CN101989162B - 多点触摸表面控制器 - Google Patents

多点触摸表面控制器 Download PDF

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CN101989162B
CN101989162B CN201010527868.9A CN201010527868A CN101989162B CN 101989162 B CN101989162 B CN 101989162B CN 201010527868 A CN201010527868 A CN 201010527868A CN 101989162 B CN101989162 B CN 101989162B
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touch
pixel
inverting input
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CN101989162A (zh
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S·P·豪泰灵
B·Q·胡派
C·H·克拉
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
    • G06F3/033—Pointing devices displaced or positioned by the user, e.g. mice, trackballs, pens or joysticks; Accessories therefor
    • G06F3/0354—Pointing devices displaced or positioned by the user, e.g. mice, trackballs, pens or joysticks; Accessories therefor with detection of 2D relative movements between the device, or an operating part thereof, and a plane or surface, e.g. 2D mice, trackballs, pens or pucks
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
    • G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
    • G06F3/0416—Control or interface arrangements specially adapted for digitisers
    • G06F3/0418—Control or interface arrangements specially adapted for digitisers for error correction or compensation, e.g. based on parallax, calibration or alignment
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
    • G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
    • G06F3/0416—Control or interface arrangements specially adapted for digitisers
    • G06F3/0418—Control or interface arrangements specially adapted for digitisers for error correction or compensation, e.g. based on parallax, calibration or alignment
    • G06F3/04182—Filtering of noise external to the device and not generated by digitiser components
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
    • G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
    • G06F3/044—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by capacitive means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
    • G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
    • G06F3/044—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by capacitive means
    • G06F3/0443—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by capacitive means using a single layer of sensing electrodes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
    • G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
    • G06F3/044—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by capacitive means
    • G06F3/0446—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by capacitive means using a grid-like structure of electrodes in at least two directions, e.g. using row and column electrodes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/00 - G06F3/048
    • G06F2203/041—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/041 - G06F3/045
    • G06F2203/04104—Multi-touch detection in digitiser, i.e. details about the simultaneous detection of a plurality of touching locations, e.g. multiple fingers or pen and finger

Abstract

本发明公开了一种多点触摸表面控制器。控制器包括集成电路，集成电路包括用于驱动电容性多点触摸传感器的输出电路和用于读取所述传感器的输入电路。这里还公开了各种噪声抑制和动态范围增强技术，其允许控制器在各种条件下与各种传感器一起使用，而无需重新配置硬件。

Description

多点触摸表面控制器
本申请是申请号为200780023742.4，申请日为2007年4月5日，发明名称为“多点触摸表面控制器”的专利申请的分案申请。 
背景技术
现在有许多类型的用于在计算机系统中执行操作的输入设备。操作通常对应于在显示屏上移动光标和/或进行选择。例如，输入设备可包括按钮或按键、鼠标、轨迹球、触摸板、操纵杆、触摸屏等等。触摸板和触摸屏(统称“触摸表面”)由于其操作的简便性和通用性以及其不断下降的价格而变得越来越流行。触摸表面使用户通过简单地用手指、指示笔等触摸可以是板或显示屏的表面就能进行选择以及移动光标。通常，触摸表面识别触摸及触摸的位置，而计算机系统解释该触摸，然后基于触摸而执行动作。 
特别令人感兴趣的是触摸屏。在申请人于2004年5月6日提交的、名为“Multipoint Touchscreen”、序列号为10/840,862的共同待审的专利申请中描述了各种类型的触摸屏，该申请全文包括在此以供参考。如其中所提到的，触摸屏通常包括触摸面板、控制器和软件驱动。触摸面板通常是具有触摸敏感表面的透明面板。将触摸面板置于显示屏之前，以便触摸敏感表面覆盖显示屏的可视区域。触摸面板记录触摸事件并将这些信号发送给控制器。控制器处理这些信号并发送数据给计算机系统。软件驱动器将触摸事件翻译成计算机事件。 
有多种类型的触摸屏技术，包括电阻性、电容性、红外、声表面波、电磁、近场成像等。这些设备的每一种都具有在设计或配置触摸屏时已考虑到的优点和缺点。在这些现有技术中发现的一个问题是，它们仅仅能够报告单点事件，即使在多个对象被放置在感测表面上也是如此。即，它们不具备同时跟踪多个接触点的能力。在电阻性和传 统的电容性技术中，确定所有同时发生的触摸点的平均值，并报告落在这些触摸点之间某处的单个点。在表面波和红外技术中，由于遮蔽(masking)，不可能辨别出落在相同水平或垂直线上的多个触摸点的确切位置。任一种情况下，都会产生错误的结果。 
这些问题在诸如平板PC之类的手持式设备中尤其成为问题，在这种情况下，一只手用来拿着平板，而另一只手用于生成触摸事件。例如，如图1A和1B所示，拿着平板2使得拇指3与触摸屏5的触摸敏感表面4的边缘重叠。如图1A所示，如果触摸技术利用求平均，即电阻性和电容性面板所使用的技术，则将报告落在左手拇指3和右手食指6之间某处的单个点。如图1B所示，如果技术利用投影扫描，即红外和声表面波面板所使用的技术，则由于拇指3的大的垂直分量，很难辨别食指6的确切垂直位置。平板2仅能分辨出灰色表示的块。实质上，拇指3遮蔽了食指6的垂直位置。 
虽然如今几乎所有可得到的基于商用触摸屏的系统仅提供单点检测，并具有有限的分辨率和速度，而现在可得到的其他产品能够检测多个触摸点。不幸的是，这些产品仅工作在不透明表面上，这是因为电路必须被放在电极结构的后面。这类产品的例子包括Fingerworks系列的触摸板产品。过去，使用这类技术可检测到的点的数量受限于检测电路的尺寸。 
因此，本技术领域中所需要的是能够实现多点触摸的触摸屏控制器，该控制器能够有助于使用透明触摸传感器，并提供便于集成的封装。 
发明内容
这里公开了用于多点触摸触摸表面的控制器。多点触摸触摸表面控制器的一个方面涉及将用于激励多点触摸传感器的驱动电子设备和用于读取多点触摸传感器的感测电路集成到单个集成封装里。 
所述控制器的另一个方面涉及通过提供多个激励波形给传感器来抑制传感器中的噪声的技术，其中所述波形具有不同的频率。当噪 声出现在特定频率处时，该技术允许至少一个无噪声检测周期。 
所述控制器的另一个方面涉及电荷放大器，该电荷放大器包括可编程部件，即可编程电阻器和电容器，以使得电路易于被重新配置，从而为各种传感器条件提供最佳的感测配置。 
所述控制器的另一个方面涉及偏置补偿电路，该偏置补偿电路通过消除多点触摸表面传感器输出的静态部分，使得感测电路的全部动态范围可被分配给输出信号的变化部分，从而扩大控制器的动态范围。 
所述控制器的另一个方面涉及解调电路，该解调电路通过应用已知具有特定频率特性的特定解调波形，来增强传感器配置的抗噪声能力。 
所述控制器的另一个方面涉及将各种算法应用到从上述多个激励频率中获得的传感器输出，以进一步增强系统的抗噪声能力。 
通过参考下面的详细描述和附图，将更充分地理解这些方面以及其他方面。 
附图说明
图1A和1B说明现有技术的触摸屏技术的某些问题。 
图2说明根据本公开的某些教导的、包括多点触摸触摸屏和多点触摸触摸屏控制器的计算设备的立体图。 
图3是根据本公开的某些教导的、包括多点触摸触摸屏和多点触摸触摸屏控制器的计算设备的框图。 
图4A和4B说明在多点触摸触摸表面中的驱动电极和感测电极的两种可能的布置。 
图5是说明利用结合本公开的各种教导的多点触摸控制器在多点触摸表面和主计算机设备之间的通信的层次图。 
图6是一个结合本公开的各种教导的多点触摸控制器的等价电路，该等价电路示出控制器的输出电路、多点触摸传感器的单元以及输入电路。 
图7是在结合本公开的各种教导的多点触摸控制器的某些实施例中包括的电荷放大器的电路示意图。 
图8是根据本发明的各种教导的、多点触摸表面和多点触摸控制器系统的框图。 
图9说明根据本发明的某些教导的其中不同频率的驱动波形被施加到多点触摸传感器的序列。 
图10是说明结合本公开的某些教导的多点触摸控制器的输入电路的框图。 
图11A和11B说明各种解调波形及其通带的频谱。 
图12说明激励波形序列和特定的解调波形以及所产生的输出。 
图13说明多数决定原则算法所采用的噪声抑制技术。 
图14是描绘控制器工作的流程图。 
具体实施方式
这里描述了多点触摸屏控制器(MTC)。根据与Apple Computer，Inc.of Cupertino，California制造的计算机系统兼容的设备和应用而描述的本发明的以下实施例仅仅是示意性的而不应当被认为是在任何一个方面加以限制。 
图2是触摸屏显示器配置30的立体图。显示器配置30包括显示器34和位于显示器34前面的透明触摸屏36。显示器34可被配置成向用户显示图形用户界面(GUI)，GUI可能包括指针或光标以及其他信息。透明触摸屏36是对用户的触摸敏感的输入设备，其允许用户与显示器34上的图形用户界面交互。通常，触摸屏36识别触摸屏36的表面38上的触摸事件，随后向主机设备输出该信息。例如，主机设备可对应于计算机，诸如台式机、膝上型电脑、手持式或平板电脑。主机设备解释触摸事件，随后基于该触摸事件执行动作。 
与现有技术的触摸屏相比，这里示出的触摸屏36被配置成识别同时发生在触摸敏感表面38上的不同位置处的多点触摸事件。即，触摸屏36允许同时跟踪多个接触点T1-T4。触摸屏36为同时发生在触摸屏36的表面上的每个触摸点T1-T4生成单独的跟踪信号S1-S4。在一个实施例中，可识别的触摸的数目可以为大约15，这使得可跟踪用户的10个手指和2个手掌以及3个另外的接触。多点触摸事件可单独或一起使用以在主机设备中执行单个或多个动作。在美国专利6,323,846、6,888,536、6,677,932、6,570,557以及共同待审的美国专利申请11/015,434、10/903,964、11/048,264、11/038,590、11/228,758、11/228,700、11/228,737、11/367,749中公开了用于控制主机设备的大量多点触摸事件的例子，上述专利或专利申请每一个的全部内容都包括在此以供参考。 
图3是采用多点触摸触摸屏的计算机系统50的框图。计算机系统50可以是例如个人计算机系统，诸如台式机、膝上型电脑、平板电脑或手持式电脑。计算机系统还可以是公共计算机系统，诸如信息站、自动柜员机(ATM)、销售点终端(POS)、工业机器、游戏机、街机、售卖机、航空电子票终端、餐馆预约终端、顾客服务站、图书馆终端、学习设备，等等。 
计算机系统50包括处理器56，处理器56被配置成执行指令并执行与计算机系统50相关联的操作。处理器56所需的计算机代码和数据通常被存储在可操作地耦接到处理器56的存储器方块58中。存储器方块58可包括只读存储器(ROM)60、随机存取存储器(RAM)62、硬盘驱动器64和/或可移动存储媒体，诸如CD-ROM、PC卡、软盘以及磁带。也可以通过网络来访问这些存储设备中的任一个。计算机系统50还包括可操作地耦接到处理器56的显示设备68。显示设备68可以是包括液晶显示器(诸如有源矩阵、无源矩阵等)、阴极射线管(CRT)、等离子体显示器等等的多种显示器类型中的任何一种。 
计算机系统50还包括通过I/O控制器66和触摸屏控制器76可操作地耦接到处理器56的触摸屏70。(I/O控制器66可与处理器56集成，或者可以是一个单独的组件。)在任一种情况下，触摸屏70是位于显示设备68前面的透明面板，并且可与显示设备68集成或者可作为单独的组件。触摸屏70被配置成接收来自用户触摸的输入，并将该信息发送给处理器56。在大多数情况下，触摸屏70识别其表面上的触摸以及触摸的位置以及幅度。 
参考图5可以更好地理解在触摸传感器和主机设备系统之间的接口，其中图5是图3所示系统的层次图。触摸传感器301位于最底层。在一个优选实施例中，传感器与ASIC(专用集成电路)305接口，该ASIC305激励传感器并读取原始的传感器输出，如同下面将要详细描述的那样。ASIC 305通过信令306与生成电容图像的DSP(数字信号处理器)和/或微控制器307接口。ASIC 305与DSP/微处理器307一起形成多点触摸屏控制器。 
DSP/微处理器307包括接口308，接口308用于接受来自ASIC 305的信令306，然后这些信号被传送给数据捕获和错误抑制层309。来自该层的数据可由模块310以及特征(即，触摸点)提取和压缩模块311访问，以进行校准、基线及备用处理。一旦特征被提取，则作为高层信息通过接口303被传送给主计算机302。接口303例如可以是USB(通用串行总线)接口。可替换地，可使用其他形式的接口，诸如IEEE 1394(“Firewire”)、RS-232串行接口、SCSI(小型计算机系统接口)，等等。 
感测设备的精确物理结构对于完全理解这里所公开的触摸屏控制器并不是必要的。但是，通过参考上面作为参考而引入的专利和专利申请，可理解该结构的细节。出于本说明的目的，传感器可被假定为如下面参考图4A和4B描述的那样构建的互电容设备。 
传感器面板包括两层电极结构，一层上有驱动线，另一层上有感测线。任一情况下，都由电介质材料将各层隔开。在图4A的笛卡儿布置中，一层包括N个水平、优选地为等间距的行电极81，而另一层包括M个垂直、优选地为等间距的列电极82。在图4B所示的极布置中，感测线可以是同心圆，驱动线可以是径向延伸线(或反之亦然)。本领域技术人员将理解，基于无限多种坐标系统的其他配置也是可能的。 
每个交叉83代表一个像素并具有特征互电容(characteristicmutual capacitance)CSIG。以有限距离接近像素83的接地对象(诸如手指)将行和列交叉之间的电场分流，使得在该位置处的互电容CSIG减小。对于典型的传感器面板，典型的信号电容CSIG大约为0.75pF， 由手指触摸像素引起的变化大约为0.25pF。 
电极材料可以根据应用而不同。在触摸屏应用中，电极材料可以是在玻璃基板上的ITO(氧化铟锡)。在不需要是透明的触摸平板中，可以使用在FR4基板上的铜。感测点83的数量可以广泛地变化。在触摸屏应用中，感测点83的数量通常取决于所期望的灵敏度以及所期望的触摸屏70的透明度。更多的节点或感测点通常增加灵敏度而减小透明度(反之亦然)。 
在工作期间，通过用预定电压波形85驱动每行(或列)而将其充电(以下将更详细的讨论)。在交叉处，电荷电容性地耦合到多个列(或多个行)。测量每个交叉83的电容以确定当多个对象触摸触摸表面时这些对象的位置。感测电路监控所转移的电荷以及所需的时间，从而检测发生在每个节点处的电容变化。发生变化的位置以及这些变化的幅度被用来鉴别和量化多点触摸事件。驱动每行和每列以及感测电荷转移是多点触摸屏控制器的功能。 
图6是每个耦合节点的等同互电容电路220的简化图。互电容电路220包括驱动线222和感测线224，它们空间上被分开从而形成电容耦合节点226。如果没有对象存在，节点226处的电容耦合基本保持不变。如果对象——诸如手指——位于节点226附近，通过节点226的电容耦合改变。对象有效地将电场分流，使得通过节点226转移的电荷变少。 
参考图5和图8，ASIC 305生成扫描传感器面板所必需的所有驱动波形。具体地，微处理器发送时钟信号321以设置ASIC的定时，ASIC然后生成适当的定时波形322以创建行激励(row stimuli)给传感器301。解码器311将定时信号解码以顺序地驱动传感器301的每一行。电平位移器310将定时信号322从信令电平(例如3.3V)转换成用来驱动传感器的电平(例如，18V)。 
由微处理器307确定驱动传感器面板的每一行。出于抑制噪声的目的，期望以多个不同频率驱动面板以便抑止噪声。存在于一特定驱动频率处的噪声可以并且很可能不存在于其他频率处。在一个优选实施例中，每个传感器面板行用12个方波周期的3个脉冲串(burst)(占空比50％，振幅18V)来激励，而剩下的行保持接地。为了更好地抑制噪声，下面更详细地描述每个脉冲串的频率都不同的情况，例如脉冲串频率为140kHz、200kHz和260kHz。 
在每个脉冲串的脉冲期间，ASIC 305对列电极进行测量。对传感器面板中的所有剩下的行重复该过程。结果是3个图像，在不同的激励频率处取得每个图像。 
此外，优选地使每个随后的脉冲串所需的激励频率变化量最小。因此，希望得到使该变化最小的跳频图案。图9示出一种可能的跳频图案。在这种布置中，用140kHz的脉冲串，然后是200kHz，最后260kHz的脉冲串来驱动第一行。然后分别用260kHz、200kHz和140kHz的三个脉冲串来驱动下一行。选择这种特定的频率图案以使频率之间的变化小，并使得频率转换平滑无突波(glitch)。但是，其他跳频布置也是可能的，包括扫描多于3个频率、扫描伪随机序列而不是所述的有序图案的频率、以及基于噪声环境而选择扫描频率的适应性跳频。 
回到图6，感测线224被电耦合到电容感测电路230。电容感测电路230检测和量化电流变化以及发生电流变化的节点226的位置，并将该信息报告给主计算机。感兴趣的信号是电容CSIG，其将电荷从RC网络A耦合到RC网络B。来自RC网络B的输出直接连接到ASIC 305的模拟输入端。ASIC 305也使用来自微处理器307(图8)的时钟信号321(图8)，以作为电容信号的检测和量化的定时。 
图10是说明ASIC 305的输入级的框图。输入信号首先由电荷放大器401接收。电荷放大器执行以下任务：(1)电荷到电压转换，(2)电荷放大，(3)存在于列电极处的抑制或杂散电容，和(4)抗混叠，以及(5)在不同频率处的增益均衡。图7是一种可能的电荷放大器401的图。 
由电容器CFB在运算放大器450的反馈通道中执行电荷到电压转换。在一个实施例中，反馈电容器可以被编程为具有从2到32pF的值，这使得输出电压电平可被调节，从而在CSIG值的范围内获得最佳动态范围。反馈电阻器RFB也优选地可编程以控制放大器增益。 
由于与制造公差相关的各种因素，在触摸表面上CSIG会变化，因此基于每个像素调节电荷放大器的反馈电容CFB是有用的。这允许执行增益补偿，以优化每个像素的性能。在一个实施例中，准每像素调节的执行如下：反馈电容器CFB的值由寄存器设置，称为CFB_REG。CFB_REG的值根据下述等式设置： 
CFB_REG[Y]＝CFB_UNIV+CFB[Y] 
其中，Y是一行内的单个像素，CFB_UNIV被逐行调节，而CFB[Y]是系统启动时加载的查找表。在可替换的配置中，CFB_UNIV对于所有行可以是常数，或者CFB[Y]查找表可以逐行转出(switch out)。此外，虽然以行和列的形式进行了讨论，但是调节布置同样适用于非笛卡儿坐标系统。 
显然，希望测量CSIG，同时尽可能地抑制在物理传感器中的任何寄生电阻和电容的影响。通过将放大器45D的正相输入451保持为常数值，例如地，可实现对传感器中的寄生电阻和电容的抑制。反相输入452被耦接到正被测量的节点。本领域技术人员将理解，反相输入452(连接到正被测量的列电极)会因此而被保持为虚接地。由于杂散电容器的净电荷不变化(即，杂散电容上的电压被保持为虚接地)，因此在列电极处存在的任何寄生电容——例如由用户触摸列电极导致的PCB杂散电容或动态杂散电容——得到抑制。因此，电荷放大器输出电压453仅仅是激励电压、CSIG和CFB的函数。由于激励电压和CFB由控制器确定，因此可以很容易地推断出CSIG。 
ASIC输入引脚455和电荷放大器的反相输入452之间的串联电阻器454与RFB和CFB的反馈网络一起形成抗混叠滤波器(anti-aliasingfilter)。 
电荷放大器的高通滚降由反馈电阻器RFB和反馈电容器CFB的并联组合设置。 
再参考图10，电荷放大器401的输出传送给解调器403。解调器403是5位量化连续时间模拟(四象限)乘法器。解调器403的用途是抑制在输入到ASIC 305的信号上存在的频带外噪声源(来自手机、微波炉 等)。电荷放大器的输出402(VSIG)与存储在查找表404中的5位量化波形混合。通过将适当的系数编程到查找表404中，确定解调波形的形状、振幅和频率。解调波形确定混频器的通带、阻带、阻带波动和其他特性。在一个优选实施例中，高斯型正弦波被用作为解调波形。高斯正弦波提供陡峭的通带并具有减小的阻带波动。 
解调器403的另一方面涉及解调器相位延迟调节。如参考图10所见，触摸表面电极可由RC网络(RC网络A和RC网络B)表示，该RC网络在其交叉点处具有互电容(CSIG)。每个RC网络构成一个低通滤波器，而CSIG引入高通滤波器响应。因此，触摸面板看起来像一个带通滤波器，仅允许具有一定频率范围的信号通过该面板。该频率范围，即低于CSIG的截止频率但是高于RC网络A和B的截止频率的那些频率，确定了可用于驱动触摸面板的那些激励频率。 
因此，面板将施加一相位延迟到通过该面板的激励波形上。该相位延迟对于传统的不透明触摸面板是可忽略的，这种面板中的电极结构通常由PCB迹线形成，PCB迹线具有相对其特征阻抗可忽略的电阻。但是，对于通常由氧化铟锡(ITO)导电迹线构成的透明面板，电阻分量可能相当大。这给激励电压通过面板的传播引入了显著的时间(相位)延迟。该相位延迟使得解调波形相对于进入前置放大器的信号被延迟，因而减小了从ADC输出的信号的动态范围。 
为补偿该相位延迟，可提供延迟时钟寄存器(“DCL”，未示出)，延迟时钟寄存器可用来相对于进入前置放大器的信号而延迟解调波形，从而补偿外部面板延迟，并最大化动态范围。该寄存器被输入到解调器403并简单地将解调波形延迟一预定量。该量可在面板启动时通过测量确定，或者可基于已知的制造特性将面板作为一个整体来进行估计得到。触摸表面的每个像素可具有其自己的唯一确定的延迟参数，以将读取电路充分优化，或者，延迟参数可逐行地被确定。调节通常类似于上面讨论的用于调节电荷放大器反馈电容器和偏置补偿电压的技术。 
解调后的信号然后被传送给偏置补偿电路。偏置补偿电路包括混 频器402和可编程偏置DAC 405。混频器402获取解调器的输出电压453并减去偏置电压(下面讨论)以增加系统的动态范围。 
偏置补偿是必要的，这是因为像素电容CSIG包括静态部分和动态部分。静态部分是传感器结构的函数。动态部分是当手指接近像素时CSIG变化的函数，因而是感兴趣的信号。偏置补偿器的用途是消除或尽量减小静态分量，从而扩大系统的动态范围。 
如上面提到的，偏置补偿电路包括两部分，可编程偏置DAC 405和混频器402。偏置DAC 405基于数字静态偏置值VOFF_REG生成可编程偏置电压。该数字值由DAC转换成静态模拟电压(或电流，如果工作在电流域的话)，然后(由混频器403b)与由解调波形的绝对值(由模块404b确定)设置的电压(或电流)混合。结果是解调波形的整流版本，其幅度由VOFF_REG的静态值设置，而解调波形的绝对部分通常从DMOD查找表404中检索得到。这使得对于解调波形的给定部分能够有正确的偏置补偿量。因此，偏置补偿波形有效地跟踪解调波形。 
类似于电荷放大器反馈电容器，调节偏置补偿电路以解决由制造公差等因素导致的单个像素电容中的差异是有用的。该调节基本上可以类似于上面对于电荷放大器反馈电容器进行的讨论。具体地，在VOFF_REG中存储的偏置电压值可如下计算： 
VOFF_REG[Y]＝VOFF_UNIV+VOFF[Y] 
其中，Y是一行内单个列，VOFF_UNIV是逐行设置的偏置电压，而VOFF[Y]是查找表。再一次，根据特定的实施方式，调节可逐个真实像素地进行，或者VOFF_UNIV可以是单个常数值。而且，虽然以行和列的形式进行讨论，但是调节布置同样适用于非笛卡儿坐标系统。 
作为上面参考图10描述的配置的可替换形式，偏置补偿可在解调之前进行。在这种情况下，偏置补偿波形的形状必须与从前置放大器输出的波形而不是从解调器输出的波形相匹配，即，假设可忽略面板中的衰减从而可保持驱动波形的形状时，偏置补偿波形必须为方波。而且，如果首先进行偏置补偿，偏置波形相对于参考电压是AC波形， 即，最大值相对于VREF为正，且最小值相对于VREF为负。偏置波形的振幅等于偏置补偿量。相反地，如果首先进行解调，偏置波形为DC波形，即它相对于Vref或者为正或者为负(因为解调波形相对于Vref也是DC)。再一次，这种情况下的振幅等于用于解调波形的每个部分的偏置补偿量。实质上，偏置补偿电路需要与依赖于波形的形状需要的偏置补偿量相关。 
然后，解调且偏置补偿后的信号由可编程增益ADC 406处理。在一个实施例中，ADC 406可以为sigma-delta，但是也可使用类似类型的ADC(诸如跟随有计数器级的电压到频率转换器)。ADC执行两个功能：(1)将位于混频器配置(偏置和信号混频器)之外的偏置补偿波形转换为数字值；和(2)执行低通滤波功能，即将混频器配置所输出的整流信号进行平均。偏置补偿并解调后的信号看起来像整流高斯型正弦波，其振幅是CFB和CSIG的函数。返回给主计算机的ADC结果实际上是该信号的平均。 
使用sigma delta ADC的一个优点是，对于在数字域进行平均，这样的ADC要有效率得多。此外，数字门比模拟低通滤波器和采样保持元件要小得多，因而可减小整个ASIC的尺寸。本领域技术人员将进一步理解其它的优点，尤其是在功率消耗和时钟速度方面。 
可替换地，可以使用与控制器ASIC分开的ADC。这需要一个多路复用器来在多个通道之间共享ADC，并且每个通道需要一个采样保持电路以平均并保持解调波形的平均值。这可能要花费很大的芯片面积(die area)，对于要与具有大量像素的触摸表面一起使用的控制器而言是不切实际的。此外，为了实现可接受的操作，外部ADC需要工作得非常快，因为必须非常迅速地处理大量像素以响应于用户的输入而提供及时并平滑的结果。 
如上面提到的那样，以三个不同频率驱动传感器以产生用于如下所述的抑制噪声的三个电容图像。选择三个频率以使得在一个特定频率处的通带不与在其它频率处的通带重叠。如上面提到的那样，一个优选实施例使用的频率为140kHz、200kHz和240kHz。选择解调波形 以使得边带被抑制。 
如上面提到的那样，高斯包络正弦波是一种优选的解调波形，图11A示出了高斯包络正弦波及其通带频谱。高斯型的正弦波提供具有最小阻带波动的清晰的通带。可替换地，也可使用其它具有清晰的通带和最小阻带波动的波形。例如，斜坡包络正弦波也具有清晰的通带，但是阻带波动比高斯包络正弦波的要稍大，图11B示出了斜坡包络正弦波及其通带频谱。本领域技术人员将理解，也可使用其它波形。 
现在参考图12，示出了用以解释系统的噪声抑制特性的9个波形。电压波形501是方波，其表示施加到传感器的激励波形。波形504是用作解调波形的高斯包络正弦波信号。波形507是解调器的输出，即波形501和504的乘积。注意，波形507提供位于所施加的方波电压的基频处的清晰的脉冲。 
中间一列示出示例性的噪声波形502。解调波形505与解调波形504是一样的。注意，解调后的噪声信号508不产生明显的尖峰，这是因为噪声信号的基频在解调信号的通带之外。 
503示出激发波形和噪声信号的混合。同样，解调波形506与解调波形505和504相同。解调后的混和波仍然显示出噪声波形，尽管可应用各种信号处理算法以提取这个相对孤立的尖峰。 
此外，噪声抑制也可通过提供不同频率的多个激励电压并将多数决定原则算法应用于结果来实现。在多数决定原则算法中，对于每个电容节点，将提供最佳振幅匹配的两个频率通道取平均，并除去剩下的通道。例如，在图13中，垂直线600代表所测得的电容，标记601、602和603代表在三个激励频率处测得的三个值。值602和603提供最佳匹配，可能暗示值601有误。因此值601被丢弃，而值602和603被平均以形成输出。 
可替换地，可应用中值滤波器，则在此情况下，值602，即中间值，被选择作为输出。作为另一个替换，可以简单地将三个结果平均，则在此情况下，结果将为值601和602之间某处的值。对于本领域技术人员，多种针对多个采样值的其它噪声抑制技术是显而易见的，任何 一种都适合于与这里所述的控制器一起使用。 
参考图14可以进一步理解电路的工作，图14是描绘控制器工作的流程图。本领域技术人员将理解，为了清楚起见，该流程图中省略了各种定时和存储器存储方面。 
图像获取开始于步骤701。然后系统设置时钟以便以中间时钟频率(例如，200kHz)获取样本，如上面参照图9所讨论的那样(步骤702)。然后更新各种可编程寄存器(步骤703)，该可编程寄存器控制诸如电压偏置、放大器增益、延迟时钟等的参数。读取所有的列，将结果存储为中间向量(步骤704)。然后，设置高时钟频率(步骤705)，并针对该高采样频率重复更新寄存器的步骤(步骤706)和读取所有列并存储结果的步骤(步骤707)。然后，将时钟设置为低频率(步骤708)，并针对该低采样频率重复更新寄存器(步骤709)和列读取(步骤710)。 
然后，三个向量根据上述算法被偏置补偿(步骤711)。其后，偏置补偿向量经历如上所述的中值滤波器。可替换地，偏置补偿向量可以由根据图13描述的多数决定原则算法或者任何其它合适的滤波技术来滤波。在任一情况下，将结果存储。如果还有更多的行，该过程返回步骤702处的中间频率采样。如果所有的行都已完成(步骤713)，则将完整图像输出给主机设备(步骤714)，并获取其后的新图像(步骤701)。 
虽然已经通过几个优选实施例描述了本发明，但是存在在本发明范围之内的修改、置换和等价形式。例如，术语“计算机”并不必须意味着任何特定种类的设备、硬件和/或软件的组合，也不应当被认为限制于多用途或者单用途设备。此外，虽然关于触摸屏描述了这里的实施例，但是本发明的教导同样可应用于触摸板或任何其它触摸表面类型的传感器。而且，虽然本公开主要关于电容性感测，应当注意，这里所描述的部分或全部特征可以应用于其它感测方法。还应当注意，有许多可替换的方式来实现本发明的方法和设备。因此，本发明意图将所附权利要求解释为包括位于本发明实质精神和范围内的所有这类修改、置换和等价形式。 

Claims (12)

1.一种用于检测在触摸传感器面板的一个或多个触摸像素处的电容变化的电荷放大器，包括：
具有正相输入端、反相输入端以及输出端的运算放大器，所述反相输入端耦接到所述一个或多个触摸像素；
连接在所述输出端和所述反相输入端之间的反馈电容器，其中所述反馈电容器可编程为具有一定范围的值；和
连接在所述输出端和所述反相输入端之间的反馈电阻器，其中所述反馈电阻器可编程为具有一定范围的值，
其中所述反馈电容器的值能够基于每个像素并且逐行地被调节，以允许执行增益补偿来优化每个像素的性能。
2.如权利要求1所述的电荷放大器，其中所述电荷放大器还包括耦接在所述反相输入端和所述一个或多个触摸像素之间以与所述反馈电阻器和所述反馈电容器结合形成抗混叠滤波器的电阻器。
3.如权利要求1所述的电荷放大器，其中所述运算放大器的所述正相输入被耦接到地。
4.如权利要求1所述的电荷放大器，其中在从2到32pF的范围内选择所述反馈电容器的值以使所述电荷放大器的动态范围最大。
5.如权利要求1所述的电荷放大器，还包括用于设置所述反馈电容器的值的寄存器。
6.如权利要求5所述的电荷放大器，所述寄存器包括值的查找表，所述查找表被配置成为每个触摸像素提供反馈电容器的值。
7.一种用于检测在触摸传感器面板的一个或多个触摸像素处的电容变化的方法，所述一个或多个触摸像素耦接到电荷放大器，该电荷放大器包括：具有正相输入端、反相输入端以及输出端的运算放大器，所述反相输入端耦接到所述一个或多个触摸像素；连接在所述输出端和所述反相输入端之间的反馈电容器；以及连接在所述输出端和所述反相输入端之间的反馈电阻器，所述方法包括：
将所述反馈电容器编程为在2到32pF的范围内取值以调节输出电压电平；
基于每个像素并且逐行地调节反馈电容，以允许执行增益补偿来优化每个像素的性能；
对所述反馈电阻器编程以控制放大器增益；以及
将所述运算放大器的正相输入保持为常数以抑制寄生电阻和电容的影响。
8.一种触摸传感器面板，包括：
多个触摸像素；以及
耦接到所述多个触摸像素的一个或多个电荷放大器，用于检测在所述多个触摸像素中的每个触摸像素处由于触摸引起的电容变化，每个电荷放大器包括：
具有正相输入端、反相输入端以及输出端的运算放大器，所述反相输入端耦接到所述一个或多个触摸像素；
连接在所述输出端和所述反相输入端之间的反馈电容器；和
连接在所述输出端和所述反相输入端之间的反馈电阻器；
其中所述反馈电容器的值能够基于每个像素并且逐行地被调节，以允许执行增益补偿来优化每个像素的性能。
9.如权利要求8所述的触摸传感器面板，其中所述反馈电容器能够被配置为具有从2到32pF的值以使电荷放大器的动态范围最大。
10.如权利要求8所述的触摸传感器面板，还包括被配置为设置所述反馈电容器的值的寄存器。
11.如权利要求10所述的触摸传感器面板，所述寄存器包括值的查找表，所述查找表被配置成为每个触摸像素提供反馈电容器的值。
12.一种包括触摸传感器面板的计算设备，所述触摸传感器面板包括：
多个触摸像素；以及
耦接到所述多个触摸像素的一个或多个电荷放大器，用于检测在所述多个触摸像素中的每个触摸像素处由于触摸引起的电容变化，每个电荷放大器包括：
具有正相输入端、反相输入端以及输出端的运算放大器，所述反相输入端耦接到所述一个或多个触摸像素；
连接在所述输出端和所述反相输入端之间的反馈电容器；和
连接在所述输出端和所述反相输入端之间的反馈电阻器；
其中所述反馈电容器的值能够基于每个像素并且逐行地被调节，以允许执行增益补偿来优化每个像素的性能。
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HK1135487A1 (en) 2010-06-04
DE602007006470D1 (de) 2010-06-24
US8279180B2 (en) 2012-10-02
CN101989162A (zh) 2011-03-23
JP6325031B2 (ja) 2018-05-16
GB2475631A (en) 2011-05-25
US20170097736A1 (en) 2017-04-06
AU2011200537A1 (en) 2011-03-03
CN101479692A (zh) 2009-07-08

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