CN103212278A - 湿度控制装置 - Google Patents

湿度控制装置 Download PDF

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CN103212278A
CN103212278A CN2013101287803A CN201310128780A CN103212278A CN 103212278 A CN103212278 A CN 103212278A CN 2013101287803 A CN2013101287803 A CN 2013101287803A CN 201310128780 A CN201310128780 A CN 201310128780A CN 103212278 A CN103212278 A CN 103212278A
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humectant
salt
container
huaing
carrier
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CN103212278B (zh
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T.鲍威尔斯
L.帕特伦
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Multisorb Technologies Inc
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Abstract

本发明涉及湿度控制装置。具体地，涉及用固化的润湿剂组合物控制环境中相对湿度的装置。固化的润湿剂组合物由润湿剂盐、水和载体制备。固化的润湿剂可在粘合剂辅助下制成片剂，或将其包含在热压成形的毡状物质、小药囊或水可渗透的罐内。在一个优选的实施方案中，药囊由微穿孔的聚酯/纸/聚乙烯物质制成。优选的润湿剂盐包括CaCl2、K2CO3、LiCl、NaCl、K2SO4及其组合。本发明优选的实施方案包括一种或多种抗微生物剂、活性炭、挥发性有机物、水分吸收剂和氧吸收剂与固化的润湿剂盐的组合的用途。

Description

湿度控制装置
本申请是国际申请日为2005年11月3日的申请号200580038197.7的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及湿度控制装置，更具体而言，涉及可用于限定环境至保持预期水平湿度的湿度控制装置。
背景技术
通常，易潮解的化合物，通常为盐，过去常在封闭环境中降低相对湿度。众所周知，不同的化合物对于水分具有变化的亲合力。例如，当水合时，每种易潮解的化合物具有特征湿度吸附容量和特征平衡相对湿度(ERH)。
干燥剂可被认为是湿度调节器，其中它们常用于完全(或几乎完全地)除去来自封闭系统的空气中的所有水汽。在包装中，足量有效的干燥剂将吸附来自空气的水汽，降低平衡相对湿度(ERH)至凝结不再发生的程度，或降低其至密封包装或系统内阈值ERH从不超过包装或系统被暴露的条件下的程度。在远低于露点的封闭系统中，大量的有效干燥剂将减少水汽至如下程度：其中系统的相对湿度匹配在目前水化程度中干燥剂的ERH。
然而，存在其中干燥剂不是最好的选择的应用(食品、药物、分析、医药诊断，仅举几个例子)。在此情况下，产物的ERH必须维持在某些特定的中等水平，而不是接近零。在潮湿的环境中，控制湿度的常见的和经济的方法为使用保湿剂(humectant)化合物。无机盐是最有效的，且为最常用的，虽然许多易潮解的或能水合的化合物可在适当的系统中使用。这些化合物对水有亲和力，其调节密闭容器或腔室内的气氛中的水蒸气压。实质上，这些化合物将吸收水分，直至它们完全成为溶液。当此发生时，固体盐和盐溶液的混合物将同时存在。该溶液将被饱和，并将具有使用的特定盐或化合物的ERH特征。
在此情况下，特定的保湿剂是根据想要的平衡相对湿度(ERH)选择的。该盐可以是实质上单一的，例如氯化锂。也可使用两种盐的混合物。例如，碳酸钾溶液具有的相对湿度为约43％。因此，含有过量不溶碳酸钾晶体的碳酸钾溶液将保持约43％的恒量相对湿度。如果相对湿度开始增加高于43％，盐溶液将从环境中获得水分，从而降低相对湿度至接近43％。相反地，如果相对湿度开始低于43％，所述溶液将释放水分，直至周围环境的湿度达到约43％。不同饱和的含水盐溶液的ERH值可从11％至98％间变化。
用于湿度控制装置的其它发明描述了将粘稠溶液包含在织物非织造聚合物小袋中。在此情况下，粘稠溶液含有结合水、盐，并可含有增稠剂(例如海藻酸盐或黄原胶)。实际上，这些盐溶液难于处理，因为它们是液体，其可从包含它们的包装或容器中溢出或渗透穿过。由于稳定化的盐溶液可以从包装中滴出或毛细作用流出，其必须必然地是有水汽气孔的，以便于起作用。当保湿剂从其环境中吸收水分，并变成更多流体时，滴出变多的趋势使得问题复杂化。如果膜或小袋的水分渗透比率太大，或者如果表面能或″可湿性″太大，对于流体，即使增稠的流体，可穿过包装发生渗流。显然，这将对保护产物的预期目标产生相反作用。
发明内容
本发明包含控制密闭的或限定(defined)的环境中相对湿度的装置。本发明包括固化的保湿剂组合物，其包括保湿剂盐、水和载体。优选的实施方案含有片剂形式的组合物，其可包括不同于载体的粘合剂的用途。优选的片剂形式的实施方案含有耐用的包衣片。适宜的包衣将包括聚乙烯或其它热塑性的树脂、聚四氟乙烯、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮和纤维素醚。
本发明也提供用于控制封闭环境或产品包装中相对湿度的装置，其包含水汽可渗透的容器，在容器中存有稳定的或固化的保湿剂组合物。固化的保湿剂组合物包含保湿剂盐、水和载体。优选的容器物质包括热压成形毡状(felt)物质、小药囊、水汽可渗透的罐或塑性体，其可以是除了″通气器″孔外密封的或用透气薄膜或膜密封的。在优选的实施方案中，小药囊包括微穿孔的聚酯/纸/聚乙烯物质。优选的保湿剂盐包括CaCl2、LiCl、K2CO3、NaCl、K2SO4及其组合。本发明优选的实施方案包括抗微生物剂在容器中的用途。
上述优选的实施方案也将包括组合物的特定添加成分，其可使装置多功能化。这里的实例将包括控制挥发性的活性碳和/或氧吸收剂。
具体实施方式
本发明提供通常为固态的保湿剂，其可消除保湿剂的渗漏、溢出或渗流和所导致的对设计保湿剂来保护的产品或物质的损害的可能性。本发明提供在独立的或在用于控制封闭系统中相对湿度的与非水蒸气可渗透的容器中稳定的、固体形式的物质，如此在包装内保留的产物或物质受到保护，并且不会以任何方式降解、变性或腐败。
这可通过稳定或凝固保湿剂以提供包装湿度控制装置来实现，所述装置不会渗透水、溶液或保湿剂本身。固体保湿剂化合物的使用将封闭环境控制在想要的湿度和低于露点，也防止了凝结的可能性。
本发明的另一个方面是给固态、湿度调节系统提供了另外的功能。例如，碱式盐可起保湿剂作用，以及起中和挥发性酸的作用，所述挥发性酸可存在于包装内，或由包装内的产物生成。可以理解盐可起调节系统内湿度和缓冲系统的作用，或提供其中氧从封闭系统中被清除的还原环境。
在本发明的一个示例性实施方案中，包含保湿剂盐的固化形式也可同时包括杀菌防腐剂，其可控制保湿剂包装内微生物的生长。进一步地，通过选择具有某些挥发性的和适于容器、容器、室或包装及其成分的抗微生物剂，可以使整个封闭系统免于微生物降解。
优选地，根据本发明保湿剂化合物或盐溶液是按下述方法制备的：在预定的溶解温度下，通过将蒸馏水慢慢地引入特定的盐中，并持续搅拌。溶液外观似乎为″泥样(slush-like)″时，其反映出存在不溶解的过量的盐晶体。细心地制备盐溶液是必需的，因为这要求精确的达到预期的和想要的湿度水平。
另外，可制备真溶液，并固化或渗透到固体载体相中，然后部分地干燥至过饱和的程度，在该程度，过量的盐可预期离开含有过量盐的饱和溶液而沉淀析出。饱和溶液中过量盐的比例将决定水分含量，其可在给定的系统中于其起作用的湿度范围内被吸收或释放。当服务环境预期具有比保湿剂的ERH更高的湿度时，预期其可使饱和的或凝固的的保湿剂完全干燥至最大吸附容量。
本发明优选的实施方案包括包含在容器内抗微生物剂。优选地，将抗微生物剂加入到保湿剂盐溶液中。这是优选的实施方案，因为微生物生长，最通常是发霉，可能是引起许多潮湿的包装产品降解的因素。
如上所述，本发明的保湿剂盐可以以饱和溶液的形式存在。然后，通过将溶液加入到载体介质中来凝固(稳定化)。载体可以是纤维素、硅胶、粘土、碳、糖或蛋白质胶凝剂、亲水性胶体如角叉菜胶或海藻酸盐、胶状魔芋(konjac)、亲水性聚合物如丙烯酸酯或聚乙烯醇，或任意其它能稳定、凝固、包囊或吸附固态保湿剂的物质。然后，将该固态形式的保湿剂密封入根据本发明的适宜容器中，并用于对包装组分没有危险的包装中。
在本发明优选的实施方案中，包装的、含水胶体固化的保湿剂包含在毡状包封中，将起组合放入贮存易潮分析试剂的封闭环境中。优选的单盐为硫酸钾，如硫酸钾溶液可提供约98％的ERH(在20℃的温度下)。在这种情况下，保湿剂充当水分来源，同时保持密封腔室内大气不冷凝。类似地，在毡状中包装水/丙烯酸酯可提供恒定的水分来源。然而，在后者情况下，没有盐能保持相对湿度低于包装的贮存内部的露点，因此，随着温度改变，可能会发生凝结。
如上所述，可将固化的保湿剂包含在水蒸气可渗透的容器内，以适于想要获得湿度控制的密封系统包装。在固化的保湿剂和产品及其包装内的环境之间，容器界面必须具有足够的渗湿性，并安全地包含固化的保湿剂。典型的容器可采取热压成形毡状物质、罐或穿孔的刚性或半刚性容器、或用微穿孔的聚酯/纸/聚乙烯结构或纺织或非织造材料制备的小药囊形式。
在本发明另一个优选的实施方案中，可将固化的保湿剂制成在组合物中包含适当的粘合剂的片剂。除了上述的载体外，粘合剂可以是单独的元件。例如，载体可以是硅胶，粘合剂可以是任意已知数量的粘合剂，例如聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、纤维素醚树脂、热塑性聚合物或蜡。另外，粘合剂也可以起载体作用，如果能以稳定和固化保湿剂盐的足量存在。
可使用该片剂保湿剂，而不需要进一步包装，或其可以被包含在内。如上所述，其可以被包含在内，或使用用于增加耐用性的水蒸气可渗透包衣进行包衣(与仅仅使用了片剂保湿剂的相比较)。在其中想要包衣的情况下，该片剂可使用适宜的水蒸气可渗透包衣进行包衣。适宜地，这些包衣将包括粉末状聚合物，例如聚乙烯或聚四氟乙烯，包衣干燥或容纳在悬浮液中然后热固化。另外，片剂保湿剂可以是树脂包衣的，例如用聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮或纤维素醚，然后再次进行干燥和固化步骤。
片剂保湿剂的目的可以是用于仅仅控制湿度，或其目的可以是多功能的，例如用于下述实施例6的吸收挥发性酸的片剂，其除了包含保湿剂盐外，还包含活性碳和硅胶。例如，如果盐与硅胶和活性碳、所有的粘合剂一起存在，保湿剂盐可中和环境中存在的有害的酸，然后，其被活性碳吸附。
另一个实例显示在实施例7中，其中阐述了如下实施方案：其包含用于碳氢化合物或其它挥发性有机物(VOCs)吸附的单独的碳，与用于湿度控制的保湿剂盐。
该多功能性可进一步通过将包含的氧吸收剂引入固化的组合物中来获得。在这种情况下，保湿剂/水/载体/粘合剂组合可以包括铁或抗坏血酸或其它还原化合物。这些成分的选择可由本领域普通技术人员根据该公开的内容的教导来进行，而不需要过多实验。
实施例
实施例1
固化的保湿剂组合物是通过将100克蒸馏水加入到20克硫酸钾中，并持续搅拌来制备的。该混合物可以与15克角叉菜胶混合。发现该混合物具有98％的ERH。
实施例2
固化的保湿剂组合物是通过将0.1克的ProClin300杀菌剂加入到100克的蒸馏水中来制备的(ProClin为Rohm and Haas公司在制备生物学、化学制剂、诊断和实验室试剂中使用的防腐剂的注册商标)。接着，将该溶液引入到20克硫酸钾中，持续搅拌。将该混合物与15克角叉菜胶混合。最后，发现该混合物具有98％的ERH。该混合物可引起包封和密封在聚酯毡状中的凝胶硬化。得到的结构可以用手压变形，但用大量手工操作也不能使其泄漏。
实施例3
固化的保湿剂容器是通过如下方法制备的：首先将0.4克丙酸钠加入到50克蒸馏水中，然后，将该溶液引入58克碳酸钾中，持续搅拌。然后，将该混合物与大孔硅胶以75∶25的比率(凝胶重量百分数：溶液重量百分数)混合。将得到的粒状固体保湿剂包封在非织造HDPE小药囊中。最后，发现该混合物具有约44％的ERH。
在潮湿的环境中，该保湿剂容器吸收占其25％重量的水分，在干燥环境中，将提供占其10％重量的水分。在这些限值内，封闭环境内的相对湿度保持接近于44％。
实施例4
固化的保湿剂容器是通过分别将1份50％(w/w)CaCl2溶液和1份50％(w/w)K2CO3溶液加入到二份重量的硅胶(U.S.P.等级)中制备的。在24小时内，完全吸附该溶液，然后，干燥至约2％湿度。将全部的、干燥的粒状保湿剂包装在紧密结合的(welded)非织造小药囊中。
发现，该保湿剂容器具有18.1％的ERH，在29％r.h.下，湿度吸附容量为5.5％，酸吸收容量为至少0.5meq/g。
在12月的延长存贮期间，该产品为有效地保护和保持活性化学发光的医学诊断设备。
实施例5
将饱和的NaCl溶液渗透到等量大气孔硅胶中。加入各占1/3重量固化的保湿剂的固体抗坏血酸和抗坏血酸钠。然后，加入与保湿剂和固体酸和盐总量相等的铁粉，将合并的粒状和粉末状混合物包装在微穿孔的小药囊中。
固化的保湿剂的ERH为56％。保持该相对湿度，同时从药物包装中除去氧。得到的大气对活性药物片剂提供了延长的稳定性。
实施例6
将碳酸钾溶液加入到粒状活性炭与粒状硅胶的混合物中，使存在按干物质计算2.5％的碳酸钾。加入聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮粘合剂树脂，在混合物部分地干燥至约16％湿度的最优程度后，将该混合物压成片剂形式。热固化该片剂，使其再水化至ERH为约25％。未包衣的、未包含在密闭室内的片剂具有吸附水分的能力，同时保持室内ERH低于44％。所述片剂也吸收和中和挥发性酸，从而保护也包含在室内的精密电子元件。在该实施例中，片剂没有应用包衣。
实施例7
为了增加水分吸附和低湿度性能，可将碳制成的片剂浸入氯化锂(LiCl)溶液中，然后干燥。片剂必须坚硬，因此使用PE粘合剂，其赋予良好的强度。
制备该片剂的步骤为：
1.混合142.6gms LiCl与440gms H2O，混合1小时。
2.将1960gms干燥的低活性碳和490gms高活性碳加入到“V”搅拌器中。
3.在″V″搅拌器中用盐溶液浸渍碳4.0分钟。
4.在烘箱中，于110℃干燥碳16小时。
5.将碳放入″V″搅拌器中，加入457.5gms PE，混合4分钟。
6.用压片机进行压片，并在110℃固化1小时。
7.片剂配方：
低活性碳＝64.2％
高活性碳＝16.1％
LiCl盐＝4.7％(在碳上5.5％)
PE粘合剂＝15.0％
结果：
在90％RH和29℃的湿度室中测试片剂直到满负载(to capacity)。片剂含有占总片剂重量40％的H2O，显示出占碳质量47％的吸取量。
在本文中，虽然本发明已经参照具体的实施方案进行了产生和描述，但是本发明并非意味着限于所示的详细描述。而且，在本发明权利要求书和相等范围内和在不背离本发明内，可对各个细节进行各种改变。对那些本领域技术人员而言，在不背离本发明的精神下，可进行多种改变、变化和替换。因此，意味着附加的权利要求包括所有这些改变，如同其都落入本发明的精神和范围内。

Claims (22)

1.用于控制环境中相对湿度的装置，包含含有下述组分的固化的保湿剂组合物：保湿剂盐、水和载体。
2.权利要求1的装置，其中固化的保湿剂组合物进一步包含不同于所述载体的粘合剂。
3.权利要求2的装置，其中该装置是片剂形式。
4.权利要求3的装置，其中片剂用水蒸气可渗透的包衣进行包衣。
5.权利要求4的装置，其中包衣选自聚乙烯、聚四氟乙烯、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮和纤维素醚。
6.权利要求1的装置，其中保湿剂盐选自CaCl2、K2CO3、NaCl、K2SO4、LiCl及其组合。
7.权利要求1的装置，其中固化的保湿剂组合物进一步包含抗微生物剂。
8.权利要求1的装置，其中所述载体选自纤维素、硅胶、粘土、糖类或蛋白质胶凝剂、含水胶体树胶和亲水性聚合物。
9.权利要求1的装置，其中固化的保湿剂组合物进一步包含活性碳。
10.权利要求1的装置，其中固化的保湿剂组合物进一步包含氧吸收剂。
11.权利要求2的装置，其中粘合剂选自聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、热塑性树脂、蜡及其组合。
12.用于控制环境中相对湿度的装置，包含：
水蒸气可渗透的容器；和
在所述容器内的固化的保湿剂组合物，所述固化的保湿剂组合物包含∶
保湿剂盐、水和载体。
13.权利要求12的装置，其中所述容器由热压成形的毡状物质构成。
14.权利要求12的装置，其中容器为小药囊形式。
15.权利要求12的装置，其中容器为罐形式。
16.权利要求14的装置，其中小药囊由微穿孔的聚酯/纸/聚乙烯物质构成。
17.权利要求15的装置，其中罐为穿孔的或部分地或完全地用多微孔的烧结材料制备。
18.权利要求12的装置，其中保湿剂盐选自CaCl2、K2CO3、LiCl、NaCl、K2SO4及其组合。
19.权利要求12的装置，其在容器中进一步包含抗微生物剂。
20.权利要求12的装置，其中所述载体选自纤维素、硅胶、粘土、糖类或蛋白质胶凝剂、含水胶体树胶和亲水性聚合物。
21.权利要求12的装置，其中固化的保湿剂组合物进一步包含活性碳。
22.权利要求12的装置，其中固化的保湿剂组合物进一步包含氧吸收剂。
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