CN101688442A - 作为加热地下地层的传热流体的熔融盐 - Google Patents

作为加热地下地层的传热流体的熔融盐 Download PDF

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CN101688442A
CN101688442A CN200880017329A CN200880017329A CN101688442A CN 101688442 A CN101688442 A CN 101688442A CN 200880017329 A CN200880017329 A CN 200880017329A CN 200880017329 A CN200880017329 A CN 200880017329A CN 101688442 A CN101688442 A CN 101688442A
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H·J·文格尔
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
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    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
    • C09K8/84—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
    • C09K8/845—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing inorganic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
    • C09K8/84—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
    • C09K8/86—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
    • C10G1/008—Controlling or regulating of liquefaction processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
    • C10G1/02—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by distillation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
    • C10G1/04—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by extraction
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
    • C10G1/04—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by extraction
    • C10G1/042—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by extraction by the use of hydrogen-donor solvents
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
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    • E21B36/00—Heating, cooling, insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
    • E21B36/04—Heating, cooling, insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones using electrical heaters
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E21B43/2401—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection by means of electricity
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E21B43/243—Combustion in situ
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/02—Determining slope or direction
    • E21B47/022—Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism
    • E21B47/0228—Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism using electromagnetic energy or detectors therefor
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49082—Resistor making
    • Y10T29/49083—Heater type

Abstract

一种用于地下地层的加热系统，其包括位于地下地层内的开口中的管线。绝缘导体位于管线中。一种材料位于管线中一部分绝缘导体和一部分管线之间。所述材料可以是盐。所述材料在加热系统操作温度下是流体。热量从绝缘导体传递至流体，从流体传递至管线，和从管线传递至地下地层。

Description

作为加热地下地层的传热流体的熔融盐
技术领域
[0001]本发明大体涉及用于从各种地下地层例如含烃地层中生产烃、氢和/或其它产品的加热方法和加热系统。
背景技术
[0002]从地下地层中获得的烃经常用作能源、作为原料和作为消费产品。关于可用烃源枯竭的忧虑和关于生产的烃的整体质量下降的忧虑已经导致开发更有效地采收、处理和/或使用可用烃源的方法。原位法可用于从地下地层中脱除烃材料。可能需要改变地下地层中烃材料的化学和/或物理性质从而允许烃材料更容易从地下脱除。化学和物理变化可以包括地层中产生可脱除流体的原位反应、烃材料的组成变化、溶解度变化、密度变化、相变和/或粘度变化。流体可以是但不限于气体、液体、乳液、浆液和/或具有与液体流相似的流动特征的固体颗粒物流。
[0003]可以在地层中形成井孔。在一些实施方案中，可以在井孔中放置或形成套管或其它管系统。在一些实施方案中，可以在井孔中使用可扩张管。可以在井孔中放置加热器，以在原位法期间加热地层。
[0004]向油页岩地层施加热量描述于Ljungstrom的美国专利No.2,923,535和Van Meurs等人的美国专利No.4,886,118中。可以向油页岩地层施加热量以使油页岩地层中的油母质热解。所述热量还可以压裂地层，从而增大地层的渗透性。增大的渗透性可以允许地层流体运行至生产井，在生产井中从油页岩地层中脱除流体。在Lj ungstrom公开的一些方法中，例如将含氧气态介质(优选来自预热步骤仍然是热的时候)加入可渗透地层，以引发燃烧。
[0005]热源可用于加热地下地层。电加热器可以通过辐射和/或传导用于加热地下地层。电加热器可以电阻加热元件。Germain的美国专利No.2,548,360、Eastlund等人的美国专利No.4,716,960、Eastlund等人的美国专利No.4,716,960和Van Egmond的美国专利No.5,065,818描述了井孔中放置的电加热元件。Vinegar等人的美国专利No.6,023,554描述了位于套管中的电加热元件。加热元件产生加热套管的辐射能量。
[0006]Van Meurs等人的美国专利No.4,570,715描述了电加热元件。所述加热元件具有导电芯、绝缘材料的环绕层和环绕金属护套。导电芯可以具有在高温下相对低的电阻。绝缘材料可以具有在高温下相对高的电阻、抗压强度和热传导性质。绝缘层可以抑制芯至金属护套的电弧放电。金属护套可以具有在高温下相对高的拉伸强度和抗蠕变性质。Van Egmond的美国专利No.5,060,287描述了具有铜-镍合金芯的电加热元件。
[0007]加热器可以由锻造不锈钢制得。Maziasz等人的美国专利No.7,153,373和Maziasz等人的美国专利申请公开No.US2004/0191109描述了改性237不锈钢作为铸态微结构或细晶薄片和箔。
[0008]如上所述，对于开发从含烃地层中经济地生产烃、氢和/或其它产品的加热器、方法和系统已经投入了大量的努力。但目前仍然存在许多含烃地层，不能经济地从中生产烃、氢和/或其它产品。因此，仍然需要从各种含烃地层中生产烃、氢和/或其它产品的改进的加热方法和系统。
发明内容
[0009]本文描述的实施方案通常涉及用于处理地下地层的系统、方法和加热器。本文描述的实施方案还通常涉及其中具有新型组件的加热器。这些加热器可以通过利用本文描述的系统和方法获得。
[0010]在某些实施方案中，本发明提供一种或多种系统、方法和/或加热器。在一些实施方案中，所述系统、方法和/或加热器用于处理地下地层。
[0011]在某些实施方案中，本发明提供加热地层的方法，其包括：向位于管线中的绝缘导体供电，以将至少一部分绝缘导体电阻加热至允许热量从绝缘导体传递至邻近至少一部分绝缘导体的熔融盐的温度，其中绝缘导体的温度高于熔融盐的熔融温度，其中热量从熔融盐传递至管线；和其中热量从管线传递至地层。
[0012]在某些实施方案中，本发明提供用于地下地层的加热系统，其包括：位于地下地层内的开口中的管线；位于管线中的至少一个绝缘导体；管线中与至少一个绝缘导体的一部分相邻的盐，和其中构造至少一个绝缘导体以电阻加热至足以在管线中将所述盐维持在熔融相下的温度。
[0013]在某些实施方案中，本发明提供用于地下地层的加热系统，其包括：地层中的井孔；井孔中的热源；以及地层和热源之间的材料，其中所述材料在热源的选定操作温度下是液体。
[0014]在另外的实施方案中，具体实施方案的特征可以与其它实施方案的特征组合。例如一个实施方案的特征可以与任意其它实施方案的特征组合。
[0015]在另外的实施方案中，处理地下地层利用本文描述的任意方法、系统或加热器进行。
[0016]在另外的实施方案中，附加特征可以加入本文描述的具体实施方案。
附图说明
[0017]受益于以下详细说明和参考所附附图，本发明的优点对于本领域技术人员而言将变得明显，其中：
[0018]图1描述了加热含烃地层的阶段。
[0019]图2显示了用于处理含烃地层的原位热处理系统的一部分的实施方案的示意图。
[0020]图3描述了管线中的绝缘导体加热器的实施方案，其中在绝缘导体和管线之间有流体。
[0021]图4描述了管线中的绝缘导体加热器的实施方案，其中在绝缘导体和管线之间有导电流体。
[0022]图5描述了具有熔融金属的管线中基本水平的绝缘导体加热器的实施方案。
[0023]图6描述了带肋管线的截面图。
[0024]图7描述了带肋管线的一部分的剖视图。
[0025]图8描述了在开放井孔的底部的绝缘导体加热器的一部分的实施方案。
[0026]图9描述了对于在绝缘导体和管线之间有空气的加热器的温度与径向距离的关系。
[0027]图10描述了对于在绝缘导体和管线之间有熔融晒制盐的加热器的温度与径向距离的关系。
[0028]图11描述了对于在绝缘导体和管线之间有熔融锡的加热器的温度与径向距离的关系。
[0029]图12描述了在绝缘导体和管线之间有多种流体的条件下，和在管线外表面的不同温度下，对于具有第一尺寸的多个加热器的模拟温度与径向距离的关系。
[0030]图13描述了在绝缘导体和管线之间有多种流体的条件下，和在管线外表面的不同温度下，对于其中绝缘导体的尺寸是用于获得图12的绝缘导体的尺寸的一半的多个加热器的模拟温度与径向距离的关系。
[0031]图14描述了在绝缘导体和管线之间有多种流体的条件下，和在管线外表面的不同温度下，对于其中绝缘导体的尺寸与用于获得图13的绝缘导体相同且管线大于用于获得图13的管线的多个加热器的模拟温度与径向距离的关系。
[0032]图15描述了在加热器的绝缘导体和管线之间有熔融盐以及500℃的边界条件下，对于多个加热器的模拟温度与径向距离的关系。
[0033]虽然本发明容易进行多种调整和替代形式，但是它们的具体实施方案通过附图中的实施例给出和可以在本文中进行详细描述。附图可能不是按比例的。但应理解，有关附图及其详细说明不用于将本发明限定于公开的特定形式，而是相反，目的是覆盖落在由所附权利要求定义的本发明的精神和范围内的所有改变、等价和替代。
具体实施方式
[0034]下述说明主要涉及处理地层内的烃的系统与方法。可处理该地层以产生烃产品、氢和其它产品。
[0035]“交流电(AC)”指基本按正弦曲线改变方向的随时间变化的电流。AC在铁磁导体中产生趋肤效应电流。
[0036]“居里温度”是在这个温度之上铁磁材料失去其所有铁磁性质的温度。除去在居里温度之上失去所有铁磁性质以外，当渐增的电流流经铁磁材料时，铁磁材料开始失去其铁磁性质。
[0037]“流体压力”是地层中的流体产生的压力。“岩石静压力”(有时称为“岩石静应力”)是地层内的压力，等于单位面积上覆岩石物质的重量。“水静压”是地层中由水柱施加的压力。
[0038]“地层”包括一层或多层含烃层、一层或多层非烃层、上覆地层和/或下伏地层。“烃层”指地层中含烃的层。烃层可包含非烃材料和烃材料。“上覆地层”和/或“下伏地层”包括一种或多种不同类的不可渗透材料。例如上覆地层和/或下伏地层可包括岩石、页岩、泥岩或湿/致密碳酸盐。在原位热处理法的一些实施方案中，上覆地层和/或下伏地层可包括一层含烃层或多层含烃层，所述含烃层相对不可渗透和没有经历导致上覆地层和/或下伏地层中含烃层显著特性变化的原位热处理期间的温度。例如下伏地层可包含页岩或泥岩，但原位热处理法期间不允许加热下伏地层至热解温度。在一些情况下，上覆地层和/或下伏地层可具有一定的渗透性。
[0039]“地层流体”是指存在于地层内的流体，和可包括热解流体、合成气、运动烃和水(蒸汽)。地层流体可包括烃流体以及非烃流体。术语“运动流体”是指作为热处理地层的结果能流动的含烃地层内的流体。“产生的流体”是指从地层脱除的流体。
[0040]“热源”是基本通过传导和/或辐射传热提供热量到至少一部分地层的任意系统。例如热源可包括电加热器，例如在管线内布置的绝缘导体、细长构件和/或导体。热源还可包括通过在地层外部或者内部燃烧燃料生成热的系统。该系统可以是地面燃烧器、井下气体燃烧器、无火焰分布式燃烧器和自然分布式燃烧器。在一些实施方案中，可通过其它能源供应向一个或多个热源提供的热量或在一个或多个热源内生成的热量。其它能源可直接加热地层，或者可施加能量到传递介质上，所述传递介质直接或间接加热地层。应理解向地层施加热量的一个或多个热源可使用不同的能源。因此，例如对于给定的地层来说，某些热源可由电阻加热器供应热量，某些热源可由燃烧提供热量，而某些热源可由一种或多种其它能源(例如化学反应、太阳能、风能、生物质或其它可再生的能源)提供热量。化学反应可包括放热反应(例如氧化反应)。热源还可包括提供热量到与加热位置相邻和/或在其周围的区域的加热器例如加热器井。
[0041]“加热器”是在井内或者在附近的井孔区域内生成热的任意系统或热源。加热器可以是但不限于电加热器、燃烧器、与在地层内的材料或者从地层中产生的材料反应的燃烧器和/或它们的组合。
[0042]“烃”通常定义为主要由碳和氢原子形成的分子。烃还可包含其它元素，例如但不限于卤素、金属元素、氮、氧和/或硫。烃可以是但不限于油母质、沥青、焦沥青、油、天然矿物蜡和沥青岩。烃可位于地壳内的矿物母岩内或者与之相邻。母岩可包括但不限于沉积岩、砂子、沉积石英岩、碳酸盐、硅藻土和其它多孔介质。“烃流体”是包含烃的流体。烃流体可包含、夹带或者被夹带在非烃流体内，所述非烃流体例如氢气、氮气、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、硫化氢、水和氨气。
[0043]“原位转化法”指通过热源加热含烃地层以将至少一部分地层的温度提升至高于热解温度从而在地层中产生热解流体的方法。
[0044]“原位热处理法”是指用热源加热含烃地层以将至少一部分地层的温度升高到导致流体流动、减粘和/或含烃材料热解的温度之上从而在地层中生成运动流体、减粘流体和/或热解流体的方法。
[0045]“绝缘导体”指能够导电和全部或部分被电绝缘材料覆盖的任意细长材料。
[0046]“热解”是由于施加热量导致的化学键断裂。例如热解可包括通过单独加热将化合物转化成一种或多种其它物质。热量可转移到一部分地层以引起热解。
[0047]“热解流体”或“热解产物”是指基本上在热解烃期间产生的流体。通过热解反应产生的流体可与地层内的其它流体混合。该混合物将被视为热解流体或热解产物。本文所使用的“热解区”是指反应了或者正在反应形成热解流体的地层体积(例如相对可渗透的地层，如焦油砂地层)。
[0048]“热量重叠”指从两个或更多个热源向地层的选定区域提供热量，使得至少在热源之间的一个位置处的地层的温度被所述热源影响。
[0049]“限温加热器”通常是指在不使用外部控制例如温度控制器、功率调节器、整流器或者其它设备的情况下在特定温度之上调节热输出(例如降低热输出)的加热器。限温加热器可以是AC(交流电流)或调制的(例如“斩波的”)DC(直流电流)供电的电阻加热器。
[0050]“导热流体”包括在标准温度和压力(STP)(0℃和101.325kPa)下具有比空气高的导热系数的流体。
[0051]“导热系数”是材料的性质，其描述对于给定的两个表面之间温度差下，材料的两个表面之间在稳定状态下热量流动的速率。
[0052]层“厚度”指层截面的厚度，其中所述截面与层表面正交。
[0053]“随时间变化的电流”指在铁磁导体中产生趋肤效应电流和具有随时间变化的数值的电流。随时间变化的电流包括交流电流(AC)和调制的直流电流(DC)。
[0054]限温加热器的“调节比”是对于给定的电流，低于居里温度时的最高AC或调制的DC电阻与高于居里温度时的最低电阻之比。
[0055]“u型井孔”指从地层内的第一开口延伸、通过至少一部分地层和通过地层内的第二开口出来的井孔。在本说明书内，井孔可以仅仅粗略地是“v”或“u”型，理解的是对于被视为“u型”的井孔，“u”的“腿“不需要互相平行或垂直于“u”的“底部”。
[0056]“提质”指提升烃的质量。例如提质重烃可以导致重烃的API比重增大。
[0057]术语“井孔”是指通过在地层内钻探或者插入管线形成的地层内的孔。井孔可具有基本上圆形的截面，或者为其它截面形状。本文所使用的术语“井”和“开口”当是指在地层内的开口时，可与术语“井孔”互换使用。
[0058]可以以多种方式处理地层中的烃，以生产多种不同产品。在某些实施方案中，地层中的烃分阶段进行处理。图1描述了加热含烃地层的阶段。图1还描述了来自地层的地层流体以每吨油当量桶数表示的产量(“y”)(y轴)与以摄氏度表示的被加热地层的温度(“T”)(x轴)的关系的实例。
[0059]甲烷的解吸和水的气化在阶段1加热期间发生。通过阶段1对地层的加热可以尽可能快地进行。例如当对含烃地层初始加热时，地层中地烃使吸附的甲烷解吸。解吸的甲烷可以从地层中产出。如果对含烃地层进一步加热，则含烃地层中的水气化。在一些含烃地层中，水可能占据地层中孔体积的10-50％。在其它地层中，水占据更大或更小比例的孔体积。在600-7000kPa绝压的压力下，水通常在160-285℃下于地层中气化。在一些实施方案中，气化的水导致地层中润湿性变化和/或地层压力增大。润湿性变化和/或增大的压力可能影响地层中的热解反应或其它反应。在某些实施方案中，气化的水从地层中产出。在其它实施方案中，气化的水用于在地层内或在地层外蒸汽提取和/或蒸馏。从地层中脱除水和增大地层中的孔体积提升了孔体积中烃的储存空间。
[0060]在某些实施方案中，在阶段1加热之后，进一步加热地层，使得地层中的温度达到(至少)初始热解温度(例如在如阶段2所示的温度范围下限的温度)。在整个阶段2期间地层中的烃可能热解。热解温度范围根据地层中烃的类型而变化。热解温度范围可以包括250-900℃的温度。生产所需产物的热解温度范围可以仅延及总热解温度范围的一部分。在一些实施方案中，生产所需产物的热解温度范围可以包括250-400℃的温度或270-350℃的温度。如果地层中烃的温度缓慢升高通过250-400℃的温度范围，则当温度达到400℃时可以基本完成热解产物的生产。烃的平均温度可以以小于5℃/天、小于2℃/天、小于1℃/天或小于0.5℃/天的速率升高通过生产所需产物的热解温度范围。用多个热源加热含烃地层可以在热源周围建立温度梯度，所述温度梯度缓慢升高地层中烃的温度通过热解温度范围。
[0061]通过所需产物的热解温度范围的温度升高速率可以影响从含烃地层中生产的地层流体的质量和数量。缓慢升高地层温度通过所需产物的热解温度范围可以允许从地层中生产高质量、高API比重的烃。缓慢升高地层温度通过所需产物的热解温度范围可以允许作为烃产品脱除地层中存在的大量烃。
[0062]在一些原位热处理实施方案中，将一部分地层加热至所需温度，而不是缓慢加热温度通过温度范围。在一些实施方案中，所需温度是300℃、325℃或350℃。可以选择其它温度作为所需温度。来自热源的热量重叠允许在地层中相对快速和有效地建立所需温度。可以调节从热源至地层中的能量输入，以将地层中的温度基本维持在所需温度下。将地层的被加热部分基本维持在所需温度下，直至热解下降使得从地层中生产所需地层流体变得不经济。经历热解的地层部分可以包括仅从一个热源通过传热而进入热解温度范围的区域。
[0063]在某些实施方案中，从地层生产包括热解流体的地层流体。随着地层温度升高，产生的地层流体中可冷凝烃的量可能降低。在高温下，地层可能主要生产甲烷和/或氢。如果在遍及整个热解范围内加热含烃地层，则逼近热解范围上限时，地层可能仅生产少量氢。在所有的可用氢枯竭后，通常将发生从地层中生产最小量的流体。
[0064]在烃热解之后，大量的碳和一些氢可能仍然存在于地层中。地层中剩余的大部分的碳可以以合成气形式从地层中产出。合成气产出可能在图1中描绘的阶段3加热期间发生。阶段3可以包括将含烃地层加热至足以允许合成气产出的温度。例如合成气可以在约400-1200℃、约500-1100℃或约550-1000℃的温度范围内产出。当将合成气生成流体加入地层中时，地层的加热部分的温度决定了地层中产出的合成气的组成。产生的合成气可以通过生产井从地层中脱除。
[0065]在整个热解和合成气产出期间，从含烃地层中生产的流体的总能量含量可以保持相对恒定。在相对低的地层温度下热解期间，大部分的产出流体可以是具有高能量含量的可冷凝烃。但在更高的热解温度下，更少的地层流体可能含有可冷凝烃。更多的不可冷凝地层流体可能从地层中产出。在主要生产不可冷凝地层流体期间，每单位体积产出流体的能量含量可能略微下降。在合成气产出期间，与热解流体的能量含量相比，每单位体积产出合成气的能量含量明显下降。但在许多情况下，产出合成气的体积将明显增加，从而补偿下降的能量含量。
[0066]图2描述了用于处理含烃地层的原位热处理系统的一部分的实施方案的示意图。原位热处理系统可以包括屏蔽井200。屏蔽井用于在处理区域周围形成屏蔽。屏蔽抑制流体流入和/或流出处理区域。屏蔽井包括但不限于脱水井、真空井、捕集井、注射井、泥浆井、冷冻井或它们的组合。在一些实施方案中，屏蔽井200是脱水井。脱水井可以脱除液体水和/或抑制液体水进入待加热的地层的一部分、或进入正被加热的地层。在图2中描绘的实施方案中，屏蔽井200显示为仅沿热源202的一侧延伸，但是屏蔽井通常环绕所有用于或待用于加热地层的处理区域的热源202。
[0067]热源202放置于至少一部分地层中。热源202可以包括加热器例如绝缘导体、管线内导体加热器、表面燃烧器、无火焰分布式燃烧器和/或自然分布式燃烧器。热源202还可包括其它类型的加热器。热源202向至少一部分地层提供热量，以加热地层中的烃。能量可以通过供应管线204供应至热源202。根据用于加热地层的热源的类型，供应管线204可以在结构上不同。热源的供应管线204可以为电加热器送电、可以为燃烧器输送燃料、或可以输送在地层中循环的换热流体。在一些实施方案中，用于原位热处理法的电流可以通过核电厂提供。使用核电可以允许原位热处理法减少或消除二氧化碳排放。
[0068]生产井206用于从地层中脱除地层流体。在一些实施方案中，生产井206包括热源。生产井中的热源可以加热在生产井处或其附近的地层的一个或多个部分。在一些原位热处理法实施方案中，对于每米生产井从生产井供应至地层的热量小于对于每米热源从加热地层的热源施加至地层的热量。
[0069]在一些实施方案中，生产井206中的热源允许从地层中气相脱除地层流体。在生产井处或通过生产井提供加热可以：(1)当这些产出流体在邻近上覆地层的生产井中运动时，抑制产出流体的冷凝和/或回流，(2)增大至地层中的热量输入，(3)与没有热源的生产井相比，增大生产井的生产率，(4)抑制在生产井中冷凝高碳数化合物(C6和以上)，和/或(5)增大在生产井处或其附近的地层渗透性。
[0070]地层中的地下压力可以与地层中产生的流体压力一致。随着地层加热部分中的温度升高，加热部分中的压力可能由于流体热膨胀、流体产出增大和水的气化而增大。控制从地层中脱除流体的速率可以允许控制地层中的压力。地层中的压力可以在多个不同位置处测定，例如靠近或在生产井处、靠近或在热源处、或在监测井处。
[0071]在一些含烃地层中，抑制从地层中产出烃，直至地层中至少一些烃已经热解。当地层流体具有选定质量时，可以从地层中产出地层流体。在一些实施方案中，选定质量包括API比重为至少约20°、30°或40°。抑制产出直至至少一些烃热解可以增大重烃至轻烃的转化率。抑制初始产出可以使从地层中产出重烃最小化。生产大量的重烃可能需要昂贵的设备和/或缩短生产设备的寿命。
[0072]在达到热解温度和允许从地层中产出之后，可以变化地层中的压力以改变和/或控制产出的地层流体的组成、相对地层流体中不可冷凝流体控制可冷凝流体的百分数、和/或控制正在生产的地层流体的API比重。例如降低压力可能导致生产更多的可冷凝流体组分。可冷凝流体组分可能含有更大的烯烃百分数。
[0073]在一些原位热处理法实施方案中，地层中的压力可以维持足够高，以促进生产API比重大于20°的地层流体。在原位热处理期间，在地层中维持增大的压力可以抑制地层下沉。维持增大的压力可以促进从地层中气相生产流体。气相生产可以允许降低用于输送从地层中产出的流体的收集管线的尺寸。维持增大的压力可以减少或消除在地面压缩地层流体以将收集管线中的流体输送至处理设施的需求。
[0074]在地层的加热部分中维持增大的压力可以出人意料地允许生产大量的具有升高的质量和具有相对低的分子量的烃。可以维持压力使得产出的地层流体含有最小量的高于选定碳数的化合物。选定碳数可以是至多25、至多20、至多12或至多8。一些高碳数化合物可以夹带在地层内的蒸气中，和可以随蒸气从地层中脱除。在地层中维持增大的压力可以抑制在蒸气中夹带高碳数化合物和/或多环烃化合物。高碳数化合物和/或多环烃化合物可以在地层内的液相中保持较长的时间段。所述较长的时间段可以为所述化合物提供足够的时间，以热解形成较低碳数化合物。
[0075]从生产井206产出的地层流体可以通过收集管路208输送至处理设施210。地层流体还可从热源202中产出。例如流体可以从热源202中产出，以控制邻近热源的地层中的压力。从热源202中产出的流体可以通过管道或管路输送至收集管路208，或产出流体可以通过管道或管路直接输送至处理设施210。处理设施210可以包括分离装置、反应装置、提质装置、燃料电池、涡轮、储存容器和/或用于处理产出的地层流体的其它系统和装置。处理设施可以从由地层产出的至少一部分烃形成运输燃料。在一些实施方案中，运输燃料可以是喷气燃料，例如JP-8。
[0076]图3描述了地层214内井孔212中的加热器的实施方案。加热器包括管线218中的绝缘导体216，其中在绝缘导体和管线之间有材料220。在一些实施方案中，绝缘导体216是矿物绝缘导体。供应至绝缘导体216的电电阻加热绝缘导体。绝缘导体将热量传递给材料220。热量可以通过热传导和/或热对流在材料220内传递。来自绝缘导体216的辐射热量和/或来自材料220的热量传递至管线218。热量可以通过来自管线218的传导或辐射传热由加热器传递至地层。材料220可以是熔融金属、熔融盐或其它液体。在一些实施方案中，气体(例如氮、二氧化碳和/或氦)在管线218中材料220上方。所述气体可以抑制材料220的氧化或其它化学变化。所述气体可以抑制材料220的气化。
[0077]绝缘导体216和管线218可以放置于地下地层内的开口中。绝缘导体216和管线218可以在地下地层具有任意取向(例如绝缘导体和管线在地层中可以是基本垂直或基本水平取向的)。绝缘导体216包括芯222、电绝缘体224和夹套226。在一些实施方案中，芯222是铜芯。在一些实施方案中，芯222包括其它电导体或合金(例如铜合金)。在一些实施方案中，芯222包括铁磁导体，使得绝缘导体216作为限温加热器操作。在一些实施方案中，芯222不包括铁磁导体。
[0078]在一些实施方案中，绝缘导体216的芯222由两个或更多个部分制成。第一部分可以放置邻近上覆地层。第一部分可以具有一定尺寸高导电材料和/或由该高导电材料制得，使得第一部分不会电阻加热至高温。芯216的一个或多个其它部分可以具有一定尺寸电阻加热至高温的材料和/或由该材料制得。可以布置芯216的这些部分与由加热器加热的地层部分相邻。在一些实施方案中绝缘导体不包括高导电性第一部分。电缆中的铅可以与绝缘导体偶联，以将电供应至绝缘导体。
[0079]在一些实施方案中，绝缘导体216的芯222是高导电材料例如铜。芯222可以在绝缘导体的端部或附近与夹套226电偶联。在一些实施方案中，绝缘导体216与管线218电偶联。供应至绝缘导体216的电流可以电阻加热芯222、夹套226、材料220和/或管线218。电阻加热芯222、夹套226、材料220和/或管线218产生可以传递至地层的热量。
[0080]电绝缘体224可以是氧化镁、氧化铝、二氧化硅、氧化铍、氮化硼、氮化硅或它们的组合。在某些实施方案中，电绝缘体224是氧化镁的压实粉末。在一些实施方案中，电绝缘体224包括氮化硅的珠粒。在某些实施方案中，在芯222上覆以材料薄层，以抑制芯在较高温度下迁移入电绝缘体中(即抑制芯的铜迁移入绝缘氧化镁中)。例如可以在芯222上覆以一小层镍(例如约0.5mm的镍)。
[0081]在一些实施方案中，材料220可能是相对腐蚀性的。夹套226和/或至少管线218的内表面可以由耐腐蚀材料制得，所述耐腐蚀材料例如但不限于镍、Alloy N(Carpenter Metals)、347不锈钢、347H不锈钢、446不锈钢或825不锈钢。例如管线218可以镀有或衬有镍。在一些实施方案中，材料220可以是相对非腐蚀性的。夹套226和/或至少管线218的内表面可以由材料例如碳钢制得。
[0082]在一些实施方案中，绝缘导体216的夹套226没有用作绝缘导体的电流的主返回。在其中材料220是良好的电导体例如熔融金属的实施方案中，电流通过管线中的熔融金属和/或通过管线218返回。一些实施方案中，管线218由铁磁材料(例如410不锈钢)制得。管线218可以担当限温加热器的功能，直至管线温度接近、达到或超出管线材料的居里温度或相变温度。
[0083]在一些实施方案中，材料220使电流从绝缘导体216返回地面(即所述材料作为绝缘导体的返回或接地导体)。材料220提供具有低电阻的电流路径，使得在管线218中可使用长绝缘导体216。由于导电材料220的存在，长加热器可以在对于加热器长度而言低的电压下操作。
[0084]图4描述了在管线218中的绝缘导体216的一部分的实施方案，其中材料220是良导体(例如液体金属)和通过箭头表示电流流动。电流从芯222上向下流，并通过夹套226、材料220和管线218返回。夹套226和管线218可以在大约恒定的电势下。电流从夹套226通过材料220径向流到管线218。材料220可以电阻加热。来自材料220的热量可以通过管线218传入地层中。
[0085]在其中材料220部分导电(例如所述材料是熔融盐)的实施方案中，电流主要通过夹套226返回。部分通过导电材料220的电流的全部或一部分可以通过管线218流向大地。
[0086]在图3中描绘的实施方案中，绝缘导体216的芯222直径为约1cm，电绝缘体224的外径为约1.6cm，和夹套226的外径为约1.8cm。在其它实施方案中，绝缘导体更小。例如芯222的直径为约0.5cm，电绝缘体224的外径为约0.8cm，和夹套226的外径为约0.9cm。可以使用其它绝缘导体结构。为在管线处达到相同温度，对于相同尺寸的管线218，更小的绝缘导体216结构可能导致绝缘导体更高的操作温度。因为制造成本、重量和其它因素，更小的绝缘导体结构可能是明显更经济有利的。
[0087]材料220可以置于绝缘导体216外表面和管线218内表面之间。在某些实施方案中，材料220以固体形式作为球或粒料置于管线中。材料220可能在低于绝缘导体216操作温度下熔化。材料可能在高于环境地下地层温度下熔化。可以在将绝缘导体216置于管线中之后，将材料220置于管线218中。在某些实施方案中，材料220作为液体置于管线216中。可以在将绝缘导体216置于管线中之前或之后，将所述液体置于管线218中(例如可以在将绝缘导体置于管线中之前或之后，将熔融液体倾入管线中)。另外，可以在向绝缘导体216施加电压(即向其供电)之前或之后，将材料220置于管线218中。可以在初始化加热器的操作之后，将材料220加入管线218或从管线中脱除。可以将材料220加入管线218或从管线218中脱除，以在管线中维持所需的流体压头。在一些实施方案中，可以调节管线218中材料220的量(例如增加或减少)，从而调节或平衡管线上的应力。材料220可以抑制管线218变形。如果地层相对管线膨胀，管线218中材料220的压头可以抑制地层压碎管线或者使管线变形。管线218中流体的压头允许管线壁是相对薄的。薄管线218可以提升利用多个这种类型的加热器加热部分地层的经济可行性。
[0088]材料220可以在管线218中支撑绝缘导体216。与在没有使用特殊冶金法适应绝缘导体重量的条件下仅置于管线内的气体中的绝缘导体相比，由材料220提供的对绝缘导体216的支撑可以允许配置长绝缘导体。在某些实施方案中，绝缘导体216浮于管线218内的材料220中。例如绝缘导体可以浮于熔融金属中。绝缘导体216的浮力减少长的、基本垂直的加热器中与蠕变有关的问题。可以将底部重量或束缚装置偶联至绝缘导体216底部，以抑制绝缘导体在材料220中漂浮。
[0089]在绝缘导体216操作温度下，材料220可以保持为液体。在一些实施方案中，材料220在高于约100℃、高于约200℃或高于约300℃的温度下熔化。绝缘导体可以在高于200℃、高于400℃、高于600℃或高于800℃的温度下操作。在某些实施方案中，材料220在绝缘导体操作温度下或其附近提供从绝缘导体216至管线218的增强传热。
[0090]材料220可以包括：金属，例如锡、锌；合金，例如60wt％的锡、40wt％的锌合金；铋；铟；镉；铝；铅；和/或它们的组合(例如这些金属的低共熔合金，如二元或三元合金)。在一个实施方案中，材料220是锡。一些液体金属可能是腐蚀性的。绝缘导体的夹套和/或至少管线的内表面可能需要由耐受液体金属腐蚀的材料制得。绝缘导体的夹套和/或至少管线的内表面可以由抑制熔融金属从绝缘导体和/或管线浸取材料从而形成低共熔组合物或金属合金的材料制得。熔融金属可以是高导热的，但是可以阻断来自绝缘导体的辐射传热和/或具有相对小的通过自然对流的传热。
[0091]材料220可以是或包含熔融盐例如晒制盐、表1中显示的盐或其它盐。熔融盐可以是红外透明的，以辅助从绝缘导体至管线的传热。在一些实施方案中，晒制盐包含硝酸钠和硝酸钾(例如约60wt％的硝酸钠和约40wt％的硝酸钾)。晒制盐在约220℃下熔化，和在至多约593℃的温度下是化学稳定的。可以使用的其它盐包括但不限于LiNO3(熔融温度(Tm)为264℃和分解温度为约600℃)和低共熔混合物例如53wt％的KNO3、40wt％的NaNO3和7wt％的NaN02(Tm为约142℃和工作温度上限超过500℃)；45.5wt％的KNO3和54.5wt％的NaNO2(Tm为约142-145℃和工作温度上限超过500℃)；或50wt％的NaCl和50wt％的SrCl2(Tm为约19℃和工作温度上限超过1200℃)。
表1
  材料   Tm(℃)   Tb(℃)
  Zn   420   907
  CdBr2   568   863
  CdI2   388   744
  CuBr2   498   900
  PbBr2   371   892
  TlBr   460   819
  TlF   326   826
  ThI4   566   837
  SnF2   215   850
  SnI2   320   714
  ZnCl2   290   732
[0092]一些熔融盐例如晒制盐可以是相对非腐蚀性的，使得管线和/或夹套可以由相对便宜的材料(例如碳钢)制得。一些熔融盐可以具有良好的导热系数，可以具有高的热密度，和可以导致通过自然对流的高传热。
[0093]在流体力学中，Rayleigh数是与流体中传热有关的无量纲数。当Rayleigh数低于流体的临界值时，传热主要是传导形式；和当Rayleigh数高于临界值时，传热主要是对流形式。Rayleigh数是Grashof数(其描述流体中浮力和粘度之间的关系)和Prandtl数(其描述动量扩散和热扩散之间的关系)的乘积。对于管线中相同尺寸的绝缘导体，和其中管线温度为500℃，管线中晒制盐的Rayleigh数为管线中锡的Rayleigh数的大约10倍。较高的Rayleigh数意味着熔融晒制盐中自然对流的强度比熔融锡中自然对流的强度要高得多。熔融盐的较强自然对流可以分布热量和抑制地层在沿管线长度方向的位置处出现热点。热点可能通过在管线附近或管线上的孤立位置处的焦炭累积、在孤立位置处通过地层接触管线和/或其它高热负荷情形而引起。
[0094]管线218可以是碳钢或不锈钢管。在一些实施方案中，管线218可以包括外表面上的覆层以抑制地层流体腐蚀管线。管线218可以包括管线内表面上的覆层，所述覆层耐受管线中的材料220的腐蚀。用于管线218的覆层可以是涂层和/或内衬。如果管线含有金属盐，则管线内表面可以包括镍的涂层，或管线可以是或包括耐腐蚀金属例如Alloy N的内衬。如果管线含有熔融金属，则管线可以包括耐腐蚀金属内衬或涂层、和/或陶瓷涂层(例如瓷质涂层或烧制搪瓷涂层)。在一个实施方案中，管线218是410不锈钢的管，外径为约6cm。管线218可能不需要厚壁，因为材料220可以提供内压力，所述内压力抑制管线由于外应力而变形或压碎。
[0095]图5描述了位于地层214的井孔212中的加热器的实施方案，其中绝缘导体216和管线218的一部分在地层中取向基本水平。由于材料的压力，材料220可以在管线218中提供压头。压头可以在管线218中保持材料220。压头还可以提供内压力，所述内压力抑制管线218由于外应力而变形或塌陷。
[0096]在一些实施方案中，在管线中放置两个或更多个绝缘导体。在一些实施方案中，仅对一个绝缘导体供电。如果供电导体故障，则可以对其它导体中的一个进行供电，以将材料维持在熔融相中。可以移除和/或更换故障绝缘导体。
[0097]加热器的管线可以是带肋管线。与圆柱型管线相比，带肋管线可以改进管线的传热特征。图6描述了带肋管线228的截面示意图。图7描述了带肋管线228的一部分的剖视图。带肋管线228可以包括环230和肋232。环230和肋232可以改进带肋管线228的传热特征。在一个实施方案中，管线的圆柱体的内径为约5.1cm和壁厚度为约0.57cm。环230可以相互间隔约3.8cm。环230可以具有约1.9cm的高度和约0.5cm的厚度。6根肋232可以绕管线218均匀间隔。肋232可以具有约0.5cm的厚度和约1.6cm的高度。对于圆柱体、环和肋，可以使用其它尺寸。带肋管线228可以由两个或更多个轧件形成，所述两个或更多个轧件焊接在一起形成带肋管线。可以使用其它类型的具有额外表面积的管线以强化从管线至地层的传热。
[0098]在一些实施方案中，带肋管线可以用作管线内导体加热器的管线。例如导体可以是3.05cm的410不锈钢杆，和管线具有如上所述的尺寸。在其它实施方案中，导体是绝缘导体，和流体置于导体和带肋管线之间。流体在绝缘导体操作温度下可以是气体或液体。
[0099]在一些实施方案中，加热器的热源不是绝缘导体。例如热源可以是循环通过置于外管线中的内管线的热流体。材料可以置于内管线和外管线之间。材料中的对流电流可以帮助将热量更均匀地分布至地层，和可以抑制或限制热点的形成，在热点中隔热限制传热至上覆地层端。在一些实施方案中，热源是井下氧化器。材料置于外管线和氧化器管线之间。如果氧化器位于u型井孔中，同时排放的气体通过u型管线的一条腿离开地层，则氧化器管线可以是氧化器的排放管线或氧化剂管线。材料可以有助于抑制与氧化器组件的氧化器相邻的热点的形成。
[0100]待被绝缘导体加热的材料可以置于开放井孔中。图8描述了地层214内的开放井孔212中的材料220，其中绝缘导体216在井孔中。在一些实施方案中，将气体(例如氮、二氧化碳和/或氦)置于井孔212中材料220上方。气体可以抑制材料220的氧化或其它化学变化。气体可以抑制材料220的气化。
[0101]材料220的熔点可以高于地层中烃的热解温度。材料220的熔点可以高于375℃、高于400℃或高于425℃。可以对绝缘导体供电以加热地层。来自绝缘导体的热量可以使地层中的烃热解。井孔附近，来自绝缘导体216的热量可以导致焦化，所述焦化降低了渗透性和堵塞井孔212附近的地层。当材料是液体时，堵塞的地层抑制材料220从井孔212渗入地层214中。在一些实施方案中，材料220是盐。
[0102]绝缘导体216的返回电流可以通过绝缘导体的夹套226返回。通过材料220的任何电流可以流向大地。在材料220的上方，可以将任何剩余的返回电流限制于绝缘导体216的夹套226。
[0103]在一些实施方案中，除绝缘导体之外还使用其它类型的热源加热置于开放井孔中的材料。其它类型的热源可以包括气体燃烧器、其中流动通过热传热流体的管、或其它类型的加热器。
[0104]对包括圆柱型管线中的垂直绝缘导体、其中在绝缘导体和管线之间有空气、晒制盐或锡的加热器(例如图3中描述的加热器)进行模拟。模拟使用垂直稳态、二维轴对称系统，以及温度边界条件和300瓦特/英尺的通过绝缘导体的恒定功率注入率。温度边界条件(管线外表面的温度)的数值设定在300℃、500℃或700℃下。将空气假定为理想气体。表2中给出了晒制盐和锡的一些代表性性质。用于模拟的软件是ANSYS CFX 11。湍流模型是剪应力输送模型，其是解决近壁区域中传热速率的精确模型。表3显示了用于各材料的传热模式。
表2
  熔融晒制盐   熔融锡
  密度(kg/m3)   1794   6800
  动态粘度(Pa s)   2.10×10-3   0.001
  比热容(J/kg K)   1549   3180
  导热系数(W/m K)   0.5365   33.5
  热膨胀系数(1/K)   2.50×10-4   2.00×10-4
表3
  材料   传热模式
  空气   辐射、对流和传导
  晒制盐   辐射、对流和传导
  锡   对流和传导
[0105]模拟用于研究三种不同的绝缘管线和管线实施方案。表4显示了模拟中使用的绝缘导体和管线的尺寸。
表4
  实例1   实例2   实例3
  绝缘导体：
  芯半径(cm)：   0.5   0.25   0.25
  绝缘厚度(cm)   0.3   0.15   0.15
  夹套厚度(cm)   0.1   0.05   0.05
  标称管线尺寸(英寸)   2   2   3.5
[0106]图9-11描述了实例1加热器的温度分布，其中边界条件温度设定在500℃下。三幅图的温度轴是不同的，以突出曲线的形状。图9描述了对于绝缘导体和管线之间有空气的加热器的温度与径向距离的关系。图10描述了对于绝缘导体和管线之间有熔融晒制盐的加热器的温度与径向距离的关系。图11描述了对于绝缘导体和管线之间有熔融锡的加热器的温度与径向距离的关系。如图9-11中的曲线形状所示，熔融盐的自然对流效果比空气或熔融锡的自然对流效果强很多。表5显示了当边界条件设定在500℃下时，晒制盐和锡的Prandtl数(Pr)、Grashof数(Gr)和Rayleigh数(Ra)的计算值。
表5
  材料   Pr   Gr   Ra
  晒制盐   6.06   4.33×105   2.63×106
  锡   0.09   2.98×105   2.83×105
[0107]图12描述了在绝缘导体和管线之间有三种不同材料、且边界条件为700℃、500℃和300℃的实例1加热器的模拟结果。区域A是绝缘导体中心至绝缘导体外表面的距离。区域B是绝缘导体外部至管线内表面的距离。区域C是管线内表面至管线外表面的距离。曲线234描述了在管线外表面边界条件设定为700℃下的条件下，对于绝缘导体和管线之间有空气的温度分布。曲线236描述了在管线外表面边界条件设定为700℃下的条件下，对于绝缘导体和管线之间有熔融晒制盐的温度分布。曲线238描述了在管线外表面边界条件设定为700℃下的条件下，对于绝缘导体和管线之间有熔融锡的温度分布。曲线240、242和244分别描述了在管线外表面边界条件设定在500℃下的条件下，对于空气、熔融盐和熔融锡的温度分布。曲线246、248和250分别描述了在管线外表面边界条件设定在300℃下的条件下，对于空气、熔融盐和熔融锡的温度分布。
[0108]对于给定的边界条件温度，在绝缘导体和管线之间的缝隙中有空气导致绝缘导体和管线之间最大的温差，特别是对于300℃的较低边界条件。在500℃和700℃的边界条件温度下，对于熔融盐和空气而言，绝缘导体和管线之间的温差明显降低，这是因为辐射传热随温度升高而增大。
[0109]图13描述了在绝缘导体和管线之间有三种不同材料且边界条件为700℃、500℃和300℃的条件下，对于实例2加热器的模拟结果。区域A是绝缘导体中心至绝缘导体外表面的距离。区域B是绝缘导体外部至管线内表面的距离。区域C是管线内表面至管线外表面的距离。曲线234、236和238描述了在管线外表面边界条件设定为700℃下的条件下，分别对于空气、熔融盐和熔融锡的温度分布。曲线240、242和244描述了在管线外表面边界条件设定为500℃下的条件下，分别对于空气、熔融盐和熔融锡的温度分布。曲线246、248和250描述了在管线外表面边界条件设定为300℃下的条件下，分别对于空气、熔融盐和熔融锡的温度分布。如通过比较图12和图13可知，减小加热器半径导致更高的绝缘导体温度以及因此导致绝缘导体和管线之间更大的温差。如图12中和图13中看出的，绝缘导体和管线之间的材料中的温度分布对于熔融盐快速下降，和温度仅仅略微高于当材料是熔融金属时建立的温度分布。对于熔融盐的快速温度下降可以归因于熔融盐中的自然对流。
[0110]图14描述了在绝缘导体和管线之间有三种不同材料且边界条件为700℃、500℃和300℃的条件下，对于实例3加热器的模拟结果。区域A是绝缘导体中心至绝缘导体外表面的距离。区域B是绝缘导体外部至管线内表面的距离。区域C是管线内表面至管线外表面的距离。曲线234、236和238描述了在管线外表面边界条件设定为700℃下的条件下，分别对于空气、熔融盐和熔融锡的温度分布。曲线240、242和244描述了在管线外表面边界条件设定为500℃下的条件下，分别对于空气、熔融盐和熔融锡的温度分布。曲线246、248和250描述了在管线外表面边界条件设定为300℃下的条件下，分别对于空气、熔融盐和熔融锡的温度分布。如通过比较图13和图14可知，增大管线尺寸导致更低的绝缘导体温度、以及区域B中更低和更均匀的温度。
[0111]图15描述了在绝缘导体和管线之间有熔融盐的条件下和其中边界条件设定在500℃下的模拟中，对于研究的三个实例温度模拟结果(℃)与径向距离(mm)的关系。曲线252描述了实例1的结果，曲线254描述了实例2的结果，和曲线256描述了实例3的结果。曲线252的较低绝缘导体温度(例如r＝0时)可能由于绝缘导体尺寸较大。
[0112]曲线256的绝缘导体温度(例如在r＝0处)低于曲线254。此外，曲线256的远离近绝缘导体和近管线区域的熔融盐温度也低于曲线252、254。Rayleigh数与x3成比例，其中x是流体的径向厚度。对于大管线(即实例3和曲线256)，Rayleigh数是小管线(即实例2和曲线254)的大约8倍。更大的Rayleigh数意味着大管线中盐的自然对流比更小管线中的自然对流强得多。更强的自然对流可以增大通过熔融盐的传热和降低绝缘导体的温度。
[0113]根据本说明书，本发明多个方面的进一步调整和替代实施方案对于本领域技术人员可以是明显的。因此，本说明书应仅理解为说明性的，和用于教导本领域技术人员实现本发明的一般方式。应理解，本文给出和描述的本发明形式被认为是当前的优选实施方案。元素和材料可以取代本文图解和描述的那些、部件和过程可以反过来、和本发明的某些特征可以独立应用，本领域技术人员在受益于本发明的本说明书之后，所有这些将是明显的。在不偏离如所附权利要求中描述的本发明的精神和范围的条件下，可以改变本文描述的元素。此外，应理解在某些实施方案中，可以组合本文独立描述的特征。

Claims (15)

1.一种加热地层的方法，其包括：向位于管线中的绝缘导体供电，以将至少一部分绝缘导体电阻加热至允许热量从绝缘导体传递至邻近至少一部分绝缘导体的熔融盐的温度，其中绝缘导体的温度高于熔融盐的熔融温度，其中热量从熔融盐传递至管线；和其中热量从管线传递至地层。
2.权利要求1的方法，还包括通过利用熔融盐中的自然对流流动传热抑制在管线的一个或多个高热负荷区域处形成热点。
3.权利要求1的方法，还包括在熔融盐上方将气体供应至管线，其中所述气体是二氧化碳、氮、氦或它们的组合。
4.权利要求1-3任一项的方法，其中至少一部分传递至地层的热量使地层中的烃运动。
5.权利要求1-3任一项的方法，其中管线中的熔融盐抑制管线变形。
6.一种用于地下地层的加热系统，其包括：
位于地下地层内的开口中的管线；
位于管线中的至少一个绝缘导体；
管线中与至少一个绝缘导体的一部分相邻的盐，和
其中构造至少一个绝缘导体以电阻加热至足以在管线中将所述盐维持在熔融相下的温度。
7.权利要求6的系统，还包括管线中在所述盐上方的气体，其中所述气体是二氧化碳、氮、氦或它们的组合。
8.权利要求6的系统，其中管线包括内表面上的覆层，以抑制管线被所述盐腐蚀。
9.权利要求6的系统，其中管线包括外表面上的覆层，以抑制管线被地层中的地层流体腐蚀。
10.权利要求6的系统，其中所述盐包括盐的混合物。
11.一种用于地下地层的加热系统，其包括：
地层中的井孔；
井孔中的热源；以及
地层和热源之间的盐，其中所述盐在热源选定操作温度下是液体。
12.权利要求11的系统，其中所述热源是绝缘导体。
13.权利要求11的系统，其中所述热源是一个或多个气体燃烧器。
14.权利要求11-13任一项的系统，其中所述材料在高于350℃的温度下熔化。
15.权利要求11-13任一项的系统，还包括管线中高于所述盐的气体，其中所述气体是二氧化碳、氮、氦或它们的组合。
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EP2142758A1 (en) 2010-01-13
US20090078461A1 (en) 2009-03-26
CN101680292A (zh) 2010-03-24
MX2009011118A (es) 2009-10-28
AU2008242801B2 (en) 2011-09-22
US9181780B2 (en) 2015-11-10
CA2684466A1 (en) 2008-10-30
EA200901431A1 (ru) 2010-04-30
GB2460980A (en) 2009-12-23
US20090321071A1 (en) 2009-12-31
CA2684486C (en) 2015-11-17
CA2684430C (en) 2015-12-08
US20090095480A1 (en) 2009-04-16
AU2008242808A1 (en) 2008-10-30
US20090321417A1 (en) 2009-12-31
US20090095476A1 (en) 2009-04-16
WO2008131169A3 (en) 2008-12-24
MX2009011117A (es) 2009-10-28
EA015915B1 (ru) 2011-12-30
CN101680287A (zh) 2010-03-24
US8662175B2 (en) 2014-03-04
CA2684486A1 (en) 2008-10-30
WO2008131175A1 (en) 2008-10-30
GB2485951B (en) 2012-08-08
GB2460980B (en) 2011-11-02
CA2684437C (en) 2015-11-24
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AU2008242810A1 (en) 2008-10-30
AU2008242807A1 (en) 2008-10-30
US20090084547A1 (en) 2009-04-02
AU2008242797B2 (en) 2011-07-14
AU2008242803A1 (en) 2008-10-30
WO2008131171A1 (en) 2008-10-30
CA2684485A1 (en) 2008-10-30
US7798220B2 (en) 2010-09-21
AU2008242801A1 (en) 2008-10-30
GB2462020B (en) 2012-08-08
JP2010525196A (ja) 2010-07-22
US8042610B2 (en) 2011-10-25
US20090071652A1 (en) 2009-03-19
AU2008242810B2 (en) 2012-02-02
AU2008242799A1 (en) 2008-10-30
GB201205244D0 (en) 2012-05-09
CN101680292B (zh) 2013-05-29
US8459359B2 (en) 2013-06-11
US20090120646A1 (en) 2009-05-14
AU2008242796B2 (en) 2011-07-07
US7832484B2 (en) 2010-11-16
CA2684471A1 (en) 2008-10-30
US7950453B2 (en) 2011-05-31
BRPI0810026A2 (pt) 2017-06-06
AU2008242807B2 (en) 2011-06-23
GB2486613B (en) 2012-08-08
AU2008242805A1 (en) 2008-10-30
BRPI0810356A2 (pt) 2014-10-21
MX2009011190A (es) 2009-10-30
CA2684468C (en) 2016-01-12
EA200901429A1 (ru) 2010-04-30
CA2684437A1 (en) 2008-10-30
WO2008131212A3 (en) 2010-01-14
WO2008131177A1 (en) 2008-10-30
BRPI0810053A2 (pt) 2017-08-08
CA2684442A1 (en) 2008-10-30
WO2008131180A1 (en) 2008-10-30
US20160084051A1 (en) 2016-03-24
US20090321075A1 (en) 2009-12-31
US20090090158A1 (en) 2009-04-09
CA2684422A1 (en) 2008-10-30
US20090126929A1 (en) 2009-05-21
US20090095479A1 (en) 2009-04-16
GB0917869D0 (en) 2009-11-25
US7841425B2 (en) 2010-11-30
CA2684420A1 (en) 2008-10-30
GB201205245D0 (en) 2012-05-09
GB2485951A (en) 2012-05-30
AU2008242797A1 (en) 2008-10-30
CA2684420C (en) 2016-10-18
CA2684485C (en) 2016-06-14
CA2684466C (en) 2015-11-24
CN101688442B (zh) 2014-07-09
GB2462020A (en) 2010-01-27
WO2008131173A1 (en) 2008-10-30
US8791396B2 (en) 2014-07-29
WO2008131169A2 (en) 2008-10-30
US7931086B2 (en) 2011-04-26
BRPI0810052A2 (pt) 2017-08-08
WO2008131212A2 (en) 2008-10-30
WO2008131179A1 (en) 2008-10-30
AU2008242803B2 (en) 2011-06-23
EP2137375A2 (en) 2009-12-30
CN101680286A (zh) 2010-03-24
CA2684442C (en) 2015-11-17
CA2684430A1 (en) 2008-10-30
AU2008242799B2 (en) 2012-01-19

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