CN102939561A - 多色电泳显示器 - Google Patents
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- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
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Abstract
公开了一种多色电泳媒质，包含第一、第二和第三种颗粒，所述颗粒具有基本不重叠的电泳迁移率并具有三种不同的颜色，其中一种为白色。所述颗粒被分散在具有第四颜色的流体中。还公开了一种驱动这种显示器的方法。
Description
本申请涉及美国专利第7,791,789号、第7,352,353号和第6,710,540号，还涉及美国专利申请公布号2008/0150888，读者可参照这些专利申请或专利获得进一步信息关于电泳显示器方面的技术信息。
技术领域
本发明涉及多色电泳媒质以及使用这种媒质的显示器。
背景技术
此处使用的术语“双稳的”和“双稳定性”取其在本领域中的常规含义，指的是包括具有第一和第二显示状态的显示元件的显示器，所述第一和第二显示状态至少有一种光学性质不同，从而在利用具有有限持续时间的寻址脉冲驱动任何给定元件以呈现其第一或第二显示状态之后，在该寻址脉冲终止后，该状态将持续至少几倍于（例如至少4倍于）改变该显示元件的状态所需的寻址脉冲的最小持续时间的时间。美国专利第7,170,670号显示，某些基于颗粒的能够灰度显示的电泳显示器不仅在处于它们的极端黑色和白色状态时具有稳定的灰度，在处于它们的中间灰度状态时也具有稳定的灰度，且一些其他类型的电光显示器也同样如此。尽管为了方便起见，此处的术语“双稳的”被用于涵盖双稳的或多稳的显示器，但上述类型的显示器更适合被称作“多稳的”，而非双稳。
然而，长期存在的电泳显示器的图像质量问题阻碍了其广泛使用。例如，构成电泳显示器的颗粒易于沉降，这就导致这种显示器的使用寿命不足。
转让给或权属于麻省理工学院(MIT)和伊英克（E Ink）公司的大量专利和申请描述了在封装的电泳和其他电光媒质中使用的各种技术。这种封装的媒质包含大量的小囊（capsule），每一个小囊本身包含内相以及环绕内相的囊壁，该内相包含流体媒质中的电泳移动粒子。典型地，这些囊本身被保持在聚合物粘合剂内以形成位于两个电极之间的粘附层（coherentlayer）。在这些专利和申请中描述的技术包括：
(a)电泳颗粒、流体和流体添加物；参见例如美国专利第7,002,728号；以及美国专利申请公开号2007/0146310；
(b)囊、粘合剂和封装方法；参见例如美国专利第6,922,276和7,411,719号；
(c)包含电光材料的膜和子组件；参见例如美国专利第6,982,178号和美国专利申请公开号2007/0109219；
(d)用在显示器中的背板、粘合层和其他辅助层以及方法；参见例如美国专利第7,116,318号；和美国专利申请公开号2007/0035808；
(e)色彩的形成和色彩的调节；参见例如美国专利第7,075,502号；和美国专利申请公开号2007/0109219；
(f)用于驱动显示器的方法；参见例如美国专利第7,012,600号；和美国专利申请公开号2006/0262060；
(g)显示器的应用；参见例如美国专利第7,312,784号；和美国专利申请公开号2006/0279527；以及
(h)非电泳显示器，如美国专利第6,241,921、6,950,220和7,420,549号中的描述。
前述的很多专利和申请认识到，在封装的电泳媒质中围绕离散的微囊的壁可以由连续相代替，因而产生所谓的聚合物分散的电泳显示器，其中电泳媒质包含多个离散的电泳流体微滴以及连续相聚合物材料，并且尽管没有与每个单独的微滴关联的离散的囊膜，但可以把这种聚合物分散的电泳显示器中的电泳流体的离散颗粒看作囊或微囊；参见例如前述的美国专利第6,866,760号。因此，为了本申请的目的，将这样的聚合物分散的电泳媒质看作是封装的电泳媒质的子类。
与此相关的电泳显示器类型称为“微单元电泳显示器”。在微单元电泳显示器中，带电颗粒和流体不封装在微囊中，而保持在形成于载体媒质中的多个腔内，该载体媒质一般为聚合物薄膜。参见例如授予给Sipix Imaging公司的美国专利第6,672,921和6,788,449号。
尽管电泳媒质通常是不透明的（例如，由于在许多电泳媒质中，粒子基本上阻挡可见光通过显示器的透射）并且工作在反射模式下，但是可以使许多电泳显示器工作在所谓的“快门模式”下，在该模式下一种显示状态是基本上不透明的而一种显示状态是透光的。参见例如美国专利第5,872,552;6,130,774;6,144,361;6,172,798;6,271,823;6,225,971和6,184,856号。与电泳显示器类似但是依赖于电场强度变化的介电泳显示器可以工作在类似的模式下；参见美国专利第4,418,346号。其他类型的电光显示器也能工作在快门模式下。工作在快门模式下的电光媒质可以用在全彩色显示器的多层膜结构中；在这样的结构中，至少靠近显示器观察面的一层工作在快门模式下以暴露或隐藏离该观察面较远的第二层。
如前所述，封装的或微单元电泳显示器一般不受传统电泳设备的聚集和沉降失效模式的影响并且具有另外的优点，例如可以在各种不同柔性和刚性衬底上印刷或者涂覆该显示器。（使用“印刷”一词旨在包括印刷和涂覆的所有形式，包括但并不局限于：预调式涂覆，例如小块模具型涂覆（patch diecoating），狭缝式或挤压式涂覆，坡流式或阶式涂覆，淋幕式涂覆；压辊涂覆，例如辊式刮刀涂覆、前向和反向辊涂覆；凹版印刷涂覆；浸渍涂覆；喷涂；弯液面涂覆；旋涂；刷涂；气刀涂覆；丝网印刷工艺；静电印刷工艺；热印刷工艺；喷墨印刷工艺；电泳沉积（参见美国专利第7,339,715号）；以及其它类似的技术）。因此，得到的显示器可以为柔性。另外，由于显示器媒质可以是印刷的（使用各种方法），显示器本身比较低廉。
本文中将会提到印刷或印刷的。在本文中使用的印刷意在包括所有形式的印刷和涂覆，包括：预调式涂覆，例如小块模具型涂覆（patch diecoating），狭缝式或挤压式涂覆，坡流式或阶式涂覆，淋幕式涂覆；压辊涂覆，例如辊式刮刀涂覆、前向和反向辊涂覆；凹版印刷涂覆；浸渍涂覆；喷涂；弯液面涂覆；旋涂；刷涂；气刀涂覆；丝网印刷工艺；静电印刷工艺；热印刷工艺；或类似其他技术。因此，“印刷的元件”指的是通过以上任一一种技术形成的元件。
大部分现有技术中的电泳媒质基本上只显示两种颜色。这种电泳媒质要么采用单一类型的电泳颗粒，要么采用两种类型（即第一和第二类型）的电泳颗粒；其中，单一类型的电泳颗粒具有第一种颜色，其位于具有第二种、不同颜色的带色流体中（在这种情况下，当颗粒靠近显示器的观看面时显示第一种颜色，当颗粒远离观看面时显示第二种颜色）；而第一和第二类型的电泳颗粒在无色液体中分别具有第一种颜色和第二种颜色（在这种情况下，当第一类型的颗粒靠近显示器的观看面时显示第一种颜色，当第二类型的颗粒靠近观看面时显示第二种颜色）。这两种颜色一般为黑和白。如果期望得到全彩色显示器，可在单色（黑和白）显示器的观看面上布置彩色滤光阵列。这种彩色滤光阵列一般为三色的红/绿/蓝（“RGB”）型或红/绿/蓝/白（“RGBW”）型。具有彩色滤光片的显示器依赖于与一起当作一个全彩色像素的三个子像素（在RGB显示器的情况下）或四个子像素（在RGBW显示器的情况下）共享通道的区域。令人遗憾的是，每个颜色仅能通过显示区域的一部分被显示出来。例如，在RGBW显示器中，红、绿、蓝中的每个颜色只能通过1/4的显示区域（四个子像素中的一个子像素）被显示出来，白色可有效通过1/2的显示区域（四个子像素中的一个完整子像素，加上每个带色的子像素充当1/3的白，因此，三个带色的子像素一起提供了另一个完整的白色子像素）被显示出来。该区域共享方法导致在颜色上没有期望的明亮。
可替代地，全彩色显示器可通过多个色变层来够早，其中至少一个前色变层（靠近观看面）在快门模式下工作。除了复杂性和潜在的价格昂贵问题，这种多层显示器需要精确对准各个层，并且还需要高透光的电极（在有源矩阵显示器中，还需要高透光的晶体管）。
前述的美国专利第6,017,584号描述了具有三种不同类型颗粒的电泳媒质以及驱动这些颗粒的方法，其中这三种不同类型的颗粒在液体中具有三种不同的颜色，所述方法是为了显示这三种颜色中的每一种颜色。
发明内容
然而，仍需要一种能在每个像素显示更多颜色的电泳媒质，以便例如这种媒质可重现高质量彩色印刷的显示状态。这种高质量印刷一般通过使用至少四种墨水来实现：青色/品红色/黄色/黑色（“CMYK”）。一般并未认识到所谓的“四色”CMYK印刷系统在现实中是五色系统，第五种颜色为由未施加墨水的纸张（或类似的）表面提供的白色背景。除非电泳媒质是在快门模式下使用，否则在基本不透明的电泳媒质中不会有相当的背景颜色，因此非快门模式的电泳媒质应能显示五种颜色（黑、白和三基色，该三基色一般为青、品红和黄）。现在已意识到通过采用前述的美国专利第6,017,584号中在带色流体中具有三种不同的颗粒的电泳媒质以及谨慎选择其中的颗粒和流体的颜色能够实现这个目的。
另一方面，本发明提供一种多色电泳媒质，包含至少第一、第二和第三种颗粒，所述颗粒具有基本不重叠的电泳迁移率并具有各自的第一、第二和第三颜色，所述第一、第二和第三颜色彼此不同，所述颗粒被分散在具有与第一、第二和第三颜色均不同的第四颜色的流体中，其中所述第一、第二和第三种颗粒之一具有白色。
在该多色媒质中，所述第一、第二、第三和第四颜色可为任一顺序的青色、品红色、黄色和白色。如已说明，所述第一、第二和第三种颗粒必须具有不同的（且非零的）电泳迁移率。尽管原则上所有三种颗粒可具有相同极性的但不同大小的电荷以提供不同的电泳迁移率，但通常更方便的是使两种颗粒具有一种极性的电荷，而另外一种颗粒具有相反极性的电荷。优选的，白色颗粒具有一种极性的电荷，另外两个颗粒（合适的为青色和品红色）具有相反极性的电荷。
本发明电泳媒质的三种颗粒分别具有白色和另外两个颜色。透光和反光的带色颗粒都可以在本发明中使用。白色颗粒通过散射光来工作，因此基本为反光的；“透光的”白色颗粒基本上是透明的，因此在本发明中无法使用。然而，如附图所示及以下描述的，透光和反光的颗粒二者都可使用不同于白色的颜色，尽管用于形成各种颜色的不同颗粒的位置，特别是白色颗粒的位置的变化会取决于所使用的非白色颗粒是透光的还是反光的。
本发明的电泳媒质可以是封装型的，因此包括囊壁，所述流体和颗粒被保持在该囊壁中。这种封装的媒质可包括多个囊，每个囊包括囊壁，所述流体和带点颗粒被保持在该囊壁中，媒质还包括围绕囊的聚合物粘合剂。可替代地，媒质可以是以上讨论的微单元或聚合物分散型的。
本发明涉及一种电泳显示器，包括本发明的电泳媒质和至少一个电极，其中该至少一个电极被布置为靠近该电泳媒质并被设置用以施加电场到该媒质。本发明的显示器可在现有电光显示器所使用的任何应用中使用。因此，例如本发明可用在电子书阅读器、便携式计算机、平板计算机、手机、智能卡、标牌、表、货架标签或闪存驱动器。
另一方面，本发明还提供一种驱动多色电泳显示器的方法，其中多色电泳显示器包含至少第一、第二和第三种颗粒，所述颗粒具有基本不重叠的电泳迁移率并具有各自的第一、第二和第三颜色，所述第一、第二和第三颜色彼此不同，其中所述第一、第二和第三种颗粒之一具有白色，所述颗粒被分散在具有与第一、第二和第三颜色均不同的第四颜色的流体中，该显示器还包括形成该显示器的观看面的第一电极和所述流体的在与第一电极相对侧上的第二电极，所述方法包括：
将所有三种颗粒带到靠近所述第一电极和第二电极中的一个电极；
在第一电极和第二电极之间施加电场以使至少一种颗粒移动离开所述一个电极，由此将三种颗粒中期望的一种颗粒置于靠近观看面；以及
在第一电极和第二电极之间施加电场以使所有三种颗粒移动离开所述第一电极，由此在观看面显示流体的第四颜色。
结合附图并参照以下描述，可以更好地理解本发明的上述及其他优点。在附图中，相似参考标记通常表示不同图中的相同部件。另外，附图不需要按比例，其重点通常在于示意出本发明的原理。
附图说明
图1A至图1H描述了在黄色流体中具有不同电泳迁移率的白色、青色和品红色颗粒的彩色显示元件，所述青色和品红色颗粒为反光的，还分别示意了显示器的白色、青色、品红色、黄色、红色、绿色、蓝色和黑色光学状态；
图2A至图2H描述了与图1A至图1H所示相似的彩色显示元件，但是在图2A至图2H中青色和品红色颗粒为透光的，另外还分别示意了与图1A至图1H相同的光学状态；
下面是在假设熟悉前述的美国专利第7,791,789号的内容的情况下进行的描述，读者可参照该专利获得关于本发明的背景信息。
具体实施方式
图1A至图1H示意了具有囊壁124且包含三种不同种类的颗粒的囊120，其中这三种不同种类的颗粒具有不同的颜色和不同的电泳迁移率，并分散在带色流体125中。囊120在其相对侧上分别配置了透光前电极32和透光背电极34，其中前电极32提供囊的观看面。更具体地，囊120包括带负电的白色颗粒（用W-表示）和带正电的青色颗粒和品红色颗粒，其中青色颗粒（用+C+表示）的电泳迁移率比品红色颗粒（用M+表示）的电泳迁移率高。流体125以黄色颜料染色。黄色颜料的浓度应选择为使得显示器的黄色光学状态（下面参照图1D的描述）能提供足够饱和的黄色，但是当电泳颗粒靠近前电极32时，该黄色要基本上不污染其他颜色。白色W-、青色+C+和品红色M+颗粒均为可反光的。只有在没有任何电泳颗粒靠近前电极32时，染料流体的黄色才是明显的。例如，如果白色颗粒W-被驱动靠近前电极32，流体125的黄色则为不可见，因为光穿过带色流体的路径（光从前电极32进入，被白色颗粒W-反射，并返回穿过前电极32）非常短。然而，如果白色颗粒与前电极32间隔一段足够的显示距离（可能是流体层的厚度的1/4），染料流体125的黄色将会是可见的，因为穿过流体的被反射光的路径变得不可忽略了。这种效果与现有技术中单一颗粒/染料流体的电泳显示器很相似。
已说明，青色+C+和品红色M+颗粒均为带正电的，但具有不同的电泳迁移率；本发明将假设品红色颗粒的迁移率更高，但显然相反情况也是可以的。
如图1A至图1G所示，它们分别示意了囊120在其观看面上显示出白色、青色、品红色、黄色、红色、绿色、蓝色和黑色。为了显示白色，把背电极34简单制造成在一段较长时间里相对前电极32为负的（下文中所有提及到“把背电极34制造成负的或正的”时，都指的是使该背电极相对前电极32为负的或正的，因为在实际中前电极32一般为延伸过整个显示器的共同前电极，而背电极34为许多独立可控像素电极中的一个），使得白色颗粒W-靠近前电极32，青色+C+和品红色M+颗粒靠近背电极34。在这种情况下，白色颗粒掩盖了青色+C+和品红色M+颗粒以及流体125的黄色（前面已说明，光穿过流体125的经过长度非常短，以至于流体的黄色无法对白色颗粒W-的白色造成任何实质性的污染），从而在显示器的观看面显示出白色。
为了形成图1B所示的青色，首先向背电极34施加负脉冲（带来与图1A所示的基本相同的情况，其中白色颗粒W-靠近前电极32，青色+C+和品红色M+颗粒靠近背电极34），然后再施加比负脉冲更短的正脉冲。正脉冲使颗粒W-接近背电极34，并使青色+C+和品红色M+接近前电极32。然而，由于青色+C+具有更大的迁移率，它们会更快速地接近前电极32，正脉冲的长度选择为使得青色+C+颗粒到达前电极32但品红色M+颗粒还没到达；口语化的说法是，青色颗粒“赶过”品红色颗粒。在图1B所示的情况中，青色颗粒+C+掩盖了品红色M+颗粒、白色W-颗粒以及流体125的黄色（前面已说明，光穿过流体125的经过长度非常短，以至于流体的黄色无法对青色颗粒+C+的青色造成任何实质性的污染），从而在显示器的观看面显示出青色。
为了形成图1C所示的品红色，首先施加一长度较长的正脉冲，使青色颗粒+C+和品红色颗粒M+二者均靠近前电极32，白色颗粒W-靠近背电极34。然后再施加一长度非常短的负脉冲，使青色颗粒+C+和品红色颗粒M+移动离开前电极32。然而，由于青色颗粒+C+具有更大的迁移率，它们会比品红色颗粒M+更快速地离开前电极32，从而使留下的品红色颗粒M+可以透过前电极32被看到，且遮掩住了青色颗粒+C+、白色颗粒W-和流体125的黄色。短、负脉冲的持续时间被选择为使得：光穿过流体125的经过长度非常短，以至于流体的黄色无法对品红色颗粒M+的品红色造成任何实质性的污染。当然，该短、负脉冲还可以使白色颗粒W-移动离开背电极34，但这对彩色显示没有影响。
为了形成图1D所示的黄色，首先施加一负脉冲，其带来与图1A所示的基本相同的情况，其中白色颗粒W-靠近前电极32，青色+C+和品红色M+颗粒靠近背电极34）。然后再施加比该负脉冲更短的正脉冲，从而使白色颗粒W-移动离开前电极32，并使青色+C+和品红色M+颗粒移动离开背电极34。控制正脉冲的长度使得白色颗粒W-比青色+C+和品红色颗粒更靠近前电极32，但在白色颗粒W-和前电极32之间有一段相当大的距离。从而使白色颗粒W-如图1D所示的掩盖住青色颗粒+C+和品红色颗粒M+。然而，与图1A的情况不同的是，图1D中的白色颗粒与前电极32间隔一段相当大的距离，并且该白色颗粒充当一漫反射体，使穿过前电极32进入的光，经过黄色流体125后被反射回来，并穿过黄色流体125和前电极32。由于此光穿过黄色流体125的经过长度相当大，因此显示出黄色。
为了形成图1E所示的红色状态，首先施加一长度相对较长的正脉冲，就像图1C中所使用的长、正脉冲，使青色颗粒+C+和品红色颗粒M+二者均靠近前电极32，白色颗粒W-靠近背电极34。接下来，再施加一长度比初始正脉冲长度更短但比图1C施加的负脉冲长度更长的负脉冲，使品红色颗粒M+最靠近前电极32，并掩盖青色颗粒+C+和白色颗粒W-。然而，最后的负脉冲仍使品红色颗粒M+与前电极32之间间隔一段相当大的距离，从而，出于以上关于图1D讨论过的相似的理由，使显示器的显示状态受被品红色颗粒M+反射的光穿过黄色染料情况的影响，因此显示器的显示状态是黄色染料吸收和品红色反射的组合，最终获得红色显示状态。
为了形成图1F所示的绿色状态，首先施加一长度相对较长的负脉冲，就像图1A所使用的长、负脉冲，使白色颗粒W-靠近前电极32，青色+C+和品红色M+颗粒靠近背电极34。接下来，再施加一非常短的正脉冲。该正脉冲使青色颗粒+C+向前移动直到它们到达白色颗粒W-的前面，而白色颗粒W-则从前电极32向后移动。该正脉冲还使品红色颗粒M+向前移动，但其移动速率比青色颗粒+C+慢。最终的情况与图1B所示的类似：尽可能多的青色颗粒+C+最靠近前电极32，并掩盖了白色颗粒W-和品红色M+颗粒。然而，在图1F所示的情况中，青色颗粒与前电极32之间间隔一段距离，该距离足以使流体125的黄色染料形成相当大的吸收。因此，出于参照图1E讨论过的相似的理由，图1F中显示器的显示状况是黄色染料与青色反射的组合，获得绿色显示状态。
为了形成图1G所示的蓝色状态，施加一长的负脉冲，就像图1C所使用的长的正脉冲以及图1E使用的第一个脉冲，使青色+C+和品红色M+颗粒靠近前电极32，白色颗粒W-靠近背电极34。注意，图1G所示的情况存在两种不同的反射机制。如果光仅被一个颗粒反射，那么青蓝色和品红色颗粒的反射组合将呈现给人眼以浅蓝色。然而，如果光被至少一个青蓝色颗粒和一个品红色颗粒反射，那么光将呈现出深蓝色。由于所示出的被电泳媒质散射的绝大部分光具有多重反射，图1G所示的情况得到的是具有良好饱和度的蓝色。
最后，为了显示出图1H所示的黑色状态，施加长的负脉冲，形成图1G所示的情况，然后施加短的负脉冲。该短的负脉冲使青色+C+和品红色M+颗粒移动离开前电极32，从而（出于参照图1D、1E和1F已讨论的相似的理由）混合了流体125的黄色和图1G所示的蓝色反射，最终获得四色黑（process black）的显示状态。
图2A至图2H示意了与图1A至图1H大体相似的显示，但青色颗粒+C+和品红色颗粒M+是透光的而非反光的。采用透光而非反光的颗粒需要改变颗粒在某些光学状态下的位置，因为透光的带色颗粒并不能遮挡“更后面”（即更靠近背电极34）的颗粒颜色，因此一些光学状态下，需要小心控制白色颗粒W-的位置以保证形成这种遮挡。
图2A示出了显示器的白色状态。该白色状态与图1A所示的状态相同而且是通过一样的方式实现的；由于在该显示器状态中，白色颗粒W-遮盖了青色颗粒+C+和品红色颗粒M+，使用透光的而非反光的青色颗粒和品红色颗粒并不会使显示器的显示状态有任何不同。
图2B示出了显示器的青色状态。该显示器状态与图1B所示的不同之处在于，需要把白色颗粒W-置于紧靠青色颗粒+C+的后面，这是为了让白色颗粒遮挡品红色颗粒M+。穿过前电极32进入显示器的光经过透光的青色颗粒，然后被白色颗粒反射，回到并经过青色颗粒，再穿过前电极回到显示器之外。为了避免由黄色造成的对青色的污染（从而造成显示的颜色向绿色漂移），让白色颗粒紧靠在青色颗粒的后面是很重要的，这样使沿上述路径行进的光不必经过一段相当长的穿过黄色流体125的距离。
假设青色颗粒+C+的电泳迁移率比品红色颗粒M+的电泳迁移率高得多，且品红色颗粒和白色颗粒的电泳迁移率的绝对值相当，通过以下驱动方式可以得到图2B所示的显示状态：首先将显示器驱动到图2A所示状态，然后向背电极34施加正脉冲，该正脉冲正好足以将青色颗粒驱动至前电极32且驱动白色颗粒离开该前电极一段较短的距离。
图2C示出了显示器的品红色光学状态。该状态与图2B所示的青色状态基本相似，但在图2C中品红色颗粒靠近前电极32，青色颗粒靠近背电极34。品红色光学状态以与青色光学状态极其相似的方式工作；穿过前电极32进入显示器的光经过透光的品红色颗粒，然后被白色颗粒反射，回到并经过品红色颗粒，再穿过前电极回到显示器之外。为了避免由黄色造成的对品红色的污染（从而造成显示的颜色向红色漂移），让白色颗粒紧靠在品红色颗粒的后面是很重要的，这样使沿上述路径行进的光不必经过一段相当长的穿过黄色流体125的距离。
图2D示出了显示器的黄色光学状态。该状态与图1D所示的黄色状态相同，可以使用相同的驱动脉冲形成，并且以相同的方式形成黄色；穿过前电极32进入显示器的光经过黄色流体125，被白色颗粒反射后，回到并穿过黄色流体，再穿过前电极32。
图2E示出了显示器的红色光学状态。颗粒在该红色光学状态中的位置与图1E所示的相似红色状态相同，并且该红色状态可以使用图1E中相同的驱动脉冲形成。然而，图2E中实际形成红色的方式与参照图1E所描述的方式略有不同。在图2E中，穿过前电极32进入显示器的光经过黄色流体125和透光的品红色颗粒，并被白色颗粒反射，回到并穿过品红色颗粒和黄色流体125，再穿过前电极，从而在显示器上形成红色的显示状态。
图2F示出了显示器的绿色光学状态。颗粒在该绿色光学状态中的位置与图1F所示的相似绿色状态相同，并且该绿色状态可以使用与图1F中相同的驱动脉冲形成。然而，在图2E所示的红色光学状态中，实际形成绿色的方式与参照图1F所描述的方式略有不同。在图2F中，穿过前电极32进入显示器的光经过黄色流体125和透光的青色颗粒，并被白色颗粒反射，回到并穿过青色颗粒和黄色流体125，再穿过前电极，从而在显示器上形成绿色的显示状态。
图2G示出了显示器的蓝色光学状态，其与图1G所示的相应蓝色状态的不同之处在于，白色颗粒处于相对更接近前电极的位置，紧靠在青色和品红色颗粒的混合层之后。在图2G中，穿过前电极32进入显示器的光经过黄色流体125和透光的品红色和青色颗粒，并被白色颗粒反射，回到并穿过品红色和青色颗粒，再穿过前电极，从而在显示器上形成绿色的显示状态。
最后，图2H示出了显示器的一种可能的黑色状态，该黑色状态在颗粒位置方面与图1H所示的相同。然而，形成该黑色状态的方式与以上关于图1H所描述的方式略有不同。在图2H中，穿过前电极32进入显示器的光经过透光的品红色颗粒、透光的青色颗粒和黄色流体125，使得光在到达靠近背电极34的白色颗粒前，基本上被全部吸。任何达到白色颗粒的光将被反射，回到并再次穿过透光的品红色颗粒、透光的青色颗粒和黄色流体125，使得基本上没有光从前电极32射出，从而显示出黑色光学状态。应该注意，在该黑色光学状态中，如果青色和品红色颗粒都比白色颗粒更靠近前电极，那么这两种颗粒的位置会相当自由；因为黄色流体125、青色颗粒和品红色颗粒都是透光的，这基本上与入射光遇到黄色流体及这两种颗粒的准确顺序不相关，所以如果青色和品红色颗粒比白色颗粒更靠近前电极，这两种颗粒的位置是可变化的。例如，在图2A至图2H所示的显示器中，图1G所示的颗粒位置会得到黑色光学状态。
可以看出，图1A至图1H和图2A至图2H所示的显示器都能在它们整个显示区域上显示出白色、黑色、青色、品红色、黄色、红色、绿色和蓝色。如前面说明，采用RGB彩色滤光阵列的显示器仅能在它们三分之一的显示区域上显示红色、绿色和蓝色，在整个显示区域上显示黑色，在三分之一的显示区域上显示等同于白色的四色白（process white）。类似地，采用RGBW彩色绿光阵列的显示器仅能在它们四分之一的显示区域上显示红色、绿色和蓝色，在整个显示区域上显示黑色，在二分之一的显示区域上的显示等同于白色的四色白。但在图1A至图1H和图2A至图2H所示的显示器的白色状态明显比基于彩色滤光片的任何显示器的白色状态更好，而且也改善了红色、绿色和蓝色状态。另外，在图1A至图1H和图2A至图2H所示的显示器的白色状态明显比前述的美国专利第7,791,789号中图6至图9所示的多颗粒显示器的白色状态更好，后者取决于等同于在三分之一的显示区域上的白色的四色白。
在一些情况下，可能很难获得所需的具有期望颜色和相对电泳迁移率的带颜色颗粒，从而利用简单的驱动脉冲的设置来实现图1A至图1H和图2A至图2H所示的每个光学状态。在这种情况下，可以按美国专利申请公开第2006/0202949号中所述的，适当地采用至少一种电泳迁移率随所施加的电压变化而变化的颗粒，使通过调节所使用的驱动电压改变两种颗粒的相对电泳迁移率。由于本发明显示器中所用的颗粒可以具有电压依赖性的迁移率，因此此处提到的具有不同电泳迁移率的颗粒应被理解为包括那些在显示器所使用的至少一个驱动电压下具有不同电泳迁移率的颗粒，其中显示器包含该颗粒。
Claims (20)
1.一种多色电泳媒质，包括第一、第二和第三种颗粒，所述颗粒具有基本不重叠的电泳迁移率并具有彼此不同的第一、第二和第三颜色，所述颗粒被分散在具有与第一、第二和第三颜色都不同的第四颜色的流体中，其中所述第一、第二和第三种颗粒之一具有白色。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电泳媒质，其中所述第一、第二、第三和第四颜色为任一顺序的青色、品红色、黄色和白色。
3.根据权利要求1所述的电泳媒质，其中两种非白色的颗粒为透光的。
4.根据权利要求1所述的电泳媒质，其中两种非白色的颗粒为反光的。
5.根据权利要求1所述的电泳媒质，其中所述第一、第二和第三种颗粒之一具有一种极性的电荷，另两种颗粒具有相反极性的电荷。
6.根据权利要求5所述的电泳媒质，其中所述具有一种极性的电荷的颗粒的颜色为白色。
7.根据权利要求1所述的电泳媒质，其中所述第四颜色为黄色。
8.根据权利要求1所述的电泳媒质，其中所述第一种颗粒的颜色为白色且具有一种极性的电荷，所述第二种颗粒的颜色为青色且具有与白色颗粒相反极性的电荷，所述第三种颗粒的颜色为品红色且具有与白色颗粒相反极性的电荷，所述流体的颜色为黄色。
9.根据权利要求1所述的电泳媒质，还包括囊壁，所述流体和颗粒被保持在该囊壁中。
10.根据权利要求10所述的电泳媒质，还包括多个囊和围绕该囊的聚合物粘合剂，所述流体和颗粒被保持在该囊中。
11.根据权利要求1所述的电泳媒质，其中所述颗粒和所述流体表现为分散在聚合物材料的连续相中的多个离散的微滴。
12.根据权利要求1所述的电泳媒质，其中所述颗粒和所述流体被保持在于载体媒质中形成的多个腔中。
13.一种电泳显示器，包括权利要求1所述的电泳媒质和至少一个电极，其中该至少一个电极被布置为靠近该电泳媒质并被设置用以施加电场到该媒质。
14.一种包括权利要求14所述的显示器的电子书阅读器、便携式计算机、平板计算机、手机、智能卡、标牌、表、货架标签或闪存驱动器。
15.一种驱动多色电泳显示器的方法，其中多色电泳显示器包含至少第一、第二和第三种颗粒，所述颗粒具有基本不重叠的电泳迁移率并具有各自的第一、第二和第三颜色，所述第一、第二和第三颜色彼此不同，其中所述第一、第二和第三种颗粒之一具有白色，所述颗粒被分散在具有与第一、第二和第三颜色均不同的第四颜色的流体中，该显示器还包括形成该显示器的观看面的第一电极和所述流体的在与第一电极相对侧上的第二电极，所述方法包括：
将所有三种颗粒带到靠近所述第一电极和第二电极中的一个电极；
在第一电极和第二电极之间施加电场以使至少一种颗粒移动离开所述一个电极，由此将三种颗粒中期望的一种颗粒置于靠近观看面；以及
在第一电极和第二电极之间施加电场以使所有三种颗粒移动离开所述第一电极，由此在观看面显示流体的第四颜色。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中所述第一、第二、第三和第四颜色可为任一顺序的青色、品红色、黄色和白色。
17.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中所述第一、第二和第三种颗粒之一具有一种极性的电荷，另两种颗粒具有相反极性的电荷。
18.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中所述具有一种极性的电荷的颗粒的颜色为白色。
19.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中所述第四颜色为黄色。
20.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中所述第一种颗粒的颜色为白色且具有一种极性的电荷，所述第二种颗粒的颜色为青色且具有与白色颗粒相反极性的电荷，所述第三种颗粒的颜色为品红色且具有与白色颗粒相反极性的电荷，所述流体的颜色为黄色。
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| CN109031845B (zh) * | 2013-04-18 | 2021-09-10 | 伊英克加利福尼亚有限责任公司 | 彩色显示设备 |
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| CN112002286B (zh) * | 2013-05-17 | 2023-05-02 | 伊英克加利福尼亚有限责任公司 | 彩色显示装置的驱动方法 |
| CN104408976A (zh) * | 2014-11-26 | 2015-03-11 | 江汉大学 | 一种电子黑板和成像笔 |
| CN104408976B (zh) * | 2014-11-26 | 2017-12-01 | 江汉大学 | 一种电子黑板和成像笔 |
| CN108139645A (zh) * | 2015-10-12 | 2018-06-08 | 伊英克加利福尼亚有限责任公司 | 电泳显示装置 |
| CN111819491A (zh) * | 2018-03-16 | 2020-10-23 | 伊英克公司 | 电光显示器的组件 |
| TWI803880B (zh) * | 2020-06-05 | 2023-06-01 | 美商伊英克加利福尼亞有限責任公司 | 電泳顯示裝置 |
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| US20160116816A1 (en) | 2016-04-28 |
| US8040594B2 (en) | 2011-10-18 |
| KR101431940B1 (ko) | 2014-08-19 |
| US8441714B2 (en) | 2013-05-14 |
| US20120019898A1 (en) | 2012-01-26 |
| US9740076B2 (en) | 2017-08-22 |
| US20110007381A1 (en) | 2011-01-13 |
| JP5904990B2 (ja) | 2016-04-20 |
| EP2548077B1 (en) | 2018-02-21 |
| JP2016053744A (ja) | 2016-04-14 |
| WO2011115767A3 (en) | 2011-11-24 |
| US9829764B2 (en) | 2017-11-28 |
| US9268191B2 (en) | 2016-02-23 |
| JP2013522676A (ja) | 2013-06-13 |
| EP2548077A2 (en) | 2013-01-23 |
| KR20120123561A (ko) | 2012-11-08 |
| WO2011115767A2 (en) | 2011-09-22 |
| EP2548077A4 (en) | 2014-01-22 |
| US20130258449A1 (en) | 2013-10-03 |
| US20170315418A1 (en) | 2017-11-02 |
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