶解所选聚合物的溶剂而制成。聚合物溶液可以与添加剂混合，例如，增塑剂、紫外光稳定剂、交联剂、固化剂、反应引发剂等。虽然溶解聚合物可不需要任何特定温度范围，但是，为促进溶解反应，可能需加热。
为降低纤维聚合物的Tg，在上述各聚合物中加入增塑剂会有利。适用的增塑剂将依赖于聚合物和纳米纤维层的具体最终应用。例如，尼龙聚合物可以用水或甚至来自静电纺丝或电喷纺丝工艺的残余溶剂进行增塑。适用于降低聚合物Tg的其它增塑剂包括，但不限于，脂族二元醇，芳族磺酰胺(aromatic sulphanomide)，邻苯二甲酸酯类，包括，但不限于，邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二己酯、邻苯二甲酸二环己酯、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯、邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯、邻苯二甲酸二(十一烷)酯、邻苯二甲酸二(十二烷)酯和邻苯二甲酸二苯酯等。
图5是由过滤介质10形成的过滤单元50的侧视图。在该典型实施方案中，过滤介质10包括很多褶裥52。过滤单元50包括第一端盖54和相对的第二端盖56，过滤介质10在端盖54与56之间延伸。过滤单元50具有带内管58的管形(示于图6)。过滤单元50呈圆柱形，但也可以是如图6所示的圆锥形。过滤单元50还可包括内和/或外支撑垫(support linder)，以使过滤单元50具有结构整体性和/或支撑过滤介质10。
图6是过滤器组件60的透视图，它包括很多个以端对端关系成对安装在管板62上的过滤单元50。管板62分隔过滤器组件60的脏空气侧与清洁空气侧。以脉冲空气清理过滤单元50的清理体系64包括很多个安装在空气供应管道68上的空气喷嘴66。用引进过滤单元50内管58的压缩空气的脉冲来清理收集脏物和尘埃的过滤单元50。
按ASHRAE 52.2-1999试验法，以平板分数效率试验(flat sheetfractional efficiency test)来比较具有不同基础重量的基础介质基材12试样与对比基础介质基材的平板。以约10ft/min的流率引导含KCl颗粒的空气通过各试样。图7给出了对比试验和纺粘基础介质12的提高的过滤效率的图示。线100代表基础重量为150g/m2的基础基材12，线102代表基础重量为200g/m2的基础基材12和线104代表基础重量为260g/m2的基础基材12。线106代表对比基础介质基材。这些基础介质基材不包括纳米纤维层。在KCl颗粒的整个粒度范围内，每一基础重量的基础介质基材12都具有比对比基础基材更高的效率。
按ASHRAE 52.2-1999试验法，以平板分数效率试验来比较基础介质基材12和包括纳米纤维20的基础介质基材12与带有和不带有纳米纤维层的对比基础介质基材的平板。以约10ft/min的流率引导含KCl颗粒的空气通过各试样。图8给出了对比试验的图示。线110代表150g/m2的基础介质基材12，线112代表包括纳米纤维层20的150g/m2基础介质基材12，线114代表对比基础介质基材和线116代表包括纳米纤维层的对比基础介质基材。在KCl颗粒的整个粒度范围内，带有和不带有纳米纤维层20的基础介质基材12都具有比带有和不带有纳米纤维层的对比基础基材更高的效率。
按ASHRAE 52.2-1999试验法，以平板压降试验(flat sheet pressuredrop test)来比较基础介质基材12和包括纳米纤维层20的基础介质基材12与带有或不带有纳米纤维层的对比基础介质基材的平板。以约10ft/min的流率引导含KCl颗粒的空气通过各试样。图9给出了比较试验的图示。条A代表对比基础介质基材和条B代表包括纳米纤维层的对比基础介质基材。条C代表150g/m2的基础介质基材12和条D代表包括纳米纤维层20的150g/m2基础介质基材。带有和不带有纳米纤维层20的基础介质基材12具有比带有和不带有纳米纤维层的对比基础基材更低的压降。
在几乎所有的应用中，都能用上述由过滤介质10所形成的过滤单元50来过滤空气流，例如，过滤燃气轮机的入口空气。过滤介质10的独特结构比已知过滤介质更耐久，并因在过滤和反向清理操作期间由于施加在过滤介质上的力所引起的形变较小而产生较低的压降形成。过滤单元50能产生约75％以上的捕获透过最多(most penetrating)的粒度的浮质(aerosol)或尘埃(约0.3～约0.4μm)的平均效率，而已知过滤单元的效率是约50～55％。此外，纳米纤维层20的基础重量比已知过滤介质的重，这使过滤介质10在反向脉冲清理下比已知过滤介质更有效地清理下来。此外，纳米纤维层20较高的基础重量提供耐久的三维表面过滤层，它含有更长的曲折路径，允许高效率和细颗粒捕获而不限制空气流动或提高压降。
实施例1～2和对比实施例3～7的典型过滤介质说明过滤介质10的实施方案与已知过滤介质的对比。对于实施例1～2和对比实施例3～7的各过滤介质，都测定了效率、阻力和质量因子。效率按ASHRAE52.2-1999试验法测定，阻力按EN-1822(1998)测定，质量因子Qf按前述计算。
实施例1是纺粘聚酯双组分纤维基础介质基材和实施例2是实施例1的基础介质基材加上由电喷纺丝法形成的2g/m2纳米纤维层。对比实施例3是已知干法铺层聚酯基础介质基材和对比实施例4是实施例3的已知干法铺层聚酯基础介质基材加上2g/m2纳米纤维层。对比实施例5是湿法铺层合成纸加上＜0.5g/m2纳米纤维层。对比实施例6是湿法铺层合成纸和对比实施例7是实施例6的湿法铺层合成纸加上20g/m2熔喷纤维层。实施例结果示于下表1中。在比较实施例2与对比实施例4、5和7的复合材料时，并不以牺牲效率作为减小阻力的代价，由此产生相关的高质量因子值。
表1
  实施例   基础重量(g/m2)   效率(％)   阻力(mm H2O)   质量因子
  实施例1纺粘聚酯双组分纤维基   158.6   57.0   1.78   525
  实施例2纺粘聚酯双组分纤维基+2g/m2纳米纤维层   154.6   80.2   3.43   534
  对比实施例3干法铺层聚酯基   234.9   28.7   9.3   40
  对比实施例4干法铺层聚酯基+2g/m2纳米纤维层   236.3   43.2   13.81   45
  对比实施例5湿法铺层合成纸+＜0.5g/m2纳米纤维层   121.2   40.5   9.77   59
  对比实施例6湿法铺层合成纸   133.4   9.0   7.67   14
  对比实施例7湿法铺层合成纸+20g/m2熔喷纤维层   150.2   86.4   8.79   251
效率在0.3μm，5.3cm/s面速度下测定(ASHRAE 52.2-1999)。
阻力按EN-1822(1998)测定。
质量因子由如下方程定义：Qf＝-25000·log(P/100)/ΔP
本说明书已用实施例公开了本发明，包括最佳模式在内，而且也使本领域所有技术人员都能实践本发明，包括制造和应用任何设备或系统并实施任何已引进的方法。本发明可取得专利的范围取决于权利要求，并可包括本领域技术人员能想到的其它实施例。这类其它实施例，如果它们的结构元素与权利要求中的字面语言并无差别，或如果它们包括与本权利要求中字面语言无本质差别的等代结构元素，则都要落在本权利要求范围之内。

Claims (10)

1.制造复合材料过滤介质(10)的方法，所述方法包含：
用纺粘法形成包含很多合成纤维的非织造织物垫；
用拷花轧辊压延该非织造织物垫，以形成包含很多基本平行的粘结区间断线(42)的粘结区图案(40)，以将合成纤维粘结在一起形成非织造织物，按ASHRAE 52.2-1999试验法测定，该非织造织物的最低过滤效率为约50％；和
通过电喷纺丝聚合物溶液以在非织造织物的至少一面上形成很多纳米纤维而涂覆上纳米纤维层(20)，以形成复合材料过滤介质，按ASHRAE 52.2-1999试验法测定，该复合材料过滤介质的最低过滤效率为约75％。
2.按照权利要求1的方法，其中用纺粘法形成包含很多合成纤维的非织造织物垫，包含用纺粘法形成包含很多合成双组分纤维(30)的非织造织物垫，所述很多的双组分纤维包含芯材(32)和鞘材(34)，所述鞘材的熔点低于所述芯材。
3.按照权利要求1的方法，其中涂覆纳米纤维层(20)包含用电喷纺丝法、静电纺丝法、离心纺丝法或熔喷法涂覆纳米纤维层。
4.按照权利要求1的方法，其中压延非织造织物垫包含从基础重量为约100g/m2～约300g/m2的非织造织物压延非织造织物垫。
5.按照权利要求1的方法，其中涂覆纳米纤维层(20)包含涂覆很多平均直径为约500nm或更细的纳米纤维，以形成基础重量为约0.6g/m2～约20g/m2的纳米纤维层。
6.按照权利要求1的方法，其中涂覆纳米纤维层(20)包含涂覆很多平均直径为约500nm或更细的纳米纤维，以形成基础重量为约1.5g/m2～约2.5g/m2的纳米纤维层。
7.按照权利要求1的方法，其中用拷花轧辊压延非织造织物垫以形成粘结区图案，包含用拷花轧辊压延非织造织物垫以形成纺粘纤维的粘结区(46)为非织造织物面积的约10％～约16％的粘结区图案(40)。
8.按照权利要求2的方法，其中用纺粘法形成包含很多合成纤维的非织造织物垫，包含形成包含很多平均直径为约12～约25μm的合成双组分纤维(30)的非织造织物垫。
9.按照权利要求1的方法，其中按EN-1822(1998)测定，非织造织物的阻力小于约2.5mm水，以及按EN-1822(1998)测定，复合材料过滤介质(10)的阻力小于约4.0mm水。
10.按照权利要求1的方法，其中纳米纤维层(20)包含很多纳米纤维，所述纳米纤维由聚合物用电喷纺丝法形成，所述聚合物包含至少一种下列聚合物：聚酰亚胺类、聚酰胺类、聚芳酰胺类、聚苯并咪唑类、聚醚酰亚胺类、聚丙烯腈类、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯、聚丙烯、聚苯胺类、聚环氧乙烷类、聚萘二酸乙二酯类、聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯醇、聚偏氯乙烯、聚乙烯基丁烯类，和它们的共聚物或衍生化合物。
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