CN102187052A - 用于形成地下井眼的系统和方法 - Google Patents

用于形成地下井眼的系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN102187052A
CN102187052A CN2009801404508A CN200980140450A CN102187052A CN 102187052 A CN102187052 A CN 102187052A CN 2009801404508 A CN2009801404508 A CN 2009801404508A CN 200980140450 A CN200980140450 A CN 200980140450A CN 102187052 A CN102187052 A CN 102187052A
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CN102187052B (zh
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D·A·埃德伯里
D·C·麦克唐纳德
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E21B43/2401—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection by means of electricity
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B44/00—Automatic control systems specially adapted for drilling operations, i.e. self-operating systems which function to carry out or modify a drilling operation without intervention of a human operator, e.g. computer-controlled drilling systems; Systems specially adapted for monitoring a plurality of drilling variables or conditions
    • E21B44/02—Automatic control of the tool feed
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C3/00—Non-adjustable metal resistors made of wire or ribbon, e.g. coiled, woven or formed as grids
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
    • H05B3/48—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor embedded in insulating material
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E21B43/2405—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection in association with fracturing or crevice forming processes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2214/00—Aspects relating to resistive heating, induction heating and heating using microwaves, covered by groups H05B3/00, H05B6/00
    • H05B2214/03—Heating of hydrocarbons
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49082—Resistor making
    • Y10T29/49083—Heater type

Abstract

本发明描述了用于形成地下井眼的系统和方法。该系统可包括齿条齿轮系统和自动位置控制系统。齿条齿轮系统包括构造用于操作钻柱的卡盘驱动系统。自动位置控制系统包括至少一个与齿条齿轮系统联接的测量传感器。自动位置控制系统构造用于控制齿轮齿条系统以确定钻柱的位置。

Description

用于形成地下井眼的系统和方法
技术领域
本发明总体涉及用于从各种地下地层(诸如含烃地层)生产烃、氢和/或其它产品的系统和方法。本发明特别地涉及用于形成地下井眼的系统和方法。
背景技术
从地下地层获得的烃通常用作能量源、用作原料、以及用作消费品。对可用烃资源衰竭的关注和对产出烃的总体质量下降的关注导致开发出用于更有效地回收、处理和/或使用可用烃资源的方法。就地处理可用于从地下地层移出烃材料。可能需要改变地下地层中的烃材料的化学和/或物理性能以使烃材料更容易从地下地层移出。化学和物理变化可包括地层中烃材料的生成可移出流体的就地反应、成分变化、溶解度变化、密度变化、相变和/或粘度变化。流体可以是，但是不限于，气体、液体、乳状液、浆液和/或具有与液体流动类似的流动特性的固体颗粒流。
加热器可设置在井眼中以在就地处理过程中加热地层。热可施加至油页岩地层以热解油页岩地层中的油母。热还可使地层断裂以提高地层的渗透性。增强的渗透性可以使地层流体行进到生产井，在所述生产井流体从油页岩地层中移出。热源可用于加热地下地层。电加热器可用于通过辐射和/或传导加热地下地层。电加热器可通过电阻加热元件。
在注入井与生产井之间的油页岩地层中获得渗透性趋于困难，这是因为油页岩常常是基本上不渗透的。钻这样的井可能费用高而且费时。很多方法已经尝试用于连接注入井和生产井。
用于加热器井、注入井和/或生产井的井眼可通过使钻头抵靠地层旋转而钻出。钻头可通过延伸至地面的钻柱而悬垂在井孔中。在一些情况下，钻头可通过在地面使钻柱旋转而旋转。钻井流体可用于在钻井过程中冲洗井眼。井眼的冲洗可将在钻井过程中产生的碎石和/或金属切屑去除。在一些情况下，钻井流体在井眼中的流体静压力可保持在比地层孔隙压力高的压力下。在其它情况下，井孔裸露部分中的压力可保持低于地层压力，以使得地层流体在钻井过程中流入井眼。
传感器可附连至钻井系统以便在钻井眼过程中协助确定方向、操作参数和/或操作条件。使用传感器可减小确定钻井系统的定位所花费的时间量。例如授予Hansberry的美国专利7,093,370描述了一种井孔导航系统，该井孔导航系统利用多个万向节可在井孔中确定任何方位的位置和高度，该万向节包括装配在小直径井孔钻杆内的固态或其它陀螺仪和加速计。例如Zaeper等人的美国专利申请公开2009-027041描述了一种在钻井同时进行测量的方法，该方法包括将至少一个传感器定位在井下；在钻井同时从所述至少一个传感器传送检测到的数据，而不在井下处理该检测到的数据。
如上所概述的，已经做出大量努力来开发出使用导航系统和/或传感器来在含烃地层中钻出井眼的方法和系统。然而，目前仍然有很多钻出井眼很难、费用高和/或费时的含烃地层。因此，仍然需要一种用于从各含烃地层中钻出生产烃、氢和/或其它产品的改进的方法和系统。
发明内容
在此所描述的实施例总体涉及用于形成地下井眼的系统和方法。在某些实施例中，本发明提供用于处理地下地层的一种或多种系统和一种或多种方法。
在某些实施例中，本发明提供了一种用于形成地下井眼的系统，包括：齿条齿轮系统，所述齿条齿轮系统包括卡盘驱动系统，其中卡盘驱动系统构造用于操作钻柱；自动位置控制系统，所述自动位置控制系统包括至少一个与齿条齿轮系统联接的测量传感器，其中自动位置控制系统构造用于控制齿轮齿条系统以确定钻柱的位置。
在某些实施例中，本发明提供了一种用于形成地下井眼的方法，包括：从与自动位置控制系统联接的至少一个测量传感器接收关于管状物的位置数据；基于来自测量传感器的位置数据使用齿条齿轮系统来控制管状物在地层中的方向。
在某些实施例中，本发明提供了一种用于形成地下井眼的系统，包括：底部驱动系统，该底部驱动系统构造用于与至少部分地位于地下井眼中的钻柱的已有管状物联接并且控制井眼中的钻井操作，底部驱动系统包括构造用于在钻井操作期间接纳新管状物的循环套筒；和顶部驱动系统，该顶部驱动系统与新管状物联接并且在新管状物与已有管状物联接时进行对钻井操作的控制。
在某些实施例中，本发明提供了一种向钻柱增添新管状物的方法，包括：将新管状物的顶端联接至顶部驱动系统；在底部驱动系统控制钻井操作的同时将新管状物的底端定位在底部驱动系统的循环套筒的开口中；在钻井操作继续进行时，将新管状物联接至已有管状物以形成联接好的管状物；将对钻井操作的控制从底部驱动系统转移至顶部驱动系统；在钻井操作继续进行时，将底部驱动系统沿着联接好的管状物朝向顶部驱动系统运动；在钻井操作继续进行时，将底部驱动系统联接至联接好的管状物的顶部部分；将对钻井操作的控制从顶部驱动系统转移至底部驱动系统；以及将顶部驱动系统与联接好的管状物脱开连接。
在另外的实施例中，特定实施例的特征可与其它实施例的特征组合。例如，一个实施例的特征可与任一个其它实施例中的特征组合。
在另外的实施例中，附加特征可添加到在此所述的特定实施例中。
附图说明
根据下述详细描述的有益效果和参照附图，本发明的优点对本领域的技术人员来说可变得显而易见，附图中：
图1显示了一个用于处理含烃地层的就地热处理系统的一部分的实施例的示意图。
图2图示了齿条齿轮系统的一个实施例的示意图。
图3A至3D图示了连续钻井程序的一个实施例的示意图。
图4图示了图3A至3D所示的底部驱动系统的循环套筒的一个实施例的示意图。
图5图示了图3A至3D所示的底部驱动系统的循环套筒的阀系统的示意图。
虽然本发明易于具有多种修改和替代形式，但是其具体实施例在附图中以示例方式进行显示，并且可在此进行详细描述。附图可不按比例绘制。但是，应该理解的是，附图和对附图的详细描述不旨在将本发明限制为所公开的特别形式，而是相反地，旨在覆盖落入由所附权利要求所限定的本发明的精神和范围内的所有修改、等同物和替代形式。
具体实施方式
下述描述总体涉及用于在地下地层中形成井眼的系统和方法。在此描述井眼用于在地层中处理烃以生产出烃产品、氢和其它产品的应用。
“API(美国石油学会)重力指标”是指在15.5℃(60°F)时的API重力指标。API重力指标是由ASTM方法D6822或ASTM方法D1298确定的。
“可冷凝的烃”是在25℃且在一个大气的绝对压力下冷凝的烃。可冷凝的烃可包括碳数大于4的烃的混合物。“不可冷凝的烃”是在25℃且在一个大气的绝对压力下不会冷凝的烃。不可冷凝的烃可包括碳数小于5的烃的混合物。
“流体压力”是由地层中的流体产生的压力。“静岩压力”(有时称为“静岩应力”)是与覆岩块的单位面积的重量相等的地层中的压力。“流体静压力”是由水柱施加在地层中的压力。
“地层”包括一个或多个含烃层、一个或多个非烃层、上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层。“烃层”指含烃地层中的层。烃层可含有非烃材料和烃材料。“上覆岩层”和/或“下伏岩层”包括一种或多种不同类型的不可渗透材料。例如，上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可包括岩石、页岩、泥岩或润湿/致密的碳酸盐岩。在一些就地热处理过程的实施例中，上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可包括一层或多层含烃层，其在就地热处理的处理过程中是相对不可渗透的并且不受温度影响，所述就地热处理导致上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层的含烃层的性能发生显著变化。例如，下伏岩层可含有页岩或泥岩，但是下伏岩层在就地热处理处理期间不允许加热到热解温度。在一些情形中，上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可以是稍微可渗透的。
“地层流体”是指存在于地层中的流体，并且可包括热解流体、合成气、流动的烃和水(蒸汽)。地层流体可包括烃流体以及非烃流体。术语“流动的流体”是指由于地层的热处理而能够流动的含烃地层中的流体。“产出流体”是指从地层移出的流体。
“热源”是用于基本上通过传导和/或辐射热传递向地层的至少一部分提供热的任何系统。例如，热源可包括导电材料和/或电加热器(诸如绝缘导体)、细长部件和/或布置在导管中的导体。热源还可包括通过燃烧地层外部或地层中的燃料来产生热的系统。所述系统可以是地表燃烧器、井下气体燃烧器、无焰分布式燃烧器和自然分布式燃烧器。在一些实施例中，一个或多个热源所提供或产生的热可由其它能量源提供。所述其它能量源可直接加热地层，或者所述能量可施加到直接或间接加热地层的传递介质。应该理解的是，将热施加到地层的一个或多个热源可使用不同的能量源。因而，例如，对于给定地层，一些热源可由导电材料、电阻加热器提供热，一些热源可通过燃烧提供热，一些热源可由一个或多个其它能量源(例如，化学反应、太阳能、风能、生物质或其它可再生能源)提供热。化学反应可包括放热反应(例如氧化反应)。热源还可包括向加热位置(诸如加热器井)附近和/或周围的区域提供热的导电材料和/或加热器。
“加热器”是用于在井中或井眼附近的区域产生热的任何系统或热源。加热器可以是，但不限于，电加热器、燃烧炉、与地层中的材料或从地层产出的材料发生反应的燃烧器、和/或它们的组合。
“重烃”是粘性的烃流体。重烃可包括高粘性烃流体，诸如重油、焦油和/或沥青。重烃可包括碳和氢，以及较小浓度的硫、氮和氧。其它元素也可以微量存在于重烃中。重烃可根据API重力指标分类。重烃通常具有低于大约20°的API重力指标。例如，重油通常具有大约10-20°的API重力指标，而焦油通常具有10°的API重力指标。重烃的粘性在15℃下通常大于100厘泊。重烃可包括芳香烃或其它复杂的环烃。
重烃可在相对渗透的地层中找到。相对渗透的地层可包括例如夹带于砂或碳酸盐岩中的重烃。相对于地层或地层的一部分，“相对渗透的”被限定为10毫达西或更多(例如10或100毫达西)的平均渗透性。相对于地层或地层的一部分，“相对低渗透的”被限定为小于大约10毫达西的平均渗透性。1达西等于大约0.99平方微米。不可渗透层通常具有小于大约0.1毫达西的渗透性。
包含重烃的某些类型的地层还可包括，但不限于，天然矿物蜡或天然沥青岩。“天然矿物蜡”通常存在于大致管状的矿脉中，该矿脉可具有数米宽、数千米长且数百米深。“沥青岩”包括由芳族成分构成的固态烃并且通常存在于大矿脉中。从诸如天然矿物蜡和天然沥青岩的地层中就地回收烃可包括熔融以形成液态烃和/或从地层进行烃的溶解采矿。
“烃”通常定义为主要由碳和氢原子形成的分子。烃还可包括其它元素，例如，但不限于，卤素、金属元素、氮、氧和/或硫。烃可以是，但不限于，油母、沥青、焦沥青、油类、天然矿物蜡和沥青岩。烃可位于大地中的矿物基体中或与矿物基体相邻。基体可包括，但不限于，沉积岩、砂、沉积石英岩、碳酸盐岩、硅藻土和其它多孔介质。“烃流体”是包括烃的流体。烃流体可包括夹带非烃流体或被夹带在非烃流体中的流体，所述非烃流体诸如为氢、氮、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、硫化氢、水和氨。
“就地转化过程”是指通过热源加热含烃地层以将地层的至少一部分的温度升高到热解温度以上以使得在地层中产生热解流体的过程。
“就地热处理过程”是指使用热源加热含烃地层以将地层的至少一部分的温度升高到导致含烃材料的流动流体、降粘和/或热解的温度以上以使得在地层中产生流动的流体、降粘的流体和/或热解的流体的过程。
“热解”是由于施加热而导致化学键的断裂。例如，热解可包括仅通过热将化合物转变为一种或多种其它物质。热可被传递到地层的一部段以发生热解。
“热解流体”或“热解产品”是指基本上在烃的热解期间产生的流体。通过热解反应产生的流体可与地层中的其它流体混合。混合物被认为是热解流体或热解产品。如在此所使用的，“热解区”是指被反应或进行反应以形成热解流体的地层体(例如，相对可渗透的地层，诸如沥青砂地层)。
“焦油砂地层”是烃主要以重烃和/或夹带在矿物颗粒构架或其它主岩石(例如砂或碳酸盐岩)的形式存在。焦油砂地层的实例包括：诸如阿萨巴斯卡(Athabasca)地层、格罗斯蒙特(Grosmont)地层和和平河(Peace River)地层的地层，三者位于加拿大艾伯塔省；和位于委内瑞拉的奥里诺科带(Orinoco belt)的Faja地层。
“u形井眼”是指从地层中的第一开口延伸穿过地层的至少一部分并且从地层中的第二开口穿出的井眼。在本文中，井眼可以仅大体上呈“v”形或“u”形，对于视为“u”形的井眼，“u”形的“腿”应该理解成不需要彼此平行或垂直于“u”的底部。
术语“井眼”是指通过钻井或将管道插入地层中而在地层中形成的孔。井眼可具有基本上圆形的横截面或其它横截面形状。如在此所使用的，术语“井”和“开口”在指地层中的开口时可与术语“井眼”互换使用。
地层可通过各种方式进行处理以生产出很多不同产品。不同阶段或过程可用于在就地热处理过程中处理地层。在一些实施例中，地层的一个或多个部段可进行溶解采矿以从该部段中移出可溶的矿物。可在就地热处理过程之前、期间或之后对矿物进行溶解采矿。在一些实施例中，进行溶解采矿的一个或多个部段的平均温度可保持在大约120℃以下。
在一些实施例中，地层的一个或多个部段被加热以从该部段移出水和/或从该部段移出甲烷和其它挥发性烃。在一些实施例中，在水和挥发性烃的移出过程中，平均温度可从环境温度升高至大约220℃以下的温度。
在一些实施例中，地层的一个或多个部段被加热至允许烃在地层中运动和/或降粘的温度。在一些实施例中，地层的一个或多个部段的平均温度被升高至烃在该部段中的流动温度(例如从100℃到250℃范围内的温度、从120℃到240℃范围内的温度或从150℃到230℃范围内的温度)。
在一些实施例中，一个或多个部段被加热至允许在地层中进行热解反应的温度。在一些实施例中，地层的一个或多个部段的平均温度可被升高至烃在该部段中的热解温度(例如从230℃到900℃范围内的温度、从240℃到400℃范围内的温度或从250℃到350℃范围内的温度)。
利用多个热源加热含烃地层可在热源周围形成热梯度，所述热源将地层中烃的温度以期望的加热速度升高至期望的温度。温度升高经过用于期望产品的流动温度范围和/或热解温度范围的速率可影响从含烃地层产出的地层流体的质量和数量。将地层温度缓慢地升高经过流动温度范围和/或热解温度范围可允许从地层产出高质量、高API重力指标的烃。将地层温度缓慢地升高经过流动温度范围和/或热解温度范围可允许移出存在于地层中的大量烃以作为烃产品。
在一些就地热处理的实施例中，代替将温度缓慢地加热经过温度范围的是将地层的一部分加热到期望温度。在一些实施例中，期望的温度为300℃、325℃或350℃。可选择其它温度作为期望温度。
叠加来自热源的热允许在地层中相对快速有效地建立期望温度。从热源输入地层中的能量可被调节以使地层中的温度基本上保持在期望温度下。
流动和/或热解产品可通过生产井从地层生产出。在一些实施例中，一个或多个部段的平均温度被升高至流动温度，烃从生产井生产出。在生产之后由于流动性降低到选定值以下，一个或多个部段的平均温度可被升高至热解温度。在一些实施例中，在达到热解温度之前不进行大量生产的情况下，一个或多个部段的平均温度可被升高至热解温度。包含热解产品的地层流体可通过生产井生产出。
在一些实施例中，一个或多个部段的平均温度可被升高至足够高温度，以便允许在流动和/或热解之后进行合成气生产。在一些实施例中，烃可被升高至足够高温度，以便在达到足以允许进行合成气生产的温度之前不进行大量生产情况下允许进行合成气生产。例如，合成气可在从大约400℃到大约1200℃、大约500℃到大约1100℃或大约550℃到大约1000℃的温度范围内产生。合成气产生流体(例如，蒸气和/或水)可被引入各部段中以产生合成气。合成气可从生产井生产出。
溶解采矿、挥发性烃和水的移出、使烃流动、热解烃、产生合成气和/或其它过程可在就地热处理过程中进行。在一些实施例中，一些过程可在就地热处理之后进行。这些过程可包括，但不限于，从已处理的部段回收热、将流体(例如，水和/或烃)存储在先前已处理的部段中和/或将二氧化碳隔绝在先前已处理的部段中。
图1图示了用于处理含烃地层的就地加热系统的一部分的一个实施例的示意图。该就地热处理系统可包括障壁井100。障壁井用于在处理区域周围形成障壁。所述障壁阻止流体流入和/或流出处理区域。障壁井包括，但是不限于，脱水井、真空井、俘获井、注入井、灌浆井、冷冻井或它们的组合。在一些实施例中，障壁井100是脱水井。脱水井可去除液态水和/或阻止液态水进入待加热的地层部分或正被加热的地层。在图1所示的实施例中，障壁井100显示为仅沿热源102的一侧延伸，但是障壁井通常环绕所使用的或将要使用的所有热源102，以加热地层的处理区域。
热源102设置在地层的至少一部分中。热源102可包括导电材料。在一些实施例中，加热器诸如是绝缘导体、导体在导管中的加热器、地表燃烧器、无焰分布式燃烧器和/或自然分布式燃烧器等。热源102还可包括其它类型的加热器。热源102向地层的至少一部分提供热以加热地层中的烃。能量可通过供给管线104供应给热源102。供给管线104可根据一种或多种用于加热地层的热源而在结构上有所不同。用于热源的供给管线104可传输用于导电材料和/或电加热器的电，可传输用于燃烧器的燃料或者可传输在地层中循环的热交换流体。在一些实施例中，用于就地热处理过程的电可由一个或多个核电站提供。使用核动力可使得降低或消除从就地热处理过程释放的二氧化碳。
当地层被加热时，输入地层中的热可引起地层扩张和地质运动。可在脱水过程之前、同时或期间打开热源。计算机模拟可模拟响应于加热的地层。计算机模拟可用于形成用于启动地层中的热源的模式和时间序列，以使得地层的地质运动不会对热源、生产井和地层中的其它设施的功能造成不利影响。
加热地层可引起地层的渗透性和/或孔隙率增大。渗透性和/或孔隙率的增大可通过由于水的汽化和移出、烃的移出和/或形成断裂而使地层中的矿体减小而产生。由于地层的增大的渗透性和/或孔隙率，流体可更容易地在地层受热部分中流动。由于增大的渗透性和/或孔隙率，地层受热部分中的流体可运动通过地层相当长的距离。相当长的距离根据各种因素可以是1000m以上，该各种因素诸如是地层的渗透性、流体的性质、地层的温度和允许流体运动的压力梯度。流体在地层中行进相当长距离的能力允许生产井106在地层中相对远地间隔开。
生产井106用于从地层移出地层流体。在一些实施例中，生产井106包括热源。生产井中的热源可在生产井处或生产井附近加热地层的一个或多个部分。在一些就地热处理过程的实施例中，由每米生产井从生产井提供给地层的热量小于由加热地层的每米热源提供给地层的热量。从生产井提供给地层的热可通过汽化和移出生产井附近的液相流体和/或通过由形成大量和/或极微小的断裂而增大生产井附近的地层的渗透性来增大生产井附近的地层渗透性。
多于一个热源可定位于生产井中。在来自相邻热源的热叠加加热地层足以抵消通过利用生产井加热地层所提供的益处时，可关闭生产井的下部部分中的热源。在一些实施例中，生产井的上部部分中的热源可在关闭生产井的下部部分中的热源之后保持打开。生产井的上部部分中的热源可阻止地层流体的冷凝和逆流。
在一些实施例中，生产井106中的热源允许从地层中移出地层流体的汽相。在生产井处或通过生产井提供热可用于：(1)在该生产流体靠近上覆岩层在生产井中运动时抑制该生产流体的冷凝和/或逆流；(2)增加输入到地层中的热；(3)与没有热源的生产井相比提高生产井的产率；(4)抑制生产井中高碳数(C6及以上)化合物的冷凝；和/或(5)增大生产井处或生产井附近的地层的渗透性。
地层中的地下压力可对应于在地层中产生的流体压力。随着地层的受热部分中的温度升高，受热部分中的压力可由于就地流体的热膨胀、增加的流体生成和水的汽化而增大。控制从地层移出流体的速率可允许控制地层中的压力。地层中的压力可在很多不同的位置处确定，诸如在生产井附近或在生产井处、在热源附近或在热源处，或在监控井处。
在一些含烃地层中，从地层生产烃受到抑制，直到已经使地层中的至少一些烃流动和/或热解。当地层流体具有选定质量时，地层流体可从地层产出。在一些实施例中，选定质量包括至少约20°、30°或40°的API重力指标。直到使至少一些烃流动和/或热解，抑制生产才可加快重烃向轻烃的转化。抑制初期产量可使从地层产出的重烃的量最小。生产大量重烃可能需要昂贵的设备和/或缩短生产设备的寿命。
在一些含烃地层中，在地层的受热部分中产生显著渗透性之前，地层中的烃可被加热到流动温度和/或热解温度。最初的渗透性缺乏可抑制所产生的流体运输到生产井106中。在初始加热期间，地层中的压力在热源102附近可增大。增大的流体压力可通过一个或多个热源102被释放、监控、改变和/或控制。例如，选定的热源102或独立的压力释放井可包括允许从地层移出一些流体的压力释放阀。
在一些实施例中，可允许增加由在地层中产生的流动流体、热解流体或其它流体的膨胀所产生的压力，尽管通向生产井106的开放路径或任何其它压力降可能仍然不存在于地层中。可允许流体压力朝向岩石静压力增加。含烃地层中的断裂可在流体接近岩石静压力时形成。例如，可在地层的受热部分中从热源102至生产井106形成断裂。受热部分中断裂的产生可释放该部分中的一些压力。地层中的压力可能不得不保持低于选定压力以便抑制不想要的生产、上覆岩层或下伏岩层的断裂和/或烃在地层中的焦化。
在达到流动和/或热解温度且允许从地层进行生产之后，地层中的压力可发生变化，用于改变和/或控制产出的地层流体的成分、用于控制地层流体中可冷凝流体相对于不可冷凝流体的百分比、和/或用于控制正在产出的地层流体的API重力指标。例如，降低压力可导致产出较大的可冷凝流体组分。可冷凝流体组分可含有较大百分比的烯烃。
在一些就地热处理过程的实施例中，地层中的压力可保持足够高以促使产出API重力指标大于20°的地层流体。在地层中保持增大的压力可在就地热处理过程中抑制地层塌陷。保持增大的压力可减少或消除对在地表处压缩地层流体以将收集管道中的流体输送到处理设备的需要。
令人惊讶的是，在地层的受热部分中保持增加的压力可允许产生质量提高且相对低分子量的大量烃。压力可保持成使得产出的地层流体具有极小量的所选碳数以上的化合物。所选碳数可以是至多25、至多20、至多12或至多8。一些高碳数化合物可夹带在地层内的蒸气中并且可与蒸气一起从地层移出。在地层中保持增大的压力可抑制在蒸气中夹带高碳数化合物和/或多环烃化合物。高碳数化合物和/或多环烃化合物可在地层中在相当长时间保持为液相。相当长时间可为化合物提供足够长的时间进行热解以形成低碳数化合物。
相对低分子量的大量烃的产生被认为是部分地由于氢在含烃地层中的自动产生和反应。例如，保持增大的压力可迫使在热解过程中产生的氢进入地层内的液相。将地层的一部分加热到热解温度范围内的温度可热解地层中的烃以便产生液相热解流体。所产生的液相热解流体组分可包括双键和/或基团。液相中的氢(H2)可减小所产生的热解流体的双键，从而减小由所产生的热解流体聚合或形成长链化合物的可能性。另外，H2还可压制所产生的热解流体中的基团。液相中的H2可抑制所产生的热解流体彼此发生反应和/或与地层中的其它化合物发生反应。
从生产井106产出的地层流体可通过收集管道108输送到处理设备110。地层流体还可从热源102产出。例如，流体可从热源102产出以控制邻近热源的地层中的压力。从热源102产出的流体可通过生产管或管道输送到收集管道108，或者产出流体可通过生产管或管道直接输送到处理设备110。处理设备110可包括分离单元、反应单元、改质单元、燃料室、涡轮、存储容器和/或其它用于处理产出的地层流体的系统和单元。处理设备可将从地层产出的烃的至少一部分形成运输燃料。
很多井需要利用就地热处理过程处理烃地层。在一些实施例中，在地层中形成竖直或基本竖直井。在一些实施例中，在地层中形成水平或u形井。在一些实施例中，在地层中形成水平井和竖直井的组合。
在地下地层中形成井眼的精确度和效率可能受到在钻井过程中的密度和定向数据的质量影响。定向数据的质量可能由于在旋转钻井中振动和角加速度而降低，在旋转钻井段使用滑动模式钻井期间尤其如此。
在一些实施例中，自动位置控制系统与齿条齿轮钻井系统可用于在地层中形成井眼。自动位置控制系统和/或测量系统与齿条齿轮钻井系统的组合的应用可允许比使用手动定位和校准装置钻井更精确地钻出井眼。例如，自动位置系统可在钻井过程中连续和/或半连续地进行校准。图2图示了包括齿条齿轮驱动系统的系统的一部分的示意图。齿条齿轮驱动系统112包括，但不限于，齿条114、台架116、卡盘驱动系统118和循环套筒120。卡盘驱动系统118可保持管状物122。齿条齿轮型系统的推/拉能力可允许足够的力(例如，约5吨)将管状物推到井眼中，以使得管状物不必旋转。齿条齿轮系统可将向下的力施加在钻头上。施加给钻头的力可以与钻柱(管状物)和/或接箍的重力无关。在某些实施例中，接箍的尺寸和重量由于不需要接箍的重量能够进行钻井操作而减小。使用齿条齿轮钻井系统可进行对具有长水平部分的井眼钻井，因为钻井系统向钻头施加力的能力与可用于提供钻压的钻柱的竖直长度无关。
齿条齿轮驱动系统112可联接至自动位置控制系统124。自动位置控制系统124可包括，但不限于，旋转导引系统、双马达旋转导引系统和/或孔测量系统。在一些实施例中，测量系统包括一个或多个传感器，包括但不限于，磁测距传感器、非旋转传感器和/或斜置的加速计。在一些实施例中，一个或多个加热器可包括在齿条齿轮驱动系统的一个或多个管状物中。在一些实施例中，孔测量系统位于加热器中。
在一些实施例中，孔测量系统包括一个或多个斜置的加速计。斜置的加速计的应用可允许测量地层的很浅部分。例如，地层的很浅部分可具有来自于钻井操作和/或其它井的钢套管柱。钢套管可影响磁测量工具在确定钻井过程中所引起的偏斜方向方面的应用。斜置的加速计可定位在钻井系统(例如齿条齿轮钻进系统)的底部钻具组合中，其中地面作为管状物旋转位置的基准。将斜置的加速计定位于底部钻具组合中可允许精确测量孔的倾斜度和方向，而不考虑附近磁性干扰源(例如，套管柱)的影响。在一些实施例中，管状物的相对旋转位置通过测量和跟踪轴的递增旋转进行监控。通过监控增添到已有管状物上的管状物的相对旋转可获得管状物的更精确定位。这种监控可允许以连续的方式增添管状物。
在一些实施例中，使用齿条齿轮系统钻井的方法包括连续井下测量。可使用预定且恒定的电流信号来操作测量系统。在井下连续地计算距离和方向。计算结果被过滤和平均化。最佳估计最终距离和方向报告给地面。当在地面接收到时，已知的沿井孔深度和管状物的位置可与所计算的距离和方向相组合以计算出X、Y、Z的位置数据。
在用联结好的管子钻井期间，停机循环、增添下一根管、重新建立循环和继续形成孔所花费的时间可能需要相当大量的时间，尤其是在使用两阶段循环系统时。在使用手动操作技术的情况下，操纵管状物(例如管子)在历史上已经存在很大安全风险。连续管钻井在消除对管状物进行连接和手动操作的需要方面获得一些成功；然而，不能旋转和对实用的连续管直径的限制可能限制其可应用的范围。
在一些实施例中，使用钻井程序，其中管状物被增添到管柱上而不中断钻井过程。管状物可包括允许管状物在压力下进行连接的联结好的连接。这种程序可允许利用大直径管状物进行连续旋转钻井。管状物可包括在此所述的加热器和/或自动位置控制系统。
连续旋转钻井系统可包括钻井平台，该钻井平台包括但不限于一个或多个钻井平台、顶部驱动系统和底部驱动系统。平台可包括齿条以允许部件的多个独立的横向运动。顶部驱动系统可包括延伸的驱动分段(例如，由American Auger，West Salem，Ohio，USA制造的延伸的驱动系统)。顶部驱动系统例如可以是旋转驱动系统或齿条齿轮驱动系统。底部驱动系统可包括卡盘驱动系统和液力系统。底部驱动系统可以与齿条齿轮驱动系统(例如图2所示的齿条齿轮驱动系统)类似的方式操作。底部驱动系统和顶部驱动系统可交替控制钻井操作。卡盘驱动系统可安装在独立的托架上。液力系统可包括但不限于一个或多个马达和循环套筒。循环套筒可允许在管状物与环形空间之间进行循环。循环套筒可用于打开或关闭井中各个层段的生产。在一些实施例中，系统包括管状物操作系统。管状物操作系统可以是自动操作的、手动操作的或它们的组合。
在一些实施例中，使用连续旋转钻井系统的方法包括将新管状物增添到与底部驱动系统联接的已有管状物上以形成延长的管状物。在底部驱动系统控制钻井操作的同时进行钻井期间，新管状物可定位在底部驱动系统的循环套筒的开口中。新管状物可联接至顶部驱动系统。底部驱动系统的循环套筒可允许流体在两个管状物之间流动。循环套筒中的流体压力可以处于达大约13.8MPa(2000psi)的压力。循环套筒可包括一个或多个便于循环的改变和/或流动的阀(例如UBD循环或止回阀)。阀的使用可有助于保持系统中的压力。施加给循环套筒中的两个管状物的压力可联接(例如，压力配合)两个管状物以形成联接好的管状物，而不中断钻井过程。在将管状物联接在一起期间和/或之后，对钻井操作的控制可从底部驱动系统转移至顶部驱动系统。将钻井操作转移至顶部驱动系统可允许底部驱动系统沿着联接好的管状物向上朝向顶部驱动系统行进，而不中断钻井操作。底部驱动系统可附连至顶部驱动系统的驱动分段，且对钻井操作的控制可从顶部驱动系统转移到底部驱动系统，而不中断钻井操作。一旦对钻井的控制转移到底部驱动系统，顶部驱动系统可与管状物断开连接。顶部驱动系统于是可连接至另一管状物的顶部以继续进行该过程。
图3A-3D图示了连续钻井程序的一个实施例的示意图。图4图示了图3A-3D所示的底部驱动系统的循环套筒的一个实施例的切开图。图5图示了图3A-3D所示的底部驱动系统的循环套筒的阀系统的示意图。参照图3A-3D，连续钻井程序包括底部驱动系统112、管状物操作系统128和顶部驱动系统130。顶部驱动系统130包括顶部循环套筒132和驱动分段134。底部驱动系统122包括底部循环套筒120和卡盘118。在一些实施例中，卡盘可以位于独立的托架系统上。如图3A-3D所示，顶部驱动系统130在基准线Y处，而底部驱动系统112在基准线Z处。应理解的是，基准线Y和Z仅显示用于说明性的目的，驱动系统在程序的各阶段的高度可不同于图3A-3D所示的那些高度。
如图3A所示，已有管状物122联接至底部驱动系统112的卡盘118。底部驱动系统控制将已有管状物122插入地下地层中的钻井操作。在钻井操作期间，流体可通过端口136进入底部循环套筒120并且环绕已有管状物122流动。流体可从卡盘118和/或已有管状物122移走热量。底部循环套筒120可包括侧部阀138(如图5所示)。侧部阀138可以是结合于侧入口流止回阀端口中的止回阀。侧部阀138和/或顶部阀140(如图5所示)的应用可便于改变循环入口位置和便于形成加压系统(例如，压力达13.8MPa)。
在底部驱动系统112的卡盘118使用已有管状物122继续控制钻井时，新管状物142可利用管状物操作系统128与底部驱动系统112对准。一旦在适当位置，顶部驱动系统130可连接至新管状物142的顶端(例如母螺纹端)。如图3B所示，顶部驱动系统130将新管状物142的下端下放和定位或下落至底部驱动系统112的循环套筒120的开口144(如图4所示)中。在一些实施例中，底部循环套筒120在端口136处包括侧部阀(如图5所示)并且在开口144(如图5所示)处包括顶部入口阀140。使用阀138、140调节流经底部循环套筒120的流体流量可控制循环套筒中的压力。在一些实施例中，底部循环套筒120可包括一个或多个阀和/或与一个或多个阀协同操作。
开口144可包括一个或多个工具接头148参见图4)。工具接头148可引导新管状物142进入循环套筒的内部部分。由于循环套筒120被加压，工具接头148可允许套筒中的压力平衡。压力平衡便于使新管状物142运动经过顶部入口阀140并进入底部循环套筒120中。
一旦新管状物142位于底部循环套筒120的腔室中，对于顶部驱动系统130，循环改变，流体通过端口146流入顶部驱动系统130的顶部循环套筒132中。在底部循环套筒120的腔室中，新管状物142和已有管状物122联接以形成联接好的管状物150。联接好的管状物150包括新管状物142和已有管状物122。在形成联接好的管状物150之后，底部驱动系统112的卡盘118可与联接好的管状物150断开连接，从而将对钻井操作的控制让渡给顶部驱动系统130。
在顶部驱动系统130控制钻井操作的同时，底部驱动系统112可被致动以便沿着联接好的管状物150向上(如图3C所示的箭头)朝向顶部驱动系统130行进。当底部驱动系统112的底部循环套筒120接近顶部驱动系统130的驱动分段134时，来自顶部驱动系统130的流体可从顶部驱动系统130的顶部循环套筒132流动经过顶部阀140(如图5所示)。底部循环套筒120可被加压并且侧部阀138(如图5所示)可打开以提供流动。当侧部阀138打开以向顶部循环套筒132提供流动时，顶部阀140(如图5所示)可被关闭和/或部分关闭。通过顶部驱动系统130的循环可被减慢或停止。当通过顶部驱动系统130的循环停止时，顶部阀140可完全关闭并且所有流体可通过侧部阀138从端口136供给。当底部驱动系统112到达联接好的管状物150的顶部时，底部驱动系统112可接合驱动分段134。在底部驱动系统112对钻井操作进行控制时，联接好的管状物150可与驱动分段134脱开接合并且与卡盘118接合。卡盘118将力传递至联接好的管状物150以继续钻井操作。
一旦与已联接好的管状物150脱开接合，顶部驱动系统130可相对于底部驱动系统112被升高(参见向上的箭头)(例如直到顶部驱动系统130到达如图3D所示的基准线Y)。底部驱动系统112可被下放以推动联接好的管状物150向下进行地层(参见图3D中的向下箭头)。底部驱动系统112可继续被下放(例如直到底部驱动系统112返回基准线Z)。上述程序可重复进行若干次以便保持连续的钻井操作。
在阅读上述说明之后，本发明各方面的进一步修改和可替代实施例对本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的。因此，本说明应解释为仅为说明性的并且用于教导本领域技术人员实现本发明的一般形式。应理解，在此所示和所描述的本发明的形式应视为目前的优选实施方式。元件和材料可与在此所示和所描述的进行替换，部件和过程可颠倒，本发明的一些特征可独立使用，在获知本发明的上述说明的有益效果之后，所有这些将对本领域的技术人员来说是显而易见的。可对在此所描述的元件进行改变而不偏离下述权利要求中所描述的本发明的精神和范围。另外，应该理解的是，在此独立描述的特征在某些实施中可进行组合。

Claims (20)

1.一种用于形成地下井眼的系统，包括：
齿条齿轮系统，所述齿条齿轮系统包括卡盘驱动系统，其中所述卡盘驱动系统构造用于操作钻柱；和
自动位置控制系统，所述自动位置控制系统包括至少一个与所述齿条齿轮系统联接的测量传感器，其中所述自动位置控制系统构造用于控制齿轮齿条系统以确定钻柱的位置。
2.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述卡盘驱动系统构造用于保持管状物。
3.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述卡盘驱动系统构造用于保持管状物，所述管状物包括一个或多个加热器。
4.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述卡盘驱动系统构造用于保持管状物，所述管状物包括一个或多个加热器，所述加热器中的至少一个包括一个或多个磁测距传感器和/或一个或多个非旋转传感器。
5.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述自动位置控制系统构造用于在钻井期间连续或半连续地进行校准。
6.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述自动位置控制系统包括一个或多个旋转导向系统、一个或多个双马达旋转导向系统或一个或多个孔测量系统。
7.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述自动位置控制系统包括一个或多个孔测量系统，所述一个或多个孔测量系统包括一个或多个斜置的加速计。
8.一种用于形成地下井眼的方法，包括：
从与自动位置控制系统联接的至少一个测量传感器接收关于管状物的位置数据；
基于来自所述测量传感器的位置数据使用齿条齿轮系统来控制管状物在地层中的方向。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法，其中所述测量传感器包括一个或多个斜置的加速计。
10.如权利要求8所述的方法，其中在有磁干扰源的情况下，能够获得所述位置数据。
11.如权利要求8所述的方法，其中所述位置数据包括管状物轴的相对旋转数据。
12.一种用于形成地下井眼的系统，包括：
底部驱动系统，所述底部驱动系统构造用于与至少部分地位于地下井眼中的钻柱的已有管状物联接并且用于控制井眼中的钻井操作，所述底部驱动系统包括构造用于在钻井操作期间接纳新管状物的循环套筒；和
顶部驱动系统，所述顶部驱动系统构造用于与新管状物联接并且在新管状物与已有管状物联接时进行对钻井操作的控制。
13.如权利要求12所述的系统，其中所述底部驱动系统构造用于在顶部驱动系统控制钻井操作时至少部分地向上运动到新管状物的顶部，以及从顶部驱动系统进行对钻井操作的控制。
14.如权利要求12所述的系统，还包括管状物操纵系统，所述管状物操纵系统构造用于定位新管状物以用于与顶部驱动系统联接。
15.如权利要求12所述的系统，其中所述顶部驱动系统包括循环套筒，所述底部驱动系统的循环套筒构造用于从顶部驱动系统的循环套筒接收流体。
16.如权利要求12所述的系统，其中所述循环套筒构造用于保持达13.8MPa的压力。
17.一种向钻柱增添新管状物的方法，包括：
将新管状物的顶端联接至顶部驱动系统；
在底部驱动系统控制钻井操作的同时将新管状物的底端定位在底部驱动系统的循环套筒的开口中；
在钻井操作继续进行时，将新管状物联接至已有管状物以形成联接好的管状物；
将对钻井操作的控制从底部驱动系统转移至顶部驱动系统；
在钻井操作继续进行时，将底部驱动系统沿着联接好的管状物朝向顶部驱动系统运动；
在钻井操作继续进行时，将底部驱动系统联接至联接好的管状物的顶部部分；
将对钻井操作的控制从顶部驱动系统转移至底部驱动系统；以及
将顶部驱动系统与联接好的管状物脱开连接。
18.如权利要求17所述的方法，还包括从底部驱动系统的循环套筒向底部驱动系统提供流体；和一旦新管状物定位于底部驱动系统的循环套筒的开口中，从顶部驱动系统的循环套筒向底部驱动系统提供流体。
19.如权利要求17所述的方法，还包括在底部驱动系统的循环套筒中保持达13.8MPa的压力。
20.如权利要求17所述的方法，其中将新管状物联接至已有管状物包括施加足够的压力以将所述管状物压力配合在一起。
CN200980140450.8A 2008-10-13 2009-10-09 用于形成地下井眼的系统和方法 Active CN102187052B (zh)

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