CN105356969A - 用于在下行链路上使用ofdma的无线系统的方法及用户单元 - Google Patents

用于在下行链路上使用ofdma的无线系统的方法及用户单元 Download PDF

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CN105356969A
CN105356969A CN201510632884.7A CN201510632884A CN105356969A CN 105356969 A CN105356969 A CN 105356969A CN 201510632884 A CN201510632884 A CN 201510632884A CN 105356969 A CN105356969 A CN 105356969A
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trooping
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刘辉
李克敏
李小东
张文忠
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Adaptix Inc
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Abstract

本发明公开了用于在下行链路上使用OFDMA的无线系统的方法及用户单元，该方法包括：基于从基站接收的第一导频符号测量与多个OFDMA副载波有关的第一信道和干扰信息；向基站提供第一反馈信息；从基站接收供用户单元使用的第一分配信息；基于从基站接收的第二导频符号测量关于多个OFDMA副载波的第二信道和干扰信息；向基站提供第二反馈信息；以及从基站接收供用户单元使用的第二分配信息；第一反馈信息包括与第一调制和编码速率有关的索引；第二反馈信息包括与第二调制和编码速率有关的索引。

Description

用于在下行链路上使用OFDMA的无线系统的方法及用户单元
本申请是申请号为201210378025.6、母案申请号为01820652.2，申请日为2001年12月13日，发明名称为“一种用于在OFDMA系统中分配副载波的方法及设备”的中国发明专利申请的分案申请。
本申请是申请号为01820652.2，申请日为2001年12月13日，发明名称为“具有自适应群集配置和交换的多载波通信”的中国发明专利申请的分案申请。
本专利申请是2000年12月15日提交的，其名称为“具有自适应副载波群集匹配和选择加载的OFDMA”，序号为09/738086的专利申请的部分继续申请(CIP)。
技术领域
本发明涉及无线通信领域；本发明尤其涉及一种使用正交频分复用(OFDM)的多小区、多用户设备无线系统。
背景技术
正交频分复用(OFDM)是一种对频率选择信道上信号传输进行有效调制的方案。在OFDM中，一个宽带宽被分成多个窄带副载波，这些副载波被安排成相互正交。副载波上调制的信号被并行发射。更多的信息可参见Cimini,Jr的“使用正交频分复用的数字移动信道的分析和仿真”，IEEETrans.Commun.,Vol.COM-33,no.7,1985年7月,pp.665-75；ChuangandSollenberger的“超3G：基于OFDM和动态分组分配的宽带无线数据接入”，IEEECommunicationsMagazine，Vol.38,No.7,PP.78-87,2000年7月。
使用OFDM支持多用户设备多址的一种方式完成时分多址(TDMA)，其中每个用户设备使用所分配的时隙内的所有副载波。正交频分多址(OFDMA)是使用OFDM基本格式的另一种多址方法。在OFDMA中，多个用户设备以类似于频分多址(FDMA)的方式同时使用不同的副载波。更多的信息可参见Sari和Karamd的“正交频分多址和其对CATV网络的应用”EuropeanTransactionsonTelecommunications，9卷(6)507-516页，1998年11月/12月；和Nogueroles,Bossert,Donder和Zyablov的“随机OFDMA移动通信系统的改进性能”，ProceedingsofIEEEVTC’98，2502-2506页。
多径造成频率选择性衰落。对于不同的副载波，信道增益是不同的。此外，对于不同的用户设备，诸多信道通常是不相关的。一个用户设备的处于深衰落的副载波可以为另一个用户设备提供高信道增益。因此，它在一个OFDMA系统中的有利方面是，将副载波自适应地分配给多个用户设备，使每个用户设备享有高信道增益。更多的信息可参见Wong等人的“具有自适应副载波、比特和功率分配的多用户设备OFDM”，IEEEJ.Select.AreasCommun.,卷17(10)，1747-1758页，1999年10月。
在一个小区内，可以调整诸多用户设备使其在OFDMA中具有不同的副载波。不同用户设备的信号可以被正交，使其只有很少的小区间干扰。然而，对于积极的频率重用计划，例如，相同频谱用于多个邻近小区时，就会出现小区间干扰的问题。显然，一个OFDMA系统中的小区间干扰也是频率选择性的，它有利于自适应地分配副载波，以便减轻小区间干扰的影响。
OFDMA的副载波分配的一个方案是联合最佳化操作，不仅需要所有小区中的所有用户设备的活动和信道知识，而且还需要在一个现有用户设备每次离开网络或者一个新的用户设备每次加入网络时进行频繁的调度。这在实际的无线系统中通常是不切合实际的，其主要原因是更新副载波信息的带宽成本和联合最佳化的计算成本等因素。
发明内容
本发明公开了在一个正交频分多址(OFDMA)系统中分配副载波的方法和设备。在一个实施例中，所述方法包括把副载波的至少一个分集群集分配给第一用户设备，以及把至少一个相干群集分配给第二用户设备。
本发明提供了一种用于在正交频分多址(OFDMA)系统中分配副载波的方法，所述方法包括：从第一用户站台和第二用户站台中的每一个接收关于群集信号干扰噪声比(SINR)值的SINR信息，所述SINR信息根据所述第一用户站台和第二用户站台接收的导频符号而被确定；以及响应于接收所述SINR信息，向所述第一用户站台和第二用户站台中的每一个分配副载波，其中所述分配包括：向所述第一用户站台分配副载波的至少一个分集群集；以及向所述第二用户站台分配至少一个相干群集，以使与所述第一用户站台和第二用户站台的通信能够通过同时分别使用所述至少一个分集群集和所述至少一个相干群集而发生；其中所述至少一个相干群集包括相互接近的多个副载波，所述至少一个分集群集包括多个非连续副载波，所述多个非连续副载波的至少一些非连续副载波在频谱上相距很远。
本发明提供了一种用于在正交频分多址(OFDMA)系统中分配副载波的方法，所述方法包括：从用户站台接收关于群集信号干扰噪声比(SINR)值的SINR信息以及所述用户站台预期使用的特定编码和调制速率的指示，所述SINR信息根据分析所述用户站台接收的导频符号而被确定；信道/干扰变化检测器基于所述接收的SINR信息的差异来确定所述用户站台具有大于还是小于门限值的信道时间差异；基于所述确定以及响应所述接收所述SINR信息，向所述用户站台分配副载波，所述分配包括：如果确定所述用户站台的所述信道时间差异大于所述门限值，则向所述用户站台分配副载波的至少一个分集群集；以及如果确定所述用户站台的所述信道时间差异小于所述门限值，则向所述用户站台分配副载波的至少一个相干群集；其中所述至少一个相干群集包括相互接近的多个副载波，而所述至少一个分集群集包括多个非连续副载波，所述多个非连续副载波中的至少一些非连续副载波在频谱上相距很远；以及基于所接收的所述用户站台预期使用的所述特定编码和调制速率的指示，以所述特定编码和调制速率向所述用户站台发送所述被分配的副载波。
本发明提供了一种用于在正交频分多址(OFDMA)系统中分配副载波的设备，所述设备包括：收发信机，适用于从第一用户站台和第二用户站台中的每一个接收关于群集信号干扰噪声比(SINR)值的SINR信息，所述SINR信息根据所述第一用户站台和第二用户站台接收的导频符号而被确定；以及控制器，适用于响应于接收所述SINR信息，通过下述操作向所述第一用户站台和第二用户站台中的每一个分配副载波：向所述第一用户站台分配副载波的至少一个分集群集；以及向所述第二用户站台分配至少一个相干群集，以使与所述第一用户站台和第二用户站台的通信能够通过同时分别使用所述至少一个分集群集和所述至少一个相干群集而发生；其中所述至少一个相干群集包括相互接近的多个副载波，所述至少一个分集群集包括多个非连续副载波，所述多个非连续副载波中的至少一些非连续副载波在频谱上相距很远。
本发明提供了一种用于在正交频分多址(OFDMA)系统中分配副载波的设备，所述设备包括：收发信机，适用于从用户站台接收关于群集信号干扰噪声比(SINR)值的SINR信息以及所述用户站台预期使用的特定编码和调制速率的指示，所述SINR信息根据分析所述用户站台接收的导频符号而被确定，并且所述收发信机适用于基于所接收的所述用户站台预期使用的所述特定编码和调制速率的指示，以特定编码和调制速率向所述用户站台发送所述被分配的副载波；控制器，适用于通过信道/干扰变化检测器基于所述接收的SINR信息的差异确定所述用户站台具有大于还是小于门限值的信道时间差异，并且基于所述确定以及响应所述接收所述SINR信息，通过下述操作向所述用户站台分配副载波：如果确定所述信道时间差异大于所述门限值，则向所述用户站台分配副载波的至少一个分集群集；以及如果确定所述信道时间差异小于所述门限值，则向所述用户站台分配副载波的至少一个相干群集；其中所述至少一个相干群集包括相互接近的多个副载波，而所述至少一个分集群集包括多个非连续副载波，所述多个非连续副载波中的至少一些非连续副载波在频谱上相距很远。
附图说明
从下面给出的详细说明和本发明各个实施例的附图中可以更加充分的理解本发明，然而，这些说明不应当被理解为将本发明限制到具体实施例，而仅仅是用于解释和理解。
图1A示出了多个副载波和多个群集；
图1B是分配多个副载波的处理过程的一个实施例的流程图；
图2示出了OFDM符号、导频和群集的时间和频率栅格；
图3示出了用户设备的处理过程；
图4示出了图3的一个实例；
图5示出了任意群集反馈的格式的一个实施例；
图6示出了将群集分成组的一个实施例；
图7示出了基于组的群集分配的反馈格式的一个实施例；
图8示出了多小区、多扇区网络中的频率重用和干扰；
图9示出了相干群集和分集群集的不同群集格式；
图10示出了具有副载波跳跃的分集群集；
图11示出了依赖于副载波移动性在分集群集与相干群集之间的智能交换；
图12示出了群集分类的重新配置的一个实施例；
图13示出了基站的一个实施例。
具体实施方式
本发明公开了在一个正交频分多址(OFDMA)系统中分配副载波的方法和设备。在一个实施例中，所述方法包括把副载波的至少一个分集群集分配给第一用户设备，以及把至少一个相干群集分配给第二用户设备。
下面使用作为一个实例的OFDMA(群集)解释这里所公开的技术。然而，这些技术不限于基于OFDMA的系统。这些技术通常适用于多载波系统，例如，在多载波系统中，载波可以是OFDMA中的群集，CDMA中的扩频码，SDMA(空分多址)中的天线波束等。在一个实施例中，在每个小区中分别执行副载波分配。在每个小区中，当每个新用户设备加入系统时还渐进地进行各用户设备(例如，移动用户设备)的分配，以反抗每个小区内的用户设备联合分配，其中在每个小区中，考虑每个分配的一个小区中所有用户设备来进行分配判决。
对于下行信道，每个用户设备首先测量所有副载波的信道和干扰信息，然后选择具有良好特性(例如，高信干噪声比(SINR))的多个副载波，并且把关于这些候选副载波的信息反馈给基站。反馈可以包括所有副载波或者只有一部分副载波的信道和干扰信息(例如，信干噪声比信息)。在仅提供有关仅仅是一部分副载波的信息的情况下，用户设备可以提供一个从这些用户设备预期使用的副载波开始定序的副载波列表，通常是因为这些副载波性能比其它副载波优良或更好。
一旦从用户设备收到该信息，基站就利用基站上可用的附加信息进一步从候选者中选择副载波。例如，这些附加信息是每个副载波的业务负荷信息，用于每个频带的在基站上排队的业务请求量，不论该频带是否被过度使用，和/或用户设备已经等待多长时间来发送信息。在一个实施例中，邻近小区的副载波加载信息还可以在基站之间交换。基站可以使用副载波分配中的该信息减少小区间干扰。
在一个实施例中，分配信道的基站基于反馈进行的选择，导致编码/调制速率的选择。当指定所发现的适于使用的副载波时，用户设备可以指定这样的编码/调制速率。例如，如果SINR小于某一阈值(例如，12dB)，则使用四相移键控(QPSK)调制；否则，使用16正交振幅调制(QAM)。然后基站将副载波分配和使用的编码/调制速率通知给用户设备。
在一个实施例中，将下行链路副载波的反馈信息经由上行链路接入信道发送给基站，这种情况在每个发送时隙的一个短时段(例如每10毫秒时隙中的400微秒)发生。在一个实施例中，接入信道占用整个频率宽带。然后，基站可以从接入信道中直接收集每个副载波的上行链路SINR。上行链路副载波的SINR以及业务负荷信息被用于上行链路副载波分配。
对于任何一个方向，基站进行每个用户设备的副载波分配的最终判决。
在下面的说明中，还公开了选择性副载波分配的过程，包括信道和干扰检测的方法，信息从用户设备反馈到基站的方法，以及基站使用的用于副载波选择的算法。
在下面的说明中，公开了大量的细节，以提供对本发明的充分理解。然而，本领域的熟练技术人员将会明白，没有这些具体细节也可以实施本发明。在其它示例中，以方框图形式，而不是具体的形式示出了公知的结构和装置，以便于理解本发明。
下面的详细说明的某些部分是以计算机存储器中对数据比特操作的算法和符号表示的术语给出的。这些算法说明和表示是数据处理领域中的熟练技术人员使用的工具，以便把他们的工作最有效地传达给本领域的熟练技术人员。一个算法在这里通常被表达为导致预期结果的诸多步骤的有条理的顺序。这些步骤是需要实际管理物理量的那些步骤。通常(尽管不是必需的)，这些物理量取能够被存储、传递、组合、比较和管理的电或磁信号的形式。业已证明，将这些信号称之为比特、数值、元素、符号、字符、期限、数目或类似物有时是非常便利的，这主要出于公共应用的原因。
然而应当记住，所有这些术语和类似术语都与适当的物理量相联系，并且只是适用于这些物理量的方便标记。除非特别声明与下面的说明明显不同，在整个说明中，利用术语“处理”或者“演算”或者“计算”或者“确定”或者“显示”等的讨论涉及计算机系统或者类似电计算装置的动作和处理，所述计算机系统管理计算机系统的寄存器和存储器内的代表物理(电子)量的数据，并将该数据转换成计算机系统存储器或寄存器或其它这样的信息存储、传输或显示装置内的同样代表物理量的其它数据。
本发明还涉及执行此操作的设备。该设备可以为所需目的专门构造，或者可以包括一个由计算机中存储的计算机程序选择性激励或者重新配置的通用计算机。这样的一种计算机程序可以被存储在计算机可读存储介质中，该存储介质可以是，例如，但不限于，包括软盘、光盘、CD-ROM和磁光盘的任何盘，只读存储器(ROM)，随机存储存储器(RAM)，EPROM，EEPROM，磁或光卡，或者适合于存储电子指令的任何类型的介质，并且每个存储介质连接计算机系统总线。
这里所述的算法和显示不一定涉及任何特定的计算机或者其它设备。各种通用系统可以与这里的教导的程序一起使用，或者它可以证明便于构造更专用的执行所需方法步骤的设备。用于各种这类系统的所需结构将会从下面的说明中得知。此外，本发明不结合任何特殊编程语言进行说明。人们将会明白各种编程语言可以用来实施这里所述的本发明的教导。
机器可读介质包括以机器(例如，一个计算机)可读的格式存储或者发射信息的任何机构。例如，机器可读介质包括只读存储器(“ROM”)；随机存取存储器(“RAM”)；磁盘存储介质；光存储介质；闪存装置；传播信号(例如，载波，红外线，数字信号等)的电、光、声或其它形式等。
副载波群集
这里所述的技术针对数据业务信道的副载波分配。在一个蜂窝系统中，通常存在为控制信息交换和其它目的预分配的其它信道。这些信道经常包括下行链路和上行链路控制信道，上行信道接入信道，和时间及频率同步信道。
图1A示出了多个副载波，比如副载波101和群集102。一个群集，比如群集102被定义为一个逻辑单元，如图1A所示，它至少包含一个物理副载波。群集可以包含连续的或者不相交的副载波。一个群集与它的副载波之间的映射可以是固定的或者可以是可重新配置的。在后一种情况下，基站在群集被重新定义时通知用户设备。在一个实施例中，频谱包括512个副载波，以及每个群集包括四个连续的副载波，从而导致128个群集。
一个示范性副载波/群集分配过程
图1B是向用户设备分配群集的处理的一个实施例的流程图。该处理通过处理逻辑执行，所述处理逻辑可以包括硬件(例如，专用逻辑，电路等)，软件(比如在通用计算机或者专用机器上运行的软件)，或者两者的组合。
参见图1B，每个基站向它的小区(或扇区)内的每个用户设备周期性地广播导频OFDM符号(处理块101)。导频符号通常被称作探测序列或者信号，该导频符号对于基站和用户设备是确知的。在一个实施例中，每个导频符号覆盖整个OFDM频率带宽。对于不同小区(或扇区)，导频符号可以是不同的。导频符号可以服务多种目的：时间和频率同步，信道估算和用于群集分配的信干噪声比(SINR)测量。
每个用户设备随后连续监视导频符号的接收，并测量每个群集的SINR和/或其它参数，包括小区间干扰和小区内业务(处理块102)。基于该信息，每个用户设备选择一个或多个相互比较具有良好性能(例如，高SINR和低业务负荷)的群集，并且经由预定上行接入信道向基站反馈关于这些候选群集的信息(处理块103)。例如，高于10dB的SINR值可以显示良好性能。同样，小于50％的群集利用因子可以显示良好性能。每个用户设备选择具有比其它群集更好性能的群集。该选择导致每个用户设备根据测量参数选择他们愿意使用的群集。
在一个实施例中，每个用户设备测量每个副载波群集的SINR，并经由接入信道向他们的基站报告这些SINR测量。SINR值可以包括群集中每个副载波的SINR值的平均。作为选择，群集的SINR值可以是该群集中副载波的SINR值中最坏的SINR。在另一个实施例中，群集中副载波的SINR值的加权平均被用来生成群集的SINR值。在施加于用户设备的加权也许是不同的分集群集中，这也许特别有用。
从每个用户设备到基站的信息反馈包括用于每个群集的SINR值，并且还指示用户设备预期使用的编码/调制速率。不需要使用群集索引来指示反馈的SINR值对应于哪个群集，只要反馈的信息顺序对基站是已知的即可。在一个可替代的实施例中，根据哪个群集对于用户设备具有彼此相对最佳性能，对反馈的信息定序。在这样一种情况下，需要使用一个索引指示伴随的SINR值相对应于哪个群集。
一旦收到来自用户设备的反馈，基站从候选群集中进一步选择一个或多个群集(处理块104)。基站可以利用基站上可用附加信息，例如每个副载波的业务负荷信息、基站上排队的用于每个频带的业务请求量，不论该频带是否过度使用，以及用户设备已经等待多长时间发送信息。还可以在基站之间交换相邻小区的副载波加载信息。基站可以使用副载波分配的该信息减少小区间干扰。
在群集选择之后，如果已经建立了对用户设备的连接，基站就经由下行公共控制信道或者经由专用下行业务信道把该群集分配通知给用户设备(处理块105)。在一个实施例中，基站还把适当的调制/编码速率通知给用户设备。
一旦建立了基本通信链路，每个用户设备就可以使用专用业务信道(例如，一个或多个预定的上行接入信道)向基站连续发送反馈信息。
在一个实施例中，基站同时分配所有的将由用户设备使用的群集。在一个可替换实施例中，基站首先分配多个群集，在此称之为基本群集，以建立基站与用户设备之间的数据链路。然后，基站相继发送更多的群集(在此称之为辅助群集)给用户设备，以增加通信带宽。可以把较高的优先级给予基本群集的分配，以及可以把较低的优先级给予辅助群集的分配。例如，基站首先确保对用户设备的基本群集的分配，然后再试着满足来自用户设备的关于辅助群集的进一步请求。作为选择，基站可以在分配基本群集给其它用户设备之前，向一个或多个用户设备分配辅助群集。例如，基站在向其它用户设备分配任何群集之前，可以向一个用户设备分配基本和辅助群集。在一个实施例中，基站向一个新用户设备分配基本群集，然后确定是否有请求群集的任何其它用户设备。如果没有，基站则向新用户设备分配辅助群集。
有时，处理逻辑通过重复上述处理来执行再训练(处理块106)。再训练可以被周期地执行。该再训练可以抵偿用户设备移动以及任何干扰变化。在一个实施例中，每个用户设备向基站报告它的群集更新选择和相关联的SINR。然后基站进一步执行再选择，并把新的群集分配通知给用户设备。再训练可以由基站启动，在此情况下，基站请求一个特定用户设备报告它的更新的群集选择。当用户设备观测到信道恶化时，用户设备也可以启动再训练。
自适应调制和编码
在一个实施例中，不同的调制和编码速率被用来支持在具有不同SINR的信道上的可靠传输。多个副载波上的信号扩展还可以用来在非常低SINR情况下提高可靠性。
一个实例性编码/调制表在下面的表1中给出。
表1
方案 调制 码速率
0 QPSK,1/8扩展 1/2
1 QPSK,1/4扩展 1/2
2 QPSK,1/2扩展 1/2
3 QPSK 1/2
4 8PSK 2/3
5 16QAM 3/4
6 64QAM 5/6
在上面的实例中，1/8扩展表示在8个副载波上重复一个QPSK调制符号。重复/扩展也可以扩大到时域。例如，可以在两个OFDM符号的四个副载波上重复一个QPSK符号，也得到1/8扩展。
在初始群集分配和速率选择之后，可以根据接收机上观测到的信道条件自适应地改变编码/调制速率。
导频符号和SINR测量
在一个实施例中，每个基站同时发射多个导频符号，而每个导频符号占据整个OFDM频率带宽，如图2A-C所示。再参见图2A-C，导频符号201被显示为分别横越用于小区A、B和C的整个OFDM频率带宽。在一个实施例中，每个导频符号具有一个128微秒的长度或者时段与一个保护时间，其组合近似152微秒。每个导频时段之后，具有预定数量的数据时段，后面是另一组导频符号。在一个实施例中，在每个导频之后，具有用来发送数据的4个数据时段，每个数据时段为152微秒。
用户设备依据导频符号估算用于每个群集的SINR。在一个实施例中，用户设备首先估算包括振幅和相位的信道响应，仿佛不存在干扰或噪声。一旦信道被估算，用户设备就依据接收的信号计算干扰/噪声。
可以从最大到最小SINR排列所估算的SINR值的顺序，并选择具有大SINR值的群集。在一个实施例中，所选择的群集具有大于最小SINR的SINR值，该最小SINR值仍然允许系统所支持的可靠(即使低速率)传输。所选择的群集的数量可依赖于反馈的带宽和请求的传输速率。在一个实施例中，用户设备总是试着发送基站选择的尽可能多的群集的信息。
所估算的SINR值还用来选择如上述讨论的用于每个群集的合适的编码/调制速率。通过使用一个合适的SINR索引方案，SINR索引还可以指示用户设备预期使用的一个特定编码和调制速率。需要说明的是，即使对于相同用户设备，不同的群集可能具有不同的调制/编码速率。
导频符号服务于确定小区中干扰的附加目的。由于相同时间广播多个小区的导频，因此这些导频将相互干扰(由于它们占据整个频带)。该导频符号的碰撞可以用来确定最坏情形的干扰量。因此，在一个实施例中，使用该方法的上述SINR估算是稳妥的，其中所测量的干扰电平是最坏的情形(假定所有干扰源都发射)。这样，导频符号的结构使它占据了整个频带，由此造成不同小区之中的碰撞，以供检测分组传输系统中最坏SINR之用。
在数据业务时段期间，用户设备可以再次确定干扰的电平。数据时段被用来确定小区内业务以及小区间干扰电平。特别是，导频和业务时段期间的功率差可以被用来检测(小区间)业务加载和小区间干扰，以选择预期群集。
某些群集的干扰电平可能较低，因为这些群集可能未在相邻小区中使用。例如，在小区A中，对于群集A干扰小，因为群集A未在小区B中使用(而是在小区C中使用)。同样，在小区A中，群集B经历来自小区B的较低干扰，因为群集B在小区B中使用，但未在小区C中使用。
基于该估算的调制/编码速率强化了(robust)突发分组传输导致的经常性干扰变化。这是因为速率预测以所有干扰源正在发射的最坏情况为基础。
在一个实施例中，用户设备利用从导频符号时段和数据业务时段得到的信息，分析小区内业务负荷和小区间干扰的存在。用户设备的目的是向基站提供关于用户设备预期使用那些群集的指示。在理想情况下，用户设备选择的结果是具有高信道增益、来自其它小区的低干扰以及高可用性的群集。用户设备提供反馈信息，它包括按顺序列出预期的群集的结果，或者包括这里没有说明的信息。
图3示出了用户设备处理的一个实施例。该处理通过处理逻辑执行，所述处理逻辑可以包括硬件(例如，专用逻辑，电路等)，软件(比如在通用计算机或者专用机器上运行的软件)，或者两者的组合。
参见图3，信道/干扰估算处理块301在导频时段响应导频符号执行信道和干扰估算。业务/干扰分析处理块302在数据时段响应信号信息和来自信道/干扰估算块301的信息执行业务和干扰分析。
群集定序和速率预测处理块303连接信道/干扰估算处理块301和业务/干扰分析处理块302的输出，以执行群集定序和选择以及速率预测。
群集定序处理块303的输出被输入到群集请求处理块304，请求群集和调制/编码速率。这些选择的指示被发送到基站。在一个实施例中，经由接入信道向基站报告每个群集的SINR。该信息用于群集选择，以避免具有重小区内业务加载和/或来自其它小区的强干扰的群集。也就是说，如果相对于一个特定群集已经存在重小区内业务加载，那么一个新用户设备不分配该特定群集的使用。此外，如果干扰非常强以致SINR仅仅允许低速率传输或者完全没有可靠的传输，那么可以不分配群集。
处理块301通过监视由于在多个小区中同时广播的全带宽导频符号而生成的干扰来执行信道/干扰估算，在本领域中是公知的。该干扰信息被传送到处理块302，该处理块使用下列信息求解下式：
HiSi+Ii+ni＝yi
其中，Si代表副载波(频带)i的信号，Ii是副载波i的干扰，ni是与副载波i相关联的噪声，yi是副载波i的观测。在512个副载波情况下，i可以是0至511。Ii和ni不能分离，可以被考虑为一个量值。干扰/噪声和信道增益Hi是未知的。在导频时段，代表导频符号的信号Si和观测yi是可知的，因而对于没有干扰和噪声的情况，允许确定信道增益Hi。一旦知道信道增益Hi，就可以把它带入式中，以确定数据时段期间的干扰/噪声，因为此时Hi、Si和yi都是已知的。
来自处理块301和302的干扰信息由用户设备使用以选择预期的群集。在一个实施例中，使用处理块303，使用户设备确定群集的次序，并且还预测使用这种群集的将是可用的数据速率。预测的数据速率信息可以从具有预先计算的数据速率值的查找表中得到。这样一个查找表可以存储成对的每个SINR和其相关联的预期传输速率。基于该信息，用户设备根据预定参数标准选择他预期使用的群集。用户设备使用定序的群集列表请求预期的群集与用户设备知道的编码和调制速率，以实现预期的数据速率。
图4是基于功率差选择群集的设备的一个实施例。该方案使用在导频符号时段和数据业务时段期间得到的信息执行能量检测。图4的处理可以用硬件(例如，专用逻辑，电路等)、软件(比如在通用计算机系统或者专用机器上运行的软件)、或者两者结合实现。
参见图4，一个用户设备包括：SINR估算处理块401，以在导频时段执行每个群集的SINR估算；功率计算块402，以在导频时段执行每个群集的功率计算；和功率计算处理块403，以在数据时段执行每个群集的功率计算。减法器404从处理块402的导频时段的功率计算中减去处理块403的数据时段的功率计算。减法器404的输出被输入到功率差定序(和组选择)处理块405，以便根据SINR和导频时段与数据时段间的功率差执行群集定序和选择。一旦已经选择了群集，用户设备采用处理块406请求所选择的群集和编码/调制速率。
更具体地说，在一个实施例中，根据下式，将导频时段期间的每个群集的信号功率与业务时段期间的信号功率进行比较：
PP＝PS+PI+PN,
其中，PP是在导频时段期间对应于每个群集的被测量功率，PD是业务时段期间的被测量功率，PS是信号功率，PI是干扰功率，PN是噪声功率。在一个实施例中，用户设备选择具有较大PP/(PP-PD)(例如，大于比如10dB的阈值)的群集，并且避免具有可能的低PP/(PP-PD)(例如，低于比如10dB的阈值)的群集。
作为选择，所述差值可以以用于一个群集的每个副载波的导频时段期间和数据业务时段期间所观测的样值之间的能量差为基础，比如下式：
Δ i = | y i p | - | y i D |
这样用户设备可以对所有副载波的差值求和。
根据实际实施，用户设备可以使用以下标准，SINR和PP-PD的组合函数，以选择群集：
β＝f(SINR,PP/(PP-PD))
其中，f是两个输入的函数，f的一个实例是加权的平均(例如，相等的加权)。作为选择，用户设备根据其SINR选择群集，并且仅使用功率差PP-PD来辨别具有同样SINR的群集。该差值可以小于阈值(例如，1dB)。
SINR和PP-PD两者的测量可以在时间上平均，以减少差异并提高精度。在一个实施例中，使用一个移动平均时间窗，该时间窗长得足以使统计异常达到平均数，而且短得又足以捕获信道和干扰的时变性质，例如1微秒。
下行链路群集分配的反馈格式
在一个实施例中，对于下行链路，反馈包含所选择的群集和它们的SINR的索引。图5示出了任意群集反馈的一个示例性格式。参见图5，用户设备提供一个指示群集和它的相关联的SINR值群集索引(ID)。例如，在反馈中，用户设备提供：群集ID1(501)和用于该群集的SINR，SINR1(502)；群集ID2(503)和用于该群集的SINR，SINR2(504)；群集ID3(505)和用于该群集的SINR，SINR3(506)，等。群集的SINR可以使用副载波的SINR的平均来建立。因此，多个任意群集可以被选择为候选者。如上所述，还可以在反馈中对所选择的群集定序，以指示优先级。在一个实施例中，用户设备可以形成一个群集的优先级列表，并以优先级递减顺序回送SINR信息。
通常，不是SINR本身，而是SINR等级的索引足以指示群集的适当编码/调制。例如，3比特字段可以用于SINR索引，以指示8个自适应编码/调制的不同速率。
一个示例性基站
基站向提出请求的用户设备分配预期群集。在一个实施例中，分配给用户设备的群集的可用性依赖于群集的总业务负荷。因此，基站选择不仅具有高SINR而且还具有低业务负荷的群集。
图13是基站的一个实施例的方框图。参见图13，群集分配和负荷调度控制器1301(群集分配器)收集所有必要信息，包括为每个用户设备指定的群集的下行/上行SINR(例如，经由从OFDM收发信机1305接收的SINR/速率索引信号1313)和用户数据、队列充满/业务负荷(例如，经由来自多用户数据缓存器1302的用户数据缓冲信息1311)。控制器1301使用该信息作出用于每个用户的群集分配和负荷调度的判决，并且把判决信息存储到存储器(未示出)中。控制器1301经由控制信号信道将判决通知给用户设备(例如，经由OFDM收发信机1305的控制信号/群集分配1312)。控制器1301在再训练期间更新该判决。
在一个实施例中，控制器1301还执行用户接入的允许控制，因为它知道系统的业务负荷。这可以通过使用允许控制信号1310控制用户数据缓存器1302来实现。
用户1～N的分组数据被存储在用户数据缓存器1302中。对于下行链路，多路复用器1303借助控制器1301的控制将用户数据装载到等待发送的群集数据缓存器(用于群集1～M)。对于上行链路，多路复用器1303将群集缓存器中的数据发送给相应的用户缓存器。群集缓存器1304存储将要经由OFDM收发信机1305(用于下行链路)发送的信号和从收发信机1305接收的信号。在一个实施例中，每个用户可以占用多个群集，每个群集可以被多个用户共享(以时分复用方式)。
基于组的群集分配
在另一个实施例中，对于上行链路，将群集划分成多个组。每个组可以包括多个群集。图6示出了一个示例性的划分。参见图6，组1-4用指向作为划分结果的位于每个组中的群集的箭头显示。在一个实施例中，每个组中的多个群集在整个带宽上相距很远。在一个实施例中，每个组中的多个群集之分离远大于信道相干带宽，即，信道响应大致保持相同的带宽。相干带宽的典型值对于许多蜂窝系统为100kHz。这改善了每个组中的频率分集，并增加了一个组内至少某些群集可以提供高SINR的概率。这些群集可以按组分配。
基于组的群集分配的目的包括群集索引的数据比特，从而减少了群集分配的反馈信道(信息)和控制信道(信息)的带宽需求。基于组的群集分配还可以用来减少小区间干扰。
在收到来自基站的导频信号后，用户设备同时或者顺序地反送一个或多个群集组的信道信息。在一个实施例中，只有某些组的信息被反送到基站。许多标准可以用来根据信道信息、小区间干扰电平和每个群集的小区内业务负荷来选择和定序多个组。
在一个实施例中，用户设备首先选择具有最好总性能的组，然后反馈该组中的群集的SINR信息。用户设备可以根据SINR高于预定阈值的群集数量定序多个组。通过顺序发送该组中所有群集的SINR，只需要发送组索引，而不需要发送所有群集索引。因此，每个组的反馈通常包含两类信息：组索引和该组内的每个群集的SINR值。图7示出了指示基于群集分配的一个示例性格式。参见图7，组ID、ID1后面是该组中每个群集的SINR值。这可以显著地减少反馈的开销。
一旦收到来自用户设备的反馈信息，基站上的群集分配器从一个或者多个组中选择多个群集，如果可以得到的话，然后向用户设备分配这些群集。该选择可以通过基站的媒体接入控制部分的指定来实现。
此外，在小区间干扰环境中，多个组具有与不同小区相关联的不同优先级。在一个实施例中，用户设备的一个组的选择通过组优先级来偏移，这意味着某些用户设备具有比其它用户设备更高的某些组应用的优先级。
在一个实施例中，在一个用户设备与一个群集组之间没有固定的联系；然而，在一个可替代实施例中，可以有这样一个固定联系。在用户设备与一个或者多个群集组之间存在固定联系的实施中，可以省略反馈信息的组索引，因为通过默认用户设备和基站得知了该信息。
在另一个实施例中，从基站发送到用户设备的导频信号还指示每个群集的可用性，例如，导频信号显示哪些群集已经分配给其它用户设备和哪些群集可以用于新的分配。例如，基站可以在指示一个群集是可用的群集的多个副载波上发射导频序列11111111，和发送指示群集是不可用的导频序列1111-1-1-1-1。在接收机上，用户设备首先使用本领域公知的信号处理方法例如相关方法辨别这两个序列，然后估算信道和干扰电平。
借助该信息与用户设备获得的信道特征的组合，用户设备可以把实现高SINR和良好负荷平衡的多个组列入优先地位。
在一个实施例中，用户设备通过使用纠错码保护反馈信息。在一个实施例中，使用源编码技术例如差分编码压缩反馈中的SINR信息，然后通过信道码进行编码。
图8显示了用于一个示例性蜂窝设置的频率重用图案的一个实施例。每个小区具有在基站上使用定向天线的6个扇区的六边形结构。在小区之间，频率重用因子是1。在每个小区内频率重用因子是2，其中扇区交替使用两个频率。如图8所示，每个阴影扇区使用可用OFDMA群集的一半，无阴影的扇区使用该群集的另一半。在一般性情况下，阴影扇区使用的群集被称作奇群集，而无阴影扇区使用的群集被称作偶群集。
考虑在用户设备上用全向天线发射下行链路信号的情况。从图8中可以清楚地看到，对于阴影扇区，小区A干扰小区B，小区B又干扰小区C，小区C又干扰小区A，即，A->B->C->A。对于无阴影扇区，小区A干扰小区C，小区C又干扰小区B，小区B又干扰小区A，即，A->C->B->A。
扇区A1接收来自扇区C1的干扰，但是其传输干扰扇区B1。即，干扰源和干扰的受害者是不同的。这可以在使用干扰避免的分布式群集分布系统中造成一个稳定性问题：如果一个频率群集被分配在扇区B1而不是扇区C1中，则该群集可以被分配在A1中，因为在A1中把它视作清洁(无干扰)。然而，该群集的分配可以对B1中现存分配造成干扰问题。
在一个实施例中，不同群集组在不同小区中被分配不同优先级，以便在业务负荷逐渐加入一个扇区时减轻上述问题。可以联合设计优先级顺序，使群集可以被选择性地分配，以避免来自干扰源的干扰，同时减少以及可能最小化对其它小区中现有分配造成干扰问题的可能性。
使用上述实例将奇群集(由阴影扇区使用)划分成3组：组1，2，3。表2中列出了优先级序列。
表2：阴影扇区的下行链路的优先级定序。
优先级定序 小区A 小区B 小区C
1 组1 组3 组2
2 组2 组1 组3
3 组3 组2 组1
考虑扇区A1。首先选择性分配组1中的群集。如果仍然有更多的需要群集的用户设备，则根据测量的SINR，将组2中的群集选择性地分配给用户设备(避免从扇区C1接收强干扰的群集)。需要说明的是，从组2向扇区A1新近分配的群集将不会在扇区B1中造成干扰问题，除非扇区B1中的负荷太重使组3和组1中的群集被用尽，并且还要使用组2中的群集。表3显示了当在扇区A1、B1、C1中使用不足所有可用群集的2/3时的群集应用。
表3：具有不足全负荷2/3的阴影扇区的下行链路的群集应用。
群集应用 小区A 小区B 小区C
1 组1 组3 组2
2 组2 组1 组3
3
表4示出了无阴影扇区的下行链路的优先级顺序，它不同于阴影扇区的优先级顺序，因为干扰关系被颠倒。
表4：无阴影扇区的下行链路的优先级定序。
优先级定序 小区A 小区B 小区C
1 组1 组2 组3
2 组2 组3 组1
3 组3 组1 组2
相干与分集群集之间的智能交换
在一个实施例中，存在两类群集：相干群集，包含相互接近的多个副载波；和分集群集，包括具有至少在频谱上相距很远扩展的某些副载波。多个副载波的接近最好是在信道相干带宽内，即，信道响应保持大致相同的带宽，对于许多群集系统通常是在100kHz内。另一方面，分集群集的副载波扩展最好大于信道相干带宽，对于许多蜂窝系统通常是在100kHz内。当然，扩展越大，分集就越好。因此，这种情况下的一般目的是最大化扩展。
图9示出了用于小区A-C的相干群集和分集群集的实例性群集格式。参见图9，对于小区A-C，频率(副载波)的标记指示频率是否为相干或者分集群集的部分。例如，被标记为1-8的那些频率是分集群集，被标记为9-16的那些频率是相干群集。例如，一个小区中被标记为1的所有频率是一个分集群集的部分，一个小区中被标记为2的所有频率是另一个群集的部分等，而被标记为9的频率组是一个相干群集，被标记为10的频率组是另一个相干群集等。对于不同小区可以不同地配置分集群集，以经由干扰平均减少小区间干扰的影响。
图9显示了3个相邻小区的示范性群集配置。来自一个小区的特定群集的干扰被分布到其它小区的许多群集上，例如，来自小区A的群集1的干扰被分布到小区B的群集1、8、7、6。这明显减少了对小区B中的任何特定群集的干扰功率。同样，对一个小区的任何特定群集的干扰来自其它小区的许多不同群集。由于所有群集都不是强干扰，因此具有在其副载波上进行信道编码的分集群集提供干扰分集增益。因此，它的优点是，将分集群集分配给接近(例如，在相干带宽内)小区边界的多个用户设备，并且更加受制于小区间干扰。
由于相干群集中的副载波是连续的或者相互接近(例如，在相干带宽内)，因此它们很可能位于信道衰落的相干带宽内，因此，相干群集的信道增益可以显著变化，群集选择可以极大地改善性能。另一方面，分集群集的平均信道增益减少了由于扩频的多个副载波中的相干频率分集造成的变化程度。由于在群集内副载波上进行的信道编码，分集群集更强化了群集误选择(通过分集本身的性质)，同时可能从群集选择中获得(yield)较小增益。在副载波上进行的信道编码是指每个码字包含从多个副载波发送的多个比特，更具体地说，在多个副载波中分布码字之间的差比特(误差矢量)。
更多的频率分集可以通过时间上跳跃的副载波获得，其中一个用户设备在一个时隙占用一组副载波，在一个不同时隙占用另一不同组副载波。一个编码单位(帧)包含多个这样的时隙，并且在整个帧上对所发送比特编码。
图10示出了具有副载波跳跃的分集群集。参见图10，在所示的小区A和B中存在4个分集群集，各分集群集中的每个副载波具有相同标记(1，2，3或者4)。存在所示的4个分离的时隙，并且在每个时隙期间，每个分集群集的副载波变化。例如，在小区A中，副载波1是时隙1期间的分集群集1的部分，是时隙2期间的分集群集2的部分，是时隙3期间的分集群集3的部分，是时隙4期间的分集群集4的部分。这样，通过时间跳跃的副载波可以获得更多的干扰分集，更多干扰分集可以通过使用不同小区的不同跳跃图案获得，如图10所示。
用户设备改变副载波(跳跃序列)的方式因不同小区而有所不同，以便通过编码实现更好的干扰平均。
对于静态副载波，比如在固定无线接入中，信道在时间上变化非常小。使用相干群集的选择性群集分配实现良好的性能。另一方面，对于移动用户设备，信道时间差异(信道随时间变化造成的差异)可能非常大。一个时间的高增益群集在另一个时间可能处于强衰落。因此，群集分配需要以快速率更新，从而造成大量的控制开销。在此情况下，分集群集可以被用来提供额外强度，并减少频率群集再分配的开销。在一个实施例中，执行比信道变化率更快的群集分配，经常是通过信道多普勒速率(以赫兹为单位)进行测量，即信道每秒变化多少周期，其中信道在一个周期后是完全不同的。需要说明的是，可以对相干和分集群集执行选择性群集分配。
在一个实施例中，对于包含混合的移动和固定副载波的小区，信道/干扰变化检测器可以被设置在用户设备或者基站上，或者被设置在这两者上。使用检测结果，用户设备和基站智能地选择对小区边界处的移动用户设备或者固定用户设备的分集群集，和智能地选择对接近基站的固定用户设备的相干群集。信道/干扰变化检测器为每个群集时常测量信道(SINR)变化。例如，在一个实施例中，信道/干扰检测器为每个群集测量导频符号之间的功率差，并且在一个移动窗口(例如，4个时隙)平均该差值。大差值指示信道/干扰频繁变化，并指示副载波分配可能不是稳定的。在这样一种情况下，分集群集对用户设备更理想。
图11是根据用户移动性处理分集群集与相干群集之间智能选择的一个实施例的流程图。该处理由处理逻辑执行，所述逻辑可以包括硬件(例如，电路，专用逻辑等)，软件(比如，在例如一个通用计算机系统或者专用机器上运行的软件)，或者两者的组合。
参见图11，基站中的处理逻辑执行信道/干扰变化检测(处理块1101)。然后，处理逻辑检验信道/干扰变化检测结果是否指示用户是移动的，或者位于接近小区边缘的一个固定位置(处理块1102)。如果用户不是移动的或者不位于接近小区边缘的固定位置，则处理转移到基站处理逻辑选择相干群集的处理块1103；反之，处理转移到基站处理逻辑选择分集群集的处理块1104。
在一个实施例中，基站通过检测导频信号或者正常的信道变化的变化速率，来确定一个用户设备是移动的还是固定的，并且确定该变化速率大于一个预定阈值。信道之间标准的瞬时差可以被表示为其中Hi代表信道，i是表示各个信道的索引。
阈值是由系统决定的。例如，变化速率大于10％(尽管可以使用任何百分比(例如，20％))，那么基站推断用户设备是移动的。在一个实施例中，如果信令的恒定时段大于往返延时的倍数(例如，往返延迟的5倍)，那么基站确定用户设备是移动的，并分配分集群集；反之，基站分配相干群集。
可以在再训练期间更新和智能地交换选择。
小区中相干和分集群集的数量的比例/分配取决于移动和固定用户群体的比例。当用户群体随系统发展而变化时，可以重新配置相干和分集群集的分配，以调节新系统之需要。图12示出了能够支持比图9更多的移动用户的群集分类的重新配置。
尽管本领域的熟练技术人员在阅读上述说明之后将会明白本发明的许多替换和修改，但是应当理解，通过图示说明方式描述和显示的任何特定实施例不能理解为对本发明的限制。因此，各种实施例的具体参考不打算用来限制权利要求的范围，而权利要求仅表述了视作本发明本质的哪些特征。

Claims (16)

1.一种用于至少在下行链路上使用正交频分多址(OFDMA)的无线系统的方法，所述方法包括：
用户单元在第一步骤基于从基站接收的第一导频符号测量与多个OFDMA副载波有关的第一信道和干扰信息；
用户单元在第二步骤向所述基站提供关于多个群集的第一反馈信息，所述多个群集的每个群集包括所述多个OFDMA副载波的至少两个OFMDA副载波；
用户单元在第三步骤从所述基站接收供所述用户单元使用的关于第一多个OFDMA副载波的第一分配信息；
用户单元在第四步骤基于从基站接收的第二导频符号测量关于所述多个OFDMA副载波的第二信道和干扰信息；
用户单元在第五步骤向所述基站提供关于所述多个群集的第二反馈信息；以及
用户单元在第六步骤从所述基站接收供所述用户单元使用的关于第二多个OFDMA副载波的第二分配信息；
所述第一反馈信息包括与分别用于所述多个群集的每个群集的第一调制和编码速率有关的索引；
所述第二反馈信息包括与分别用于所述多个群集的每个群集的第二调制和编码速率有关的索引。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述第一反馈信息和所述第二反馈信息中的每一者使用源编码技术被压缩，并且使用纠错码被编码。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述第一导频符号和所述第二导频符号覆盖整个OFDM频率带宽。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述第一分配信息用于显示所述第一多个OFDMA副载波从所述多个群集的至少一个群集被选择；根据被选择的第一多个OFDMA副载波，所述第一反馈信息被提供。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述第二分配信息用于显示所述第二多个OFDMA副载波从所述多个群集的至少一个群集被选择；根据被选择的第二多个OFDMA副载波，所述第二反馈信息被提供。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述多个OFDMA副载波从相对于其他群集具有良好性能的至少一个群集被选择。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述第四步骤由所述基站发起并且是基于从基站接收的请求的。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述第四步骤由所述基站作为再训练过程的一部分发起。
9.一种用于至少在下行链路上使用正交频分多址(OFDMA)的无线系统的用户单元，所述用户单元包括：
处理器，被配置为：
在第一步骤基于从基站接收的第一导频符号测量与多个OFDMA副载波有关的第一信道和干扰信息；
在第二步骤向所述基站提供关于多个群集的第一反馈信息，所述多个群集的每个群集包括所述多个OFDMA副载波的至少两个OFMDA副载波；
在第三步骤从所述基站接收供所述用户单元使用的关于第一多个OFDMA副载波的第一分配信息；
在第四步骤基于从基站接收的第二导频符号测量关于所述多个OFDMA副载波的第二信道和干扰信息；
在第五步骤向所述基站提供关于所述多个群集的第二反馈信息；以及
在第六步骤从所述基站接收供所述用户单元使用的关于第二多个OFDMA副载波的第二分配信息；
所述第一反馈信息包括与分别用于所述多个群集的每个群集的第一调制和编码速率有关的索引；
所述第二反馈信息包括与分别用于所述多个群集的每个群集的第二调制和编码速率有关的索引。
10.根据权利要求9所述的用户单元，其中所述第一反馈信息和所述第二反馈信息中的每一者使用源编码技术被压缩，并且使用纠错码被编码。
11.根据权利要求9所述的用户单元，其中所述第一导频符号和所述第二导频符号覆盖整个OFDM频率带宽。
12.根据权利要求9所述的用户单元，其中所述第一分配信息用于显示所述第一多个OFDMA副载波从所述多个群集的至少一个群集被选择；根据被选择的第一多个OFDMA副载波，所述第一反馈信息被提供。
13.根据权利要求9所述的用户单元，其中所述第二分配信息用于显示所述第二多个OFDMA副载波从所述多个群集的至少一个群集被选择；根据被选择的第二多个OFDMA副载波，所述第二反馈信息被提供。
14.根据权利要求9所述的用户单元，其中所述多个OFDMA副载波从相对于其他群集具有良好性能的至少一个群集被选择。
15.根据权利要求9所述的用户单元，其中所述第四步骤由所述基站发起并且是基于从基站接收的请求的。
16.根据权利要求9所述的用户单元，其中所述第四步骤由所述基站作为再训练过程的一部分发起。
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