CN1097734C - 码分多址系统中定位的方法 - Google Patents
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S3/00—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received
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- G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种在码分多址无线电通信系统中定位用户的方法。本发明提供了一种在无线电通信系统中确定用户单元位置的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:在第一基站,第二基站和第三基站中的每一个从用户单元接收信号,该信号是由扩频符号的已知序列进行调制而形成的;在第一基站确定扩展符号的已知序列的符号的第一接收时间,在第二基站确定扩展符号的已知序列的符号的第二接收时间,在第三基站确定扩展符号的已知序列的符号的第三接收时间,根据第一、第二和第三接收时间与关于第一、第二及第三基站的进一步的预定信息确定用户单元的位置。
Description
本发明一般涉及无线电通信系统,特别是涉及一种在码分多址(CDMA)无线电通信系统中定位用户的方法。
在无线电通信系统中,经常希望定位正在发出呼叫的用户。这一技术的应用应该包括911-紧急业务,以便警察/消防/急救服务可以被紧急派往发出呼叫的用户。其它一些应用可能包括欺诈检测、警察调查等等。
过去安装的蜂窝式系统在这方面几乎没有什么能力。例如,在AMPS(先进移动电话系统)蜂窝式无线电系统中,通过确定哪一个基站天线被用来服务于该用户,能够把某一用户定位在某一网孔内。但是,一个网孔的半径可能是3-5英里那样大,这就使这个信息实际上没有用处。因为很多人口稠密的城镇地区的网孔地点现在是更小了,并且很多城镇/乡村网孔地点现在被扇区化,采用扇区化的天线把一个信道的服务面积限制在仅为网孔的一个扇区,所以一个网孔的覆盖面积现在是变小了。但是,即使这些较小的网孔的面积可能仍大于1平方英里。这仍使在大多数情况下定位某一用户成为不现实的。其它一些无线电系统,诸如美国数字蜂窝网(USDC)和集团专用移动通信(GSM)采用了同样的识别网孔或扇区的方法,所以它们不可能比AMPS系统做得更好。
同时,存在其它可选的定位方案,例如在用户单元处的全球定位系统(GPS)的使用,或者发射用户单元上的三角网,这些方法或者类似的方法过于昂贵,不适于被大多数用户所采用,或者在三角网的情况下,要求付出其它昂贵的和花费时间的资源。
因此,一直存在着寻找一种在无线电通信系统中用来定位用户的改进的、经济的方法的需要。
图1是一张图解说明可以采用本发明的蜂窝式系统的简化图;
图2是根据本发明的实施例的某一用户单元处的码分多址接收机的方框图;
图3是一张根据本发明的实施例图解说明码分多址用户单元的定位的图;
图4是一张根据本发明的实施例来图解说明被用来确定码分多址用户单元的位置的传播延迟的时间序列的图;
图5是根据本发明的实施例的基站处的码分多址接收机的方框图;
图6是一张根据本发明的实施例图解说明在计算一个用户时所用的传播和延迟时间的时间直线图(timeline diagram);
图7是图解说明根据本发明的实施例用户测量基站信号的过程的流程图;
图8是图解说明根据本发明的实施例基站测量用户信号的过程的流程图。
通过根据本发明的改进方法和装置来解决这些问题及其它一些问题。本发明的当前的最佳实施例是用来在码分多址(CDMA)蜂窝式系统中确定用户位置的系统。采用码分多址调制信息,渡越或传播的时间估计值由第一个到达用户单元处的波束(ray)所决定。所接收的第一波束典型上代表基站和用户站之间的最短路径,并且渡越时间的估计值允许用户和基站间的距离的计算。通过计算该距离以多路(multiple)例如3个地点,可以计算的一个特定的用户位置只受到测量时间和其它处理延迟的精度的限制。
在最佳实施例中,每一基站和用户间的信号的渡越时间在相关接收机内被自动计算。该处理步骤涉及时间调准到(time-aligned)一个比特片(chip)精度之下(例如一个比特片的1/16)的伪噪声(PN)序列编码信号的传输,并且采用一个相关算法在该接收机处对这个信号进行相关。因为调制序列(例如PN序列)是已知的,并且在同步/解扩展中被采用,所以给定比特片的接收的精确时间能够被确定。通过确定多个相关信号的接收时间,能够计算出时延并且能够利用该时延来确定位置估计值。
在一个实施过程中,用户采用已知的PN序列和偏移信息从同时被发射的不同基站(标准的和/或辅助基站)中确定哪一个与PN比特片有关,并且还确定这些相关比特片的接收时间。根据接收时间之间的差别,即时间差,进而是距离差被确定。利用距离差和这些基站的已知位置来确定位置估计值。在用户仅仅与一个或两个基站通信的地方,附加的基站可以被强行加入一个现用组(active set)中(如果需要,包括辅助地点),以便时间测量可以由用户来完成。
在另一个实施过程中,接收基站地点被控制以进行所选择比特片的时间测量,并且接收时间中的差同样地被用来计算用户位置。由于干扰和诸如此类的原因,需要附加接收位置的地方,辅助地点被控制,以便接收由用户单元发出的信号。如果需要的话,在紧急情况下,用户单元被加电至最大功率电平,以使至少三个基站可以接收并作出信号的时间估计值。进一步讲,需要更精确的测量的地方,特殊的位置消息能够被传输到用户。在接收时,用户为响应信号确定比特片/时间偏移,对该偏移进行编码并发射该响应信号。一旦对该偏移进行解码并比较被用来确定该偏移的相同比特片(例如某一帧的第一比特片)的接收时间,对于各个传播路径的延迟补偿时间值被确定,由此,位置被确定。最后,因为在相当远的基站获得接收信号可能是困难的,在附近的基站处紧急负载卸下(shedding)可能被完成,以提供额外的距离,这是因为在码分多址系统中,为了距离,容量可以被牺牲。这样,改善了覆盖情况,并且位置测定被搞得更加可靠。
现在来看图1,蜂窝式系统通常被表示为具有包括基站110、120、130以及用户140在内的六边形网孔图案的100。辅助基站单元121也位于基站110、120和130之间。通过确定由预定参考时间到接收机在发射信号上完成相关的那一时刻所测得的第一个到达的波束的渡越或传播时间来估算基站110、121和130与用户单元140间的距离。所以在距离估计值可能被过高估计或过低估计的情况下,这变得更加困难,这是因为该测量基于接收机中随意的参考时间点(更精确的测量结果只有在更精确(和昂贵)的定时系统,例如一个由GPS信号或原子钟演变而来的系统被用于用户140中时才会得到)。这样,距离150、160和170可能分别长于或短于每个基站110、121、130与用户140间的实际距离,并且用户140基于与比特片速率相关(处于大约814纳秒(ns)比特片速率(即全部扩频信号的速率,它在TIA(电信工业联合会)Intermim标准IS-95A中由PN序列速率确定),或者大约每比特片250米(m);所以我们希望以快于比特片速率的速率来实现时间测量)。在图1中,表示了被过高估计的距离150,指示用户单元的实际位置外的一个点125。同样,点115和135也被过高估计。这些点将由下面描述的距离处理过程来修正,产生一个更接近于用户真正位置的估计值。
图2是图解说明码分多址用户单元200的方框图,用户单元200带有一个码分多址接收机201、定位器单元202以及发射机203。接收机201具有一个馈给3个独立rake接收单元(即分离多径接收单元,一种并联相关器,能独立跟踪各个不同路径)的输入210、220和230的公共RF(射频)前端205。这些rake接收单元210、220和230能够锁定在大约是一个或一个以上PN比特片时间的3个不同的接收波束上,这些rake接收单元是典型的直接序列扩频(DSSS)接收机。寻找器240以快于比特片速率的速率扫描新的相关蜂值(在最佳情况下,允许象50ns时钟速率一样快的解析度),并且能够重新分配基于它的当前信道条件的最佳估计值的rake接收单元输入。通常情况下,rake接收单元210、220和230的相关器锁定在可用的3个最强的波束上,并且当第二或第三个基站能提供足够强的信号时,它们被保留用于锁定在这些其它的分别也被在时间上延迟了超过一个PN比特片时间的基站信号上,正如IS-95A标准所描述的那样。如果仅有两个基站的信号是足够强的,那么就奉献出两个波束,分配给每一个基站一个,并且第三条波束分给任一基站的最强的剩余波束。
当用户200需要位置找到功能时,最好设法找到3个不同的基站,每条波束一个,以便得到足够的信息以精确地估计位置。因此,为了连接到3个基站地点,rake接收单元210、220和230被调整以便至少3个基站单元信号被译码。如果可得到3个基站,为了覆盖具有附加参考信号的区域,允许用户根据这些导频信号发生器以及标准的基站地点来作出位置估计,物理上位于基站地点之间的紧急导频信号发生器(例如图1中的辅助基站单元121)能够被启动以响应于某一信标(beacon)请求。这些辅助单元应该具有不同于周围基站的PN偏移,并且为了正确地同步/定时,通常应该装备有一台GPS接收机。应该通过某些简便的设备,例如以无线方式或者用双绞线把它们连接到基础设施中的基站或者其它的控制器。它们的启动最好由向控制器发出的一个请求来实现,或者在它的控制下由服务基站向本地辅助单元发出的命令来实现,这一切取决于由用户发出的少于3个基站是可用的指示。另一方面,辅助单元可以装有扫描接收机,这些接收机响应于由用户发出的请求后将在一个有限的周期(例如5秒,为了减小系统干扰)开始发射。通过适当的替代,这样的辅助单元能够被用来减少某些位置处的不确定性,或者全面增加在战略区域,例如主要的高速公路、林荫路或中心商业区中定位的精确度。由于CDMA系统固有的抑制干扰的特性,在某些情况下,仅仅一个基站将能够接收用户信号,并且反之亦然,所以需要辅助单元以得到必需的多重读出(readings)。
每个信号接收的相对时间通过使用关于由寻找器中有关的相关峰值的上升沿(或者以峰值代之)的信息来确定,并且通过精确时间调准电路中所确定的偏移来调整这个相关时间(例如每一条支路的延时锁定环路(DLLs)215、225或235与滤波器250至270相连)。最佳地,有关的相关峰值是在不同的支路上而彼此不在一个比特片内接收到的。在这种方法中,上升沿的精确时间以及重复PN序列的PN序列号(即:重复PN序列(例如,长度大约是16,000个比特片)的比特片位置(例如245号))一起被确定。采用已经确定的PN序列偏移和系统设计,这里PN序列对于每个基站是同样的,并且基站序列被以同一系统时间加上或减去单一PN序列偏移来发射,相对时间差产生了传播路径延迟上的差别。图3图解说明了这一点。在时刻T0,两个基站B1和B2正在发射,但在基站B2发射比特片256的时候,基站B1却发射比特片0,这是因为基站B2具有一个256个比特片的PN序列偏移。在位置寻找被启动后的某段时间T1,用户确定来自B1的PN比特片4的上升沿已经被接收到。在时刻T2之后又经过1/8个比特片,来自基站B2的PN比特片的下一个上升沿被接收到,并且该比特片被确定为PN序列中的第280个。从这些被接收到的时间和PN号码,传播延迟差被计算出:((PNB2-偏移)+(接收时间差:T2-T1))-(PNB1-偏移)=((261-256)+(1/8))-(4-0)=11/8比特片*814ns/比特片=916ns。根据无线电信号大约每纳秒1/3米(m)的传播速度,这个数字被换算为传播路径上的大约300m的距离差。这个定位精度仅受到所采用的系统时钟速率和同步的程度的限制。在所有基站都正在采用GPS定时信息的地方,同步传输(即:比特片的上升沿的同步传输)到50ns(大约是比特片速率的1/16)以内目前是可能的。有了一个至少产生这样的20MHz时钟速率的本地时钟,100ns或30米以内的定位精度是可能的。
现在返回来看图2,延时锁定环路215、225和235都分别被反馈到每个rake接收单元210、220和230,用来调整信号以输出精确的时间调准信号。正如上文所提到的,延时锁定环路的输出能够用作精确相位偏移信息,用来调整PN比特片的接收时间,最好分别在每个信道的低通滤波器(LPF)250、260和270滤波之后,这些低通滤波器有效地平均了每个延时锁定环路215、225和235的输出。这些平均后精细的相位偏移信息与来自寻找器240(它也适合于PN比特片/时间检测)的比特片号码/时间/基站识别或者偏移(即B1-B3信息)一起被送到位置寻找器280。位置寻找器280从每个支路提取精确的相位偏移信息并为每个比特片校准来自寻找器240的接收时间,以给出校准后的每条支路的相对接收时间。从最早的时间,称作B1(即:来自基站B1的信号被接收的时间),其它信号B2和B3在接收时间上的差值tB1和tB2被确定,并且相应的距离dB21和dB31被确定。因而,首先我们知道与基站1(110)、2(120)和3(130)的距离分别是dB1,(dB1+dB21)和(dB1+dB31)。再者,根据PN偏移,基站的标识被知道,并且它们的地理位置可以从存储器281中检索出。那么,完成寻找路径的确定,如图4所示,以确定移动台的地理坐标就变为一件简单的事情。在图4的例子中,已知的基站位置被用来确定3条线路L12(151)、L23(152)和L13(153)。分别从线路L12(151)、L23(152)和L23(152)、L13(153)中减去距离dB21和dB31,并且其余的线段被正常线路N12(154),N23(156)和N13(155)所平分。这些线段N12(154),N23(156)和N13(155)的交叉点是用户140的位置。然后,信息被发往服务基站,用来转送到服务位置寄存器的请求一方,或者能够被流向为用户(例如,在地图网格或者其它定位设备,图中未表示)所用。
另一方面,如果用户得不到基站地点位置信息,那么比特片、相位偏移、定时和基站偏移信息能够在位置查询信号中发往一个服务基站。这里,位置寻找器能够访问自己的数据库并确定用户的位置。然后,这个位置信息在位置响应消息中被发送回用户或者其它的请求机构。
但是,采用基础设施设备来定位的最佳的方法现在可以参见图5,图5一般地描绘了带有第一码分多址基站301的码分多址基础设施系统300的方框图。基站301具有一个公共射频前端305,305提供了4个独立的rake接收单元输入,表示为310,320,…330。这些rake接收单元能够锁定在4个不同的接收波束上,这些波束至少是隔开一个PN比特片,它是一个典型的DSSS接收机。两个寻找器340扫描新的相关峰值,并且能够根据当前信道条件的最佳估计值来重新分配rake接收单元。正常情况下,rake接收单元310,320,330的4个相关器锁定在可用的4个最强的波束上。
当需要位置发现功能时,两种通常的方法是可用的——或者被动的方法(即非用户单元响应)或者主动的方法。在每一种情况下,最好找到能够接收用户信号的至少3个不同的基站,以便有足够的信息用来估计该位置。在第一个被动模式的实施例中,基站301的4个rake接收单元支路310,320…330被用来探测上行链路信号。从每个rake接收机,延时锁定环路(DLL)被用来产生相关波束定时(即调整)的一个估计值。这个方法更加精确地估计了相关的时间,类似于上文用户单元所用的处理过程。寻找器和比特片/时间探测器340在每个支路上与信号峰值相关,并且还确定所用的最佳支路(最好根据对于同一比特片最早接收到的峰值,但是也可以采用其它可供选择的技术以确定当前的最佳支路);这个最佳支路信号被用于确定PN比特片以及接收时间信息,类似于用户寻找器240中的那样。
为了初始化定位过程,在最佳实施例中,命令在系统300内被初始化,很可能在地区性机构,诸如移动交换中心(MSC)365、操作中心,或者可能在例如PSTN(公共交换电话网)375的连接网络内。然后,位置请求经由归属位置寄存器(HLR)366处理以确定当前服务的基站。依据位置命令的接收,基站301的处理器350(以及其它服务基站的类似的处理器)采用探测器340来确定比特片接收时间。最好由所有基站通过确定一个特定组的PN比特片的前沿上升时间来完成这个工作,例如通过为预定的比特片号码(例如10)确定每个第64个比特片的上升时间(即:PN序列号0,64,128等)。然后,这个信息与其标识符一起由每个基站接收机发送到指定的机构,例如BSC(基站地点控制器)的位置寻找器361或HLR366的位置寻找器367等。这样,相同比特片的接收时间上的差值可以被用来确定传播延时差,由相同的单一比特片传输而得到每个比特片。换句话说,对于每个比特片号码,在不同基站处的接收时间差带来了传播差值,并且以与上文图4中所描述的方法相类似的方法,可以根据与接收基站的已知位置相联系的信息来确定位置。通过在一个相对较短的时间帧中(例如10次,每64个比特片,经过大约500毫秒)提取多组信息,以及平均或者相反采用预定位置来最佳适应(best-fit)计算,位置误差能够被最小化。技术人员应该懂得其它的方法能够在实际计算中采用。例如,在相同的系统时间,在对于指定时间的一个比特片内的上升沿的相同系统时间上的检测,连同来自指定系统时间和比特片号码的时间差,可以被用来确定传播延时差(虽然附加误差可能出现,由于不同比特片的传输时间被用户的时钟速率的精度所限制;即使一个50ns的时钟周期出现,这仍是比目前来自相同比特片的传输(它没有定时误差)更大的误差)。重要的是比特片标识(例如PN序列中的号码/位置)和接收的精确时间(例如在过抽样的(oversampled)时钟速率信号的上升沿或峰值)在不同的基站被用于确定用户位置。
在主动定位的最佳实施例中,采用比特片接收时间信息和来自用户的某些响应信息来实现两路测距系统。在这个实施例中,在系统基础设施中该处理过程再次被一个位置请求所初始化,并被发送到与用户通信的基站301。处理器350为了由编码器352和扩频调制器355适当编码发送位置请求信号(LOC S 351)。采用系统时钟353(最好由GPS得到,但是可以采用其它精确的设备,如原子钟)精细时间调整器354(例如选通脉冲发生器)控制调制器355以精确地输出输出比特片的上升沿,最好在50ns的精确度之内。处理器350还经由调制器355和时钟353为参考比特片(在系统时间TSL(0)称为16384比特片序列的比特片1024)确定一个精确的系统时间,以后其它的比特片传输时间可以由该系统时间来确定。然后,输出比特片序列被发射到用户。
再一次来看图2,跟在解调制和位置请求信号351的接收之后,处理器280以类似于上文描述的方法控制寻找器240以确定下一个PN比特片的标识和定时信息。为了便于解释,让我们把确定的比特片称作用户相对时间TR(0)处的(基站PN序列中的)1088。然后,为了在用户内旋转(turnaround)时间提供精确的信息,处理器280确定本地时间,在该本地时间用户PN序列的预定比特片接着应该被发射。出于方便起见,这个预定的比特片最好被选作尚待被发射(称为比特片100)的一个重复系列之一(称为用户的PN序列的每第50个比特片);几乎任何其它的比特片能够被选择,例如下一个20ms帧的第一比特片,但是选择时最好以最大限度地简化用户精确定时输出要求和系统位置处理为目的进行选择。在任一事件中,例如,通过确定当前电路的输出时间(例如,经由PN/时间检测器292)并前向计算以确定预置比特片的输出时间(称为TR处(241/16)的比特片100,这里相对时间以比特片速率间隔来测量),来确定由发射机电路203的调制器291的输出所选择的比特片的本地时间。当然,如果当前的传输未处于进行之中,在预定的比特片传输之前,应该给基站足够的时间延时(例如大约2秒),以指向用户的PN序列。然后,处理器应该发送位置响应信号RESP282,用于由编码器290的编码,并且应该控制调制器291以在预定的时间(即,TR(24 1/16))精确地输出预定的比特片,并且如果一个周期性的比特片组准备被监控,以便精确地输出一个预定周期的周期组(例如,比特片150,200等)的任意随后的比特片。RESP282应该包括基站比特片信息(1088,TR(0))、预定比特片信息(100,TR(24 1/16))以及如果没有已经由作为用户单元轮廓的一部分的基础设施所知道,还包括预定的(即校准/计算过的)对于预先捕获的和输出后(output-post)时延的用户延时因素(即:花费一个信号从天线到寻找器240的时间,以及对于一个输出信号,紧接着由调制器291的精确时间输出之后在天线被辐射)。
现在来看图5,在系统控制基站301发送位置请求信号351的同时,它还通知其它的通信基站开始存储位置信息。在通信中存在少于3个基站(即软切换)或者能够接收用户信号的地方,发端机构(例如位置寻找器/处理器361或367)将控制一个或多个辅助基站,例如基站356,定位于服务基站的附近开始以用户指定的频率进行接收。这样,在最简单的实现装置中,辅助基站可以是带有精确的系统时钟(例如一台GPS校准时钟)的可调谐接收机;如果辅助基站不经由有线电路连接到BSC,辅助基站能够作为固定的用户单元(例如,无线访问固定单元(WAFU))被实现,与用户的唯一的差别是WAFU应该工作在系统时间(例如,通过GPS时钟)。在后面的实施例中,WAFU应该通过它自己的服务基站,例如基站301传递它的位置响应信息。
所有接收基站,例如基站301和辅助基站356,在位置请求初始化的时候就开始存储用户比特片/时间信息。所存储的信息可以是一个预定周期所接收到的每个比特片的时间(例如上升沿接收时间)和比特片号。除了保留每个比特片之外,在一个20ms的帧中将意味着接近25,000个条目,一个周期性的比特片数目(例如该序列中每第50个比特片)最好由所有接收基站所采用;在这个后面的情况下,为了选择一个预定的作为这些周期性的比特片(例如比特片100)之一的比特片,用户应该被设置为上面所讨论的那样。技术人员应该懂得,可以采用任意的周期数目,或者特定的比特片(例如一帧的第一比特片),只要为了减小误差,信息被聚集在所有基站的相同比特片之内。最佳情况下,出于方便考虑,为了与由基站监控的比特片一致,一个恰当设置的用户将挑选预定的比特片,从而简化后面的计算;选择可以是基于预编程,或者基于指示被监控的比特片/周期的位置请求信号351中的数据(在这种情况下仅需要精确地输出预定比特片)。
当从用户(最好经由具有不断发展的语音/数据通信的带内信号发送)接收扩展RESP信号的时候,基站301和356的处理器350和358检测信号和预定的比特片信息,并且向位置寻找器361或367发送一些预定数目的比特片/时间对。例如,为了允许平均以提高精度,每一个基站301、356可以发送8个比特片/时间对,起始于预定的比特片以及它的接收时间(例如,对{100,TS(28 7/16)},{150,TS(78 7/160},…{450,TS(378 8/16)},连同RESP信号信息一起(例如,基站比特片/时间对{(基站)1088,TR(0)},预定的比特片/时间对{(用户)100,TR(24 1/16)},以及已知的延时因子{4/32}。图解这个序列的时间直线如图6所示。TS(0)表示起始系统时间,为了方便,这里表示为系统时钟的第0个字节,同时TR(0)表示用户的相对时钟时间。PNB1(1088)表示第一基站的(301)PN序列中的第1088个比特片,同时PNS(100)表示用户的PN序列中的第100个比特片。这样,在系统时间0输出基站比特片1088,并且后来从基站天线辐射一个发射延迟时间ΔtB1。在传播延迟ΔP1和用户接收延迟时间ΔrS(即从用户天线到探测器240)之后,探测器240确定比特片1088在TR(0)被接收。然后,处理器280确定用户序列的下面第50个比特片是比特片100,并且由当前的用户比特片/时间来计算出比特片100的输出时间应该是TR(24 1/16)。知道了校准延时ΔrS和ΔtS(从输出到天线辐射的延时),每个称为2/32比特片,用户发送包含了信息,例如[{1088,TR(0)},{100,TR(24 1/16)},{4/32}]的RESP信号282。
基站301的探测器240在系统时间TS(28 7/16)接收用户比特片100,并且基站357在时间TS(29 7/16)接收它,分别具有ΔP2,ΔrB1以及ΔP3,ΔrB2的传播和接收(即天线探测器)时延。类似的重复测量也被执行,例如基站301在时间TS(78 7/16)接收比特片150,用户已经把比特片150的输出时间控制到TR(74 1/16),即精确到50个比特片(40,700ns)以后。
在预定数目的对(pairs)被确定之后,比特片/时间信息和响应信号信息被发送到位置寻找器361或367。然后,位置寻找器361或367利用其它已知的信息来计算传播延迟,例如ΔP1-ΔP3。在这种情况下,让校准后的基站延时ΔtB1,ΔrB1和ΔrB2是5/32,3/32和3/32个比特片。因为ΔP1本质上是与ΔP2一样的,所以2ΔP1=(TS(28 7/16)-TS(0))-(ΔtB1+ΔrB1)-(TR(24 1/16)-TR(0))-(ΔrS+ΔtS)
方程1
=(28 7/16)-(8/32)-24 1/16)-(4/32)=4比特片这样,ΔP1是2个比特片或者1628ns,并且传播路径的长度大约是488米(+/-30m在100ns完全不确定)。一旦ΔP1是已知的,ΔP3能够被同样计算出来,在图示的情况下产生一个3比特片的时间和733米的距离。通过为至少3个接收机计算传播路径的长度,以及在接收数据库中(例如从数据库362或者368中)检索位置信息,用户的位置可以通过计算单一点(或者最高概率的小区域)来确定,在该点处相应的传播路径都可以相遇。为每一组时间/比特片组重复这一过程。然后,每个计算后的点(或者可能是区域的重心)被用来确定用户位置,例如最简单是通过平均,尽管可以采用任何适合用来从多个点/区域中确定最大可能性的点/区域的方法。最大可能性的点/区域的位置最好存储在HLR366的用户轮廓数据库369中。另外,在一个或多个时间周期之后全部的处理可以被以秒或分钟的数量级来重复,具有多个最可能的区域被用来确定用户旅行的速度和方向;对于一个几分钟的扩展周期,如果采用一个足够精确的用户时钟,那么漂移是在50ns以下(即:对于那个周期,用户时钟与系统时间的偏移是已知的),如果不需要重复该请求信号,则在基站处重复的检测能够被完成)。最后,确定的位置和旅行的速度/方向被发往最初的请求机构,例如发往操作器370或者经由PSTN375。
与被动定位相比,采用主动定位处理的一个特别优点是:如果有必要,三维信息能够被更精确地确定。这一点在城镇或丘陵地区特别有用,在这些地方传播路径与水平面间的倾斜角可能远远大于0度。在基站的三维坐标和第一近似用户位置的已知地形图能够被用来增加被动处理的精度的同时,技术人员应该懂得较好的近似可以从测得的传播时间推算出来,正与只计算传播时间差正好相反。因为所确定的传播路径在3个坐标下是同样精确的,这恰好是基站地点位置的z轴(即第三维)坐标连同它们的x轴和y轴坐标的补充处理的事,以便确定可能位置的三维地区。如果这与已知的建筑物和地形图信息进行比较,在+/-8层以内(在100ns不确定)定位或者单一大楼内更好的定位是有可能的。补充的信息,例如进入大楼内接收信号的相对信号强度以及有可能的路径衰减特性可以被用来进一步缩小可能的位置的区域。
一般地表示为400的图7是用户测量基站信号以得到位置估计值这一系统过程的示意性的流程图。该过程开始于方框405,它表示由用户所执行的位置命令的产生(例如,由用户初始化,或者自动地基于其它指示器,例如指示车辆事故(vehicle crash)的运动传感器)。方框410检查用户的状态并且根据是否用户处于3路软切换状态来决定(415)。如果如果用户不处于3路软切换状态,那么就执行方框420,测试观察是否在候选组中存在3个基站。如果不存在,判决方框425被测试以检查把基站加到候选组的门限。如果这不是最小,方框430减小门限并返回到处理步骤420。如果方框425已经处于最低电平,就执行方框450。这个方框区分紧急和非紧急功能间的位置功能。这样,如果非紧急功能正在被处理,那么仅当使用电平不高时才允许系统电平改变,这是因为这可能导致用户通过提高干扰电平而放松业务。在高系统负载的非紧急情况下,执行方框460。如果指示紧急,就在执行方框460之前执行方框455。这最好响应于紧急信标信号而发生,辅助导频发生器被调谐至该信标信号,并且将自动响应于上述信标信号;另一方面,紧急信号能够被发送到服务基站并被处理以控制辅助基站启动。在后一种情况下,能够以控制处理器(例如,图5中BSC360的处理器/寻找器360)指示系统负载低于负载门限情况下产生的启动命令来类似地采用第二非紧急请求信号。方框455因而启动附近由多个地点提供对服务区域更完全的覆盖的导频发生器,允许用户从多个基站接收信号。方框460测试以观察是否用户处于3路软切换状态。如果用户不处于3路软切换状态,那么用户被指示465采用来自至少3个基站中的最大的波束来形成一个3路软切换条件。如果460的结果为正,或者方框465被完成,那么就执行方框440,并且数据的采集以与图2有关的上述方式进行。这个数据被用来处理位置估算值(例如,在寻找器280中,采用来自图2中存储器281的补充数据,并且系统被返回到标称条件445。
返回到方框415,如果用户处于3路切换状态,就执行方框440。返回方框420,如果在候选组中存在3个基站,就执行方框435,它在现用组中放置3个不同的基站。如前所述,在方框440之后执行方框445。
通常用500来表示图8,图8是基站测量用户单元以得到位置估计值的过程的示意性的流程图。该过程开始于方框505,这时定位功能被启动。方框510检查用户的状态,并且根据是否用户处于3路软切换来决定515。如果不处于软切换状态,方框520被可选择地执行,测试以观察是否在候选组中存在3个基站。如果回答是否定的,那么判决方框525被测试以检查把基站加入候选组的门限。如果这不是处于最低电平,那么方框530降低该门限并返回到处理步骤520。如果方框525已经处于最低电平,就执行方框535,它将连续进行位置估计值的处理,但是现在仅用两个基站,这种情况下测量的精度比所希望的具有3个基站的情况下的精度要低。如果用户处于3路软切换状态,就返回到方框515,或者,如果3个基站处于候选组中的方框520的状态,那么就执行方框540。方框540保证了用来接收用户信号的3个基站处于现用状态。那么方框545被有选择地执行。这个方框测试是否每个基站能接收用户。如果每个基站能够接收用户,方框550被执行,在方框550如果基站处于现用状态就发送位置请求信号,并且在两种模式下以上述方式收集可用的数据并以上述方式处理位置估计值。方框555接着把所有参数复位回到正常值,测量结束。转入方框545,如果少于3个基站能够接收该用户,方框546测试以观察是否所有辅助基站单元是可用的。如果答案是肯定的,那么在方框547中本地辅助位置被启动,并且方框560测试以观察是否一个紧急情况被指示。如果不是,那么仅是被接收到的基站可以被用于测量之中,并且这样做可能降低了估计的质量。如果一个紧急情况被指示(例如,由拨打数字911的用户信号或者来自与基础设施有关的权授机构的紧急请求),方框565被执行以测试是否用户单元处于最大功率。如果不是这样的话,方框570被执行以增加功率并且处理过程转入方框540。如果方框565处于最大功率,方框575测试以观察是否每一个基站能够接收到该用户。如果能够接收到,就执行方框550;否则,由方框580来降低网孔负载,以增加现用组中网孔的有效距离,该现用组正处于接收用户单元有困难的状态。那么,方框585测试以观察是否已经达到了负载卸下极限,如果是这样,就执行方框550;否则就再次执行方框575,以测试是否每一个基站能够接收到该用户。
所以,技术人员将会明显地看到,根据本发明已经提出了一种用来在无线电通信系统中估计用户位置的方法和装置,这种方法和装置能够全面满足上文陈述的目标、目的和优点。
在已经根据其特定的实施例描述了本发明的同时,按照上文的描述,可以做出很多替换、修改和变化,这一点对于技术人员来讲是明显的。例如,在用户单元200的寻找器240和280,以及基站301的寻找器340、处理器350和其它电路被以特定的逻辑/功能电路关系的形式描述,技术人员应该懂得可以以多种形式实施它们,例如恰当地设置和编程的处理器、ASICs(专用集成电路)和DSPs(数字信号处理器)。进一步讲,本发明不局限于通过IS-95码分多址系统中的比特片信息确定位置,而是适用于任何采用扩频符号序列的码分多址系统。所以,应该懂得:本发明可以包括主动寻找的第一实施例:一种适合于在具有多个基站的码分多址无线电通信系统中确定用户单元的位置的方法和装置,包括:(a)从多个基站中的第一基站向用户单元发送包含位置请求信息的第一扩频信号,该扩频信号由已知的第一扩频符号序列来扩频;(b)在第一基站从用户单元接收包含响应消息的第二扩频信号,该第二扩频信号由已知的第二扩频符号序列来扩频,并且该响应消息包含第一序列的第一符号的接收时间和第二序列的第一符号的发射时间;(c)在第一基站和至少一个第二基站接收第二序列的一个预定符号,并分别在第一和第二基站确定预定符号的第一和第二接收时间;以及(d)由用户单元从第一序列的第一符号的第一接收时间来确定用户单元的位置,由用户单元确定第二序列的第一符号的发射时间、预定符号的第一和第二接收时间,以及有关第一和至少第二基站的已知信息。进一步的实施例可以包括:适合于在具有多个基站的码分多址通信系统中确定用户位置的方法和装置,包括:(a)在第一基站、第二基站和第三基站中的每一个从用户接收一个信号,该信号经过已知扩频符号序列的调制而形成;(b)在第一基站确定已知的扩频符号序列中的一个符号的第一接收时间,在第二基站确定该符号的第二接收时间,并且在第三基站确定该符号的第三接收时间;以及(c)在位置处理器从第一、第二和第三接收时间以及进一步了解的有关第一、第二和第三基站的信息,确定用户单元的位置。在另一个实施例中存在:一个适合于用来在与一个具有多个基站的码分多址无线电通信系统进行通信的同时,确定其自身位置的用户单元,该用户单元包括:(a)接收装置,用于从多个基站中的第一基站接收第一信号,并且从多个基站中的第二基站接收第二信号,该第一和第二信号分别是经一个已知扩频符号的第一序列和一个已知扩频符号的第二序列调制而形成;(b)探测器装置,用于确定第一序列的第一符号中的第一符号的第一接收时间,以及第二序列中的再一个符号的第二接收时间;以及(c)位置处理器装置,用于从第一和第二接收时间以及进一步了解到的第一和第二基站的信息,来确定用户单元的位置。再一个实施例包括:一种在具有包含现用基站和非现用单元的多个基站单元的码分多址通信系统中确定用户位置的方法,包括:(a)接收指示紧急情况的信号;(b)确定是否现用基站中的至少三个基站能够从用户接收信号,并且是否把非现用单元之一启用来作为辅助基站;(c)控制由能够从用户接收信号的现用基站中的至少三个基站组成的一组基站,以及所有在步骤(b)中启用的辅助基站,向它们的每一个发射具有相同符号序列的扩频信号;(d)分别为每一个在步骤(c)中被发射的扩频信号确定该符号序列的相同符号的用户处的每一个接收时间,并且发送一个来自包括上述每一个接收时间的用户的响应;以及(d)从上述每一个接收时间和进一步了解到的有关该组的信息来确定用户的位置。
因此,我们认为本发明不局限于上文中这些实施例的描述,而是包含了所有符合附带权利要求的主旨和范围的替代、修改和变化。
Claims (3)
1.一种在无线电通信系统中确定用户单元位置的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
在第一基站,第二基站和第三基站中的每一个从用户单元接收信号,该信号是由扩频符号的已知序列进行调制而形成的;
在第一基站确定扩展符号的已知序列的符号的第一接收时间,
在第二基站确定扩展符号的已知序列的符号的第二接收时间,
在第三基站确定扩展符号的已知序列的符号的第三接收时间,
根据第一、第二和第三接收时间与关于第一、第二及第三基站的进一步的预定信息确定用户单元的位置。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其特征是:上述预定信息包括位置和处理延时信息。
3.一种用于定位通信单元位置的无线电通信系统,该无线电通信系统包括:
(a)第一基站,包括:
(i)第一基站发射机,用于向通信单元发送包含位置请求的第一扩频信号;由扩频符号的已知的第一序列对扩频信号进行扩频;
(ii)第一基站接收机,用于从通信单元接收包含响应消息的第二扩频信号,由扩频符号的已知的第二序列对第二扩频信号进行扩频,并且该响应消息包括第一序列的第一符号的接收时间和第二序列的第一个符号的发射时间,第一基站接收机还包括第一基站探测器,用于从通信单元接收第二序列的预定符号,并确定该预定符号的接收时间;
(b)第二和第三基站,它们分别包括用于接收第二序列的预定符号和分别确定该预定符号的第二和第三接收时间的第二和第三接收机;以及
(c)连接到第一、第二和第三基站的控制器,该控制器包括:用于由该通信单元使用的第一序列的第一个符号的接收时间、该通信单元使用的第二序列的第一个符号的发射时间、预定符号的第一、第二和第三接收时间以及有关第一、第二和第三基站的预定信息来确定通信单元的位置的装置。
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- 1996-03-21 PL PL96318057A patent/PL180276B1/pl unknown
- 1996-03-21 RU RU97101879A patent/RU2127963C1/ru active
- 1996-03-21 WO PCT/US1996/003797 patent/WO1996035958A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1996-03-21 JP JP53404296A patent/JP3254682B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 1996-03-21 KR KR1019970700060A patent/KR100208647B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
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- 1996-05-06 IT IT96RM000306A patent/IT1284380B1/it active IP Right Grant
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SE517676C2 (sv) | 2002-07-02 |
BR9606340A (pt) | 1997-09-02 |
ITRM960306A1 (it) | 1997-11-06 |
US5736964A (en) | 1998-04-07 |
FI965257A (fi) | 1996-12-31 |
FR2734108B1 (fr) | 2000-03-10 |
CA2192579C (en) | 1999-09-07 |
GB2304500A (en) | 1997-03-19 |
GB9625755D0 (en) | 1997-01-29 |
WO1996035958A1 (en) | 1996-11-14 |
IT1284380B1 (it) | 1998-05-18 |
CN1152356A (zh) | 1997-06-18 |
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IL117654A (en) | 2000-02-29 |
FI965257A0 (fi) | 1996-12-30 |
IL117654A0 (en) | 1996-07-23 |
GB2304500B (en) | 1999-12-01 |
KR100208647B1 (ko) | 1999-07-15 |
US5508708A (en) | 1996-04-16 |
US5764188A (en) | 1998-06-09 |
SE9604432L (sv) | 1997-03-07 |
CA2192579A1 (en) | 1996-11-14 |
JPH10505723A (ja) | 1998-06-02 |
JP3254682B2 (ja) | 2002-02-12 |
PL318057A1 (en) | 1997-05-12 |
FR2734108A1 (fr) | 1996-11-15 |
RU2127963C1 (ru) | 1999-03-20 |
ITRM960306A0 (it) | 1996-05-06 |
FI115886B (fi) | 2005-07-29 |
KR970705034A (ko) | 1997-09-06 |
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