CN101827999A - 用于处理含烃地层的不规则间隔热源 - Google Patents

用于处理含烃地层的不规则间隔热源 Download PDF

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CN101827999A
CN101827999A CN200880111986A CN200880111986A CN101827999A CN 101827999 A CN101827999 A CN 101827999A CN 200880111986 A CN200880111986 A CN 200880111986A CN 200880111986 A CN200880111986 A CN 200880111986A CN 101827999 A CN101827999 A CN 101827999A
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D·S·米勒
U·P·乌维楚
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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Abstract

一种用于处理含烃地层的方法，包括从位于地层第一区中的一个或多个热源向第一区提供热量输入。通过位于第一区中心处或附近的生产井由第一区生产流体。配置热源使得第一区中单位体积地层的平均热量输入随着离生产井的距离而增大。

Description

用于处理含烃地层的不规则间隔热源
技术领域
本发明大体涉及用于从多种地下地层例如含烃地层中生产烃、氢和/或其它产品的方法和系统。一些实施方案涉及用不规则分布的热源和/或不规则间隔的热源处理地层。
背景技术
从地下地层中获得的烃通常用作能源、用作原料和用作消费产品。对于可获得烃源耗尽的忧虑以及对于产生的烃整体质量下降的忧虑已导致开发更有效地采收、加工和/或利用可获得烃源的方法。原位法可以用于从地下地层中移除烃材料。可能需要改变地下地层中烃材料的化学和/或物理性质，以允许更容易地从地下地层中移除烃材料。化学和物理改变可以包括产生可移除流体的原位反应、地层中烃材料的组成变化、溶解度变化、密度变化、相变和/或粘度变化。流体可以是但不限于气体、液体、乳液、浆料和/或具有与液体流相似的流动特征的固体颗粒物流。
可以将加热器放置于井孔中以在原位法期间加热地层。利用井下加热器的原位法的实例在Ljungstrom的美国专利No.2,634,961、Ljungstrom的美国专利No.2,732,195、Ljungstrom的美国专利No.2,780,450、Ljungstrom的美国专利No.2,789,805、Ljungstrom的美国专利No.2,923,535和Van Meurs等人的美国专利No.4,886,118中进行了说明。但加热器可能需要大量的能量以向地层提供热量。此外，在从地层中产出烃之后，由加热器提供至地层的大量能量可能留在地层中。
因此，需要用于从多种含烃地层中生产烃、氢和/或其它产品的改进方法和系统，所述方法和系统降低至地层的能量输入和更有效地处理这些地层以产出烃，同时在地层中留下更少能量。
发明内容
本文描述的实施方案大体涉及用于处理地下地层的系统、方法和加热器。
在一些实施方案中，本发明提供一种或多种系统、方法和/或加热器。在一些实施方案中，所述系统、方法和/或加热器用于处理地下地层。
在一些实施方案中，本发明提供用于处理含烃地层的方法，所述方法包括：从位于地层第一区中的一个或多个热源向第一区提供热量输入；和通过位于第一区中心处或附近的生产井由第一区生产流体；其中配置热源使得第一区中单位体积地层的平均热量输入随着离生产井的距离而增大。
在一些实施方案中，本发明提供用于处理含烃地层的方法，所述方法包括：从位于地层第一区中的一个或多个热源向第一区提供热量输入；由热源向地层中提供热量输入，使得第一区的第一体积中单位体积地层至地层的热量输入小于第一区的第二体积中单位体积地层至地层的热量输入，和第二体积中单位体积地层至地层的热量输入小于第一区的第三体积中单位体积的到达地层的热量输入，其中第一体积基本围绕位于所述区中心处或附近的生产井，第二体积基本围绕第一体积，和第三体积基本围绕第二体积；和通过生产井由第一区生产流体。
在另外的实施方案中，特定实施方案的特征可以与其它实施方案的特征组合。例如，一个实施方案的特征可以与任一个其它实施方案中的特征组合。
在另外的实施方案中，利用本文所述的任意方法、系统或加热器处理地下地层。
在另外的实施方案中，可以向本文所述的特定实施方案加入附加特征。
附图说明
在受益于下述详细说明并参考附图的情况下，本发明的优点对于本领域的技术人员来说将变得显而易见，其中：
图1给出了用于处理含烃地层的原位热处理系统的一部分的实施方案的示意图。
图2描绘了加热器密度随着离生产井距离增加而增大的不规则间隔热源的实施方案。
图3描绘了不规则间隔三角形分布的实施方案。
图4描绘了不规则间隔正方形分布的实施方案。
图5描绘了等间隔排的热源的规则分布的实施方案。
图6描绘了限定围绕生产井的体积的不规则间隔热源的实施方案。
图7描绘了重复不规则间隔热源分布的实施方案，其中各分布的加热器密度随着离生产井距离增加而增大。
尽管本发明易于进行各种改进和替代形式，但其具体实施方案通过附图内的实施例方式给出，和可在此处详细描述。附图可能不是按比例的。但应当理解，附图及其详细说明不用于将本发明限定到所公开的特定形式，相反，本发明覆盖通过所附权利要求定义的本发明的所有改进、等价和替代方案。
具体实施方式
下述说明大体涉及处理地层内的烃的系统与方法。可处理这些地层得到烃产品、氢和其它产品。
“流体压力”是地层中的流体产生的压力。“岩石静压力”(有时称为“岩石静应力”)是地层内的压力，等于单位面积上覆岩石物质的重量。“静水压力”是水柱施加到地层中的压力。
“地层”包括一层或多层含烃层、一层或多层非烃层、上覆地层和/或下伏地层。“烃层”指地层中含有烃的层。烃层可以含有非烃材料和烃材料。“上覆地层”和/或“下伏地层”包括一类或更多类不同的不可渗透材料。例如上覆地层和/或下伏地层可包括岩石、页岩、泥岩或湿/致密碳酸盐。在原位热处理法的一些实施方案中，上覆地层和/或下伏地层可包括含烃层，所述含烃层相对不可渗透且没有经历导致上覆地层和/或下伏地层中含烃层显著特征变化的原位热处理加工过程中的温度。例如下伏地层可包含页岩或泥岩，但在原位热处理法期间不允许加热下伏地层到热解温度。在一些情况下，上覆地层和/或下伏地层可具有一些渗透性。
“地层流体”是指存在于地层内的流体，且可包括热解流体、合成气、流动烃和水(蒸汽)。地层流体可包括烃流体以及非烃流体。术语“流动的流体”是指作为热处理地层的结果能流动的含烃地层内的流体。“产生的流体”指从地层中移除的流体。
“热源”是基本通过传导和/或辐射传热提供热量到至少一部分地层的任何系统。例如热源可包括电加热器，例如绝缘导体、细长构件和/或在导管内布置的导体。热源还可包括通过在地层外部或者内部燃烧燃料产生热的系统。该系统可以是地面燃烧器、井下气体燃烧器、无火焰分布燃烧器和自然分布燃烧器。在一些实施方案中，供应至一个或多个热源或在一个或多个热源中产生的热量可通过其它能量源供应。其它能量源可直接加热地层，或者所述能量可施加到直接或间接加热地层的传递介质上。应理解向地层施加热量的一个或多个热源可使用不同的能量源。因此，例如对于给定的地层来说，一些热源可由电阻加热器供应热量，一些热源可由燃烧提供热量，而一些热源可由一种或多种其它能量源(例如化学反应、太阳能、风能、生物质或其它可再生的能源)提供热量。化学反应可包括放热反应(例如氧化反应)。热源还可包括提供热量到与加热位置例如加热器井相邻的区域和/或在其周围区域的加热器。
“加热器”是在井内或者在靠近井孔区域内生成热的任何系统或热源。加热器可以是但不限于电加热器、烧嘴、与在地层内的材料或者从地层中产生的材料反应的燃烧器、和/或它们的组合。
“重质烃”是粘稠的烃流体。重质烃可以包括高粘烃流体，如重质油、焦油和/或沥青。重质烃可以包含碳和氢以及较小浓度的硫、氧和氮。重质烃中还可能存在痕量的其它元素。重质烃可以用API比重来分类。重质烃的API比重通常低于约20°。例如重质油的API比重通常约为10-20°，而焦油的API比重通常低于约10°。重质烃在15℃下的粘度通常大于约100厘泊。重质烃可以包含芳烃或其它复杂的环烃。
“烃”通常定义为主要由碳和氢原子形成的分子。烃还可包括其它元素，例如但不限于卤素、金属元素、氮、氧和/或硫。烃可以是但不限于油母质、沥青、焦沥青、油、天然矿物蜡和沥青岩。烃可位于地壳内的矿物母岩内或者与之相邻。母岩可包括但不限于沉积岩、砂子、沉积石英岩、碳酸盐、硅藻土和其它多孔介质。“烃流体”是包含烃的流体。烃流体可包含、夹带或者被夹带在非烃流体内，所述非烃流体例如氢、氮、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、硫化氢、水和氨气。
“原位转化法”指通过热源加热含烃地层以将至少一部分地层的温度提升至高于热解温度从而在地层中产生热解流体的方法。
“原位热处理法”是指用热源加热含烃地层以将至少一部分地层的温度升高到导致流体流动、减粘和/或含烃材料热解的温度之上从而在地层中生成流动的流体、减粘流体和/或热解流体的方法。
“热解”是由于施加热量导致的化学键断裂。例如热解可包括通过单独加热将化合物转化成一种或多种其它物质。热量可转移到一部分地层上以引起热解。
“热解流体”或“热解产品”是指基本上在热解烃的过程中产生的流体。通过热解反应产生的流体可与地层内的其它流体混合。该混合物将被视为热解流体或热解产品。本文所使用的“热解区”是指反应了或者正在反应形成热解流体的地层体积(例如相对可渗透的地层，如焦油砂地层)。
“热叠加”是指从两个或更多个热源向选定的地层部分提供热量，从而使热源之间至少一个位置的地层温度受到热源的影响。
层“厚度”是指层横截面的厚度，其中横截面与层面垂直。
“提质”是指提高烃的质量。例如提质重质烃可使重质烃的API比重提高。
术语“井孔”是指通过在地层内钻探或者插入导管形成的地层内的孔。井孔可具有基本上圆形的截面，或者为其它截面形状。本文所使用的术语“井”和“开口”当是指在地层内的开口时，可与术语“井孔”互换使用。
可以以多种方式处理地层，从而生产许多不同的产品。在原位热处理法可以使用不同的阶段或过程以处理地层。在一些实施方案中，用溶解开采法处理地层的一个或多个区，以从所述区中移除可溶性矿物。在一些实施方案中，加热地层的一个或多个区，以从所述区中移除水和/或从所述区中移除甲烷和其它挥发性烃。在一些实施方案中，将地层的平均温度升高至高于所述区中烃的流动温度。在一些实施方案中，可以将地层的一个或多个区的平均温度升高至高于所述区中烃的热解温度。可以通过生产井从地层中产出流动和/或热解产品。在一些实施方案中，可以将一个或多个区的平均温度升高至足够允许合成气生成的温度。可以将生成合成气的流体(例如蒸汽和/或水)加入所述区中，以生成合成气。合成气可以从生产井产出。溶解开采、移除挥发性烃和水、使烃流动、热解烃、生成合成气和/或其它方法可以在原位热处理法期间进行。
图1描绘了用于处理含烃地层的原位热处理系统的一部分的实施方案的示意图。原位热处理系统可以包括屏蔽井200。屏蔽井用于在处理区域周围形成屏蔽。屏蔽抑制流体流入和/或流出处理区域。屏蔽井包括但不限于脱水井、真空井、捕集井、注射井、泥浆井、冷冻井或它们的组合。在一些实施方案中，屏蔽井200是脱水井。脱水井可以移除液体水和/或抑制液体水进入待加热的地层或正被加热的地层中的一部分。在图1中描绘的实施方案中，显示的屏蔽井200仅沿热源202一侧延伸，但是屏蔽井可以环绕所有使用的或待使用的热源202，以加热地层的处理区域。
热源202放置于至少一部分地层中。热源202可以包括加热器例如绝缘导体、导管内导体加热器、表面烧嘴、无火焰分布燃烧器和/或自然分布燃烧器。热源202还可能包括其它种类的加热器。热源202将热量提供至至少一部分地层，以加热地层中的烃。能量可以通过供应管线204供应至热源202。根据用于加热地层的热源种类，供应管线204可以具有不同的结构。用于热源的供应管线204可以为电加热器输电、可以为燃烧器传送燃料、或可以传送在地层中循环的换热流体。在一些实施方案中，用于原位热处理法的电力可以通过核电站提供。使用核能可以允许减少或消除来自原位热处理法的二氧化碳排放。
生产井206用于从地层中移除地层流体。在一些实施方案中，生产井206包括热源。生产井中的热源可以在生产井处或附近加热地层的一个或多个部分。在一些原位热处理法实施方案中，每米生产井从生产井供应至地层的热量小于每米热源从热源供应至地层加热地层的热量。
在一些实施方案中，生产井206中的热源允许从地层中气相移除地层流体。在生产井处或通过生产井提供加热可以：(1)当生产流体在接近上覆地层的生产井中移动时，抑制这些生产流体的冷凝和/或回流，(2)增大进入地层的热量输入，(3)与没有热源的生产井相比，增大从生产井的生产率，(4)抑制生产井中高碳数化合物(C6和以上)的冷凝，和/或(5)增大在生产井处或附近的地层渗透性。
地层中的地下压力可能对应于地层中产生的流体压力。随着地层加热部分的温度升高，加热部分的压力可能由于流体热膨胀、流体生成增加和水的气化而增大。控制从地层中移除流体的速率可以允许控制地层中的压力。地层中的压力可以在多个不同位置确定，例如在生产井处或附近，在热源处或附近，或在监测井处。
在一些含烃地层中，抑制从地层中生产烃，直至地层中至少一些烃已经流动和/或热解。可以当地层流体具有选定质量时，从地层中生产地层流体。在一些实施方案中，选定的质量包括API比重为至少约15°、20°、25°、30°、或40°。抑制生产直至至少一些烃已经流动和/或热解可以增大重质烃至轻质烃的转化率。抑制初始生产可以使从地层中生产的重质烃最小化。生产大量的重质烃可能需要昂贵的设备和/或缩短生产设备的寿命。
在达到流动或热解温度或允许从地层中生产之后，可以改变地层中的压力以改变和/或控制产生的地层流体的组成、以与地层流体中的不可冷凝流体相比控制可冷凝流体的百分数、和/或控制正在产出的地层流体的API比重。例如，降低压力可能导致生产更多的可冷凝流体组分。可冷凝流体组分可能含有更大百分数的烯烃。
在一些原位热处理法实施方案中，地层中压力可以维持足够高，从而促进生产API比重大于20°的地层流体。维持地层中升高的压力可以抑制在原位热处理期间地层下沉。维持升高的压力可以减少或消除在地面处压缩地层流体以将收集导管中的流体传送到处理设施的需求。
维持地层加热部分中升高的压力可以出人意料地允许生产大量的具有升高的质量和相对低的分子量的烃。可以维持压力使得产生的地层流体含有最少量的高于选定碳数的化合物。选定碳数可以是至多25、至多20、至多12、至多8或至多6。一些高碳数化合物可以夹带在地层内的蒸气中，和可以随蒸气一起从地层中移除。维持地层中升高的压力可以抑制蒸气中高碳数化合物和/或多环烃化合物的夹带。高碳数化合物和/或多环烃化合物可以保留在地层内的液相中明显的时间段。所述明显的时间段可以提供足够的时间用于使化合物减粘和/或热解形成较低碳数的化合物。
从生产井206中产出的地层流体可以通过收集管路208传送至处理设施210。地层流体也可以由热源202中产出。例如，可以从热源202中生产流体以控制邻近热源的地层中的压力。可以将从热源202产出的流体通过管道或管路传送至收集管路208或可以将产生的流体通过管道或管路直接传送至处理设施210。处理设施210可以包括分离装置、反应装置、提质装置、燃料室、涡轮、储存容器和/或用于加工产出的地层流体的其它系统和装置。处理设施可以由地层中产出的至少一部分烃形成运输燃料。在一些实施方案中，运输燃料可以是喷气燃料。
在一些实施方案中，热源(例如加热器)在加热器分布中具有不均匀或不规则的间隔。例如，加热器分布中的热源之间的间隔发生变化，或热源不均匀地分布在加热器分布中。在一些实施方案中，加热器分布中热源之间的间隔随着离分布中心处的生产井的距离增大而降低。因此，随着热源离生产井越远，热源密度(每个正方形面积中的热源数目)增大。
在一些实施方案中，热源在加热器分布中是均匀间隔的(等间隔或均匀分布)，但是具有变化的热量输出，使得热源在加热器分布中提供不均匀或变化的热量分布。改变热源的热量输出可以用于例如有效模拟获得加热器分布中具有变化间隔的热源。例如，更靠近加热器分布中心处的生产井的热源提供的热量输出可能低于在离生产井更远距离处的热源。可以改变加热器输出，使得随着热源离生产井距离增大，加热器输出逐渐增大。
在一些实施方案中，不均匀或不规则间隔的热源基于规则几何图形。例如，不规则间隔的热源可以基于六边形、三角形、正方形、八边形、其它几何图形组合和/或它们的组合。在一些实施方案中，热源沿着一个或多个几何图形以不规则间隔放置以提供不规则间隔。在一些实施方案中，热源按不规则几何图形放置。在一些实施方案中，几何图形在图形的排之间具有不规则间隔，从而提供不规则间隔的热源。
图2描绘了加热器密度随着离生产井206距离增大而增大的不规则间隔热源202的实施方案。在一些实施方案中，生产井206位于热源202分布中心处或附近。在一些实施方案中，热源202是加热器(例如电加热器)。图2描绘了六边形分布中的不规则间隔热源的实施方案。图3描绘了不规则间隔三角形分布的实施方案。图4描绘了不规则间隔正方形分布的实施方案。热源可以沿图3和图4中描绘的排放置在所需位置处。应理解，热源可以以任意规则或不规则几何图形放置在地层中。热源可以按任意规则或不规则几何图形(例如规则或不规则三角形、规则或不规则六边形、规则或不规则矩形、圆形、卵形、椭圆形、或它们的组合)排列，只要热源密度随着离生产井距离增大而增大。在一些实施方案中，热源围绕生产井不对称间隔，其中热源密度随着离生产井距离增大而增大。热源的不规则分布可以是地层中垂直(或基本垂直)的热源分布、或地层中水平(或基本水平)的热源分布。
如图2中所示，热源202由排A、B、C和D中的实心正方形表示。排A、B、C和D可以是热源的三角形和/或六边形的排(或其它形状的排)，其中随着排远离生产井206，排之间的间隔降低。热源202在排A、B、C和D中可以规则或不规则分布(例如，排中的加热器可以具有相等或不等的间隔)。在一些实施方案中，热源按排放置，使得热源密度随着热源进一步远离生产井206而增大。因此，单位体积地层的热源热量输出随着离生产井的距离增大。
在一些实施方案中，热源的不规则分布与热源的规则分布每个生产井的热源数相同，但是热源间隔随着离生产井距离增大而降低。随着离生产井距离增大，降低的热源间隔增大了单位体积地层进入地层的热量输入。图5描绘了具有等间隔热源排的规则分布的实施方案。图2和5中描绘的实施方案各自具有的分布比为16个热源202对1个生产井206(例如，12(来自排A、B、C)+1(来自排D顶点处的3个热源，因为这些热源中的每一个均向3个分布供热)+3(来自位于排D中顶点之间的6个热源，因为这些热源中的每一个均向2个分布供热))。两个实施方案的加热器/生产井(producer)比都是16∶1，和分布中单位体积地层至地层的总热量输入基本相等(假定相等和恒定的热源输出)。但图2描绘的实施方案中热源之间的间隔不同于图5描绘的实施方案中热源之间的间隔。因此，图2描绘的实施方案中单位体积地层的平均热量输入随着离生产井距离增大而增大，而图5描绘的整个分布中单位体积地层的平均热量输入基本均匀。在一些实施方案中，图5描绘的等间隔的实施方案可以通过调节热源的热量输出随着离生产井距离增大而增大，以提供随着离生产井距离增大而增大的单位体积地层热量输入。
图6描绘了限定围绕生产井206的具有增大的热量输入密度的体积的不规则间隔热源202的实施方案。图6描绘了与图2相同的加热器分布，其中阴影限定了代表212、214、216和218的区域。图6中阴影增强代表进入地层的热量输入密度(单位体积地层热量输入)的增大。第一体积212基本围绕生产井206；第二体积214基本围绕第一体积212；第三体积216基本围绕第二体积214；和第四体积218基本围绕第三体积216。在一些实施方案中，第一体积212不包括生产井206。在一些实施方案中，第一体积212包括生产井206。
在一些实施方案中，至少一个热源202位于第一体积212中、第二体积214中、第三体积216中和/或第四体积218中。在一些实施方案中，至少两个热源202位于第一体积212中、第二体积214中、第三体积216中和/或第四体积218中。在一些实施方案中，至少三个热源202位于第一体积212中、第二体积214中、第三体积216中和/或第四体积218中。
在一些实施方案中，位于第一体积212中的所有热源202均比第二体积214中的任意加热器更靠近生产井206。在一些实施方案中，位于第二体积214中的所有热源202均比第三体积216中的任意加热器更靠近生产井206。在一些实施方案中，位于第三体积216中的所有热源202均比第四体积218中的任意加热器更靠近生产井206。
在一些实施方案中，第一体积212中的热源202离生产井206的平均距离小于第二体积214中的热源202离生产井206的平均距离。在一些实施方案中，第二体积214中的热源202离生产井206的平均距离小于第三体积216中的热源202离生产井206的平均距离。在一些实施方案中，第三体积216中的热源202离生产井206的平均距离小于第四体积218中的热源202离生产井206的平均距离。
在一些实施方案中，第一体积212的体积约等于第二体积214、第三体积216和/或第四体积218。在一些实施方案中，第二体积214的体积约等于第三体积216和/或第四体积218。在一些实施方案中，第三体积216的体积约等于第四体积218。
在一些实施方案中，如图2和6中所示，第一体积212、第二体积214、第三体积216和第四体积218离生产井206的平均径向距离增大，其中第一体积的平均径向距离最小和第四体积的平均径向距离最大。因此，第一体积212比第二体积214更靠近生产井206；第二体积比第三体积216更靠近生产井；和第三体积比第四体积218更靠近生产井。
排A、B、C和D中热源202的密度差别和/或热源的热量输出差别可能在被图2和6中显示的热源分布加热的地层区中产生温度梯度。排A中从热源202至地层中的热量输入可以近似限定第一体积212。排B中从热源202至地层中的热量输入可以近似限定第二体积214。排C中从热源202至地层中的热量输入可以近似限定第三体积216。排D中从热源202至地层中的热量输入可以近似限定第四体积218。
在一些实施方案中，体积212、214、216和218具有由排A、B、C和D之间的热源密度差别近似限定的边界。体积212、214、216和218的边界形状和或所述体积的尺寸可以例如通过热源202的位置、热源的加热特征以及地层的热和/或地质力学性质进行限定。体积212、214、216和218的形状和/或尺寸可以基于上述实例性质和/或在加热地层期间时间点的变化而改变。如图2和6中所示，因为在加热所述区期间选定时间点处的加热器密度(或热源输出)的变化，所以体积212、214、216和218的边界近似所述区中的可测量温差。
在一些实施方案中，体积中单位体积地层的热源202的数目从第一体积212至第四体积218增多。因此，热源密度从第一体积212至第四体积218增大。因为热源密度从第一体积212至第四体积218增大，所以第一体积212中热源的平均热量输出小于第二体积214中热源的平均热量输出；第二体积中热源的平均热量输出小于第三体积216中热源的平均热量输出；和第三体积中热源的平均热量输出小于第四体积218中热源的平均热量输出
此外，因为随着离生产井206的距离增大，加热器密度(或热量输出)增大；所以第一体积212中单位体积地层至地层的热量输入小于第二体积214中单位体积地层至地层的热量输入；第二体积中单位体积地层至地层的热量输入小于第三体积216中单位体积地层至地层的热量输入；和第三体积中单位体积地层至地层的热量输入小于第四体积218中单位体积地层至地层的热量输入。因此，第一体积212的平均温度低于第二体积214；第二体积的平均温度低于第三体积216；和第三体积的平均温度低于第四体积218。
无论体积212、214、216和218的形状和/或尺寸的任何改变，但是在加热地层期间，体积的空间关系保持恒定(第一体积围绕生产井，其它体积分别围绕第一体积)。类似地，进入地层的热量输入可以从第一体积212至第四体积218恒定增大。
在一些实施方案中，地层具有足够的渗透性以允许流体(例如流动的流体)从所述分布最外面的热源(排D中的热源202)流向生产井206。流体从地层的较高热密度部分流向生产井提供了地层中的对流传热。当流体向生产井流动时，流体可能通过向地层传递热量而被冷却。地层中流体流动的对流传热可能比传导传热更快速地传递热量通过地层。在一些实施方案中，对流传热可能通过提供从最外面的热源至生产井的没有障碍或基本没有障碍的流路而增强。增强地层中的传热可以增大用于处理地层的加热效率和/或采收效率。例如，在离生产井较长距离处利用热量流动的流体可以随着流动流体向生产井移动而向地层提供热量。通过流动流体的移动向地层提供一些热量可以更有效地利用提供至地层的热量。
在一些实施方案中，通过生产井206生产的流体包含大部分的液体烃，所述液体烃是围绕生产井的分布的区中原位初始存在的烃。液体烃可以是在25℃和1atm下为液体的烃。
如图2中所示，六边形排A、B、C和D具有在排之间变化的间隔，其中排A、B和C利用“偏移因子”从生产井206向外位移。偏移因子为0产生互相基本等间隔的排。图5描绘了具有等间隔的六边形排的实施方案。偏移因子可以在一系列的相关方程式中使用，以确定排之间的间隔。例如，方程式可以用于具有围绕生产井的4个六边形排的加热器分布。
如图2中所示，最大的六边形是围绕生产井的热源分布的外部约束条件。最大的六边形具有半径R1和R2，其中R1是较大的半径(至六边形顶点的半径)和R2是较小的半径(至六边形边的二等分处的半径)。在图5中显示的具有等间隔六边形的实施方案中：
(EQN.1)r1+r2+r3+r4＝R1；其中r1是从第一六边形的中心至顶点的半径，r2是从第一六边形顶点至第二六边形顶点的半径，r3是从第二六边形顶点至第三六边形顶点的半径，和r4是从第三六边形顶点至第四六边形(最大的六边形)顶点的半径。
对于等间隔六边形的情况，4个半径是相等的，因此：
(EQN.2)r1＝r2＝r3＝r4＝R1/4。
对于图2中显示的4个几何间隔的六边形的情况，六边形可以具有偏移因子s，使得六边形间隔可以如下描述：
(EQN.3)r’1+4s+r’2+3s+r’3+2s+r’4+s＝R1。
如果r’i假定为常数(r’1＝r’2＝r’3＝r’4＝r’)，则：
(EQN.4)4r’+10s＝R1。
可以对偏移因子s进行一些假定，使得4个六边形的尺寸(离生产井的距离)可以相应描述为：
(EQN.5)r’+4s＝从生产井至第一六边形顶点的距离；
(EQN.6)2r’+7s＝从生产井至第二六边形顶点的距离；
(EQN.7)3r’+9s＝从生产井至第三六边形顶点的距离；和
(EQN.8)4r’+10s＝从生产井至第四六边形顶点的距离。
因此，对于偏移因子为0的情况，六边形的间隔将是相等的，如图5中所示。图2描绘了偏移因子为约8的几何间隔的六边形。
如图2中所示，降低较靠近生产井206的热源202的密度在生产井处或附近提供了较少加热。在生产井处或附近提供较少热量可以降低从生产井生产的流体的焓。在生产井处或附近较少的加热可以在生产井中提供较低的温度，使得通过产生的流体从地层中移除较少的能量，和较多的能量保持在地层中以加热地层。因此，来自地层的废能量可以减少。减少地层中的废能量增大了处理地层时的能量效率(进入地层的能量相对于离开地层的能量)。
在一些实施方案中，将产生的流体的平均温度维持低于选定温度。例如，当约50％的烃原位热解时，产生的流体的平均温度可以维持低于约310℃、低于约200℃或低于约190℃。在一些实施方案中，当约50％的烃原位流动时，产生的流体的平均温度可以维持低于约310℃、低于约200℃或低于约190℃。在一些实施方案中，当约50％的烃原位产生时，产生的流体的平均温度可以维持低于约310℃、低于约200℃或低于约190℃。
在一些实施方案中，降低在生产井处或附近的温度减少了与完成生产井有关的成本和/或降低了生产井中管路或其它设备故障的可能性。例如，相对于用规则的三角形热源分布处理地层，利用图2中描绘的分布处理地层可以减少约17％的加热所需的热量。因为通过地层中高温流体从高热密度区域(加热器分布的外面部分)至围绕生产井的地层部分的对流传热，很可能降低对热量注入的要求。
但在生产井处或附近较少加热可能降低地层中的采收效率(原位采收的油量)。降低的采收效率可能归因于在生产的最后阶段地层中更多的烃未流动或未热解和/或由在加热器分布的外面部分中较高的加热器密度产生的较高温度导致的较高炭化或焦化浓度。降低的采收效率可能抵消来自降低进入地层的能量输入的一些好处。在一些实施方案中，随着离生产井距离增大而进一步增大热源密度(例如，增大图2中的偏移因子)，将采收效率降低至一定程度，以至于超过了由降低进入地层的能量输入获得的任何好处。
由于来自较高密度热源的加速加热，较大的偏移因子可能导致较短的时间以提升产量。但较大的偏移因子也产生较低的峰值油生产率和降低采收效率。此外，在较大的偏移因子下，可能需要加热更多的岩石以补偿从地层中降低的液体采收。降低偏移因子增大了油生产率和采收效率，但是降低了处理地层中的热效率。因此，理想的偏移因子(例如理想的增大加热器密度的分布)可以是上述结果之间的平衡。
在一些实施方案中，模拟、计算和/或其它优化方法用于评估或确定用于处理地层的理想加热器密度分布(例如偏移因子)。理想加热器密度分布可以基于例如但不限于当前或将来的经济条件、生产需求和地层性质因素进行评估。在一些实施方案中，模拟或计算用于改变偏移因子和评估来自地层的能量输出相对于进入地层的能量输入的理想(例如最优)比。
表1概述了对3种不同加热器分布模拟加热器分布上累积油产量(bbl)、气体产量(MMscf)、热量注入效率(每桶产出油的热量注入(MMBtu/bbl))和累积热量注入(MMBtu)的数据。第1行显示了图5中所示等间隔加热器分布的模拟数据。第2行显示了图2中所示不规则间隔加热器分布的模拟数据。对获得第1行和第2行中显示数据的模拟进行限制，以具有相同的恒定平均地层温度。第3行显示了图2中所示不规则间隔加热器分布的模拟数据，其中附加特征是使最接近生产井的加热器(排A中的加热器)开更长的时间段。开加热器直至模拟中的累积热量注入等于具有等间隔加热器分布的模拟累积热量注入(第1行中显示的数据)。
表1
  行  油(bbl)   气体(MMscf)   热量注入效率(MMBtu/bbl)   累积热量(MMBtu)
  1   91,610   2.99×102   1.157   1.06×105
  2   85,666   1.43×102   1.044   8.94×104
  3   97,378   3.04×102   1.089   1.06×105
如表1的第1和2行中的数据所示，利用不规则热源分布随着离生产井距离增大而增大热量输入密度，增大了进入地层的热量注入效率和降低了进入地层的累积热量注入。但利用不规则热源分布降低了油产量。第3行中的数据显示对如何将热量注入不规则热源分布中进行调节(例如通过保持更靠近生产井的加热器更长时间)可以将油产量增大至甚至高于规则(等间隔)热源分布的数值，同时获得的热量注入效率优于规则热源分布。对如何将热量注入热源分布中进行进一步调节(例如更快关闭所述分布外面部分的加热器)可能进一步增大热量注入效率和/或增大油产量。
应理解图2中描绘的热源分布和排仅代表加热器密度随着离生产井距离增大的热源分布的一种可能实施方案。也可以使用许多其它几何或非几何热源分布，以提供如图2中描绘的增大加热器密度的相同功能。模拟、计算和/或其它优化方法可以用于评估和确定具有任意理想的几何或非几何图形的用于处理地层的理想加热器密度分布。例如，模拟、计算和/或其它优化方法可以用于评估和优化来自离生产井不同径向距离处的热源的单位体积地层的热量输出量(或热源密度)，从而对来自地层的能量输出相对于进入地层的能量输入的比进行优化。
在一些实施方案中，图2中描绘的排A、B、C和D中的热源202同时开启和关闭。在关闭之前，可以开启热源并允许将地层加热至选定的平均温度。选定温度可以是例如烃流动温度、烃减粘温度或烃热解温度。模拟和/或计算可以用于评估选定的加热器密度分布的选定平均温度。
在一些实施方案中，最靠近生产井206的热源202(例如排A和/或B中的热源202)开的时间长于进一步远离生产井的热源(例如排C和/或D中的热源202)。将更靠近生产井的热源开更长时间可以允许从地层中生产更多的烃。因此，利用选定的加热器密度分布，在完成生产之后可能原位残留更少的烃，和可以实现更高的采收效率。模拟和/或计算可用于评估用于开启和关闭热源所需的时间，从而对来自地层的能量输出相对于进入地层的能量输入的比进行优化。在一些实施方案中，可以通过关于利用规则加热分布实现的采收效率调整热量输出，提高采收效率。
在一些实施方案中，对开启较短时间的热源(例如排D中的热源202)设计较短的寿命。例如，排D中的热源202可以设计持续至多约3年或至多约5年。地层中的其它热源可以设计持续至少约5年或至少约10年。与较长寿命的热源相比，较短寿命的热源可以使用不太昂贵的材料、和/或制备或安装不太昂贵。因此，利用较短寿命的热源可以降低与处理地层有关的成本。
在一些实施方案中，图2中描绘的热源202以从外部朝向生产井206的顺序开启。例如，排D中的热源202可以首先开启，之后是排C中的热源202，然后是排B中的热源202和最后是排A中的热源202。这样的加热器启动程序可以以分段加热方法处理地层，其中间隔一个或多个外侧热源使得来自热源的热量不会重叠或传导加热生产井，并且热量主要通过流体对流传递至生产井。例如，排A-D中的热源202可以考虑在地层的第一区中，和生产井206在邻近第一区的第二区中。
在一些实施方案中，控制生产井206处或附近的温度使得温度至多为选定温度。例如，可以控制在生产井处或附近的温度使得温度为至多约100℃、至多约150℃、至多约200℃或至多约250℃。在一些实施方案中，通过减少或关闭由最靠近生产井的热源202(例如排A中的热源)提供的热量，控制生产井206处或附近的温度。在一些实施方案中，通过控制通过生产井的流体生产率，从而控制生产井206处或附近的温度。
在一些实施方案中，图2中描绘的加热器分布是重复通过地层的大部分从而限定较大的处理区域的分布的基本单元。图7描绘了地层中的3个基本单元。必要时可以形成另外的基本单元。分布中基本单元的数目和/或排列可能取决于例如正被处理的地层的尺寸和/或形状。在一些实施方案中，生产井206位于分布中的重复基本单元中心处或附近。加热器井202和生产井206可以用于利用图7中描绘的分布对地层进行处理和从地层中产生烃。
基于本说明书，本发明各个方面的另一些改进和替代实施方案对本领域技术人员来说可能是明显的。因此，本说明书只仅仅是说明性的，其目的在于教导本领域技术人员实施本发明的一般方式。应理解本文中给出和描述的本发明形式只是目前优选的实施方案。一些要素和材料可以代替本文中说明和描述的那些、一些部件和工艺可以颠倒和本发明的一些特征可以单独使用，所有这些在受益于本发明的描述之后，对本领域技术人员来说均是明显的。在不偏离后面权利要求中所描述的本发明的精神和范围的条件下，可以改变本文中描述的要素。另外，应理解在一些实施方案中可以将本文中描述的特征独立地组合。

Claims (41)

1.一种用于处理含烃地层的方法，所述方法包括：
从位于地层第一区中的一个或多个热源向第一区提供热量输入；和
通过位于第一区中心处或附近的生产井由第一区生产流体；
其中配置热源使得第一区中单位体积地层的平均热量输入随着离生产井的距离而增大。
2.权利要求1的方法，还包括由热源提供不同的热量输出，使得来自第一区中热源的平均热量输出随着离生产井的距离而增大。
3.权利要求1的方法，还包括排列热源使得单位体积地层的热源数目随着离生产井的距离而增大。
4.权利要求1的方法，还包括：
从位于地层第二区中的一个或多个热源向第二区提供热量输入，所述第二区位置与第一区相邻；和
通过位于第二区中心处或附近的生产井由第二区生产流体；
其中配置热源使得第二区中单位体积地层的平均热量输入随着离第二区中的生产井的距离而增大。
5.权利要求1的方法，还包括：
从位于地层第三区中的一个或多个热源向第三区提供热量输入，所述第三区位置与第一区相邻；和
通过位于第三区中心处或附近的生产井由第三区生产流体；
其中配置热源使得第三区中单位体积地层的平均热量输入随着离第三区中的生产井的距离而增大。
6.权利要求1的方法，还包括由第一区生产烃，所述烃是在25℃和1atm下的液体烃，其中该液体烃的大部分是第一区中原位初始存在的烃。
7.权利要求1的方法，其中所述热源包括加热器。
8.权利要求1的方法，还包括从热源提供热量输入至第一区中，使得从第一区中位置离生产井最远的热源附近移动至生产井的烃被至少部分冷却。
9.权利要求1的方法，还包括利用由热源提供的热量使烃流动，和通过生产井生产流动烃。
10.权利要求1的方法，还包括利用从生产井附近部分的外侧向生产井移动的流动烃的热量向生产井附近的一部分地层提供热量。
11.权利要求1的方法，还包括当在生产井处或附近的温度达到至少约100℃的温度时，减少或关闭生产井附近热源的加热。
12.权利要求1的方法，还包括按顺序开启至少大部分热源，其中在开启最接近生产井的至少大部分热源之前，开启离生产井最远的至少大部分热源。
13.权利要求1的方法，还包括按顺序关闭或减少来自至少大部分热源的热量输出，其中在关闭或减少最接近生产井的至少大部分热源的热量输出之前，关闭或减少离生产井最远的至少大部分热源的热量输出。
14.权利要求1的方法，还包括从热源提供热量输入至地层中，使得第一区的第一体积中单位体积地层至地层的热量输入小于第一区的第二体积中单位体积地层至地层的热量输入且第一区的第二体积中单位体积地层至地层的热量输入小于第一区的第三体积中单位体积地层至地层的热量输入，其中第一体积基本围绕位于所述区中心处或附近的生产井，第二体积基本围绕第一体积，和第三体积基本围绕第二体积。
15.权利要求14的方法，其中至少一个热源位于第一体积、第二体积和/或第三体积中。
16.权利要求14的方法，其中至少两个热源位于第一体积、第二体积和/或第三体积中。
17.权利要求14的方法，其中至少三个热源位于第一体积、第二体积和/或第三体积中。
18.权利要求14的方法，其中第一体积的体积约等于第二体积和/或第三体积。
19.权利要求14的方法，其中第二体积的体积约等于第三体积。
20.权利要求14的方法，其中位于第一体积中的所有热源均比第二体积中的任意热源更靠近生产井。
21.权利要求14的方法，其中位于第一体积中的热源离生产井的平均距离小于位于第二体积中的热源离生产井的平均距离。
22.一种用于处理含烃地层的方法，所述方法包括：
从位于地层第一区中的一个或多个热源向第一区提供热量输入；
由热源向地层中提供热量输入，使得第一区的第一体积中单位体积地层至地层的热量输入小于第一区的第二体积中单位体积地层至地层的热量输入，和第二体积中单位体积地层至地层的热量输入小于第一区的第三体积中单位体积地层至地层的热量输入，其中第一体积基本围绕位于所述区中心处或附近的生产井，第二体积基本围绕第一体积，和第三体积基本围绕第二体积；和
通过生产井由第一区生产流体。
23.权利要求22的方法，还包括由热源提供不同的热量输出，使得第一体积中热源的平均热量输出小于第二体积中热源的平均热量输出。
24.权利要求22的方法，还包括排列热源使得第一体积中单位体积地层的热源数目小于第二体积中单位体积地层的热源数目。
25.权利要求22的方法，其中第一体积离生产井的平均径向距离小于第二体积离生产井的平均径向距离。
26.权利要求22的方法，其中所述热源包括加热器。
27.权利要求22的方法，还包括从热源提供热量输入至第一区中，使得从第二体积中热源处或附近移动至生产井的烃被至少部分冷却。
28.权利要求22的方法，还包括利用热源提供的热量使烃流动，和通过生产井生产流动烃。
29.权利要求22的方法，还包括利用从第二体积移动至生产井的流动烃的热量向第一体积和生产井之间的地层部分提供热量。
30.权利要求22的方法，其中第一体积中的热源与第二体积中的热源是不同类型的热源。
31.权利要求22的方法，还包括从热源提供热量输入至地层中，使得第一区的第四体积中单位体积地层至地层的热量输出大于第三体积中单位体积地层至地层的热量输出，其中第四体积基本围绕第三体积。
32.权利要求22的方法，还包括当生产井处或附近的温度达到至少约100℃的温度时，减少或关闭第一体积中的热源的加热。
33.权利要求22的方法，还包括按顺序开启至少大部分热源，其中在开启最接近生产井的至少大部分热源之前，开启离生产井最远的至少大部分热源。
34.权利要求22的方法，还包括按顺序关闭或减少来自至少大部分热源的热量输出，其中在关闭或减少最接近生产井的至少大部分热源的热量输出之前，关闭或减少离生产井最远的至少大部分热源的热量输出。
35.权利要求22的方法，其中至少一个热源位于第一体积、第二体积和/或第三体积中。
36.权利要求22的方法，其中至少两个热源位于第一体积、第二体积和/或第三体积中。
37.权利要求22的方法，其中至少三个热源位于第一体积、第二体积和/或第三体积中。
38.权利要求22的方法，其中第一体积的体积约等于第二体积和/或第三体积。
39.权利要求22的方法，其中第二体积的体积约等于第三体积。
40.权利要求22的方法，其中位于第一体积中的所有热源均比第二体积中的任意热源更靠近生产井。
41.权利要求22的方法，其中位于第一体积中的热源离生产井的平均距离小于位于第二体积中的热源离生产井的平均距离。
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