CN1079731C - 防火多层结构制品及具有该制品的防火门 - Google Patents
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Abstract
提供用于天花板/楼板中的水平铰接的盖(47),它是高度耐火的,并在火灾时能自动关闭。该门(47)最好采用多层结构包括一膨胀的底(内)层(48),一中间结构层和一水泥质材料的顶(外)层。水平铰接的门(47)应用一个在火灾时自动的关闭系统,包括一易熔丝(21),它启动一加压气体源(44)、去关闭该门(47),此加压气体源(44)在门(41)关闭时自动地被排空以防止该加压气体源(44)爆炸。易熔丝(21)还启动(打开)一液压阀(40),以便允许液压流体从气动/液压缸体(11)中流出,使用该缸体以可动杆(12)打开和关闭该门(47)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及耐火的层状结构,具体涉及水平铰接的各种楼板门,这种门有很高的防火性能,并使用控制系统在着火时自动关闭该门。
背景技术
需要耐火结构是不需解释的,政府已经通过的建筑物标准保证公众的安全得到保护。对许多建筑物,特别是多层建筑物来说,采用耐火材料,如防火板,和设计该建筑物可停止或阻止火焰的蔓延,并允许人员有时间从建筑物中逃出,都是强制性的。对间壁、门、楼板、天花板等都要求对火的路径提供足够的阻力,各种提高它们对火的阻力的防火技术作为众所周知的先有技术已经使用多年了。为了方便,现在的描述将针对用于楼板的水平门,并可理解本发明可应用于任何需要耐火的应用中。
水平铰接的门通常用作出入口的门,屋顶天窗,自动防火出口,天花板出入口门,地下室和地坑门,和进入到地下位置的楼板和人行道门。在所有情况中,采用门来提供从一个位置到另一个位置的出入口,例如通过建筑物中的一楼板进入到该楼板和下面天花板之间的空间。但很清楚,这些开口对安全是不利的,如果在一建筑物的某一部分发生火灾。由于火焰本身或它的有害的副产物可以通过上述的这些开口很容易地扩散到整个建筑物。还有由于火焰没有被限制于一空间内,不管该建筑物结构组件本身防火的质量如何,火灾可以发生蔓延。结果是,目前大多数防火标准都要求这些开口是关闭的,要求它们用这样的材料关闭,其耐火、耐热和耐气体的性能至少等于墙壁、楼板、天花板或其他结构组件本身的耐受力。
虽然已知水平门是在火灾时提供的自动出口,例如该门提供到屋顶的出口,但在火灾时有必要将建筑物中所用的水平楼板门自动关闭,以限制火焰在特定的楼层或位置,并防止火焰蔓延到建筑物的其他各层或区域。
在楼板门组合装置中,非常希望达到ASTM E119标准的2小时防火等级,以防止楼层下面火焰对楼层上面造成火灾损害。虽然楼板门组合装置必须能够很容易打开或关闭以便提供出入口,但最重要的是在火灾时门自动关闭以便阻隔火焰。
美国专利4,888,057号描述一种由铝板和多层无机膨胀涂层组成的结构。其中没有混凝土层。美国专利4,799,349号描述一种钢门,有高密度粘结的矿物纤维板作为芯体。用膨胀粘合剂作为矿物板和该芯之间的粘合材料。其中也不包含混凝土层。美国专利4,699,822号描述对一种现有技术用水凝水泥涂覆钢片方法的改进,以便防止它在高热状态下减低效能,没有膨胀涂层的描述。美国专利4,936,064和5,035,901号指出各种防火物品,包括防火板和防火集装箱。美国专利4,292,538号描述一种用膨胀涂层涂覆的扩展金属网。在这种防火材料中未包括混凝土。1993年4月19日颁发给冯·波宁(Von Bonin)等人的美国专利4,530,877号描述应用膨胀涂层的一种建筑物板。在美国专利4,575,862;5,035,951;5,338,349;4,529,742;4,380,593;4,369,064和4,367,295中说明了各种示范性的膨胀涂层。所有上述专利在这里引入作为参考。
记住现有技术的这些问题和不足,本发明的一个目的是提供一种改进的大量制造的阻火结构物。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种门组合装置,例如水平门组合装置,它能在火灾和其他紧急情况时自动关闭。
本发明还有一个目的是提供一种控制系统,以便在火灾或其他紧急情况时自动关闭门或其他各种开口。
本发明的其他目的和各种优点从说明书将会部分明白和部分清楚。本发明概要。
本发明的公开
本发明提供一种防火层状结构,它包括膨胀材料的第一层,包含结构材料如金属或塑料的第二中间层,和包含水泥质材料的第三层。当膨胀材料暴露在火焰上时形成一个高度绝热层,保护邻近的结构材料层。水泥质材料层起热阻挡层和绝热体的作用,而且穿过结构材料层的热进一步被水泥中的水变成的蒸汽所消耗。层状结构在相当长的时间内能保持该结构的上面水泥质表面处于较低的温度。
膨胀涂层的特征性能是膨胀组份暴露在热或火焰中时会膨胀或发泡形成较厚的蜂窝状泡沫炭,具有绝热和阻火的特性。热或火焰激发的反应使膨胀材料发泡和膨胀成厚的蜂窝状泡沫炭,并产生惰性气体,例如氮气、二氧化碳等等,这些气体裹夹在泡沫里,从而防止空气和氧气进入到可燃的基板。这种胀大的蜂窝状的、一般是含炭质的炭层粘在基板上,比原先的涂层厚度扩大很多倍,从而有效地将基板隔热并作为有效的氧气阻挡层。在本发明中可以应用任何如上述的膨胀组合物。
金属或其他结构材料中间层可以从范围宽广的材料中,如钢、铝、塑料等中选择。
第三层是常用来制作防火板的水泥质材料。无机材料,如普通水泥、石膏、铝酸钙水泥、磷酸盐粘合水泥,和“氯氧”化镁和“硫氧”化镁水泥都可以使用。门一般不带水泥质层售出,在要安装门的工作现场用粘结材料铺设(现场浇铸)。门的水泥层一般使用建造要安装该门的楼板用的相同水泥。一般使用以包括无机水凝水泥粘合剂组份的组合物为基础的水凝水泥,如普通水泥。在美国专利3,369,929;3,719,513;和3,839,059中描述了这类组成物,这些专利在此引入作为参考。
本发明还提供一种铰接的门组合装置,用来封闭例如在一楼板中(一个水平门)的一个开口,这个门在火灾时如果是在开的位置,将会自动关闭,如果在关闭位置,将继续保持关闭,它将自动排放一有压力的气体源,门组合装置包括:
a.一框架,它装入并固定在该开口中;
b.铰链式安装在该框架上的门,以便在开和关的位置之间运动;
c.一液压/气动的缸体,在其中有一轴向可移动的杆和相联的活塞,在缸体中形成一液压室和一气动室,未与活塞相连的杆端从缸体的一端伸出,伸出的杆端可枢轴转动地连接到门上,该缸体最好在缸体的另一端可枢轴转动地连接到该框架上,以便在开关门时允许缸体和杆的运动;
d.一液压流体源,例如油,连接到该缸体的液压室,该连接有止回阀防止从缸体经连接向流体源回流;
e.一气压阀与缸体的气动室相连,并与压力源启动机构相连,阀有一放空位置允许气体流进和流出气动室与大气相通,该气压阀有第一操纵机构用于调整气压阀的位置,第一操纵机构最好是第一可伸出的阀元件,当门是关闭或在一非紧急状态时该阀元件处于不伸出的位置;
f.一液压阀与缸体的液压室相连,并与液压流体源相连,液压阀有第二操纵机构用于调整液压阀的位置,第二操纵机构最好是第二可伸出的阀元件,当门关闭时该阀元件处于不伸出的位置,除非手动使其伸出外,并保持在该不伸出的位置;
g.一第二液压阀与缸体的液压室相连,并与液压流体源相连;
h.一热传感或热操纵机构,例如一易熔丝,温度传感器或其他传感或操纵机构,与加压源启动机构和第二液压阀相连;和
i.一加压的气体源与加压源启动机构相连,其中,当火灾开始和门是开的时候,热传感或热启动机构打开第二液压阀,并操纵该加压源操纵机构将加压气体从加压气体源供给气压阀,使其操纵第一操纵机构将该阀调整到位,从而关闭放空口并将气体引入缸体的气动室,迫使缸体的液压室中的液压流体通过第二液压阀进入液压流体源,从而关闭该门,而其中,当门是关闭的时候,操纵第一操纵机构使气压阀调整到位,从而打开该放空口。
本发明的另一方面,提供一控制系统用于在火灾时自动关闭门,其中该门包括一框架,一铰链安装到该框架的门,一液压/气动缸体可枢轴转动地安装在该框架上,并在缸体中有一轴向可移动活塞和连接的杆形成一气动室和一液压室,杆从框架上伸出,该杆的伸出端与门可枢轴转动地连接,还包括一液压流体源,一有第一操纵机构的气压阀和一到大气的放空口,一有第二操纵机构的液压阀,一第二液压阀,一热传感器或热启动机构,一加压源启动机构,和一加压气体源;控制过程包括由火灾启动热传感机构,此机构打开第二液压阀并操纵压力操纵机构将加压气体从加压的气体源供给到气压阀,此加压气体操纵气压阀的第一操纵机构使该阀调整到位关闭该放空口,并引导气体到缸体的气动室使门关闭,其中在缸体的液压室中的油经第二液压阀导向油源,当门关闭时操纵气压阀的第一操纵机构使气压阀调整到位将放空口打开。
本发明还有另一个方面,提供一控制系统以便对例如滑动门,建筑物板,防火卷帘式铁门,安全铁栅等结构提供自动运动,该结构包括:一结构框架,一连接到该框架上的可动部件,一液压/气动缸体可枢轴转动地安装在该框架或可动部件上,并有轴向可移动的活塞和连接杆在该缸体内形成一气动室和一液压室,杆从框架上伸出,该杆的伸出端与其他部件,例如可动部件或框架可枢轴转动地连接,还包括一液压流体源,一有第一操纵机构的气压阀和一到大气的放空口,一有第二操纵机构的液压阀,一第二液压阀,一热传感或热启动机构,一加压源启动机构,和一加压气体源;控制过程包括由火灾启动热传感机构,此气体源打开第二液压阀,和操纵压力操纵机构将加压气体从加压的气体源供给气压阀,加压气体气压阀的第一操纵机构使该阀调整到位关闭该放空口,并引导气体到缸体的气动室关闭该可动的部件,其中缸体液压室中的油经第二液压阀引向油源,当可动部件关闭时操纵气压阀的第一操纵机构使气压阀调整到位将放空口打开。
本发明还有一方面,当要将门或其他可动部件手动关闭时,操纵液压阀的第二操纵机构打开该液压阀,当该门手动关闭时,迫使液压流体从缸体的液压室经液压阀回到液压流体源。空气经放空口15a和管线15抽入到气压室13中。
附图的简述
相信本发明的各特点是新颖的,本发明各基本特征在所附的权利要求书中详细陈述。各图仅为了说明的目的因而不是按比例画的。但是本发明本身,无论是机构还是操作方法这两者,通过参考下面与附图一起所作的详细描述,可以得到很好的理解,其中:
图1是优选的本发明自动门关闭控制系统的示意图;
图2是本发明水平门在打开位置的透视图;
图3是沿图2中3-3线的横剖面图,显示本发明的防火门或其他这样结构部件的多层结构。
实现本发明的最佳模式
在描述本发明的优选实施方案中,将参考附图中的图1-3,其中相同的数字代表本发明相同的部件。本发明的各部件不一定按比例显示在附图中。
本发明控制系统的优选实施方案10显示在图1中。控制系统的操作将相对4个基本的操作状态进行描述,在使用门时一般将会遇到这4个状态:1)手动打开门;2)手动关闭开着的门;3)门是关着的,火灾发生;4)门是开着的,火灾发生。
当门是关着并要手动打开时,最好打开有插销机构的门的插销。当门是在关闭位置时,液压(油)阀40的阀部件41和气压阀16的阀部件17都在它们不伸出的(关闭)位置。在不伸出位置液压阀40切断通过那里的流动,而气压阀16将经管线15从气动室13来到阀的气体经15a放空,或者允许经放空口15a进入的气体经管道15进到气动室13。管线18是分支的,管线18a和18b两者都连接到阀16上。气压阀16最好是带有仪表板安装钮的常规的4通,5口,有制动器,控制器操作的定向控制阀,型号#18PMOP4通,由法布科(Fabco)公司制造。液压阀40最好是常规的2通双位阀。当手动打开没有插上插销的门时,杆12和活塞12a从缸体11向外轴向运动,将油从油箱32经管线31,34,止回阀35,36,38和25抽到液压室14。迫使气动室13中的空气,CO2或其他气体经管线15排出室13并离开气压阀16排到管线15a中。现在门是打开的,由缸体11,杆12和止回阀35保持在那个位置,止回阀防止油流回油箱32。在手动,非紧急模式中,阀元件17不管门是开或关都保持在不伸出位置,而放空口15a总是打开的。
为了手动关闭打开的门,通过伸出(拉伸)阀40的阀元件41将阀40打开,从而允许油流经那里。门被拉关闭时杆12回缩到缸体11的气缸内,由于活塞12a的运动迫使油流出室14。油经过管线25,38,39,阀40,42,29和31流回到油箱32。空气或其他气体通过放空口15a和管线15被抽入气动室13。当门是在关闭位置,迫使阀40的阀元件41进入到它的不伸出位置从而关闭阀40。在非紧急状态不管门是开或关,阀部件17保持在不伸出位置,而阀16总是定位在放空状态。
在门是关着并插上插销,和发生火灾的情况下,当产生的热量足够熔断熔丝21时,操纵(打开)弹簧叉杆球阀23,通过元件20和22和连接钢丝55的动作刺破CO2筒44。一般当熔丝熔化时阀23的弹簧迫使阀打开。可以使用任何加压的气体源,如空气。通过元件20使刺破机构19动作,刺破机构是一种常规的机构,其中CO2筒44螺纹拧入到刺破机构中,在启动时刺破CO2筒。加压的CO2从筒44通过刺破机构19和管线18(18a和18b)流入阀16,在那里它通过破裂盘15b或通过一阀放空到大气。CO2筒44将被彻底排空,不会因火灾造成任何爆炸的危险。阀元件17不会因气体压力伸出,因为它停靠在制动器上,并且门也不能打开,由于门的手动插销机构是在插上插销的位置。当排空气体时,在非紧急状态门可以手动打开。在气压阀16中使用破裂盘15b来排空气体源,是最优选的方法。在压力管线中,例如18,18a或18b线中任何点都可以使用破裂盘。破裂盘的尺寸定在某一压力下破裂,该压力是在发生火灾时,温度提高到某一温度所达到的压力。
在门是开着的并发生火灾的情况下,因为阀元件41和17都在它们通常的不伸出位置,所以阀40是在关闭位置而阀16是在放空位置。当火灾熔断熔丝21,球阀23被打开,通过元件20和22和连接钢丝55的动作。刺破机构19刺破CO2筒44。
加压的CO2从筒44经刺破机构19和管线18(18a和18b)流入阀16,在管线18b中的CO2压力迫使阀元件17到伸出的位置。在该伸出位置阀16的放空口15a关闭,CO2通过管线15流入气动室13迫使油流出液压室14,并使杆12和活塞12a回缩从而将门关闭。油从室14流出,经过管线25,26,第二液压阀23,27,29和31回到油箱32。液压阀40可以在或者开(伸出位置)或者关的(不伸出)位置。当门关闭时阀40的阀元件41和阀16的阀元件17将被迫进入它们的不伸出位置。在该不伸出位置阀元件17这样定位阀16,当破裂盘15b被打破时放空口15a打开,进入阀16的CO2将被排空。因为在非紧急状态下现在可以手动打开门。用三通24,28,30和37帮助连接各管线。
参考图2,按照本发明用来关闭在一楼板中一个开口的门组合装置一般用参考数字45表示。显示的门组合装置有框架46,它包括侧面46a,46b,46c和46d。门用47表示,有侧面47a,47b,47c和47d,并有底层47e。门47有膨胀涂层48。在侧面46a,46b,46c和46d的内壁上也可以加上膨胀涂层。门还可以有一插销机构(未显示),当门关闭时自动插上插销。通过拉动钢丝49可以拔掉门的插销。用手柄50来手动开、关该门。常规的液压或弹簧操纵气缸51和52提供升起以便打开门。根据应用的情况可以使用几个这样的气缸。图1的控制系统显示在图2中。根据门的使用情况各种阀,软管,CO2筒和油箱的位置都可改变。球阀23,刺破机构19,熔丝21,连接元件20和22及钢丝55最好位于CO2筒44附近。示出的筒44螺纹拧入到刺破机构19中。
从图2中可见,液压阀44和气压阀16是这样定位的,使得当门47在框架46中关闭时,由制动器43a和43b分别迫使阀元件41和17到它们的不伸出位置,从而关闭阀40并将阀16定位在放空位置(打开放空口15a)。缸体11和杆12分别可枢轴转动地安装在框架46(未显示)和门47(通过部件53)上,以便在门47开或关时允许缸体和杆运动。同样,可枢轴转动地安装门的气缸51和52,以便在要打开或关闭门时允许其运动。
当手动关闭门47时,由伸出的阀部件41打开阀40,并拉把手50关门或简易地推门关闭。当门关闭时最好门是自动插入插销。拉动钢丝49将门的插销拔掉。门插入插销防止门被打开除非手动拔掉插销。
图3是本发明优选的门47的横剖面图,并显示门47的结构是盘形设计,有侧边47a和47c及底层47e,其中有凹进部分用于充填水泥质材料。一般,该盘通常约1英寸深,并可深到2英寸或更深。该盘可以充填到任何深度,然后如用地毯覆盖装饰。一般为了满足防火标准至少需要1/2英寸厚的水泥。膨胀涂层48示出与门47的底部47e邻接,并且水泥质材料54被包围在盘形门框的垂直壁之中。该膨胀涂层通常是多层的,喷涂在中间层上。通常要用至少5/8英寸厚,可厚到约1英寸。一种优选的膨胀材料是ALBI CLAD 900由康涅狄格州东柏林的阿尔比制造公司(Albi Manufacturing,East Berlin CT)销售,优选的金属是铝。在这个具体的结构中,如果火灾发生,火灾将接触膨胀涂层48使其炭化,然后该涂层提供一种绝热功能。如果火灾延续时间足够长,金属框架47将变热,最终水泥质层54也将变热。由于膨胀层和水泥质层的联合作用,这种结构提供增强的绝热效果,水泥质层在被加热时,由于水泥中的水分变成蒸汽消耗了热量。
虽然结合特定的优选实施方案,已经详细描述了本发明,但很清楚的是,对熟悉本领域的人们显然可以按照上面的描述进行许多替换,修改和变化。因此期望所附的权利要求书将包括所有落入本发明确切的范围和实质之内的替换、修改和变化。
将可看到,上面提出的目标,与从前面的描述中变得很清楚的内容一起是有效地达到了,由于在上面的结构中可以进行一定的改变而不会脱离本发明的精神和范围,这就意味着在附图中显示的或在上面描述中所包括的所有内容应解释为是说明性的,没有限制的意思。
虽然以最容易实践和优选的各实施方案图解说明和描述了本发明的内容,但应意识到在它的范围内可以进行许多改变,因此所附的权利要求书有权覆盖各种等价物的整个范畴。
这样,在描述了本发明之后,下面是权利要求书。
Claims (18)
1.一种用于大量制造的防火多层结构制品,其特征在于,其包括:一个为膨胀材料的第一层,这种材料暴露在热或火焰中时会胀大或发泡形成较厚的蜂窝状泡沫炭,该泡沫炭具有绝热和阻火的特性;一个包含结构材料的第二中间层和一个包含水泥质材料的第三层。
2.如权利要求1所述的制品,其特征在于,该中间层是金属。
3.如权利要求2所述的制品,其特征在于,中间层是铝。
4.如权利要求3所述的制品,其特征在于,水泥质材料是水凝水泥。
5.如权利要求4所述的制品,其特征在于,该制品是一门。
6.如权利要求5所述的制品,其特征在于,该门是一水平的门。
7.如权利要求4所述的制品,其特征在于,该制品是一间壁。
8.如权利要求1所述的制品,其特征在于,结构材料是塑料。
9.如权利要求8所述的制品,其特征在于,水泥质材料是水凝水泥。
10.如权利要求9所述的制品,其特征在于,该制品是一个门。
11.如权利要求10所述的制品,其特征在于,门是一水平门。
12.如权利要求9所述的制品,其特征在于,该制品是一间壁。
13.一种水平铰接的防火门,其特征在于,其包括:一个为膨胀材料的第一层,这种材料暴露在热或火焰中时会胀大或发泡形成较厚的蜂窝状泡沫炭,该泡沫炭具有绝热和阻火的特性;一个包含结构材料的第二中间层和一个包含水泥质材料的第三上层。
14.如权利要求13所述的水平铰接的防火门,其特征在于,结构材料是金属。
15.如权利要求14所述的水平铰接的防火门,其特征在于,结构材料是铝。
16.如权利要求15所述的水平铰接的防火门,其特征在于,粘结材料是水凝水泥。
17.如权利要求13所述的水平铰接的防火门,其特征在于,结构材料是塑料。
18.如权利要求17所述的水平铰接门,其特征在于,粘结层是水凝水泥。
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CN (1) | CN1079731C (zh) |
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-
1995
- 1995-02-10 US US08/386,925 patent/US5554433A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-05-19 KR KR1019970705420A patent/KR100329092B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-05-19 MX MX9705545A patent/MX9705545A/es unknown
- 1995-05-19 CN CN95197605A patent/CN1079731C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-05-19 JP JP52423296A patent/JP3776933B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-05-19 CA CA002212363A patent/CA2212363C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-05-19 EP EP95920570A patent/EP0808246A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1995-05-19 WO PCT/US1995/006378 patent/WO1996024489A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1995-09-08 US US08/525,820 patent/US5565274A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1175228A (zh) | 1998-03-04 |
JP3776933B2 (ja) | 2006-05-24 |
US5554433A (en) | 1996-09-10 |
JPH10513240A (ja) | 1998-12-15 |
EP0808246A1 (en) | 1997-11-26 |
CA2212363C (en) | 2000-08-01 |
KR100329092B1 (ko) | 2002-10-19 |
CA2212363A1 (en) | 1996-08-15 |
WO1996024489A1 (en) | 1996-08-15 |
US5565274A (en) | 1996-10-15 |
MX9705545A (es) | 1997-10-31 |
KR19980702025A (ko) | 1998-07-15 |
EP0808246A4 (en) | 2000-12-27 |
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